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Raymond C, Samuelsson GS, Agrenius S, Schaanning MT, Gunnarsson JS. Impaired benthic macrofauna function 4 years after sediment capping with activated carbon in the Grenland fjords, Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:16181-16197. [PMID: 33269443 PMCID: PMC7969561 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The sediments in the Grenland fjords in southern Norway are heavily contaminated by large emissions of dioxins and mercury from historic industrial activities. As a possible in situ remediation option, thin-layer sediment surface capping with powdered activated carbon (AC) mixed with clay was applied at two large test sites (10,000 and 40,000 m2) at 30-m and 95-m depths, respectively, in 2009. This paper describes the long-term biological effects of the AC treatment on marine benthic communities up to 4 years after treatment. Our results show that the capping with AC strongly reduced the benthic species diversity, abundance, and biomass by up to 90%. Vital functions in the benthic ecosystem such as particle reworking and bioirrigation of the sediment were also reduced, analyzed by using novel bioturbation and bioirrigation indices (BPc, BIPc, and IPc). Much of the initial effects observed after 1 and 14 months were still present after 49 months, indicating that the effects are long-lasting. These long-lasting negative ecological effects should be carefully considered before decisions are made on sediment remediation with powdered AC, especially in large areas, since important ecosystem functions can be impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Raymond
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Stefan Agrenius
- Department of Marine Sciences-Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, 451 78, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | | | - Jonas S Gunnarsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Morales-Caselles C, Desforges JPW, Dangerfield N, Ross PS. A Risk-Based Characterization of Sediment Contamination by Legacy and Emergent Contaminants of Concern in Coastal British Columbia, Canada. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 73:270-284. [PMID: 28528419 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Sediments have long been used to help describe pollution sources, contaminated sites, trends over time, and habitat quality for marine life. We collected surficial sediments from 12 sites at an average seawater depth of 25 m in three near-urban areas of the Salish Sea (British Columbia, Canada) to investigate habitat quality for marine life, including heavily contaminated killer whales. Samples were analyzed using high-resolution instrumentation for a wide variety of congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), polybrominated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans, organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). The top six contaminant classes detected in sediments were ∑PCB > ∑PBDE > ∑PCDD/F > DDT > ∑HBCDD > ∑PCN. Near-urban harbor sediments had up to three orders of magnitude higher concentrations of contaminants than more remote sites. With limited tools available to characterize biological risks associated with complex mixtures in the real world, we applied several available approaches to prioritize the pollutant found in our study: (1) sediment quality guidelines from the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment where available; (2) US NOAA effects range low and other international guidelines; (3) total TEQ for dioxin-like PCBs for the protection of mammals; and (4) the calculation of risk quotients. Our findings provide an indication of the state of contamination of coastal environments in British Columbia and guidance for chemical regulations and priority setting, as well as management actions including best-practices, dredging, disposal at sea, and source control. In this regard, the legacy PCB and the emergent PBDEs should command continued priority monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Morales-Caselles
- Ocean Pollution Research Program, Coastal Ocean Research Institute, Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre, P.O. Box 3232, Vancouver, BC, V6B 3X8, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre W Desforges
- Ocean Pollution Research Program, Coastal Ocean Research Institute, Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre, P.O. Box 3232, Vancouver, BC, V6B 3X8, Canada
| | - Neil Dangerfield
- Department of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard, 9860 West Saanich Rd, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Peter S Ross
- Ocean Pollution Research Program, Coastal Ocean Research Institute, Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre, P.O. Box 3232, Vancouver, BC, V6B 3X8, Canada.
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Samuelsson GS, Raymond C, Agrenius S, Schaanning M, Cornelissen G, Gunnarsson JS. Response of marine benthic fauna to thin-layer capping with activated carbon in a large-scale field experiment in the Grenland fjords, Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:14218-14233. [PMID: 28421523 PMCID: PMC5486621 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A field experiment with thin-layer capping was conducted in the Grenland fjords, Norway, for remediation in situ of mercury and dioxin-contaminated sediments. Experimental fields at 30 and 95 m depth were capped with (i) powdered activated carbon (AC) mixed with clay (AC+cla`y), (ii) clay, and (iii) crushed limestone. Ecological effects on the benthic community and species-feeding guilds were studied 1 and 14 months after capping, and a total of 158 species were included in the analyses. The results show that clay and limestone had only minor effects on the benthic community, while AC+clay caused severe perturbations. AC+clay reduced the abundance, biomass, and number of species by up to 90% at both 30 and 95 m depth, and few indications of recovery were found during the period of this investigation. The negative effects of AC+clay were observed on a wide range of species with different feeding strategies, although the suspension feeding brittle star Amphiura filiformis was particularly affected. Even though activated carbon is effective in reducing sediment-to-water fluxes of dioxins and other organic pollutants, this study shows that capping with powdered AC can lead to substantial disturbances to the benthic community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran S Samuelsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Svensk Ekologikonsult, Vegagatan 3, 113 29, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Caroline Raymond
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Agrenius
- Department of Marine Sciences-Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, 451 78, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | | | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadium, 0806, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Jonas S Gunnarsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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Manning TM, Roach AC, Edge KJ, Ferrell DJ. Levels of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in seafood from Sydney Harbour, Australia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:590-596. [PMID: 28284547 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sydney Harbour, Australia is contaminated with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) due to a historical Union Carbide chemical manufacturing facility. We measured levels of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in over 400 seafood samples (covering 20 species) collected throughout Sydney Harbour. Concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 193 pg total TEQ (WHO05)/g wet weight. These concentrations were above those considered safe for human consumption in many cases. Dioxin accumulation varied among species and was associated with life history traits. Mobile species had elevated concentrations throughout Sydney Harbour whereas accumulation in species likely to move less widely was dependent on the distance they were caught from the point source. This large scale study on multiple species of recreationally caught seafood resulted in the implementation of human consumption advisories for recreational fishing based on individual species and distance from point source. In addition, all forms of commercial fishing in Sydney Harbour were banned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese M Manning
- Office of Environment and Heritage, PO Box A290 Sydney South NSW 1232, Australia
| | - Anthony C Roach
- Office of Environment and Heritage, PO Box A290 Sydney South NSW 1232, Australia
| | - Katelyn J Edge
- Office of Environment and Heritage, PO Box A290 Sydney South NSW 1232, Australia.
