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Bigalke A, Sponholz C, Schnabel C, Bauer M, Kiehntopf M. Multiplex quantification of C-terminal alpha-1-antitrypsin peptides provides a novel approach for characterizing systemic inflammation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3844. [PMID: 35264629 PMCID: PMC8907207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07752-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
C-terminal peptides (CAAPs) of the highly abundant serine protease alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) have been identified at various lengths in several human materials and have been proposed to serve as putative biomarkers for a variety of diseases. CAAPs are enzymatically formed and these enzymatic activities are often associated with excessive immune responses (e.g. sepsis, allergies). However, most of those CAAPs have been either detected using in vitro incubation experiments or in human materials which are not easily accessible. To gain a comprehensive understanding about the occurrence and function of CAAPs in health and disease, a LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous detection of nine CAAPs was developed and validated for human plasma (EDTA and lithium-heparin) and serum. Using this newly developed method, we were able to detect and quantify five CAAPs in healthy individuals thereby providing an initial proof for the presence of C36, C37, C40 and C44 in human blood. Concentrations of four CAAPs in a clinical test cohort of patients suffering from sepsis were significantly higher compared to healthy controls. These results reveal that in addition to C42 other fragments of A1AT seem to play a crucial role during systemic infections. The proposed workflow is simple, rapid and robust; thus this method could be used as diagnostic tool in routine clinical chemistry as well as for research applications for elucidating the diagnostic potential of CAAPs in numerous diseases. To this end, we also provide an overview about the current state of knowledge for CAAPs identified in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arite Bigalke
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Sponholz
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia Schnabel
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Kiehntopf
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Bristow CL, Reeves MAB, Winston R. Alphataxin, a Small-Molecule Drug That Elevates Tumor-Infiltrating CD4 + T Cells, in Combination With Anti-PD-1 Therapy, Suppresses Murine Renal Cancer and Metastasis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:739080. [PMID: 34900690 PMCID: PMC8656697 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.739080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
By promoting the cytotoxic function of CD8+ T cells, immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, e.g. programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), effectively inhibits tumor growth in renal cell carcinoma. Yet, as many as 87% of cancer patients do not respond to immune checkpoint therapy. Importantly, cytotoxic CD8+ T cell function crucially relies on CD4+ T helper cell cytokines, in particular, tumor necrosis factor beta (TNFβ) and its CD8+ T cell receptor (TNFR2) in the opposing manner as immune checkpoints and their receptors. Remarkably, despite advances in immunotherapy, there are no pharmaceutical treatments that increase circulating CD4+ T cell counts. Nor has there been much attention given to tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T cells. Using data from a clinical trial (NCT01731691), we discovered that the protein alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (α1PI, alpha-1 antitrypsin) regulates the number of circulating CD4+ T cells. The orally available small-molecule drug Alphataxin acts as a surrogate for α1PI in this pathway. We aimed to examine how Alphataxin affected tumor growth in a murine model of renal cell carcinoma. Alphataxin, in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody, significantly elevated the ratio of circulating and tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T cells. In one study, following orthotopic implantation of syngeneic renal adenocarcinoma cells, combination treatment resulted in 100% regression of tumor growth. Moreover, in mice implanted orthotopically with one log more tumor cells, doubling Alphataxin dose in combination treatment led to 100% regression in one-third of mice and 81% suppression of tumor growth in the remaining two-thirds of mice. Lung metastasis was present in monotherapy, but significantly reduced in combination-treated mice. Orally available Alphataxin, the first and only drug developed to increase CD4+ T cells, in combination with anti-PD-1, is a powerful therapeutic method that provides long-term remission in renal cell carcinoma and potentially other T cell-responsive cancers by increasing the number of CD4+ tumor-infiltrating T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Bristow
- Alpha-1 Biologics, Long Island High Technology Incubator, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Institute for Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Vesenaz, Switzerland
| | - Mary Ann B Reeves
- Alpha-1 Biologics, Long Island High Technology Incubator, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,The University of Queensland, Medicine, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ronald Winston
- Alpha-1 Biologics, Long Island High Technology Incubator, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Institute for Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Vesenaz, Switzerland
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SepA Enhances Shigella Invasion of Epithelial Cells by Degrading Alpha-1 Antitrypsin and Producing a Neutrophil Chemoattractant. mBio 2021; 12:e0283321. [PMID: 34724811 PMCID: PMC8561385 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02833-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella spp. are highly adapted pathogens that cause bacillary dysentery in human and nonhuman primates. An unusual feature of Shigella pathogenesis is that this organism invades the colonic epithelia from the basolateral pole. Therefore, it has evolved the ability to disrupt the intestinal epithelial barrier to reach the basolateral surface. We have shown previously that the secreted serine protease A (SepA), which belongs to the family of serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae, is responsible for the initial destabilization of the intestinal epithelial barrier that facilitates Shigella invasion. However, the mechanisms used by SepA to regulate this process remain unknown. To investigate the protein targets cleaved by SepA in the intestinal epithelium, we incubated a sample of homogenized human colon with purified SepA or with a catalytically inactive mutant of this protease. We discovered that SepA targets an array of 18 different proteins, including alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), a major circulating serine proteinase inhibitor in humans. In contrast to other serine proteases, SepA cleaved AAT without forming an inhibiting complex, which resulted in the generation of a neutrophil chemoattractant. We demonstrated that the products of the AAT-SepA reaction induce a mild but significant increase in neutrophil transepithelial migration in vitro. Moreover, the presence of AAT during Shigella infection stimulated neutrophil migration and dramatically enhanced the number of bacteria invading the intestinal epithelium in a SepA-dependent manner. We conclude that by cleaving AAT, SepA releases a chemoattractant that promotes neutrophil migration, which in turn disrupts the intestinal epithelial barrier to enable Shigella invasion. IMPORTANCE Shigella is the second leading cause of diarrheal death globally. In this study, we identified the host protein targets of SepA, Shigella's major protein secreted in culture. We demonstrated that by cleaving AAT, a serine protease inhibitor important to protect surrounding tissue at inflammatory sites, SepA releases a neutrophil chemoattractant that enhances Shigella invasion. Moreover, SepA degraded AAT without becoming inhibited by the cleaved product, and SepA catalytic activity was enhanced at higher concentrations of AAT. Activation of SepA by an excess of AAT may be physiologically relevant at the early stages of Shigella infection, when the amount of synthesized SepA is very low compared to the concentration of AAT in the intestinal lumen. This observation may also help to explain the adeptness of Shigella infectivity at low dose, despite the requirement of reaching the basolateral side to invade and colonize the colonic epithelium.
