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Ruocco C, Malavazos AE, Ragni M, Carruba MO, Valerio A, Iacobellis G, Nisoli E. Amino acids contribute to adaptive thermogenesis. New insights into the mechanisms of action of recent drugs for metabolic disorders are emerging. Pharmacol Res 2023; 195:106892. [PMID: 37619907 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive thermogenesis is the heat production by muscle contractions (shivering thermogenesis) or brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige fat (non-shivering thermogenesis) in response to external stimuli, including cold exposure. BAT and beige fat communicate with peripheral organs and the brain through a variegate secretory and absorption processes - controlling adipokines, microRNAs, extracellular vesicles, and metabolites - and have received much attention as potential therapeutic targets for managing obesity-related disorders. The sympathetic nervous system and norepinephrine-releasing adipose tissue macrophages (ATM) activate uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), expressed explicitly in brown and beige adipocytes, dissolving the electrochemical gradient and uncoupling tricarboxylic acid cycle and the electron transport chain from ATP production. Mounting evidence has attracted attention to the multiple effects of dietary and endogenously synthesised amino acids in BAT thermogenesis and metabolic phenotype in animals and humans. However, the mechanisms implicated in these processes have yet to be conclusively characterized. In the present review article, we aim to define the principal investigation areas in this context, including intestinal microbiota constitution, adipose autophagy modulation, and secretome and metabolic fluxes control, which lead to increased brown/beige thermogenesis. Finally, also based on our recent epicardial adipose tissue results, we summarise the evidence supporting the notion that the new dual and triple agonists of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon (GCG) receptor - with never before seen weight loss and insulin-sensitizing efficacy - promote thermogenic-like amino acid profiles in BAT with robust heat production and likely trigger sympathetic activation and adaptive thermogenesis by controlling amino acid metabolism and ATM expansion in BAT and beige fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ruocco
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Biomedical Technology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Alexis Elias Malavazos
- Endocrinology Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Cardiovascular Prevention Service, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Edmondo Malan, 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, via della Commenda, 10, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ragni
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Biomedical Technology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele O Carruba
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Biomedical Technology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Iacobellis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, 1400 NW 12th Ave, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Biomedical Technology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milan, Italy.
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2
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Hope DCD, Tan TMM. Glucagon and energy expenditure; Revisiting amino acid metabolism and implications for weight loss therapy. Peptides 2023; 162:170962. [PMID: 36736539 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.170962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon receptor (GCGR)-targeted multi-agonists are being developed for the treatment of obesity and metabolic disease. GCGR activity is utilised for its favourable weight loss and metabolic properties, including increased energy expenditure (EE) and hepatic lipid metabolism. GLP1R and GIPR activities are increasingly present in a multi-agonist strategy. Due to the compound effect of increased satiety, reduced food intake and increased energy expenditure, the striking weight loss effects of these multi-agonists has been demonstrated in pre-clinical models of obesity. The precise contribution and mechanism of GCGR activity to enhanced energy expenditure and weight loss in both rodents and humans is not fully understood. In this review, our understanding of glucagon-mediated EE is explored, and an amino acid-centric paradigm contributing to this phenomenon is presented. The current progress of GCGR-targeted multi-agonists in development is also highlighted with a focus on the implications of glucagon-stimulated hypoaminoacidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C D Hope
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - T M-M Tan
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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3
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) displays the unique capacity to generate heat through uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation that makes it a very attractive therapeutic target for cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we review BAT cellular metabolism, its regulation by the central nervous and endocrine systems and circulating metabolites, the plausible roles of this tissue in human thermoregulation, energy balance, and cardiometabolic disorders, and the current knowledge on its pharmacological stimulation in humans. The current definition and measurement of BAT in human studies relies almost exclusively on BAT glucose uptake from positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxiglucose, which can be dissociated from BAT thermogenic activity, as for example in insulin-resistant states. The most important energy substrate for BAT thermogenesis is its intracellular fatty acid content mobilized from sympathetic stimulation of intracellular triglyceride lipolysis. This lipolytic BAT response is intertwined with that of white adipose (WAT) and other metabolic tissues, and cannot be independently stimulated with the drugs tested thus far. BAT is an interesting and biologically plausible target that has yet to be fully and selectively activated to increase the body's thermogenic response and shift energy balance. The field of human BAT research is in need of methods able to directly, specifically, and reliably measure BAT thermogenic capacity while also tracking the related thermogenic responses in WAT and other tissues. Until this is achieved, uncertainty will remain about the role played by this fascinating tissue in human cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André C Carpentier
- Correspondence: André C. Carpentier, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Ave N, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | | | - Denis Richard
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4G5, Canada
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4
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Bomholt AB, Johansen CD, Christensen JB, Kjeldsen SAS, Galsgaard KD, Winther-Sørensen M, Serizawa R, Hornum M, Porrini E, Pedersen J, Ørskov C, Gluud LL, Sørensen CM, Holst JJ, Albrechtsen R, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ. Evaluation of commercially available glucagon receptor antibodies and glucagon receptor expression. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1278. [PMID: 36418521 PMCID: PMC9684523 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon is a major regulator of metabolism and drugs targeting the glucagon receptor (GCGR) are being developed. Insight into tissue and cell-specific expression of the GCGR is important to understand the biology of glucagon and to differentiate between direct and indirect actions of glucagon. However, it has been challenging to localize the GCGR in tissue due to low expression levels and lack of specific methods. Immunohistochemistry has frequently been used for GCGR localization, but antibodies targeting G-protein-coupled-receptors may be inaccurate. We evaluated all currently commercially available GCGR antibodies. The antibody, ab75240 (Antibody no. 11) was found to perform best among the twelve antibodies tested and using this antibody we found expression of the GCGR in the kidney, liver, preadipocytes, pancreas, and heart. Three antibody-independent approaches all confirmed the presence of the GCGR within the pancreas, liver and the kidneys. GCGR expression should be evaluated by both antibody and antibody-independent approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Billeschou Bomholt
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Dall Johansen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bager Christensen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sasha Alexandra Sampson Kjeldsen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Douglas Galsgaard
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Winther-Sørensen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Reza Serizawa
- grid.4973.90000 0004 0646 7373Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Mads Hornum