| | - Doug J Ferrell
- Fisheries NSW, Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman NSW, Australia
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Zacs D, Rjabova J, Fernandes A, Bartkevics V. Brominated, chlorinated and mixed brominated/chlorinated persistent organic pollutants in European eels (Anquilla anquilla) from Latvian lakes. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:460-72. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1136436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Heimstad ES, Grønstøl G, Hetland KT, Alarcon JM, Rylander C, Mariussen E. A survey of dioxin-like contaminants in fish from recreational fishing. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:509. [PMID: 26187791 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The dioxin and dioxin-like compounds are regarded as one of the most toxic group of environmental contaminants. Food for the commercial market is regularly monitored for their dioxin levels and the concentration allowed in food is strictly regulated. Less is known about locally caught fish from recreational fishing, which is often brought home for consumption. This can be fish caught from nearby lakes or streams or fish with marine origin close to industrial areas or harbours that are not regularly monitored for their dioxin levels. In this study, we established collaboration with schools in 13 countries. We received 203 samples of 29 different fish species of which Atlantic cod was the most abundant followed by brown trout and pollock. In general, the majority of samples from the participating countries had low concentrations (between 0.1 and 0.2 pg/g chemical-activated luciferase gene expression toxic equivalency wet weight (CALUX TEQ w.w.)) of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs. Only 18 samples had concentrations above 1 pg/g CALUX TEQ w.w., and only 2 dab samples had concentration above maximum levels set by the European Commission. The Atlantic cod samples showed a significant reduction in the concentrations of dioxins with increasing latitude indicating less contamination of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds in the north of Norway. The results indicate that a moderate consumption of self-caught fish at presumed non-contaminated sites does not represent a major risk for exposure to dioxins or dioxin-like compounds at concentrations associated with adverse health effects. Recreational fishermen should, however, obtain knowledge about local fish consumption advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldbjørg Sofie Heimstad
- NILU (Norwegian Institute for Air Research) FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, NO-9296, Tromsø, Norway,
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Polak-Juszczak L, Robak S. Mercury toxicity and the protective role of selenium in eel, Anguilla anguilla. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:679-688. [PMID: 25099659 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the impact trace metals, mainly toxic ones, on the condition of eel (Anguilla anguilla) inhabiting four regions of Poland. Metal concentrations in eel muscle tissues were studied as functions of size, region, and season 2011-2012. The levels of metals were also used for risk assessment on consumer health. Copper and zinc occurred at concentrations that could only have positive impacts on eel condition. Low levels of cadmium and lead did not impair the condition of the fish. However, mercury occurred at high levels and increased with fish length and season. The mercury levels in eels were compared with the threshold of toxicity (500-1,200 μg kg(-1)), which can cause changes in biochemical processes and impair fish reproduction. The concentration of mercury was 1,010 μg kg(-1) in one specimen of the 120 samples examined, and in 16 specimens, it exceeded 500 μg kg(-1). The toxic effects of the mercury could have been attenuated by the selenium in the muscles of the eel, especially in the muscles of smaller specimens in which the Se/Hg molar ratio was higher than 1 with a positive correlation between these two elements. In larger specimens measuring in excess of 70 cm, this coefficient was below 1, and the mercury to selenium correlation was negative, which meant that the protective effects of selenium were weaker. The mercury in the muscles of large specimens at levels exceeding 500 μg kg(-1) could have weakened eel condition and also posed a threat to consumer health. The cadmium and lead in the muscles of the eel did not affect the condition of the fish. Mercury weakened the condition of large eel, A. anguilla. Selenium protected small- and medium-sized eel against the toxic effects of mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Polak-Juszczak
- Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, ul. Kołłataja 1, Gdynia, 81-332, Poland,
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Di Leo A, Annicchiarico C, Cardellicchio N, Giandomenico S, Conversano M, Castellano G, Basile F, Martinelli W, Scortichini G, Spada L. Monitoring of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs and seasonal variations in mussels from the Mar Grande and the Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:13196-13207. [PMID: 24443048 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The levels and specific profiles of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Mar Grande and the Mar Piccolo of Taranto were determined during the extensive monitoring plan of Local Health Authority to assess PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs contamination in food and farm products, within 20 km from the industrial areas of Taranto, between March and December 2011. The average Total Toxicity Equivalence (TEQ) values for the sum of PCDD/F and DL-PCBs ranged from 1.61 to 5.63 pg WHO2005-TEQ g(-1) wet weight basis, with the highest in the first inlet of the Mar Piccolo. In particular, DL-PCBs were the dominant chemicals in all samples, followed by PCDFs and PCDDs. Congener patterns in mussels were similar, indicating a homogeneous behavior in studied areas and, probably, the same type of source. The seasonal concentrations trend showed a relevant increase of dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs TEQs during the summer months, exceeding the limits set by the European Community for food and foodstuff. Reducing PCDD/Fs and PCBs is necessary to decrease contamination levels in order to safeguard marine ecosystem and human health in the Taranto area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Leo
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, Operative Unit of Taranto, C.N.R., via Roma 3, 74123, Taranto, Italy
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9