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Demichev V, Tober-Lau P, Lemke O, Nazarenko T, Thibeault C, Whitwell H, Röhl A, Freiwald A, Szyrwiel L, Ludwig D, Correia-Melo C, Aulakh SK, Helbig ET, Stubbemann P, Lippert LJ, Grüning NM, Blyuss O, Vernardis S, White M, Messner CB, Joannidis M, Sonnweber T, Klein SJ, Pizzini A, Wohlfarter Y, Sahanic S, Hilbe R, Schaefer B, Wagner S, Mittermaier M, Machleidt F, Garcia C, Ruwwe-Glösenkamp C, Lingscheid T, Bosquillon de Jarcy L, Stegemann MS, Pfeiffer M, Jürgens L, Denker S, Zickler D, Enghard P, Zelezniak A, Campbell A, Hayward C, Porteous DJ, Marioni RE, Uhrig A, Müller-Redetzky H, Zoller H, Löffler-Ragg J, Keller MA, Tancevski I, Timms JF, Zaikin A, Hippenstiel S, Ramharter M, Witzenrath M, Suttorp N, Lilley K, Mülleder M, Sander LE, Ralser M, Kurth F. A time-resolved proteomic and prognostic map of COVID-19. Cell Syst 2021; 12:780-794.e7. [PMID: 34139154 PMCID: PMC8201874 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is highly variable in its clinical presentation, ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe organ damage and death. We characterized the time-dependent progression of the disease in 139 COVID-19 inpatients by measuring 86 accredited diagnostic parameters, such as blood cell counts and enzyme activities, as well as untargeted plasma proteomes at 687 sampling points. We report an initial spike in a systemic inflammatory response, which is gradually alleviated and followed by a protein signature indicative of tissue repair, metabolic reconstitution, and immunomodulation. We identify prognostic marker signatures for devising risk-adapted treatment strategies and use machine learning to classify therapeutic needs. We show that the machine learning models based on the proteome are transferable to an independent cohort. Our study presents a map linking routinely used clinical diagnostic parameters to plasma proteomes and their dynamics in an infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Demichev
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Biochemistry, 10117 Berlin, Germany; The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London NW11AT, UK; The University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge CB21GA, UK
| | - Pinkus Tober-Lau
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Lemke
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Biochemistry, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatiana Nazarenko
- University College London, Department of Mathematics, London WC1E 6BT, UK; University College London, Department of Women's Cancer, EGA Institute for Women'S Health, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Charlotte Thibeault
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Harry Whitwell
- National Phenome Centre and Imperial Clinical Phenotyping Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, UK; Lobachevsky University, Department of Applied Mathematics, Nizhny Novgorod 603105, Russia; Imperial College London, Section of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Annika Röhl
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Biochemistry, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Freiwald
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Biochemistry, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukasz Szyrwiel
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London NW11AT, UK
| | - Daniela Ludwig
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Biochemistry, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clara Correia-Melo
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London NW11AT, UK
| | - Simran Kaur Aulakh
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London NW11AT, UK
| | - Elisa T Helbig
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paula Stubbemann
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena J Lippert
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nana-Maria Grüning
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Biochemistry, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oleg Blyuss
- Lobachevsky University, Department of Applied Mathematics, Nizhny Novgorod 603105, Russia; University of Hertfordshire, School of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Spyros Vernardis
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London NW11AT, UK
| | - Matthew White
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London NW11AT, UK
| | - Christoph B Messner
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Biochemistry, 10117 Berlin, Germany; The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London NW11AT, UK
| | - Michael Joannidis
- Medical University Innsbruck, Division of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Sonnweber
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Department of Internal Medicine II, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian J Klein
- Medical University Innsbruck, Division of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alex Pizzini
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Department of Internal Medicine II, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yvonne Wohlfarter
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Institute of Human Genetics, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabina Sahanic
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Department of Internal Medicine II, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Hilbe
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Department of Internal Medicine II, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benedikt Schaefer
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron and Phosphate Biology, Department of Internal Medicine I, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sonja Wagner
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron and Phosphate Biology, Department of Internal Medicine I, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mirja Mittermaier
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Machleidt
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Garcia
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Ruwwe-Glösenkamp
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilman Lingscheid
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laure Bosquillon de Jarcy
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam S Stegemann
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Pfeiffer
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Jürgens
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophy Denker
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology & Tumor Immunology, Virchow Campus & Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Zickler
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Enghard
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksej Zelezniak
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London NW11AT, UK; Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Archie Campbell
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; University of Edinburgh, Usher Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- University of Edinburgh, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; University of Edinburgh, Usher Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Alexander Uhrig
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Müller-Redetzky
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Zoller
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron and Phosphate Biology, Department of Internal Medicine I, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith Löffler-Ragg
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Department of Internal Medicine II, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus A Keller
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Institute of Human Genetics, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Department of Internal Medicine II, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - John F Timms
- University College London, Department of Women's Cancer, EGA Institute for Women'S Health, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alexey Zaikin
- University College London, Department of Mathematics, London WC1E 6BT, UK; University College London, Department of Women's Cancer, EGA Institute for Women'S Health, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Lobachevsky University, Laboratory of Systems Medicine of Healthy Ageing, Nizhny Novgorod 603105, Russia
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Lung Research, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Tropical Medicine, and University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Lung Research, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Lung Research, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Kathryn Lilley
- The University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge CB21GA, UK
| | - Michael Mülleder
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Facility - High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif Erik Sander
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Lung Research, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Markus Ralser
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Biochemistry, 10117 Berlin, Germany; The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London NW11AT, UK.
| | - Florian Kurth
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Tropical Medicine, and University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
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α1-Antitrypsin Causing CD8 Downregulation during Thymocyte Differentiation. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:177-178. [PMID: 33546997 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Protease Inhibitors in the Interstitial Space. Protein Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315374307-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Blaurock N, Schmerler D, Hünniger K, Kurzai O, Ludewig K, Baier M, Brunkhorst FM, Imhof D, Kiehntopf M. C-Terminal Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Peptide: A New Sepsis Biomarker with Immunomodulatory Function. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:6129437. [PMID: 27382189 PMCID: PMC4921625 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6129437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a life threatening condition and the leading cause of death in intensive care units. Although single aspects of pathophysiology have been described in detail, numerous unknown mediators contribute to the progression of this complex disease. The aim of this study was to elucidate the pathophysiological role of CAAP48, a C-terminal alpha-1 antitrypsin fragment, that we found to be elevated in septic patients and to apply this peptide as diagnostic marker for infectious and noninfectious etiologies of SIRS. Incubation of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils with synthetic CAAP48, the SNP-variant CAAP47, and several control peptides revealed intense neutrophil activation, induction of neutrophil chemotaxis, reduction of neutrophil viability, and release of cytokines. We determined the abundance of CAAP48 in patients with severe sepsis, severe SIRS of noninfectious origin, and viral infection. CAAP48 levels were 3-4-fold higher in patients with sepsis compared to SIRS of noninfectious origin and allowed discrimination of those patients with high sensitivity and specificity. Our results suggest that CAAP48 is a promising discriminatory sepsis biomarker with immunomodulatory functions, particularly on human neutrophils, supporting its important role in the host response and pathophysiology of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Blaurock
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Diana Schmerler
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hünniger
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Albert-Einstein-Street 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Albert-Einstein-Street 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Ludewig
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Baier
- Department for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Martin Brunkhorst
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Paul-Martini-Research Group, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Brühler Street 7, 53119 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Kiehntopf
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
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8
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The Role of Serine Proteases and Antiproteases in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:293053. [PMID: 26185359 PMCID: PMC4491392 DOI: 10.1155/2015/293053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is an inherited condition with an incidence rate of approximately 1 in 2500 new born babies. CF is characterized as chronic infection of the lung which leads to inflammation of the airway. Sputum from CF patients contains elevated levels of neutrophils and subsequently elevated levels of neutrophil serine proteases. In a healthy individual these proteases aid in the phagocytic process by degrading microbial peptides and are kept in homeostatic balance by cognate antiproteases. Due to the heavy neutrophil burden associated with CF the high concentration of neutrophil derived proteases overwhelms cognate antiproteases. The general effects of this protease/antiprotease imbalance are impaired mucus clearance, increased and self-perpetuating inflammation, and impaired immune responses and tissue. To restore this balance antiproteases have been suggested as potential therapeutics or therapeutic targets. As such a number of both endogenous and synthetic antiproteases have been trialed with mixed success as therapeutics for CF lung disease.