- grid.475435.4Department of Nephrology, Centre for Cancer and Organ Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esteban Porrini
- grid.411220.40000 0000 9826 9219Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, University of La Laguna, Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jens Pedersen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.411900.d0000 0004 0646 8325Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Ørskov
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Lotte Gluud
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.4973.90000 0004 0646 7373Gastro Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Mehlin Sørensen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Reidar Albrechtsen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XBiotech Research & Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Jacob Wewer Albrechtsen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.512917.9Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Conceição-Furber E, Coskun T, Sloop KW, Samms RJ. Is Glucagon Receptor Activation the Thermogenic Solution for Treating Obesity? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:868037. [PMID: 35547006 PMCID: PMC9081793 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.868037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge of obesity therapy is to sustain clinically relevant weight loss over time. Achieving this goal likely requires both reducing daily caloric intake and increasing caloric expenditure. Over the past decade, advances in pharmaceutical engineering of ligands targeting G protein-coupled receptors have led to the development of highly effective anorectic agents. These include mono-agonists of the GLP-1R and dual GIPR/GLP-1R co-agonists that have demonstrated substantial weight loss in experimental models and in humans. By contrast, currently, there are no medicines available that effectively augment metabolic rate to promote weight loss. Here, we present evidence indicating that activation of the GCGR may provide a solution to this unmet therapeutic need. In adult humans, GCGR agonism increases energy expenditure to a magnitude sufficient for inducing a negative energy balance. In preclinical studies, the glucagon-GCGR system affects key metabolically relevant organs (including the liver and white and brown adipose tissue) to boost whole-body thermogenic capacity and protect from obesity. Further, activation of the GCGR has been shown to augment both the magnitude and duration of weight loss that is achieved by either selective GLP-1R or dual GIPR/GLP-1R agonism in rodents. Based on the accumulation of such findings, we propose that the thermogenic activity of GCGR agonism will also complement other anti-obesity agents that lower body weight by suppressing appetite.
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Hope DCD, Vincent ML, Tan TMM. Striking the Balance: GLP-1/Glucagon Co-Agonism as a Treatment Strategy for Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:735019. [PMID: 34566894 PMCID: PMC8457634 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.735019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and Type 2 diabetes represent global health challenges, and there is an unmet need for long-lasting and effective pharmacotherapies. Although long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues are now in routine use for diabetes and are now being utilised for obesity per se, the need for ever better treatments has driven the development of co-agonists, with the theoretical advantages of improved efficacy by targeting multiple pathways and reduced adverse effects. In this review, we highlight the past and present progress in our understanding and development of treatments based on GLP-1/glucagon co-agonism. We also reflect on the divergent effects of varying the GLP-1:glucagon activity and ratio in the context of pre-clinical and human clinical trial findings. In particular, the multiple metabolic actions of glucagon highlight the importance of understanding the contributions of individual hormone action to inform the safe, effective and tailored use of GLP-1/glucagon co-agonists to target weight loss and metabolic disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tricia M. M. Tan
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Zeigerer A, Sekar R, Kleinert M, Nason S, Habegger KM, Müller TD. Glucagon's Metabolic Action in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1759-1783. [PMID: 33792899 PMCID: PMC8513137 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Discovered almost simultaneously with insulin, glucagon is a pleiotropic hormone with metabolic action that goes far beyond its classical role to increase blood glucose. Albeit best known for its ability to directly act on the liver to increase de novo glucose production and to inhibit glycogen breakdown, glucagon lowers body weight by decreasing food intake and by increasing metabolic rate. Glucagon further promotes lipolysis and lipid oxidation and has positive chronotropic and inotropic effects in the heart. Interestingly, recent decades have witnessed a remarkable renaissance of glucagon's biology with the acknowledgment that glucagon has pharmacological value beyond its classical use as rescue medication to treat severe hypoglycemia. In this article, we summarize the multifaceted nature of glucagon with a special focus on its hepatic action and discuss the pharmacological potential of either agonizing or antagonizing the glucagon receptor for health and disease. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1759-1783, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Zeigerer
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Revathi Sekar
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shelly Nason
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine - Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kirk M. Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine - Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Timo D. Müller
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany
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8
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Galsgaard KD. The Vicious Circle of Hepatic Glucagon Resistance in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9124049. [PMID: 33333850 PMCID: PMC7765287 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9124049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A key criterion for the most common chronic liver disease—non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)—is an intrahepatic fat content above 5% in individuals who are not using steatogenic agents or having significant alcohol intake. Subjects with NAFLD have increased plasma concentrations of glucagon, and emerging evidence indicates that subjects with NAFLD may show hepatic glucagon resistance. For many years, glucagon has been thought of as the counterregulatory hormone to insulin with a primary function of increasing blood glucose concentrations and protecting against hypoglycemia. However, in recent years, glucagon has re-emerged as an important regulator of other metabolic processes including lipid and amino acid/protein metabolism. This review discusses the evidence that in NAFLD, hepatic glucagon resistance may result in a dysregulated lipid and amino acid/protein metabolism, leading to excess accumulation of fat, hyperglucagonemia, and increased oxidative stress contributing to the worsening/progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine D. Galsgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; ; Tel.: +45-6044-6145
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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A compendium of G-protein-coupled receptors and cyclic nucleotide regulation of adipose tissue metabolism and energy expenditure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:473-512. [PMID: 32149342 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing burden of obesity and Type 2 diabetes, it is generally acknowledged that there remains a need for developing new therapeutics. One potential mechanism to combat obesity is to raise energy expenditure via increasing the amount of uncoupled respiration from the mitochondria-rich brown and beige adipocytes. With the recent appreciation of thermogenic adipocytes in humans, much effort is being made to elucidate the signaling pathways that regulate the browning of adipose tissue. In this review, we focus on the ligand-receptor signaling pathways that influence the cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, in adipocytes. We chose to focus on G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), guanylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase regulation of adipocytes because they are the targets of a large proportion of all currently available therapeutics. Furthermore, there is a large overlap in their signaling pathways, as signaling events that raise cAMP or cGMP generally increase adipocyte lipolysis and cause changes that are commonly referred to as browning: increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression and respiration.