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Bates ME, Sparrevik M, de Lichy N, Linkov I. The value of information for managing contaminated sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:9478-9485. [PMID: 24957130 DOI: 10.1021/es500717t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Effective management of contaminated sediments is important for long-term human and environmental health, but site-management decisions are often made under high uncertainty and without the help of structured decision support tools. Potential trade-offs between remedial costs, environmental effects, human health risks, and societal benefits, as well as fundamental differences in stakeholder priorities, complicate decision making. Formal decision-analytic tools such as multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) move beyond ad hoc decision support to quantitatively and holistically rank management alternatives and add transparency and replicability to the evaluation process. However, even the best decisions made under uncertainty may be found suboptimal in hindsight, once additional scientific, social, economic, or other details become known. Value of information (VoI) analysis extends MCDA by systematically evaluating the impact of uncertainty on a decision. VoI prioritizes future research in terms of expected decision relevance by helping decision makers estimate the likelihood that additional information will improve decision confidence or change their selection of a management plan. In this study, VoI analysis evaluates uncertainty, estimates decision confidence, and prioritizes research to inform selection of a sediment capping strategy for the dibenzo-p-dioxin and -furan contaminated Grenland fjord system in southern Norway. The VoI model extends stochastic MCDA to model decisions with and without simulated new information and compares decision confidence across scenarios with different degrees of remaining uncertainty. Results highlight opportunities for decision makers to benefit from additional information by anticipating the improved decision confidence (or lack thereof) expected from reducing uncertainties for each criterion or combination of criteria. This case study demonstrates the usefulness of VoI analysis for environmental decisions by predicting when decisions can be made confidently, for prioritizing areas of research to pursue to improve decision confidence, and for differentiating between decision-relevant and decision-irrelevant differences in evaluation perspectives, all of which help guide meaningful deliberation toward effective consensus solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Bates
- Environmental Laboratory , Engineer Research and Development Center, US Army Corps of Engineers, 696 Virginia Road, Concord, Massachusetts 01742, United States
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Sezmis AL, Birch G, Covaci A. Relationships between dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like biphenyls (dl-PCBs) congener concentrations in aquatic organisms from Sydney Estuary, Australia and physiology, spatial, seasonality, trophodynamic and life history traits. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:50-58. [PMID: 24840280 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been considerable interest in hydrophobic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their accumulative properties in aquatic organisms. Several factors, such as environmental concentrations (i.e. in sediment) and physiological characteristics of organisms determine species-specific accumulation patterns of POPs in marine animal tissue. The present study investigated factors that govern species-specific accumulation patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in a food web from Sydney Estuary (Australia). The results indicated that physiological characteristics, i.e. lipid %, spatial, i.e. distance from Homebush Bay (point source of POPs) and life history characteristics of the organisms, such as diet and home range, influence PCDD/F and dl-PCB tissue concentrations to a varying degree. For example, PCDD/F tissue concentrations increased with the presence of detritivorous diet, species with limited home range and close proximity to Homebush Bay. On the other hand, lipid %, piscivorous diet and close proximity to Homebush Bay were the main predictors causing increases in dl-PCB tissue levels. Distance from Homebush Bay was the only predictor affecting both PCDD/F and dl-PCB tissue levels at a similar rate, i.e. decreasing tissue concentrations as the distance increases from Homebush Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysha Laila Sezmis
- The Environmental Geology Group, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - Gavin Birch
- The Environmental Geology Group, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
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Nunes M, Martinho F, Vernisseau A, Marchand P, Le Bizec B, van der Veer HW, Cabral HN, Ramos F, Pardal MA. Early contamination of European flounder (Platichthys flesus) by PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in European waters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 85:292-296. [PMID: 24913072 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Contamination levels and profiles of 7 polychlorinated-p-dioxins, 10 polychlorinated furans (PCDD/Fs) and 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) were investigated in juvenile European flounder (Platichthys flesus) captured in different nursery areas in the northeastern Atlantic coast across its geographical distribution range. The toxic equivalent concentrations (WHO-TEQfish) were also determined in order to evaluate which P. flesus population was more exposed to dioxin-like toxicity. Juveniles caught in the Sørfjord (Norway) showed the lowest WHO-TEQfish concentration (0.052 pg WHO-TEQfish g(-1)wet weight) whereas the highest value was observed in fish from the Wadden Sea (The Netherlands; 0.291 pg WHO-TEQfish g(-1)ww), mainly due to the greater contribution of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, the most toxic congener. Nonetheless, when comparing the results with existent tissue residue-based toxicity benchmarks, no adverse effects resulting from PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs are expected to occur in flounder from the studied systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Nunes
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal; CEF - Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Bromatology Laboratory, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Filipe Martinho
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anaïs Vernisseau
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), CS50707, F-44307 Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Marchand