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Grek CL, Townsend DM, Uys JD, Manevich Y, Coker WJ, Pazoles CJ, Tew KD. S-glutathionylated serine proteinase inhibitors as plasma biomarkers in assessing response to redox-modulating drugs. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2383-93. [PMID: 22406622 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-4088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many cancer drugs impact cancer cell redox regulatory mechanisms and disrupt redox homeostasis. Pharmacodynamic biomarkers that measure therapeutic efficacy or toxicity could improve patient management. Using immunoblot analyses and mass spectrometry, we identified that serpins A1 and A3 were S-glutathionylated in a dose- and time-dependent manner following treatment of mice with drugs that alter reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. Tandem mass spectrometry analyses identified Cys(256) of serpin A1 and Cys(263) of serpin A3 as the S-glutathionylated residues. In human plasma from cancer patients, there were higher levels of unmodified serpin A1 and A3, but following treatments with redox active drugs, relative S-glutathionylation of these serpins was higher in plasma from normal individuals. There is potential for S-glutathionylated serpins A1 and A3 to act as pharmacodynamic biomarkers for evaluation of patient response to drugs that target redox pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Grek
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Bristow CL, Babayeva MA, LaBrunda M, Mullen MP, Winston R. α1Proteinase inhibitor regulates CD4+ lymphocyte levels and is rate limiting in HIV-1 disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31383. [PMID: 22363634 PMCID: PMC3281957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of adult stem cell migration through human hematopoietic tissue involves the chemokine CXCL12 (SDF-1) and its receptor CXCR4 (CD184). In addition, human leukocyte elastase (HLE) plays a key role. When HLE is located on the cell surface (HLE(CS)), it acts not as a proteinase, but as a receptor for α(1)proteinase inhibitor (α(1)PI, α(1)antitrypsin, SerpinA1). Binding of α(1)PI to HLE(CS) forms a motogenic complex. We previously demonstrated that α(1)PI deficiency attends HIV-1 disease and that α(1)PI augmentation produces increased numbers of immunocompetent circulating CD4(+) lymphocytes. Herein we investigated the mechanism underlying the α(1)PI deficiency that attends HIV-1 infection. METHODS AND FINDINGS Active α(1)PI in HIV-1 subjects (median 17 µM, n = 35) was significantly below normal (median 36 µM, p<0.001, n = 30). In HIV-1 uninfected subjects, CD4(+) lymphocytes were correlated with the combined factors α(1)PI, HLE(CS) (+) lymphocytes, and CXCR4(+) lymphocytes (r(2) = 0.91, p<0.001, n = 30), but not CXCL12. In contrast, in HIV-1 subjects with >220 CD4 cells/µl, CD4(+) lymphocytes were correlated solely with active α(1)PI (r(2) = 0.93, p<0.0001, n = 26). The monoclonal anti-HIV-1 gp120 antibody 3F5 present in HIV-1 patient blood is shown to bind and inactivate human α(1)PI. Chimpanzee α(1)PI differs from human α(1)PI by a single amino acid within the 3F5-binding epitope. Unlike human α(1)PI, chimpanzee α(1)PI did not bind 3F5 or become depleted following HIV-1 challenge, consistent with the normal CD4(+) lymphocyte levels and benign syndrome of HIV-1 infected chimpanzees. The presence of IgG-α(1)PI immune complexes correlated with decreased CD4(+) lymphocytes in HIV-1 subjects. CONCLUSIONS This report identifies an autoimmune component of HIV-1 disease that can be overcome therapeutically. Importantly, results identify an achievable vaccine modification with the novel objective to protect against AIDS as opposed to the current objective to protect against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Bristow
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America.
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11
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Human matrix metalloproteinases: an ubiquitarian class of enzymes involved in several pathological processes. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 33:119-208. [PMID: 22100792 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to the M10 family of the MA clan of endopeptidases. They are ubiquitarian enzymes, structurally characterized by an active site where a Zn(2+) atom, coordinated by three histidines, plays the catalytic role, assisted by a glutamic acid as a general base. Various MMPs display different domain composition, which is very important for macromolecular substrates recognition. Substrate specificity is very different among MMPs, being often associated to their cellular compartmentalization and/or cellular type where they are expressed. An extensive review of the different MMPs structural and functional features is integrated with their pathological role in several types of diseases, spanning from cancer to cardiovascular diseases and to neurodegeneration. It emerges a very complex and crucial role played by these enzymes in many physiological and pathological processes.
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12
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Korkmaz B, Horwitz MS, Jenne DE, Gauthier F. Neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G as therapeutic targets in human diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 62:726-59. [PMID: 21079042 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are the first cells recruited to inflammatory sites and form the earliest line of defense against invading microorganisms. Neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G are three hematopoietic serine proteases stored in large quantities in neutrophil cytoplasmic azurophilic granules. They act in combination with reactive oxygen species to help degrade engulfed microorganisms inside phagolysosomes. These proteases are also externalized in an active form during neutrophil activation at inflammatory sites, thus contributing to the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. As multifunctional proteases, they also play a regulatory role in noninfectious inflammatory diseases. Mutations in the ELA2/ELANE gene, encoding neutrophil elastase, are the cause of human congenital neutropenia. Neutrophil membrane-bound proteinase 3 serves as an autoantigen in Wegener granulomatosis, a systemic autoimmune vasculitis. All three proteases are affected by mutations of the gene (CTSC) encoding dipeptidyl peptidase I, a protease required for activation of their proform before storage in cytoplasmic granules. Mutations of CTSC cause Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome. Because of their roles in host defense and disease, elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G are of interest as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we describe the physicochemical functions of these proteases, toward a goal of better delineating their role in human diseases and identifying new therapeutic strategies based on the modulation of their bioavailability and activity. We also describe how nonhuman primate experimental models could assist with testing the efficacy of proposed therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM U-618 Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, Tours, France.
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13
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Olson ST, Gettins PGW. Regulation of proteases by protein inhibitors of the serpin superfamily. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 99:185-240. [PMID: 21238937 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385504-6.00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The serpins comprise an ancient superfamily of proteins, found abundantly in eukaryotes and even in some bacteria and archea, that have evolved to regulate proteases of both serine and cysteine mechanistic classes. Unlike the thermodynamically determined lock-and-key type inhibitors, such as those of the Kunitz and Kazal families, serpins use conformational change and consequent kinetic trapping of an enzyme intermediate to effect inhibition. By combining interactions of both an exposed reactive center loop and exosites outside this loop with the active site and complementary exosites on the target protease, serpins can achieve remarkable specificity. Together with the frequent use of regulatory cofactors, this permits a sophisticated time- and location-dependent mode of protease regulation. An understanding of the structure and function of serpins has suggested that they may provide novel scaffolds for engineering protease inhibitors of desired specificity for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Olson
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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14
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Irving JA, Ekeowa UI, Belorgey D, Haq I, Gooptu B, Miranda E, Pérez J, Roussel BD, Ordóñez A, Dalton LE, Thomas SE, Marciniak SJ, Parfrey H, Chilvers ER, Teckman JH, Alam S, Mahadeva R, Rashid ST, Vallier L, Lomas DA. The serpinopathies studying serpin polymerization in vivo. Methods Enzymol 2011; 501:421-66. [PMID: 22078544 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385950-1.00018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The serpinopathies result from point mutations in members of the serine protease inhibitor or serpin superfamily. They are characterized by the formation of ordered polymers that are retained within the cell of synthesis. This causes disease by a "toxic gain of function" from the accumulated protein and a "loss of function" as a result of the deficiency of inhibitors that control important proteolytic cascades. The serpinopathies are exemplified by the Z (Glu342Lys) mutant of α₁-antitrypsin that results in the retention of ordered polymers within the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes. These polymers form the intracellular inclusions that are associated with neonatal hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. A second example results from mutations in the neurone-specific serpin-neuroserpin to form ordered polymers that are retained as inclusions within subcortical neurones as Collins' bodies. These inclusions underlie the autosomal dominant dementia familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies or FENIB. There are different pathways to polymer formation in vitro but not all form polymers that are relevant in vivo. It is therefore essential that protein-based structural studies are interpreted in the context of human samples and cell and animal models of disease. We describe here the biochemical techniques, monoclonal antibodies, cell biology, animal models, and stem cell technology that are useful to characterize the serpin polymers that form in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Irving
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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15
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Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc proteases that degrade most of the components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMPs also have a number of non-traditional roles in processing factors related to cell growth/proliferation, inflammation and more. There are 23 human MMPs and 23 mouse MMPs, most of which share orthology among most vertebrates; other examples have been found in invertebrates and plants. MMPs are named in order of discovery, but also have been grouped by domain structure or by phylogenetic analysis. MMPs are multi-domain proteins which generally contain a signal sequence; propeptide (which keeps the protein inactive until cleaved); catalytic domain; and a hemopexin-like domain (which provides substrate specificity). MMPs are thought to play a role in many disease states, including arthritis, vascular disease, lung injury, wound repair, cancer and various neurodegenerative disorders. Although there has been much clinical interest in MMP inhibitors (MMPIs), few trials have been successful - often due to the broad nature of inhibition and the complex role of different MMPs in a given disease state.