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10
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Beaudry JL, Drucker DJ. Proglucagon-Derived Peptides, Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide, and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4-Mechanisms of Action in Adipose Tissue. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5648010. [PMID: 31782955 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proglucagon-derived peptides (PGDPs) and related gut hormones exemplified by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) regulate energy disposal and storage through actions on metabolically sensitive organs, including adipose tissue. The actions of glucagon, glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, GLP-2, GIP, and their rate-limiting enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4, include direct and indirect regulation of islet hormone secretion, food intake, body weight, all contributing to control of white and brown adipose tissue activity. Moreover, agents mimicking actions of these peptides are in use for the therapy of metabolic disorders with disordered energy homeostasis such as diabetes, obesity, and intestinal failure. Here we highlight current concepts and mechanisms for direct and indirect actions of these peptides on adipose tissue depots. The available data highlight the importance of indirect peptide actions for control of adipose tissue biology, consistent with the very low level of endogenous peptide receptor expression within white and brown adipose tissue depots. Finally, we discuss limitations and challenges for the interpretation of available experimental observations, coupled to identification of enduring concepts supported by more robust evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L Beaudry
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
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11
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Kleinert M, Sachs S, Habegger KM, Hofmann SM, Müller TD. Glucagon Regulation of Energy Expenditure. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215407. [PMID: 31671603 PMCID: PMC6862306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon's ability to increase energy expenditure has been known for more than 60 years, yet the mechanisms underlining glucagon's thermogenic effect still remain largely elusive. Over the last years, significant efforts were directed to unravel the physiological and cellular underpinnings of how glucagon regulates energy expenditure. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on how glucagon regulates systems metabolism with a special emphasis on its acute and chronic thermogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kleinert
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Centre Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Stephan Sachs
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Centre Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, 85740 Munich, Germany.
| | - Kirk M Habegger
- Department of Medicine-Endocrinology and Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35899, USA.
| | - Susanna M Hofmann
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der LMU, 80336 München, Germany.
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Centre Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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12
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González-García I, Milbank E, Diéguez C, López M, Contreras C. Glucagon, GLP-1 and Thermogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143445. [PMID: 31337027 PMCID: PMC6678955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is a conserved mechanism to maintain body temperature in mammals. However, since BAT contribution to energy expenditure can represent a relevant modulator of metabolic homeostasis, many studies have focused on the nervous system and endocrine factors that control the activity of this tissue. There is long-established evidence that the counter-regulatory hormone glucagon negatively influences energy balance, enhances satiety, and increases energy expenditure. Despite compelling evidence showing that glucagon has direct action on BAT thermogenesis, recent findings are questioning this conventional attribute of glucagon action. Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin secreted by the intestinal tract which strongly decreases feeding, and, furthermore, improves metabolic parameters associated with obesity and diabetes. Therefore, GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1-R) have emerged as a promising target in the treatment of metabolic disorders. In this short review, we will summarize the latest evidence in this regard, as well as the current therapeutic glucagon- and GLP-1-based approaches to treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael González-García
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Edward Milbank
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Contreras
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Rational Design of Hybrid Peptides: A Novel Drug Design Approach. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:349-355. [PMID: 31209802 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptides play crucial roles in various physiological and pathological processes. Consequently, the investigation of peptide-based drugs is a highlight in the research and development of new drugs. However, natural peptides are not always ideal choices for clinical application due to their limited number and sometimes cytotoxicity to normal cells. Aiming to gain stronger or specific or novel biological effects and overcome the disadvantages of natural peptides, artificial hybrid peptides have been designed by combining the sequence of two or more different peptides with varied biological functions. Compared to natural peptides, hybrid peptides have shown better therapeutic potentials against bacteria, tumors, and metabolic diseases. In this review, design strategies, structure features and recent development of hybrid peptides are summarized; future directions for the research and development of hybrid peptide drugs are also discussed.