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), CS50707, F-44307 Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), CS50707, F-44307 Nantes, France
| | - Henk W van der Veer
- NIOZ - Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Henrique N Cabral
- Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- CEF - Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Bromatology Laboratory, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Pardal
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
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Blanchet-Letrouvé I, Zalouk-Vergnoux A, Vénisseau A, Couderc M, Le Bizec B, Elie P, Herrenknecht C, Mouneyrac C, Poirier L. Dioxin-like, non-dioxin like PCB and PCDD/F contamination in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) from the Loire estuarine continuum: spatial and biological variabilities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 472:562-571. [PMID: 24317164 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To characterize the eel contamination by dioxin-like (dl) and non dioxin-like (ndl) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), sixty-two eels from the Loire estuary (France) were analyzed. PCB contamination significantly increased from glass eel stage (3.71 ± 1.85 and 15.2 ± 4.2 ng g(-1) dw) to other life stages (for yellow eels: 62.8 ± 34.4 and 382 ± 182 ng g(-1) dw; for silver eels: 93.7 ± 56.3 and 463 ± 245 ng g(-1) dw respectively for dl and ndl-PCBs). An inter-site variability based on PCB levels and profiles was observed among the three studied sites. For glass eels, the profile was mainly characterized by less chlorinated PCBs contrary to the other eels, displaying a different bioaccumulation pathway. Overall, the contamination level in the eels from this estuary was shown to be low for PCDD/Fs and intermediate for dl and ndl-PCBs, compared to other international/national areas. However, more than 60% of the studied silver eels displayed higher values for PCDD/F and dl-PCB WHO2005 TEQ than the EU permissible level of 10 pg g(-1) ww. This statement suggests a potential exposure to PCBs through eel consumption, especially with silver eels, and also points out apparent contamination that could eventually affect the reproductive success of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Zalouk-Vergnoux
- Université de Nantes, MMS, EA 2160, 9 rue Bias, Nantes F-44322, France
| | - A Vénisseau
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes F-44307, France
| | - M Couderc
- Université de Nantes, MMS, EA 2160, 9 rue Bias, Nantes F-44322, France
| | - B Le Bizec
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes F-44307, France
| | - P Elie
- IRSTEA, 50 avenue de Verdun, Gazinet, Cestas F-33612, France
| | - C Herrenknecht
- Université de Nantes, MMS, EA 2160, 9 rue Bias, Nantes F-44322, France
| | - C Mouneyrac
- Université Catholique de l'Ouest, IBEA, CEREA, 44 rue Rabelais, Angers F-49008, France
| | - L Poirier
- Université de Nantes, MMS, EA 2160, 9 rue Bias, Nantes F-44322, France
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Chan JKY, Man YB, Xing GH, Wu SC, Murphy MB, Xu Y, Wong MH. Dietary exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans via fish consumption and dioxin-like activity in fish determined by H4IIE-luc bioassay. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 463-464:1192-1200. [PMID: 22959899 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dietary exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) via fish consumption in two major electronic (e) waste sites: Guiyu (GY), Guangdong Province and Taizhou (TZ), Zhejiang Province, and dioxin-like activity in fish determined by H4IIE-luc bioassay. In the present study, all fish were below EU's maximum allowable concentration in muscle of fish (4 pg WHO-TEQ/g wet wt), except crucian (4.28 pg WHO-TEQ/g wet wt) and silver carps (7.49 pg WHO-TEQ/g wet wt) collected from GY rivers. Moreover, the residual concentration in bighead carp collected from GY (2.15 pg WHO-TEQ/g wet wt) was close to the EU's action level (3 pg WHO-TEQ/g wet wt) which gives "early warning" to the competent authorities and operators to take measures to eliminate contamination. In addition, results indicated that the maximum human intake of PCDD/Fs via freshwater fish consumption in GY was 4.31 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bw/day, which exceeds the higher end of the tolerable daily intake recommended by the WHO, EC-SCF and JECFA (1-4, 2 and 2.3 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bw/day respectively). Furthermore, H4IIE-luc cell bioassay provides a very sensitive and cost-efficient screening tool for assessing the overall dioxin-like toxicity in the study, and is therefore valuable for high-throughput environmental monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Kit Yan Chan
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, PR China
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14
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Byer JD, Alaee M, Brown RS, Lebeuf M, Backus S, Keir M, Pacepavicius G, Casselman J, Belpaire C, Oliveira K, Verreault G, Hodson PV. Spatial trends of dioxin-like compounds in Atlantic anguillid eels. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:1439-1446. [PMID: 23528832 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Several temperate freshwater eel stocks have experienced unsustainable declines, yet to be explained. The decline of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Ontario has been linked to aryl-hydrocarbon receptor agonists such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and the question remains whether eels are affected similarly by these compounds. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and PCNs were determined in eels collected at seven locations in eastern Canada including L. Ontario, one location in New York, USA, and one location in Flanders, Belgium. Concentrations varied greatly among origins, indicating dissimilar historic loadings to local areas. The risk to eel reproduction was evaluated with 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents, and increased by 10-fold from the least to most contaminated site. The risk to eel recruitment from dioxin-like compounds in American eel using available guidelines is low. The development of a more comprehensive model for eel recruitment risk assessment due to dioxin-like compounds, using eel-specific guidelines, is recommended. Toxic equivalents were 5-fold higher when based on mammalian toxic equivalency factors compared to fish values. About half of the eels captured in L. Ontario exceeded the Canadian guideline for fish consumption (20pg TEQ g(-1) ww), but there were no other exceedances in Canada. The current risk to eel consumers in Canada is low overall, except for highly urbanized and industrialized areas.