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Ong CT, Khoo YT, Mukhopadhyay A, Masilamani J, Do DV, Lim IJ, Phan TT. Comparative proteomic analysis between normal skin and keloid scar. Br J Dermatol 2010; 162:1302-15. [PMID: 20128793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C T Ong
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Rodríguez D, Morrison CJ, Overall CM. Matrix metalloproteinases: what do they not do? New substrates and biological roles identified by murine models and proteomics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1803:39-54. [PMID: 19800373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biological roles of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been traditionally associated with the degradation and turnover of most of the components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). This functional misconception has been used for years to explain the involvement of the MMP family in developmental processes, cell homeostasis and disease, and led to clinical trials of MMP inhibitors for the treatment of cancer that failed to meet their endpoints and cast a shadow on MMPs as druggable targets. Accumulated evidence from a great variety of post-trial MMP degradomics studies, ranging from transgenic models to recent state-of-the-art proteomics screens, is changing the dogma about MMP functions. MMPs regulate cell behavior through finely tuned and tightly controlled proteolytic processing of a large variety of signaling molecules that can also have beneficial effects in disease resolution. Moreover, net proteolytic activity relies upon direct interactions between the different protease and protease inhibitor families, interconnected in a complex protease web, with MMPs acting as key nodal components. Such complexity renders simple interpretation of Mmp knockout mice very difficult. Indeed, the phenotype of these models reveals the response of a complex system to the loss of one protease rather than necessarily a direct effect of the lack of functional activity of a protease. Such a shift in the MMP functional paradigm, together with the difficulties associated with current methods of studying proteases this highlights the need for new high content degradomics approaches to uncover and annotate MMP activities in vivo and identify novel interactions within the protease web. Integration of these techniques with specifically designed animal models for final validation should lay the foundations for the development of new inhibitors that specifically target disease-related MMPs and/or their upstream effectors that cause deleterious effects in disease, while sparing MMP functions that are protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rodríguez
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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18
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Lagente V, Le Quement C, Boichot E. Macrophage metalloelastase (MMP-12) as a target for inflammatory respiratory diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:287-95. [PMID: 19236151 DOI: 10.1517/14728220902751632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MMPs are known to regulate the turnover of extracellular matrix and have been suggested to be important in lung disease associated with tissue remodeling. Macrophage elastase (MMP-12) is able to degrade extracellular matrix components such as elastin and is involved in tissue remodeling in inflammatory respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), including emphysema. Recent studies using MMP-12 inhibitors have demonstrated a reduction in both the inflammatory process and airspace enlargement in lung tissue. OBJECTIVE/METHODS This review discusses the potential involvement of MMP-12 in the pathophysiological process and proposes MMP-12 as a target for inflammatory disorders of the respiratory system. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS MMP-12 plays a predominant role in the inflammatory process induced by cigarette smoke, and therefore is potentially an important therapeutic target for the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Lagente
- Université de Rennes I, INSERM U620/EA MDC, 2, avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France.
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19
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Bhaskaran R, Palmier MO, Bagegni NA, Liang X, Van Doren SR. Solution structure of inhibitor-free human metalloelastase (MMP-12) indicates an internal conformational adjustment. J Mol Biol 2007; 374:1333-44. [PMID: 17997411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 09/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage metalloelastase or matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) appears to exacerbate atherosclerosis, emphysema, aortic aneurysm, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. An inactivating E219A mutation, validated by crystallography and NMR spectra, prevents autolysis of MMP-12 and allows us to determine its NMR structure without an inhibitor. The structural ensemble of the catalytic domain without an inhibitor is based on 2813 nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) and has an average RMSD to the mean structure of 0.25 A for the backbone and 0.61 A for all heavy atoms for residues Trp109-Gly263. Compared to crystal structures of MMP-12, helix B (hB) at the active site is unexpectedly more deeply recessed under the beta-sheet. This opens a pocket between hB and beta-strand IV in the active-site cleft. Both hB and an internal cavity are shifted toward beta-strand I, beta-strand III, and helix A on the back side of the protease. About 25 internal NOE contacts distinguish the inhibitor-free solution structure and indicate hB's greater depth and proximity to the sheet and helix A. Line broadening and multiplicity of amide proton NMR peaks from hB are consistent with hB undergoing a slow conformational exchange among subtly different environments. Inhibitor-binding-induced perturbations of the NMR spectra of MMP-1 and MMP-3 map to similar locations across MMP-12 and encompass the internal conformational adjustments. Evolutionary trace analysis suggests a functionally important network of residues that encompasses most of the locations adjusting in conformation, including 18 residues with NOE contacts unique to inhibitor-free MMP-12. The conformational change, sequence analysis, and inhibitor perturbations of NMR spectra agree on the network they identify between structural scaffold and the active site of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopalan Bhaskaran
- Department of Biochemistry, 117 Schweitzer Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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20
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American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: standards for the diagnosis and management of individuals with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 168:818-900. [PMID: 14522813 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.168.7.818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 627] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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21
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Aldonyte R, Eriksson S, Piitulainen E, Wallmark A, Janciauskiene S. Analysis of systemic biomarkers in COPD patients. COPD 2006; 1:155-64. [PMID: 17136983 DOI: 10.1081/copd-120030828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The finding that alphal-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, PiZZ, a well-established genetic risk factor for COPD, is related to high levels of circulating AAT polymers, prompted us to measure serum levels of such polymers and selected markers of inflammation in age- and gender-matched patients with stable COPD and control subjects with and without severe AAT deficiency, and to assess their relationship with each other and with the genetic AAT-variant. We found that COPD individuals (n= 20), independent of AAT-variant, had significantly higher serum levels of AAT and its polymers, MMP-9, sICAM-1, VEGF and sE-selectin than controls (n=30). Subjects with PiZZ COPD (n= 10) showed significantly elevated serum levels of AAT-polymers, sE-selectin and sICAM-1, while patients with PiMM COPD (n= 10) showed higher levels of MMP-9, VEGF, IL-8 and MCP-1 than controls. By using factor analysis we were able to split the analysed biomarkers into two independent components: the first containing MMP-9, MCP-1, IL-8 and VEGF and the second-AAT and its polymers and sE-selectin. The result from the binomial logistic regression showed that 95.2 percent of the control individuals and 94.7 percent of the COPD patients can be correctly classified on the basis of the measured serum biomarkers. These observations highlight the importance of the finding sets of biomolecules, which could offer new strategies for the diagnosis of COPD and may have value for monitoring progression of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruta Aldonyte
- Department of Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
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22
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Nénan S, Planquois JM, Berna P, De Mendez I, Hitier S, Shapiro SD, Boichot E, Lagente V, Bertrand CP. Analysis of the inflammatory response induced by rhMMP-12 catalytic domain instilled in mouse airways. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:511-24. [PMID: 15683848 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage elastase (MMP-12) is a metalloproteinase able to degrade extracellular matrix components such as elastin. As many MMPs, MMP-12 is involved in acute and chronic lung injury. However, its role in the inflammatory process of the lung parenchyma is not clearly understood. In this study, we have investigated the effects of airway instillation of rhMMP-12 on inflammatory cell recruitment, cytokine release and gelatinase expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) or in lung homogenate supernatants in mice. Numbers of total and individual cell types were examined in BALF during the first 72 h following rhMMP-12 instillation. A marked recruitment of neutrophils was observed with a maximum increase at 18 h. This cellular recruitment was associated with a very transient increase in IL-6, TNF-alpha MIP-1alpha, MCP-1 and KC levels and gelatinase expression in BALF and in lung homogenate supernatants. From days 4 to 15, performing the same analyses, we observed an important and stable recruitment of macrophages in BALF in absence of the other studied inflammatory markers. These results demonstrate that rhMMP-12 itself is able to induce an early inflammatory response characterized by neutrophil infiltration, cytokine release and gelatinase activation followed by a later response composed mainly of macrophage recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soazig Nénan
- Pfizer Global R&D, Fresnes Laboratories, Fresnes, France
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23
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24
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Janciauskiene S, Zelvyte I, Jansson L, Stevens T. Divergent effects of alpha1-antitrypsin on neutrophil activation, in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 315:288-96. [PMID: 14766206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT) is a major circulating serine proteinase inhibitor in humans. The anti-proteinase activity of AAT is inhibited by chemical modification. These include inter- or intramolecular polymerisation, oxidation, complex formation with target proteinases (e.g., neutrophil elastase), and/or cleavage by multi-specific proteinases. In vivo, several modified forms of AAT have been identified which stimulate biological activity in vitro unrelated to inhibition of serine proteinases. In this study we have examined the effects of native and polymerised AAT and C-36 peptide, a proteolytic cleavage product of AAT, on human neutrophil activation, in vitro. We show that the C-36 peptide displays striking concentration-dependent pro-inflammatory effects on human neutrophils, including induction of neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion, degranulation, and superoxide generation. In contrast to C-36 peptide, native and polymerised AAT at similar and higher concentrations showed no effects on neutrophil activation. These results suggest that cleavage of AAT may not only abolish its proteinase inhibitor activity, but can also generate a powerful pro-inflammatory activator for human neutrophils.