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14
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Beaudry JL, Kaur KD, Varin EM, Baggio LL, Cao X, Mulvihill EE, Stern JH, Campbell JE, Scherer PE, Drucker DJ. The brown adipose tissue glucagon receptor is functional but not essential for control of energy homeostasis in mice. Mol Metab 2019; 22:37-48. [PMID: 30772257 PMCID: PMC6437632 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Administration of glucagon (GCG) or GCG-containing co-agonists reduces body weight and increases energy expenditure. These actions appear to be transduced by multiple direct and indirect GCG receptor (GCGR)-dependent mechanisms. Although the canonical GCGR is expressed in brown adipose tissue (BAT) the importance of BAT GCGR activity for the physiological control of body weight, or the response to GCG agonism, has not been defined. Methods We studied the mechanisms linking GCG action to acute increases in oxygen consumption using wildtype (WT), Ucp1−/− and Fgf21−/− mice. The importance of basal GCGR expression within the Myf5+ domain for control of body weight, adiposity, glucose and lipid metabolism, food intake, and energy expenditure was examined in GcgrBAT−/− mice housed at room temperature or 4 °C, fed a regular chow diet (RCD) or after a prolonged exposure to high fat diet (HFD). Results Acute GCG administration induced lipolysis and increased the expression of thermogenic genes in BAT cells, whereas knockdown of Gcgr reduced expression of genes related to thermogenesis. GCG increased energy expenditure (measured by oxygen consumption) both in vivo in WT mice and ex vivo in BAT and liver explants. GCG also increased acute energy expenditure in Ucp1−/− mice, but these actions were partially blunted in Ffg21−/− mice. However, acute GCG administration also robustly increased oxygen consumption in GcgrBAT−/− mice. Moreover, body weight, glycemia, lipid metabolism, body temperature, food intake, activity, energy expenditure and adipose tissue gene expression profiles were normal in GcgrBAT−/− mice, either on RCD or HFD, whether studied at room temperature, or chronically housed at 4 °C. Conclusions Exogenous GCG increases oxygen consumption in mice, also evident both in liver and BAT explants ex vivo, through UCP1-independent, FGF21-dependent pathways. Nevertheless, GCGR signaling within BAT is not physiologically essential for control of body weight, whole body energy expenditure, glucose homeostasis, or the adaptive metabolic response to cold or prolonged exposure to an energy dense diet. A functional glucagon receptor is expressed in brown adipose tissue and BAT cells. Glucagon increases energy expenditure in mice, as well as in liver and BAT. Glucagon increases whole body energy expenditure through FGF21-dependent and BAT glucagon receptor-independent pathways. Loss of the BAT glucagon receptor does not impair glucose or energy homeostasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L Beaudry
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kiran Deep Kaur
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elodie M Varin
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurie L Baggio
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiemin Cao
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin E Mulvihill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer H Stern
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Phillip E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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15
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Müller TD, Clemmensen C, Finan B, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Anti-Obesity Therapy: from Rainbow Pills to Polyagonists. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 70:712-746. [PMID: 30087160 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With their ever-growing prevalence, obesity and diabetes represent major health threats of our society. Based on estimations by the World Health Organization, approximately 300 million people will be obese in 2035. In 2015 alone there were more than 1.6 million fatalities attributable to hyperglycemia and diabetes. In addition, treatment of these diseases places an enormous burden on our health care system. As a result, the development of pharmacotherapies to tackle this life-threatening pandemic is of utmost importance. Since the beginning of the 19th century, a variety of drugs have been evaluated for their ability to decrease body weight and/or to improve deranged glycemic control. The list of evaluated drugs includes, among many others, sheep-derived thyroid extracts, mitochondrial uncouplers, amphetamines, serotonergics, lipase inhibitors, and a variety of hormones produced and secreted by the gastrointestinal tract or adipose tissue. Unfortunately, when used as a single hormone therapy, most of these drugs are underwhelming in their efficacy or safety, and placebo-subtracted weight loss attributed to such therapy is typically not more than 10%. In 2009, the generation of a single molecule with agonism at the receptors for glucagon and the glucagon-like peptide 1 broke new ground in obesity pharmacology. This molecule combined the beneficial anorectic and glycemic effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 with the thermogenic effect of glucagon into a single molecule with enhanced potency and sustained action. Several other unimolecular dual agonists have subsequently been developed, and, based on their preclinical success, these molecules illuminate the path to a new and more fruitful era in obesity pharmacology. In this review, we focus on the historical pharmacological approaches to treat obesity and glucose intolerance and describe how the knowledge obtained by these studies led to the discovery of unimolecular polypharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
| | - C Clemmensen
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
| | - B Finan
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
| | - R D DiMarchi
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
| | - M H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
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16
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Kim T, Nason S, Holleman C, Pepin M, Wilson L, Berryhill TF, Wende AR, Steele C, Young ME, Barnes S, Drucker DJ, Finan B, DiMarchi R, Perez-Tilve D, Tschöp M, Habegger KM. Glucagon Receptor Signaling Regulates Energy Metabolism via Hepatic Farnesoid X Receptor and Fibroblast Growth Factor 21. Diabetes 2018; 67:1773-1782. [PMID: 29925501 PMCID: PMC6110317 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon, an essential regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism, also promotes weight loss, in part through potentiation of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) secretion. However, FGF21 is only a partial mediator of metabolic actions ensuing from glucagon receptor (GCGR) activation, prompting us to search for additional pathways. Intriguingly, chronic GCGR agonism increases plasma bile acid levels. We hypothesized that GCGR agonism regulates energy metabolism, at least in part, through farnesoid X receptor (FXR). To test this hypothesis, we studied whole-body and liver-specific FXR-knockout (Fxr∆liver) mice. Chronic GCGR agonist (IUB288) administration in diet-induced obese (DIO) Gcgr, Fgf21, and Fxr whole-body or liver-specific knockout (∆liver) mice failed to reduce body weight when compared with wild-type (WT) mice. IUB288 increased energy expenditure and respiration in DIO WT mice, but not Fxr∆liver mice. GCGR agonism increased [14C]palmitate oxidation in hepatocytes isolated from WT mice in a dose-dependent manner, an effect blunted in hepatocytes from Fxr∆liver mice. Our data clearly demonstrate that control of whole-body energy expenditure by GCGR agonism requires intact FXR signaling in the liver. This heretofore-unappreciated aspect of glucagon biology has implications for the use of GCGR agonism in the therapy of metabolic disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Adiposity/drug effects
- Animals
- Anti-Obesity Agents/therapeutic use
- Calorimetry, Indirect
- Cells, Cultured
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria, Liver/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Liver/enzymology
- Mitochondria, Liver/metabolism
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Organ Specificity
- Oxidative Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucagon/agonists
- Receptors, Glucagon/genetics
- Receptors, Glucagon/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Weight Gain/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Teayoun Kim
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Shelly Nason
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Cassie Holleman
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Mark Pepin
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Landon Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Taylor F Berryhill
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Adam R Wende
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Chad Steele