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15
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Allan IJ, Nilsson HC, Tjensvoll I, Bradshaw C, Naes K. PCDD/F release during benthic trawler-induced sediment resuspension. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:2780-2787. [PMID: 22936523 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Benthic trawling can cause the resuspension of large amounts of sediments. Such regular practice in the Grenland fjord system in the south of Norway has the potential to affect the fate, movement, and bioavailability of sediment-associated polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). A novel mode of exposing passive sampling devices consisting of towing semipermeable membrane devices attached to the trawl net was used to gauge in situ changes in the freely dissolved concentration of PCDD/Fs on benthic trawler-induced sediment resuspension. Significant accumulation of a number of PCDD/F congeners was observed despite the short (5 h) sampler exposure times. On average, a one order of magnitude increase in freely dissolved PCCD/F concentrations was seen within minutes of the sediment being resuspended. This observation was supported by similar changes in filtered PCDD/F concentrations measured by high-volume sampling prior to resuspension and in the sediment plume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research, Oslo, Norway.
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16
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Bradshaw C, Tjensvoll I, Sköld M, Allan IJ, Molvaer J, Magnusson J, Naes K, Nilsson HC. Bottom trawling resuspends sediment and releases bioavailable contaminants in a polluted fjord. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 170:232-241. [PMID: 22842052 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sediments are sinks for contaminants in the world's oceans. At the same time, commercial bottom trawling is estimated to affect around 15 million km(2) of the world's seafloor every year. However, few studies have investigated whether this disturbance remobilises sediment-associated contaminants and, if so, whether these are bioavailable to aquatic organisms. This field study in a trawled contaminated Norwegian fjord showed that a single 1.8 km long trawl pass created a 3-5 million m(3) sediment plume containing around 9 t contaminated sediment; ie. 200 g dw m(-2) trawled, equivalent to c. 10% of the annual gross sedimentation rate. Substantial amounts of PCDD/Fs and non-ortho PCBs were released from the sediments, likely causing a semi-permanent contaminated sediment suspension in the bottom waters. PCDD/Fs from the sediments were also taken up by mussels which, during one month, accumulated them to levels above the EU maximum advised concentration for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bradshaw
- Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Antelo LT, Lopes C, Franco-Uría A, Alonso AA. Fish discards management: pollution levels and best available removal techniques. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:1277-1290. [PMID: 22542692 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fish discards and by-catch issues are highly topical subjects that are permanently under a social focus. Two main approaches are being considered to address this discard problem: reducing the by-catch and increasing by-catch utilization. Interest in increased by-catch valorization may arise from a greater demand for fish products, such as the development of new markets for previously discarded species, the use of low-value specimens for aquaculture or the creation of value-added fish products for the food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries. However, contaminants present in fish discards may be transferred to their valorized products, leading to possible long-term bioaccumulation and subsequent adverse health effects. In this valorization framework, the aim is to promote responsible and sustainable management of marine resources. The pollutant levels in catches from European fisheries and the best available decontamination techniques for marine valorized discards/by-products are compiled and analyzed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis T Antelo
- Process Engineering Group, Marine Research Institute IIM-CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
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18
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Carere M, Miniero R, Cicero MR. Potential effects of climate change on the chemical quality of aquatic biota. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Geeraerts C, Focant JF, Eppe G, De Pauw E, Belpaire C. Reproduction of European eel jeopardised by high levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:4039-4047. [PMID: 21714990 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins, furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analysed in muscle tissue from yellow phased European eel (Anguilla anguilla) from 38 sites in Belgium. Dioxin concentrations in eel vary considerably between sampling locations, indicating that yellow eel is a good indicator of local pollution levels. Measured levels of dioxin-like PCBs are much higher than those of the dioxins and furans. In the majority of the sites, eel has levels considered to be detrimental for their reproduction. Field levels of dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs are therefore suggested as an additional causal factor contributing to the decline of the European eel. 42% of the sampling sites show especially dioxin-like PCB levels exceeding the European consumption level (with a factor 3 on average). Human consumption of eel, especially in these highly contaminated sites, seems unjustified.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Geeraerts
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Gaverstraat 4, B-9500 Geraardsbergen, Belgium.
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20
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Grung M, Næs K, Fogelberg O, Nilsen AJ, Brack W, Lübcke-von Varel U, Thomas KV. Effects-directed analysis of sediments from polluted marine sites in Norway. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:439-454. [PMID: 21391090 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.550555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The environmental status of two polluted marine sites in Norway was investigated by a combination of target chemical analysis and effect-directed analysis (EDA). The two selected sites, the Grenland area and Oslo harbor, in addition to two reference sites, were classified according to the Norwegian environmental classification system based upon results of the target chemical analyses. The polluted sites were characterized by high levels of metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). High levels of organotin compounds were also detected in Oslo harbor. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist activity in extracts of sediments from marine sites close to Oslo, Oslo harbor, and Grenland were investigated using the CALUX (chemical-activated luciferase expression) assay, which showed elevated levels of activity. As expected from the history of dioxin release into the Grenland area, the results were highest in this area. The presence of estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) antagonists was also detected in the sediment extracts. Following fractionation of the sediment extracts, EDA was used to tentatively identify the AhR agonists. The compounds responsible for AhR agonist activity in samples from Oslo harbor were isolated in fraction 13, and to a lesser extent in fractions 9-11. In Grenland, the main activity was found in the more polar fractions, namely fractions 14-18. The AhR agonists identified in Oslo harbor were mainly PAH, while in the Grenland area the compounds identified were mainly nitrogen/oxygen-containing polyaromatic compounds (N/O-PAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Merete Grung
- NIVA-Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway.