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25
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Russell TD, Yan Q, Fan G, Khalifah AP, Bishop DK, Brody SL, Walter MJ. IL-12 p40 homodimer-dependent macrophage chemotaxis and respiratory viral inflammation are mediated through IL-12 receptor beta 1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:6866-74. [PMID: 14662893 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.12.6866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment to the airway lumen is a central feature of inflammatory conditions such as asthma and respiratory viral infection. Characterization of mediators that regulate leukocyte recruitment in these conditions revealed increased IL-12 p40 homodimer (p80) levels were associated with enhanced airway macrophage accumulation. To examine this association, we used in vivo and in vitro assays to demonstrate p80, but not IL-12 or p40, provided a macrophage chemoattractant signal. Macrophages from genetically deficient mice indicated p80-dependent chemotaxis was independent of IL-12 and required IL-12Rbeta1 (Rbeta1) expression. Furthermore, analysis of murine cell lines and primary culture macrophages revealed Rbeta1 expression, with an intact cytoplasmic tail, was necessary and sufficient to mediate p80-dependent chemotaxis. To examine the role for Rbeta1 in mediating macrophage accumulation in vivo, we contrasted Sendai virus-driven airway inflammation in wild-type and Rbeta1-deficient mice. Despite similar viral burden and production of the macrophage chemoattractant p80, the Rbeta1-deficient mice displayed a selective decrease in airway macrophage accumulation and resistance to viral-dependent mortality. Thus, Rbeta1 mediates p80-dependent macrophage chemotaxis and inhibition of the p80-Rbeta1 interaction may provide a novel anti-inflammatory strategy to manipulate the inflammation associated with asthma and respiratory viral infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Chemotactic Factors/chemistry
- Chemotactic Factors/physiology
- Chemotaxis/immunology
- Cytoplasm/chemistry
- Cytoplasm/genetics
- Dimerization
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Interleukin-12/chemistry
- Interleukin-12/physiology
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p40
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/pathology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/virology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/cytology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Protein Subunits/chemistry
- Protein Subunits/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-12
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- Respiratory Tract Infections/genetics
- Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/pathology
- Respirovirus Infections/genetics
- Respirovirus Infections/immunology
- Respirovirus Infections/pathology
- Sendai virus/immunology
- Sequence Deletion
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya D Russell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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26
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Hou P, Troen T, Ovejero MC, Kirkegaard T, Andersen TL, Byrjalsen I, Ferreras M, Sato T, Shapiro SD, Foged NT, Delaissé JM. Matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) in osteoclasts: new lesson on the involvement of MMPs in bone resorption. Bone 2004; 34:37-47. [PMID: 14751561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2003.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts require matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and cathepsin K to resorb bone, but the critical MMP has not been identified. Osteoclasts express MMP-9 and MMP-14, which do not appear limiting for resorption, and the expression of additional MMPs is not clear. MMP-12, also called metalloelastase, is reported only in a few cells, including tissue macrophages and hypertrophic chondrocytes. MMP-12 is critical for invasion and destruction in pathologies such as aneurysm and emphysema. In the present study, we demonstrate that osteoclasts express MMP-12, although only in some situations. Northern blots show that highly purified rabbit osteoclasts in culture express MMP-12 at the same level as macrophages, whereas in situ hybridizations performed on rabbit bone do not show any MMP-12 expression in osteoclasts whatever the bone type. In contrast, in situ hybridizations performed on mouse bone show MMP-12 expression in osteoclasts in calvariae and long bones. We also demonstrate that recombinant MMP-12 cleaves the putative functional domains of osteopontin and bone sialoprotein, two bone matrix proteins that strongly influence osteoclast activities, such as attachment, spreading and resorption. Furthermore, we investigated the role of MMP-12 in bone resorption and osteoclast recruitment by comparing MMP-12 knockout and wild-type mice in specialized culture models known to depend on MMP activity, as well as in the ovariectomy model, and we did not find any indication for a limiting role of MMP-12 in these processes. In conclusion, we found that osteoclasts are able to express MMP-12, but MMP-12 did not appear critical for osteoclast recruitment or resorption. The fact that none of the MMPs identified so far in osteoclasts appears limiting for resorption, gives strength to the hypothesis that the critical MMP for bone solubilization is produced by non-osteoclastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Hou
- Nordic Bioscience/Center for Clinical and Basic Research, Herlev, Ballerup, Denmark
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27
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Hirche TO, Atkinson JJ, Bahr S, Belaaouaj A. Deficiency in neutrophil elastase does not impair neutrophil recruitment to inflamed sites. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 30:576-84. [PMID: 14565940 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0253oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To reach the sites of inflammation, neutrophils traverse the endothelium, its underlying basement membrane, and other barriers depending on the localization of the insulting agent. Whether neutrophil elastase (NE) plays a role in neutrophil recruitment to inflamed sites is still debatable. By exploiting mice deficient in NE (NE(-/-)), we sought to address this dilemma. We recruited neutrophils to the lungs or the peritoneum of wild-type (WT) or NE(-/-) mice by intranasal or intraperitoneal challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or its lipopolysaccharide. At designated times post-inoculation (0, 4, 24, and 48 h), groups of mice were killed to assess changes in leukocyte counts and inflammatory responses. NE(-/-) and WT mice had normal circulating leukocyte numbers including neutrophils and changes in the hemograms in the setting of acute inflammation were indistinguishable. Analyses of lung tissues or fluids from the lungs and peritoneum found that regardless of the inflammatory model, the leukocyte counts including neutrophils and the inflammatory response were similar in NE(-/-) and WT mice at all time points. In vitro, neutrophils isolated from the lungs or the peritoneum of NE(-/-) and WT mice had comparable chemotactic and respiratory-burst functions and migrated normally through Matrigel in response to various stimuli. Interestingly, preincubation of human peripheral blood neutrophils with NE physiologic inhibitors did not alter the migration of the cells through Matrigel. In sum, our findings present the first in vivo description that the absence of NE does not impair neutrophil recruitment to inflamed sites and that NE is not required for basement membrane transmigration of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim O Hirche