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Martin E Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Richard DiMarchi
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Matthias Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Kirk M Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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17
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Scott R, Minnion J, Tan T, Bloom SR. Oxyntomodulin analogue increases energy expenditure via the glucagon receptor. Peptides 2018; 104:70-77. [PMID: 29680267 PMCID: PMC5958244 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The gut hormone oxyntomodulin (OXM) causes weight loss by reducing appetite and increasing energy expenditure. Several analogues are being developed to treat obesity. Exactly how oxyntomodulin works, however, remains controversial. OXM can activate both glucagon and GLP-1 receptors but no specific receptor has been identified. It is thought that the anorectic effect occurs predominantly through GLP-1 receptor activation but, to date, it has not been formally confirmed which receptor is responsible for the increased energy expenditure. We developed OX-SR, a sustained-release OXM analogue. It produces a significant and sustained increase in energy expenditure in rats as measured by indirect calorimetry. We now show that this increase in energy expenditure occurs via activation of the glucagon receptor. Blockade of the GLP-1 receptor with Exendin 9-39 does not block the increase in oxygen consumption caused by OX-SR. However, when activity at the glucagon receptor is lost, there is no increase in energy expenditure. Glucagon receptor activity therefore appears to be essential for OX-SR's effects on energy expenditure. The development of future 'dual agonist' analogues will require careful balancing of GLP-1 and glucagon receptor activities to obtain optimal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scott
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
| | - J Minnion
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - T Tan
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - S R Bloom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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18
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Abstract
Globally, 13% of the world's adult population is obese, and more than 400 million people suffer from diabetes. These conditions are both associated with significant morbidity, mortality and financial cost. Therefore, finding new pharmacological treatments is an imperative. Relative hyperglucagonaemia is seen in all types of diabetes, and has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Consequently, clinical trials are underway using drugs which block glucagon activity to treat type 2 diabetes. Conversely, exogenous glucagon can increase energy expenditure. Therefore, researchers are designing peptides that combine activation of the glucagon receptor with further incretin properties, which will treat obesity while mitigating the hyperglycaemic effects of glucagon. This review will discuss these conflicting physiological properties of glucagon, and the attempts to harness these effects pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Scott
- Imperial College London, 6th Floor, Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
| | - S R Bloom
- Imperial College London, 6th Floor, Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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19
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Sánchez-Garrido MA, Brandt SJ, Clemmensen C, Müller TD, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. GLP-1/glucagon receptor co-agonism for treatment of obesity. Diabetologia 2017; 60:1851-1861. [PMID: 28733905 PMCID: PMC6448809 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over a relatively short period, obesity and type 2 diabetes have come to represent a large medical and economic burden to global societies. The epidemic rise in the prevalence of obesity has metabolic consequences and is paralleled by an increased occurrence of other diseases, such as diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular complications. Together, obesity and type 2 diabetes constitute one of the more preventable causes of premature death and the identification of novel, safe and effective anti-obesity drugs is of utmost importance. Pharmacological attempts to treat obesity have had limited success, with notable adverse effects, rendering bariatric surgery as the only current therapy for substantially improving body weight. Novel unimolecular, multifunctional peptides have emerged as one of the most promising medicinal approaches to enhance metabolic efficacy and restore normal body weight. In this review, we will mainly focus on the discovery and translational relevance of dual agonists that pharmacologically function at the receptors for glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1. Such peptides have advanced to clinical evaluation and inspired the pursuit of multiple related approaches to achieving polypharmacy within single molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Sánchez-Garrido
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Business Campus Garching, Parkring 13, 85748, Garching, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sara J Brandt
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Business Campus Garching, Parkring 13, 85748, Garching, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Business Campus Garching, Parkring 13, 85748, Garching, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Business Campus Garching, Parkring 13, 85748, Garching, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Richard D DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Business Campus Garching, Parkring 13, 85748, Garching, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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20
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Müller TD, Finan B, Clemmensen C, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. The New Biology and Pharmacology of Glucagon. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:721-766. [PMID: 28275047 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades we have witnessed sizable progress in defining the role of gastrointestinal signals in the control of glucose and energy homeostasis. Specifically, the molecular basis of the huge metabolic benefits in bariatric surgery is emerging while novel incretin-based medicines based on endogenous hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 and pancreas-derived amylin are improving diabetes management. These and related developments have fostered the discovery of novel insights into endocrine control of systemic metabolism, and in particular a deeper understanding of the importance of communication across vital organs, and specifically the gut-brain-pancreas-liver network. Paradoxically, the pancreatic peptide glucagon has reemerged in this period among a plethora of newly identified metabolic macromolecules, and new data complement and challenge its historical position as a gut hormone involved in metabolic control. The synthesis of glucagon analogs that are biophysically stable and soluble in aqueous solutions has promoted biological study that has enriched our understanding of glucagon biology and ironically recruited glucagon agonism as a central element to lower body weight in the treatment of metabolic disease. This review summarizes the extensive historical record and the more recent provocative direction that integrates the prominent role of glucagon in glucose elevation with its under-acknowledged effects on lipids, body weight, and vascular health that have implications for the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases, and the emergence of precision medicines to treat metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - B Finan
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - C Clemmensen
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - R D DiMarchi
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - M H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Many complex diseases have historically proven to be defiant to the best mono-therapeutic approaches. Several examples of combination therapies have largely overcome such challenges, notably for the treatment of severe hypertension and tuberculosis. Obesity and its consequences, such as type 2 diabetes, have proven to be equally resistant to therapeutic approaches based on single medicines. Proper management of type 2 diabetes often requires adjunctive medications, and the recent registration of a few compound mixtures has set the precedent for combinatorial treatment of obesity. On the other hand, double or triple therapeutic combinations are more difficult to advance to regulatory approval than single molecules. More recently, several classes of novel unimolecular combination therapeutics have emerged with superior efficacy than currently prescribed options and pose the potential to reverse obesity and type 2 diabetes. Here, we summarize the discovery, pre-clinical validation, and first clinical test of such peptide hormone poly-agonist drug candidates.