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21
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Berge JA, Hylland K, Schlabach M, Ruus A. Accumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)--cage experiments in a Norwegian Fjord. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:455-465. [PMID: 21391091 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.550556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) have been discharged to the Frierfjord (Eastern Norway) for 50 yr. The discharges, dominated by PCDF, were highest in the early 1970s and subsequently reduced 3-4 orders ofmagnitude to 1-2 g toxic equivalents (TEQ)/yr in 1992-2002. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMD) were placed in cages for 6 wk in the Frierfjord and at two locations in the adjacent Langesundsfjord. The objective was to clarify the importance of PCDD/PCDF accumulation from the water directly compared to important food items. Little accumulation of PCDD and a significant accumulation of PCDF were observed in the SPMD. Accumulation of PCDF was observed in fish at Kastebukta, closest to the original source, but not at the other two stations. The PCDF concentrations detected in caged fish at Kastebukta were low compared to concentrations found in locally caught fish. Data indicate that it would take 4-55 yr to reach the PCDF-levels observed in locally caught cod if they were exposed only through water. Our results indicate that accumulation of PCDF/PCDD from prey is more important than accumulation from water.
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Dabrowska H, Murk AJ, van den Berg HJ. Bioassay-derived dioxin equivalent concentrations in gonads and livers of the Atlantic cod females from the Baltic Sea. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:1829-1834. [PMID: 20863569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The DR-H4IIE.Luc bioassay is based on the ability of dioxin and dioxin-like contaminants to activate the AhR and its signal transduction pathway, a mechanism through which these contaminants elicit their toxic effects. The bioassay was used to examine the total dioxin-equivalent (TEQ) toxicity in gonads and livers of cod females from the southern Baltic Sea. The bioassay-derived TEQ-luc was measured after 24-h and 48-h exposure periods. Mean concentrations in the 24-h bioassay were 95 and 35 pg TEQ-luc g(-1) lipid in gonads and livers, respectively, and 58 and 38 pg TEQ-luc g(-1) lipid in the 48-h bioassay, respectively. The 48-h TEQ-luc levels displayed significant relationships with ΣPCB(7) and selected PCB congeners but not with the TEQ(DLPCB-REP). Levels in gonads approached 10% of the LC50 for developing larvae of other marine fish, yet the impact on survival of the cod during its early life remains to be assessed in a future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryka Dabrowska
- Sea Fisheries Institute in Gdynia, Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland.
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23
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Yu HY, Guo Y, Zeng EY. Dietary intake of persistent organic pollutants and potential health risks via consumption of global aquatic products. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:2135-2142. [PMID: 20872674 DOI: 10.1002/etc.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The concentration levels of typical persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) including dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) and non-dioxin-like PCBs, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in global aquatic products from major producing countries were summarized. Daily intakes of these compounds via consumption of various aquatic products for global consumers were also estimated based on available literature data. Risk assessment based upon existing criteria for OCPs and PBDEs shows that there is minimal risk to global consumers from consumption of aquatic products, with the exception of products from specific regions located around known heavy-point sources. Exposure to dioxins through consumption of aquatic products, excluding marine fish, is also in the range of the acceptable level, lower than 4 pg World Health Organization toxic equivalent (WHO-TEQ)/kg bw/d; however, dioxin intake via marine fish may cause hazards to human health, especially for Europeans. Regarding PCBs, there is cancer risk for global consumers via consumption of aquatic products, especially marine fish, based on cancer and noncancer hazard ratio assessment. Generally, European consumers have higher exposure levels of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs, while Americans and Asians have relatively higher exposure levels of OCPs and PCBs. In contrast, all global populations are found to have lower exposure levels of PBDEs, which may be attributed to its relatively shorter history of use compared with PCBs and OCPs. Finally, the estimated total amounts of PCBs, OCPs, and PBDEs stored in global aquatic products constitute only a small portion of the total amount that has been used, and the majority obviously occurs in other environmental media or even remains in commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Yun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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24
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de Solla SR, Weseloh DVC, Hebert CE, Pekarik C. Impact of changes in analytical techniques for the measurement of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides on temporal trends in herring gull eggs. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:1476-1483. [PMID: 20821596 DOI: 10.1002/etc.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Changes in analytical approaches during the tenure of monitoring programs for organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may affect estimates of temporal trends. We used an in-house reference material to create multiplication factors to adjust the estimates of OC pesticides and PCBs (Aroclor equivalents) in Great Lake herring gull eggs analyzed using electron capture detection (1987-1997) to be more equivalent to estimates using mass spectrometric detection (1998-2005) as well as accompanying differences in analytical procedures. We examined temporal trends in contaminant concentrations in herring gull eggs using change point regressions, to determine whether significant changes in long-term trends were associated with analytical methodology. The highest frequency of change point occurrences shifted from 1997 (when analytical methodology was altered) to 2003 after data adjustment. The explanatory power (r2) of the regressions was lower after adjustment, although only marginally so (mean r2 difference=0.04). The initial rates of decline before change points in contaminant concentrations were generally slower after the data adjustment, but after any change points the declines were not significantly different. The regression models did not change for 83.3% of the cases. The effects on the interpretation of long-term temporal trends in herring gull eggs, although not negligible, were minor relative to the magnitude of the temporal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane R de Solla
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada.
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25
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Szlinder-Richert J, Usydus Z, Pelczarski W. Organochlorine pollutants in European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) from Poland. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 80:93-99. [PMID: 20447675 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current paper is to report the levels of OC pesticides ([summation operator]HCHs, HCB, [summation operator]DDTs), marker PCBs, PCDD/Fs, and dl-PCBs in the muscle tissue of European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), collected in the Vistula and Szczecin lagoons (Poland), and in the local market. The results obtained were evaluated according to maximum limits adopted by EU, and some national legislatures. The intake of organochlorine contaminants from the consumption of eel from Polish waters is also estimated. The residues of tested contaminants ranged between: 0.6 and 6.0 ng g(-1)ww for [summation operator]HCHs; 9.8 and 273.9 ng g(-1)ww for [summation operator]DDTs; 0.4 and 23.8 ng g(-1)ww for HCB; 4.0 and 533.9 ng g(-1)ww [summation operator](7)PCBs; 0.72 and 8.14 pg-WHO-TEQ g(-1) ww for [summation operator]PCDD/F/DL-PCBs. The levels of OCPs, and PCDD/F/dl-PCBs in the muscle tissues of eels captured in the Vistula and Szczecin lagoons were compliant with European regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szlinder-Richert
- Sea Fisheries Institute in Gdynia, Department of Food and Environment Chemistry, 1 Kołłataja Str., Gdynia, Poland.