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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Kapui Z, Varga M, Urban-Szabo K, Mikus E, Szabo T, Szeredi J, Batori S, Finance O, Aranyi P. Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of 2-(9-(2-piperidinoethoxy)-4-oxo-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-2-yloxymethyl)-4-(1-methylethyl)-6-methoxy-1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxide (SSR69071), a novel, orally active elastase inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305:451-9. [PMID: 12606659 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.044263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte elastase (HLE) is a proteinase capable of degrading a variety of proteins. Under normal circumstances, the proteolytic activity of HLE is effectively controlled by its natural inhibitors. However, an imbalance between elastase and its endogenous inhibitors may result in several pathophysiological states such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, and chronic inflammatory diseases. It is anticipated that an orally active HLE inhibitor could be useful for the treatment of these diseases. 2-(9-(2-Piperidinoethoxy)-4-oxo-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-2-yloxymethyl)-4-(1-methylethyl)-6-methoxy-1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxide (SSR69071) is a potent inhibitor of HLE, with the inhibition constant (K(i)) and the constant for inactivation process (k(on)) being 0.0168 +/- 0.0014 nM and 0.183 +/- 0.013 10(6)/mol sr, respectively. The dissociation rate constant, k(off), was 3.11 + 0.37 10(-6)/s. SSR69071 displays a higher affinity for human elastase than for rat (K(i) = 3 nM), mouse (K(i) = 1.8 nM), and rabbit (K(i) = 58 nM) elastases. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mice orally treated with SSR69071 inhibits HLE (ex vivo), and in this model, SSR69071 has a dose-dependent efficacy with an ED(50) = 10.5 mg/kg p.o. SSR69071 decreases significantly the acute lung hemorrhage induced by HLE (ED(50) = 2.8 mg/kg p.o.) in mice. Furthermore, SSR69071 prevents carrageenan- (ED(30) = 2.2 mg/kg) and HLE-induced (ED(30) = 2.7 mg/kg) paw edema in rats after p.o. administration. In conclusion, SSR69071 is a selective, orally active, and potent inhibitor of HLE with good penetration in respiratory tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Kapui
- Discovery Research, Sanofi-Synthelabo Internal Medicine Budapest Site, Chinoin, Sanofi-Synthelabo Group, Budapest, Hungary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G W Gettins
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, M/C 536, 1819-53 West Polk Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Dickinson DP. Cysteine peptidases of mammals: their biological roles and potential effects in the oral cavity and other tissues in health and disease. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2002; 13:238-75. [PMID: 12090464 DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine peptidases (CPs) are phylogenetically ubiquitous enzymes that can be classified into clans of evolutionarily independent proteins based on the structural organization of the active site. In mammals, two of the major clans represented in the genome are: the CA clan, whose members share a structure and evolutionary history with papain; and the CD clan, which includes the legumains and caspases. This review focuses on the properties of these enzymes, with an emphasis on their potential roles in the oral cavity. The human genome encodes at least (but possibly no more than) 11 distinct enzymes, called cathepsins, that are members of the papain family C1A. Ten of these are present in rodents, which also carry additional genes encoding other cathepsins and cathepsin-like proteins. Human cathepsins are best known from the ubiquitously expressed lysosomal cathepsins B, H, and L, and dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPP I), which until recently were considered to mediate primarily "housekeeping" functions in the cell. However, mutations in DPP I have now been shown to underlie Papillon-Lefevre syndrome and pre-pubertal periodontitis. Other cathepsins are involved in tissue-specific functions such as bone remodeling, but relatively little is known about the functions of several recently discovered enzymes. Collectively, CPs participate in multiple host systems that are active in health and in disease. They are involved in tissue remodeling and turnover of the extracellular matrix, immune system function, and modulation and alteration of cell function. Intracellularly, CPs function in diverse processes including normal protein turnover, antigen and proprotein processing, and apoptosis. Extracellularly, they can contribute directly to the degradation of foreign proteins and the extracellular matrix. However, CPs can also participate in proteolytic cascades that amplify the degradative capacity, potentially leading to pathological damage, and facilitating the penetration of tissues by cancer cells. We know relatively little regarding the role of human CPs in the oral cavity in health or disease. Most studies to date have focused on the potential use of the lysosomal enzymes as markers for periodontal disease activity. Human saliva contains high levels of cystatins, which are potent CP inhibitors. Although these proteins are presumed to serve a protective function, their in vivo targets are unknown, and it remains to be discovered whether they serve to control any human CP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Dickinson
- Medical College of Georgia, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, and Maxillofacial Pathology, Augusta 30912, USA.
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31
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Winkler MK, Fowlkes JL. Metalloproteinase and growth factor interactions: do they play a role in pulmonary fibrosis? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 283:L1-11. [PMID: 12060555 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00489.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung disease due to interstitial fibrosis can be a consequence of acute lung injury and inflammation. The inflammatory response is mediated through the migration of inflammatory cells, actions of proinflammatory cytokines, and the secretion of matrix-degrading proteinases. After the initial inflammatory insult, successful healing of the lung may occur, or alternatively, dysregulated tissue repair can result in scarring and fibrosis. On the basis of recent insights into the mechanisms underlying acute lung injury and its long-term consequences, data suggest that proteinases, such as the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), may not only be involved in the breakdown and remodeling that occurs during the injury but may also cause the release of growth factors and cytokines known to influence growth and differentiation of target cells within the lung. Through the release of and activation of fibrosis-promoting cytokines and growth factors such as transforming growth factor-beta1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and insulin-like growth factors by MMPs, we propose that these metalloproteinases may be integral to the initiation and progression of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K Winkler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA.
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Fowlkes JL, Winkler MK. Exploring the interface between metallo-proteinase activity and growth factor and cytokine bioavailability. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2002; 13:277-87. [PMID: 12486879 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(02)00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Metallo-proteinases are implicated in many processes involved in tissue remodeling, cell motility, morphogenesis, and cell and organ growth and differentiation. Recent data suggest that several members of the metzincin family including the matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs), adamalysin-related proteinases, and the newly described pappalysins, are intimately involved in the activation and/or release of cytokines and growth factors. We review how metzincins, working through unique mechanisms, influence the extracellular milieu of several important cytokines and growth factors including transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), TNF-alpha, IGFs and HB-epidermal growth factor (EGF). Because metzincins can modulate the bioavailability of these peptides, they may serve as unique target molecules to control cytokine and growth factor action in the extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Fowlkes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, 800 Marshal Street, Slot 900, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
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Kataoka H, Itoh H, Koono M. Emerging multifunctional aspects of cellular serine proteinase inhibitors in tumor progression and tissue regeneration. Pathol Int 2002; 52:89-102. [PMID: 11940213 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2002.01320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kataoka
- Second Department of Pathology, Miyazaki Medical College, Miyazaki, Japan.