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22
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Dickson LM, Gandhi S, Layden BT, Cohen RN, Wicksteed B. Protein kinase A induces UCP1 expression in specific adipose depots to increase energy expenditure and improve metabolic health. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R79-88. [PMID: 27097660 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00114.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue PKA has roles in adipogenesis, lipolysis, and mitochondrial function. PKA transduces the cAMP signal downstream of G protein-coupled receptors, which are being explored for therapeutic manipulation to reduce obesity and improve metabolic health. This study aimed to determine the overall physiological consequences of PKA activation in adipose tissue. Mice expressing an activated PKA catalytic subunit in adipose tissue (Adipoq-caPKA mice) showed increased PKA activity in subcutaneous, epididymal, and mesenteric white adipose tissue (WAT) depots and brown adipose tissue (BAT) compared with controls. Adipoq-caPKA mice weaned onto a high-fat diet (HFD) or switched to the HFD at 26 wk of age were protected from diet-induced weight gain. Metabolic health was improved, with enhanced insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, and β-cell function. Adipose tissue health was improved, with smaller adipocyte size and reduced macrophage engulfment of adipocytes. Using metabolic cages, we found that Adipoq-caPKA mice were shown to have increased energy expenditure, but no difference to littermate controls in physical activity or food consumption. Immunoblotting of adipose tissue showed increased expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) in BAT and dramatic UCP1 induction in subcutaneous WAT, but no induction in the visceral depots. Feeding a HFD increased PKA activity in epididymal WAT of wild-type mice compared with chow, but did not change PKA activity in subcutaneous WAT or BAT. This was associated with changes in PKA regulatory subunit expression. This study shows that adipose tissue PKA activity is sufficient to increase energy expenditure and indicates that PKA is a beneficial target in metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna M Dickson
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shriya Gandhi
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ronald N Cohen
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barton Wicksteed
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and
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23
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Sandoval DA, D'Alessio DA. Physiology of proglucagon peptides: role of glucagon and GLP-1 in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:513-48. [PMID: 25834231 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The preproglucagon gene (Gcg) is expressed by specific enteroendocrine cells (L-cells) of the intestinal mucosa, pancreatic islet α-cells, and a discrete set of neurons within the nucleus of the solitary tract. Gcg encodes multiple peptides including glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon-like peptide-2, oxyntomodulin, and glicentin. Of these, glucagon and GLP-1 have received the most attention because of important roles in glucose metabolism, involvement in diabetes and other disorders, and application to therapeutics. The generally accepted model is that GLP-1 improves glucose homeostasis indirectly via stimulation of nutrient-induced insulin release and by reducing glucagon secretion. Yet the body of literature surrounding GLP-1 physiology reveals an incompletely understood and complex system that includes peripheral and central GLP-1 actions to regulate energy and glucose homeostasis. On the other hand, glucagon is established principally as a counterregulatory hormone, increasing in response to physiological challenges that threaten adequate blood glucose levels and driving glucose production to restore euglycemia. However, there also exists a potential role for glucagon in regulating energy expenditure that has recently been suggested in pharmacological studies. It is also becoming apparent that there is cross-talk between the proglucagon derived-peptides, e.g., GLP-1 inhibits glucagon secretion, and some additive or synergistic pharmacological interaction between GLP-1 and glucagon, e.g., dual glucagon/GLP-1 agonists cause more weight loss than single agonists. In this review, we discuss the physiological functions of both glucagon and GLP-1 by comparing and contrasting how these peptides function, variably in concert and opposition, to regulate glucose and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darleen A Sandoval
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - David A D'Alessio
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Kinoshita K, Ozaki N, Takagi Y, Murata Y, Oshida Y, Hayashi Y. Glucagon is essential for adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3484-92. [PMID: 24949663 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon, a counterregulatory hormone to insulin, serves as a regulator of glucose homeostasis and acts in response to hypoglycemia. Earlier studies have shown that glucagon administration induces thermogenesis in experimental animal models. However, it is not known whether endogenous glucagon is involved in the regulation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) function. Here we investigated the role of glucagon in cold-induced thermogenesis in male mice deficient in proglucagon-derived peptides (GCGKO mice). Upon exposure to cold, GCGKO mice exhibited a greater decrease in rectal temperature than control mice. The cold exposure-induced increase in oxygen consumption in GCGKO mice was less than that seen in control mice. Moreover, the increase in oxygen consumption after administration of a β3-adrenergic receptor agonist, CL-316,243, was also lesser in GCGKO than in control mice. Expression of thermogenic genes, including the gene encoding uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1), was reduced in the BAT of GCGKO mice under ambient as well as cold conditions. Administration of glucagon restored the expression of Ucp1 mRNA in the BAT as well as the expression of the fibroblast growth factor 21 gene (Fgf21) in the liver. Supplementation with glucagon for 2 weeks resulted in higher plasma Fgf21 levels and improved responses to CL-316,243 in GCGKO mice. These results indicated that endogenous glucagon is essential for adaptive thermogenesis and that it regulates BAT function, most likely by increasing hepatic Fgf21 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kinoshita
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports (K.K., N.O., Y.T., Y.O.), and Department of Genetics (K.K., Y.T., Y.M., Y.H.), Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is precisely regulated by glucagon and insulin, which are released by pancreatic α- and β-cells, respectively. While β-cells have been the focus of intense research, less is known about α-cell function and the actions of glucagon. In recent years, the study of this endocrine cell type has experienced a renewed drive. The present review contains a summary of established concepts as well as new information about the regulation of α-cells by glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and other nutrients, focusing especially on glucagon release, glucagon synthesis and α-cell survival. We have also discussed the role of glucagon in glucose homeostasis and in energy and lipid metabolism as well as its potential as a modulator of food intake and body weight. In addition to the well-established action on the liver, we discuss the effects of glucagon in other organs, where the glucagon receptor is expressed. These tissues include the heart, kidneys, adipose tissue, brain, small intestine and the gustatory epithelium. Alterations in α-cell function and abnormal glucagon concentrations are present in diabetes and are thought to aggravate the hyperglycaemic state of diabetic patients. In this respect, several experimental approaches in diabetic models have shown important beneficial results in improving hyperglycaemia after the modulation of glucagon secretion or action. Moreover, glucagon receptor agonism has also been used as a therapeutic strategy to treat obesity.