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26
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Wan Y, Jones PD, Holem RR, Khim JS, Chang H, Kay DP, Roark SA, Newsted JL, Patterson WP, Giesy JP. Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in fishes from the Tittabawassee and Saginaw Rivers, Michigan, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:2394-2401. [PMID: 20206964 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing biological factors associated with species-specific accumulation of contaminants is one of the major focuses in ecotoxicology and environmental chemistry studies. In this study, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and non- and mono-ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were analyzed in various fish species from the Tittabawassee and Saginaw Rivers (12 fish species; n=314 individuals), Michigan, USA. Due to their migratory habits, greater delta(13)C stable isotope values were found in walleye and white sucker among 12 fish species. Meanwhile, the delta(15)N values indicated that the trophic status was least in carp and greatest in largemouth bass. The greatest total concentrations of dioxins were found in fishes with the lowest trophic status (carp (n=50) followed by channel catfish (n=49)), and concentrations of SigmaPCDD/Fs (20-440pg/g ww (wet weight)), SigmaPCBs (16-690ng/g ww), and TEQs (6.8-350pg/g ww) in carp were also greater than the least mean concentrations in other fishes. Contributions of various biological factors to the species accumulation were assessed. Body weight and lipid content were found to be the most significant factors influencing accumulation of SigmaPCDD/Fs. Lipid content and trophic level seemed to be dominant factors determining accumulation of SigmaPCB and TEQs, but negative correlations between trophic status and concentrations of SigmaPCBs and TEQs were observed possibly due to the great concentrations in benthivorous fishes such as carp occupying lower trophic levels. These factors can be used to predict the contaminant levels of dioxins and health risks of the fishes in the river ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wan
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B3.
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27
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de Solla SR, Weseloh DVC, Letcher RJ, Hebert CE. Reconcilable differences: the use of reference material to reduce methodological artifacts in the reporting of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:19-26. [PMID: 20821415 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Numerous long-term monitoring programs have assessed spatial and temporal trends of organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Changes in analytical approaches (e.g., gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detection [GC-ECD] versus mass spectrometric detection [GC-MSD]) can reveal artifacts in the reported concentrations. In-house reference material (RM) was used to determine the analytical artifacts in the measurement of OCs and PCBs in Great Lake herring gull eggs previously analyzed from 1994 to 1996 (GC-ECD) and 1997 to 1999 (GC-MSD). Approximately 19.0% of the variability of PCB congeners in gull eggs was associated with analytical artifacts, and differences among colonies were obscured. Although the discrepancy in sum PCBs (SigmaPCBs) was fairly small (2.1%), some congeners varied considerably between methods (> 60%). After statistically removing the artifacts, only 1.4% of the variability in PCBs of herring gull eggs was associated with artifacts, and differences among gull colonies became apparent. After excluding OCs near the detection limit in the RM, statistically removing the artifacts reduced some of the differences between methods for OCs. Analytical artifacts may potentially render inferences difficult, confounded, and erroneous. When combining contaminant data obtained using different methods, the methods should be assumed to give different results unless demonstrated otherwise. Assessments of the compatibility of analytical methodologies should be made using an appropriate RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane R de Solla
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario L7R4A6, Canada.
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28
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Hong SH, Munschy C, Kannan N, Tixier C, Tronczynski J, Héas-Moisan K, Shim WJ. PCDD/F, PBDE, and nonylphenol contamination in a semi-enclosed bay (Masan Bay, South Korea) and a Mediterranean lagoon (Thau, France). CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 77:854-862. [PMID: 19732934 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemical contamination of the coastal marine environment by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) was assessed along with emerging contaminants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in an industrially well-developed country (France) and a fast-developing country (Korea). Other chemicals, i.e. nonylphenol (NP) and 5 beta(H)-cholestan-3beta-ol (coprostanol) were determined to trace industrial waste and/or domestic inputs. These compounds were analyzed in coastal sediments and mussels in two enclosed coastal water bodies: Masan Bay (South Korea) and Thau lagoon (France). The overall levels of target organic contaminants were higher in Masan Bay than in Thau lagoon. The mean concentrations of 17 PCDD/Fs, 13 PBDEs, NP and coprostanol in Masan Bay sediments were, respectively, 1.3, 11, 248 and 291 ng g(-1) dry weight (d.w.); in Thau lagoon sediments they were, respectively, 0.39, not detectable (nd), 23 and 395 ng g(-1)d.w. Mean concentrations in mussels (coprostanol and cholestanol were not measured) were 0.0093, 13, 140 ng g(-1)d.w. in Masan Bay and 0.016, 0.94, 38 ng g(-1)d.w. in Thau lagoon. Principal component analysis of the contaminants and chemical tracers indicates possible point sources of pollution for Masan Bay and Thau lagoon. This study highlights a growing pollution problem in Asia and in particular a tremendous uptrend in Korea, in comparison to more controlled discharges and releases in Western Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hee Hong
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, 391 Jangmok-ri, Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea
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Dabrowska H, Bernard E, Barska I, Radtke K. Inter-tissue distribution and evaluation of potential toxicity of PCBs in Baltic cod (Gadus morhua L.). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:1975-1984. [PMID: 19682744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PCBs measured in the muscle, liver, and gonads of cod collected from two locations in the southern Baltic were evaluated as total (summation operator PCBs), indicator (summation operator PCB(7)), and dioxin-like (summation operator DL-PCBs) concentrations. Gender, tissue lipid content, and collection site were important determinants of PCB levels. Irrespective of collection site, lipid-normalized summation operator PCBs, summation operator PCB(7), and summation operator DL-PCBs in females were the lowest in the muscle, and of similar levels in liver and gonads. In males the concentrations had a decreasing order of liver >muscle >gonads. Despite the gender differences in tissue levels, the profiles were fairly similar in both genders and sites. Significant relationships were found for both summation operator DL-PCBs and summation operator TEQ(DL-PCB) and concentrations of summation operator PCBs and summation operator PCB(7). The levels of summation operator TEQ(DL-PCB) in the livers of both genders and in female gonads, in addition to the total PCBs load in these organs, raise concern and suggest that the species can suffer from PCBs toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryka Dabrowska
- Sea Fisheries Institute in Gdynia, ul. Kołłataja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland.