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34
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Lang R, Kocourek A, Braun M, Tschesche H, Huber R, Bode W, Maskos K. Substrate specificity determinants of human macrophage elastase (MMP-12) based on the 1.1 A crystal structure. J Mol Biol 2001; 312:731-42. [PMID: 11575928 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The macrophage elastase enzyme (MMP-12) expressed mainly in alveolar macrophages has been identified in the mouse lung as the main destructive agent associated with cigarette smoking, which gives rise to emphysema, both directly via elastin degradation and indirectly by disturbing the proteinase/antiproteinase balance via inactivation of the alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha1-PI), the antagonist of the leukocyte elastase. The catalytic domain of human recombinant MMP-12 has been crystallized in complex with the broad-specificity inhibitor batimastat (BB-94). The crystal structure analysis of this complex, determined using X-ray data to 1.1 A and refined to an R-value of 0.165, reveals an overall fold similar to that of other MMPs. However, the S-shaped double loop connecting strands III and IV is fixed closer to the beta-sheet and projects its His172 side-chain further into the rather hydrophobic active-site cleft, defining the S3 and the S1-pockets and separating them from each other to a larger extent than is observed in other MMPs. The S2-site is planar, while the characteristic S1'-subsite is a continuous tube rather than a pocket, in which the MMP-12-specific Thr215 replaces a Val residue otherwise highly conserved in almost all other MMPs. This alteration might allow MMP-12 to accept P1' Arg residues, making it unique among MMPs. The active-site cleft of MMP-12 is well equipped to bind and efficiently cleave the AlaMetPhe-LeuGluAla sequence in the reactive-site loop of alpha1-PI, as occurs experimentally. Similarities in contouring and particularly a common surface hydrophobicity both inside and distant from the active-site cleft explain why MMP-12 shares many substrates with matrilysin (MMP-7). The MMP-12 structure is an excellent template for the structure-based design of specific inhibitors for emphysema therapy and for the construction of mutants to clarify the role of this MMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Abteilung Strukturforschung, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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35
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Lee WL, Downey GP. Leukocyte elastase: physiological functions and role in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:896-904. [PMID: 11549552 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.5.2103040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W L Lee
- The Toronto General Hospital of the University Health Network, the Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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36
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Churg A, Dai J, Zay K, Karsan A, Hendricks R, Yee C, Martin R, MacKenzie R, Xie C, Zhang L, Shapiro S, Wright JL. Alpha-1-antitrypsin and a broad spectrum metalloprotease inhibitor, RS113456, have similar acute anti-inflammatory effects. J Transl Med 2001; 81:1119-31. [PMID: 11502863 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that antiproteases are able to affect the inflammatory response. To further examine this question, we administered human alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha1AT) or a synthetic metalloprotease inhibitor (RS113456) to C57 mice followed by a single intratracheal dose of quartz, a dust that evokes a marked, lasting, polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltrate. At 2 hours after dust administration, both antiproteases completely suppressed silica-induced PMN influx into the lung and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2)/monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) (neutrophil/macrophage chemoattractant) gene expression, partially suppressed nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) translocation, and increased inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkappaB) levels. By 24 hours, PMN influx and connective tissue breakdown measured as lavage desmosine or hydroxyproline were still at, or close to, control levels after antiprotease treatment, and increases in NF-kappaB translocation and MIP-2/MCP-1 gene expression were variably suppressed. At both time points, neither agent prevented silica-induced increases in amount of whole lung MIP-2 or MCP-1 protein, but both did prevent increases in whole lung intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) at 24 hours. Inactivating the alpha1AT by oxidation to the point that it no longer possessed antiproteolytic properties did not affect its ability to suppress inflammation. Both antiproteases also prevented the silica-induced acute inflammatory response in mice with knocked out genes for macrophage metalloelastase (MME -/-), mice that develop inflammation, but not connective tissue breakdown, and the pattern of alpha1AT breakdown fragments was identical in control and MME -/- animals. These findings suggest that, in this model of acute PMN mediated inflammation, a serine protease inhibitor and a metalloprotease inhibitor have similar anti-inflammatory properties, that inflammation is not mediated by proteolysis with generation of chemotactic matrix fragments, and that classic antiproteolysis (complexing of protease to antiprotease) probably does not play a role in suppression of inflammation. The antiproteolytic effects of these agents do not seem to be mediated by protection of endogenous alpha1AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Churg
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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37
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Janciauskiene S. Conformational properties of serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins) confer multiple pathophysiological roles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1535:221-35. [PMID: 11278163 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(01)00025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteinase inhibitors (Serpins) are irreversible suicide inhibitors of proteases that regulate diverse physiological processes such as coagulation, fibrinolysis, complement activation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, inflammation, neoplasia and viral pathogenesis. The molecular structure and physical properties of serpins permit these proteins to adopt a number of variant conformations under physiological conditions including the native inhibitory form and several inactive, non-inhibitory forms, such as complexes with protease or other ligands, cleaved, polymerised and oxidised. Alterations of a serpin which affect its structure and/or secretion and thus reduce its functional levels may result in pathology. Serpin dysfunction has been implicated in thrombosis, emphysema, liver cirrhosis, immune hypersensitivity and mental disorders. The loss of inhibitory activity of serpins necessarily results in an imbalance between proteases and their inhibitors, but it may also have other physiological effects through the generation of abnormal concentrations of modified, non-inhibitory forms of serpins. Although these forms of inhibitory serpins are detected in tissues and fluids recovered from inflammatory sites, the important questions of which conditions result in generation of different molecular forms of serpins, what biological function these forms have, and which of them are directly linked to pathologies and/or may be useful markers for characterisation of disease states, remain to be answered. Elucidation of the biological activities of non-inhibitory forms of serpins may provide useful insights into the pathogenesis of diseases and suggest new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Janciauskiene
- Department of Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Ing. 46, Malmö University Hospital, S-20502, Malmö, Sweden.
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38
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Dunzendorfer S, Kaneider N, Rabensteiner A, Meierhofer C, Reinisch C, Römisch J, Wiedermann CJ. Cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan-mediated regulation of human neutrophil migration by the serpin antithrombin III. Blood 2001; 97:1079-85. [PMID: 11159540 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.4.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The serpin antithrombin III (AT III) is reported to have hemostasis-regulating and anti-inflammatory properties. To determine its ability to influence thrombin-independent leukocyte responses, the direct effects of the AT III concentrate Kybernin P and a monoclonal antibody-purified AT III on neutrophil migration were studied. Chemotactic activity of human neutrophils isolated from the blood of healthy donors was determined in modified Boyden microchemotaxis chambers, and binding studies were performed according to standard experimental protocols. Preincubation in vitro of neutrophils with Kybernin P or immune-adsorbed AT III significantly deactivated migration toward fMet-Leu-Phe, or interleukin-8 (IL-8), in a concentration-dependent manner. In the absence of additional attractants, neutrophils exhibited a migratory response toward gradients of AT III preparations. True chemotaxis was confirmed in checkerboard assays. Analyses revealed that the AT III heparin-binding site interacts with neutrophil membrane-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan receptors. Mechanisms of intracellular signaling differed; the deactivation of IL-8-induced chemotaxis resulted from tyrphostin-sensitive interactions of AT III-signaling with the IL-8 signal transduction pathway, whereas AT III-induced chemotaxis involved protein kinase C and phosphodiesterases. Signaling similarities between AT III and the proteoglycan syndecan-4 may suggest the binding of AT III to this novel type of membrane receptor. Under physiological conditions, AT III may prevent neutrophils from premature activation. Moreover, the systemic administration of AT III concentrate could have beneficial effects in combating systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dunzendorfer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria, and Aventis Behring GmbH Research, Marburg, Germany
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39
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van der Geld YM, Limburg PC, Kallenberg CGM. Proteinase 3, Wegener’s autoantigen: from gene to antigen. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.69.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y. M. van der Geld
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P. C. Limburg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C. G. M. Kallenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Dabbagh K, Laurent GJ, Shock A, Leoni P, Papakrivopoulou J, Chambers RC. Alpha-1-antitrypsin stimulates fibroblast proliferation and procollagen production and activates classical MAP kinase signalling pathways. J Cell Physiol 2001; 186:73-81. [PMID: 11147816 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4652(200101)186:1<73::aid-jcp1002>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Connective tissue formation at sites of tissue repair is regulated by matrix protein synthesis and degradation, which in turn is controlled by the balance between proteases and antiproteases. Recent evidence has suggested that antiproteases may also exert direct effects on cell function, including influencing cell migration and proliferation. The antiprotease, alpha1-antitrypsin, is the major circulating serine protease inhibitor which protects tissues from neutrophil elastase attack. Its deficiency is associated with the destruction of connective tissue in the lung and the development of emphysema, whereas accumulation of mutant alpha1-antitrypsin within hepatocytes often leads to liver fibrosis. In this study, we report that alpha1antitrypsin, at physiologically relevant concentrations, promotes fibroblast proliferation, with maximal stimulatory effects of 118 +/- 2% (n=6, P < 0.02) above media controls for cells exposed to 60 microM. We further show that alpha1antitrypsin also stimulates fibroblast procollagen production, independently of its effects on cell proliferation, with values maximally increased by 34 +/- 3% (n = 6, P < 0.01) above media controls at 30 microM. Finally, mechanistic studies to examine the mechanism by which alpha1-antitrypsin acts, showed that alpha1-antitrypsin induced the rapid activation of p42MAPK and p44MAPK (also known as ERK1/2) and that the specific MEK1 inhibitor PD98059 totally blocked alpha1-antitrypsin's mitogenic effects. These results support the hypothesis that alpha1-antitrypsin may play a role in influencing tissue repair in vivo by directly stimulating fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix production via classical mitogen-activated signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dabbagh
- Centre for Cardiopulmonary Biochemistry and Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, UCL, The Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
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41
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Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a multigene family of over 25 secreted and cell surface enzymes that process or degrade numerous pericellular substrates. Their targets include other proteinases, proteinase inhibitors, clotting factors, chemotactic molecules, latent growth factors, growth factor-binding proteins, cell surface receptors, cell-cell adhesion molecules, and virtually all structural extracellular matrix proteins. Thus MMPs are able to regulate many biologic processes and are closely regulated themselves. We review recent advances that help to explain how MMPs work, how they are controlled, and how they influence biologic behavior. These advances shed light on how the structure and function of the MMPs are related and on how their transcription, secretion, activation, inhibition, localization, and clearance are controlled. MMPs participate in numerous normal and abnormal processes, and there are new insights into the key substrates and mechanisms responsible for regulating some of these processes in vivo. Our knowledge in the field of MMP biology is rapidly expanding, yet we still do not fully understand how these enzymes regulate most processes of development, homeostasis, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Sternlicht
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0452
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0452
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- B White
- Haemophilia Centre and Haemostasis Unit, Department of Haematology, Royal Free University College London Medical School, London, UK
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Gettins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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44
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kaplan
- McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3Z 2Z3, Canada.