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Abstract
Over the past 30 years, it has been established that hormones produced by the gut, pancreas, and adipose tissue are key players in the control of body weight. These hormones act through a complex neuroendocrine system, including the hypothalamus, to regulate metabolism and energy homeostasis. In obesity, this homeostatic balance is disrupted, either through alterations in the levels of these hormones or through resistance to their actions. Alterations in gut hormone secretion following gastric bypass surgery are likely to underlie the dramatic and persistent loss of weight following this procedure, as well as the observed amelioration in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Medications based on the gut hormone GLP-1 are currently in clinical use to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and have been shown to produce weight loss. Further therapies for obesity based on other gut hormones are currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Scott
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Glucagon is traditionally thought of as an antihypoglycemic hormone, for example in response to starvation. However, it actually increases energy expenditure and has other actions not in line with protection from hypoglycemia. Furthermore, it is often found to be elevated when glucose is also raised, for example in circumstances of psychological and metabolic stress. These findings seem more in keeping with glucagon having some role as a hormone enhancing the response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Jones
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Commonwealth Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, United Kingdom
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Habegger KM, Heppner KM, Geary N, Bartness TJ, DiMarchi R, Tschöp MH. The metabolic actions of glucagon revisited. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2010; 6:689-97. [PMID: 20957001 PMCID: PMC3563428 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2010.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The initial identification of glucagon as a counter-regulatory hormone to insulin revealed this hormone to be of largely singular physiological and pharmacological purpose. Glucagon agonism, however, has also been shown to exert effects on lipid metabolism, energy balance, body adipose tissue mass and food intake. The ability of glucagon to stimulate energy expenditure, along with its hypolipidemic and satiating effects, in particular, make this hormone an attractive pharmaceutical agent for the treatment of dyslipidemia and obesity. Studies that describe novel preclinical applications of glucagon, alone and in concert with glucagon-like peptide 1 agonism, have revealed potential benefits of glucagon agonism in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Collectively, these observations challenge us to thoroughly investigate the physiology and therapeutic potential of insulin's long-known opponent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk M Habegger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Metabolic Diseases Institute, Office E-217, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
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Glucagon regulation of energy metabolism. Physiol Behav 2010; 100:545-8. [PMID: 20381509 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon has long been known as a counter-regulatory hormone to insulin of fundamental importance to glucose homeostasis. Its prominent ability to stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, has historically cast this peptide as one hormone where the metabolic consequences of increasing blood glucose levels, especially in obesity, are viewed largely as being deleterious. This perspective may be changing in light of emerging data and reconsideration of historic studies, which suggest that glucagon has beneficial effects on body fat mass, food intake, and energy expenditure. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of glucagon-mediated body weight regulation as well as possible novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of obesity and glucose intolerance that may arise from these findings. The paper represents an invited review by a symposium, award winner or keynote speaker at the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior [SSIB] Annual Meeting in Portland, July 2009.
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Foà PP. Glucagon. ERGEBNISSE DER PHYSIOLOGIE, BIOLOGISCHEN CHEMIE UND EXPERIMENTELLEN PHARMAKOLOGIE 2007; 60:141-219. [PMID: 4298671 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0107253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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31
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Jeanrenaud B. Adipose tissue dynamics and regulation, revisited. ERGEBNISSE DER PHYSIOLOGIE, BIOLOGISCHEN CHEMIE UND EXPERIMENTELLEN PHARMAKOLOGIE 2007; 60:57-140. [PMID: 4298672 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0107251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Joel CD, Neaves WB, Rabb JM. Mitochondria of brown fat: oxidative phosphorylation sensitive to 2,4,-dinitrophenol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 29:490-5. [PMID: 16496524 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(67)90510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C D Joel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Harvard Medical School, and Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Dicker A, Zhao J, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Apparent thermogenic effect of injected glucagon is not due to a direct effect on brown fat cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:R1674-82. [PMID: 9791090 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1998.275.5.r1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To examine the significance of brown adipose tissue for the thermogenic response to glucagon, we injected glucagon intraperitoneally into rats (that have glucagon-sensitive brown fat cells) and into hamsters (that have glucagon-insensitive brown fat cells). Although a thermogenic response to glucagon injection was apparently observed in rats, this response was not augmented by cold acclimation and was not dose dependent. Similar observations were made in hamsters. The thermogenic response could be fully blocked by prior injection of the beta-adrenergic blocker propranolol. Thus no direct thermogenic response to injected glucagon could be demonstrated, and the thermogenic response observed was fully due to vehicle injection. However, glucagon injection was able to unmask mitochondrial [3H]GDP binding. As expected, isolated brown fat cells from rats and mice responded thermogenically to glucagon but brown fat cells from hamsters were unresponsive. The EC50 of the rat brown fat cells was high (5 nM); these cells also responded to secretin, with an EC50 of 22 nM. It was concluded that, in contrast to earlier observations, no thermogenic response to injected glucagon could be observed; this may be related to differences in glucagon preparations. Brown fat cells from certain species are, however, glucagon sensitive. It is uncertain whether glucagon is the endogenous agonist for these receptors, but the presence of the glucagon-responsive receptor indicates alternative means to norepinephrine for stimulation of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and, probably, of recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dicker
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Horwitz BA. Homeostatic Responses to Acute Cold Exposure: Thermogenic Responses in Birds and Mammals. Compr Physiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Laury MC, Chapey MF, Portet R. Involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in lipolytic activity in brown adipose tissue of cold acclimated rats. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1987; 87:197-203. [PMID: 2886255 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(87)90446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In cold acclimated rats, in vitro, NE led to a significant increase in release of FFA and glycerol in denervated IBAT. In vivo, study of arteriovenous differences showed that the denervated BAT loses its full capacity to utilize FFA and glycerol released by NE. After denervation an increase of blood flow in Sulzer's vein was observed. This effect appeared immediately after intervention whereas the effect on fat metabolism appeared later. In cold acclimated rats, the sympathetic nervous system appears to be an important regulator of fatty acid metabolism in BAT.
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Hormonal regulation of brown adipose tissue—with special reference to the participation of endocrine pancreas. J Therm Biol 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0306-4565(84)90042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Doi K, Kuroshima A. Modified metabolic responsiveness to glucagon in cold-acclimated and heat-acclimated rats. Life Sci 1982; 30:785-91. [PMID: 7070233 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(82)90614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Calorigenic effect of glucagon on whole body oxygen consumption and interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) was investigated in unanesthetized and unrestrained warm controls (WC), cold-acclimated rats (CA) and heat-acclimated rats (HA). Glucagon produced significant elevation of oxygen consumption, body temperature and BAT temperature in all experimental groups. Such increased calorigenic responses to glucagon were significantly potentiated in CA and reduced in HA compared with those in WC. Thermogenic response of BAT to norepinephrine was also similar to that to glucagon; it was potentiated in CA, reduced in HA. These results indicate that glucagon would serve thermoregulatory nonshivering thermogenesis in temperature acclimation as calorigenic hormone, at least in part, through its action on BAT.
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Hoo-Paris R, Hamsany M, Sutter BC, Assan R, Boillot J. Plasma glucose and glucagon concentrations in the hibernating hedgehog. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1982; 46:246-54. [PMID: 7106546 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(82)90206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Laury MC, Portet R. Effects of a chronic corticotropin treatment on brown adipose tissue of cold acclimated rats. Pflugers Arch 1980; 384:159-66. [PMID: 6247699 DOI: 10.1007/bf00584433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Kuroshima A, Kurahashi M, Yahata T. Calorigenic effects of noradrenaline and glucagon on white adipocytes in cold- and heat-acclimated rats. Pflugers Arch 1979; 381:113-7. [PMID: 574251 DOI: 10.1007/bf00582341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Calorigenic actions of noradrenaline and glucagon on isolated epididymal fat cells from warm-acclimated controls, cold-acclimated and heat-acclimated rats were measured by the use of a twin-type conduction microcalorimeter. Both noradrenaline and glucagon stimulated heat production in isolated adipocytes maximally in doses of 1 microgram/ml and 10 microgram/ml, respectively. Maximal responsiveness of adipocytes per unit cell to noradrenaline was not influenced by cold acclimation, while it was reduced by heat and acclimation. Maximal response in total epididymal fat cells to noradrenaline was increased in cold acclimation and not changed in heat acclimation at increased numbers of adipocytes in both cold-acclimated and heat-acclimated animals. Maximal response per unit cell as well as per total epididymal fat cells to glucagon was increased in cold acclimation and reduced in heat acclimation. The present results indicate that the modified responses of target adipocytes to noradrenaline and glucagon are involved in the development of temperature acclimation.
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Uchida Y. Effects of chlorpromazine on lipolysis in brown and white adipose tissues of cold-exposed rats. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1979; 29:587-96. [PMID: 537275 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.29.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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El Hilali M, Veillat JP, Baddouri K, Bennani N, Andjus R. Respiratory rate and thermal sensitivity of brown fat and other tissues from Jaculus orientalis and rat. J Therm Biol 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0306-4565(78)90019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Itaya K. Need for Ca ions in the lipolytic action of 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat brown adipose tissue. J Pharm Pharmacol 1978; 30:315-7. [PMID: 26749 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1978.tb13239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Chronic treatment with corticotropin led to reduced calorigenic effect of norepinephrine in cold acclimatized rats, but potentiated its effect in controls. This inhibitory effect was not due to the observed decrease in corticosterone plasma level, as it was shown by metopirone administration. It is concluded that corticotropin could have a competitive action on receptor sites mediating the calorigenic effect of norepinephrine in nonshivering thermogenesis.
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Kuroshima A, Ohno T, Doi K. In vivo lipolytic action of glucagon in brown adipose tissue of warm-acclimatized and cold-acclimatized rats. EXPERIENTIA 1977; 33:240-2. [PMID: 844573 DOI: 10.1007/bf02124089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Friedrichs D, Schoner W. Stimulation of renal gluconeogenesis by inhibition of the sodium pump. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 304:142-60. [PMID: 4349408 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(73)90123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bazan NG, de Bazan HE, Kennedy WG, Joel CD. Regional distribution and rate of production of free fatty acids in rat brain. J Neurochem 1971; 18:1387-93. [PMID: 4328511 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1971.tb00003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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