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46
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Dhami R, Gilks B, Xie C, Zay K, Wright JL, Churg A. Acute cigarette smoke-induced connective tissue breakdown is mediated by neutrophils and prevented by alpha1-antitrypsin. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22:244-52. [PMID: 10657946 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.22.2.3809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that macrophage-derived metalloproteases are the critical mediators of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema, in contrast to earlier hypotheses that this process was mediated by neutrophil elastase. To determine whether smoke can acutely induce connective tissue breakdown in the lung and to examine the mediators of this process, we exposed C57-BL/6 mice to whole cigarette smoke and used high-performance liquid chromatography to examine lavage fluid levels of desmosine (DES), a marker of elastin breakdown, and hydroxyproline (HP), a marker of collagen breakdown. Smoke produced a dose-response increase in lavage neutrophils, DES, and HP, but not lavage macrophages (MACs). This effect was evident by 6 h after exposure to two cigarettes. Pretreatment with an antibody against polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) reduced lavage PMNs to undetectable levels after smoke exposure, did not affect MAC numbers, and prevented increases in lavage DES and HP. Intraperitoneal injection of a commercial human alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1AT) 24 h before smoke exposure increased serum alpha1AT levels approximately 3-fold and completely abolished smoke-induced connective tissue breakdown as well as the increase in lavage PMNs, again without affecting MAC numbers. We conclude that in this model cigarette smoke can acutely induce connective tissue breakdown and that this effect is mediated by neutrophil-derived serine proteases, most likely neutrophil elastase. Exogenous alpha1AT is protective and appears to inhibit both matrix degradation and PMN influx, suggesting that alpha1AT has anti-inflammatory as well as antiproteolytic effects in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dhami
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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47
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Mott JD, Thomas CL, Rosenbach MT, Takahara K, Greenspan DS, Banda MJ. Post-translational proteolytic processing of procollagen C-terminal proteinase enhancer releases a metalloproteinase inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:1384-90. [PMID: 10625689 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.2.1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) is regulated by a family of proteins called tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP). Four TIMPs have been cloned, and their molecular weights range from 29,000 to 20,000. By reverse zymography, we have observed a metalloproteinase inhibitor with an apparent molecular weight of 16, 500 from medium conditioned by human brain tumor cells. Antibodies directed against TIMPs failed to react with the 16,500 molecular weight inhibitor, indicating that it was not a truncated form of a known TIMP. The inhibitor was isolated from conditioned medium using affinity and ion exchange chromatography. N-terminal sequences of the inhibitor matched amino acid sequences within the C-terminal domain of a protein known as procollagen C-terminal proteinase enhancer (PCPE). Thus, the inhibitor was named CT-PCPE. Comparison of the N-terminal domain of TIMP with CT-PCPE revealed that both contained six cysteine residues. As in the case of TIMP, reduction and alkylation abolished the inhibitory activity of CT-PCPE. Purified CT-PCPE inhibited MMP-2 with an IC(50) value much greater than that of TIMP-2. This implies that MMPs may not be the physiologic targets for CT-PCPE inhibition. However, these results suggest that CT-PCPE may constitute a new class of metalloproteinase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Mott
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0750, USA.
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LEX 032: a novel recombinant human protein for the treatment of ischaemic reperfusion injury. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 1999; 8:1907-1916. [PMID: 11139833 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.8.11.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Reperfusion injury is defined as the enhancement of the damage that occurs in ischaemic cells during the reperfusion period. Cellular damage to the brain occurs not only during the ischaemic period, but also during the reperfusion period. Such injury occurs when blood flow is restored to heart, brain or other tissue after flow has been blocked. Several mechanisms appear to play a role in the generation of reperfusion injury. To a greater or lesser extent, most involve neutrophils. The infiltration of neutrophils into the previously ischaemic area has been implicated as playing major role following reperfusion. Microscopic examination of tissue has shown a direct correlation between the duration of oxygen deprivation with the amount of damage, and the extent of activated neutrophil recruitment. Activated neutrophils are responsible for the release of serine proteases, which directly lead to tissue damage. Activated neutrophils also contain a newly assembled enzyme that produces tissue damaging free radicals. However, a preliminary and necessary step is to attach the activated neutrophil on to the lining of the blood vessels, a process requiring proteolytic activity. Administration of a drug that prevents neutrophil transmigration would reduce reperfusion injury. SuperGen is developing a drug, LEX 032, with a unique spectrum of activities, including the ability to inhibit binding of neutrophils to the vascular surface by blocking this proteolytic activity. In addition, this drug inhibits free radical production by neutrophils, and inhibits the activity of released serine proteases. Therefore, LEX 032 is expected to prevent or minimise neutrophil mediated reperfusion injury. Blockade of all three destructive inflammatory responses should limit the amount of damaged tissue and save viable tissue. A drug with these capabilities might find use in the treatment of myocardial infarction, shock-resuscitation, replantation surgery, frostbite, burns and organ transplantation. Since LEX 032 has no inhibitory activity against thrombin and plasmin, it represents an ideal drug for use in the treatment of ischaemic stroke. Recently, data have been published demonstrating that ischaemic stroke patients given the thrombolytic drug tPA were at least 30% more likely to have minimal or no disability at three months, as measured by outcome scales, when compared to placebo-treated patients. Presumably, this action was because of the hastening of brain reperfusion, and may have been limited due to reperfusion injury. The FDA approved the use of tPA for the limited treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Since LEX 032 has been shown to limit neutrophil mediated reperfusion damage, it may find use either alone, to ameliorate damage occurring spontaneously during ischaemic stroke, or in combination therapy with tPA to reduce reperfusion injury secondary to thrombolytic therapy. This unique approach may have broad therapeutic potential in the treatment of neutrophil mediated diseases since, unlike a monoclonal antibody for example, it is independent of the specific adhesion molecule(s). These diseases include inflammatory diseases which are, at least in part, caused or exacerbated by excessive neutrophil proteases, such as acute pancreatitis, arthritis, allograft rejection, sepsis, meningitis, acute pulmonary inflammation, psoriasis and damage caused by burns. This is in addition to reperfusion-related diseases such as myocardial infarction, stroke, shock-resuscitation, replantation surgery, frostbite, burns and organ transplantation.
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Barrick B, Campbell EJ, Owen CA. Leukocyte proteinases in wound healing: roles in physiologic and pathologic processes. Wound Repair Regen 1999; 7:410-22. [PMID: 10633000 DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-475x.1999.00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytes express a number of proteinases which play critical roles in physiologic processes during wound healing. However, if the activity of these proteinases is uncontrolled, they can contribute to devastating tissue injury that can affect most organ systems. Until recently, little was known about the mechanisms by which leukocytes retain the activity of their proteinases within the extracellular space which contains highly effective proteinase inhibitors. Studies of the cell biology of leukocyte proteinases have begun to identify the mechanisms by which proteinases can circumvent the effects of physiologic proteinase inhibitors. Herein, we will review the cell biology of leukocyte proteinases, and we will discuss the mechanisms by which leukocyte proteinases can contribute to physiologic processes occurring during wound healing, as well as their roles in pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barrick
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine,Salt Lake City 84108, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Carrell
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK.
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