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30
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Nieuwoudt C, Quinn LP, Pieters R, Jordaan I, Visser M, Kylin H, Borgen AR, Giesy JP, Bouwman H. Dioxin-like chemicals in soil and sediment from residential and industrial areas in central South Africa. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:774-83. [PMID: 19481778 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a global concern due to their ubiquitous presence and toxicity. Currently, there is a lack of information regarding POPs from South Africa. Here we report and interpret concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), -dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and co-planar-biphenyls (PCBs) in soils and sediments collected from central South Africa. High resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) and the H4IIE-luc bio-assay were used to identify and quantify individual PCDD/F congeners and to report the total concentration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ), respectively. TCDD-EQs determined by use of the bio-assay, and concentrations of WHO(2005)-TEQ (toxic equivalents) determined by chemical analysis, were similar. The limit of detection (LOD) for the bio-assay was 0.82 and 2.8 ng TCDD-EQ kg(-1), dw for sediment and soil, respectively. EQ20 concentrations determined by use of the bio-assay ranged from <LOD to 70 ng TCDD-EQ kg(-1), dw for soil, and from <LOD to 45 ng TCDD-EQ kg(-1), dw for sediment. Concentrations of WHO(2005)-TEQ in soils were generally greater than those in sediments, and soils from the industrial area of Vanderbijlpark and the residential area of Klerksdorp contained the greatest concentrations. Based on the congener-specific HRGC/HRMS analyzes, concentrations of WHO(2005)-TEQ ranged from 0.12 to 32 ng WHO(2005)-TEQ kg(-1), dw in sediments, and between 0.34 and 20 ng WHO(2005)-TEQkg(-1), dw in soils. The sources, processes and threats that govern and are associated with the lesser concentrations in sediment and greater concentrations in soils need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Nieuwoudt
- School of Environmental Sciences and Development (Zoology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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31
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Ishaq R, Persson NJ, Zebühr Y, Broman D, Naes K. PCNs, PCDD/Fs, and non-orthoPCBs, in water and bottom sediments from the industrialized Norwegian Grenlandsfjords. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:3442-3447. [PMID: 19544837 DOI: 10.1021/es8011595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated toxic planar aromatic compounds were analyzed in the heavily industrialized Grenlandsfjords, which is a system of silled fjords in southern Norway. Surface water samples contained 7.4-160 ng/m3 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), 14-410 ng/m3 polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and 0.31-2.4 ng/m3 non-orthochlorinated biphenyls (non-orthoPCBs). The concentrations of PCDD/Fs were about 300 times higher than in the Baltic Sea. Highest level of the compounds wasfound near a magnesium production plant Hepta-CDFs and penta-CNs dominated in the inner-fjord waters, and tetra-CB 77 was the major non-orthoPCB congener. Sediment samples had PCDD/F concentration of 25-730 ng/g dw. Highest concentration was detected close to the magnesium plant. Octa-CDFdominated in the fjord sediments, especially near the magnesium plant indicating a discharge-specific contamination with this congener. The isomer composition of PCDD/Fs and of PCNs, was unchanged when comparing samples from different layers of a sediment core from the deep anoxic water. This concludes that essentially zero degradation had occurred during approximately 50 years in this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ishaq
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Szlinder-Richert J, Barska I, Usydus Z, Ruczyńska W, Grabic R. Investigation of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in fish from the southern Baltic Sea during the 2002-2006 period. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 74:1509-1515. [PMID: 19108863 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in the southern Baltic herring (Clupea harengus), sprat (Sprattus sprattus), and salmon (Salmo salar) are reported. The significant interspecies and season-specific differences in PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs concentrations were observed. The contribution of dl-PCBs to the total toxicity equivalents (TEQs) ranged between 50% and 70%, dependently on fish species. In all samples, concentrations of PCDF were higher in comparison with that of PCDD. The permissible limits of the content of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs (8 pg g(-1) fresh weight for the sum of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs, and 4 pg g(-1) fresh weight for the PCDD/Fs) were exceeded mainly in salmon samples (in 80% of salmon samples studied). The elevated levels of PCDD/F and dl-PCB were observed only in two of seventy two herring samples, and in ten of 62 sprat samples. The multiple regression analysis revealed that fish lipid content, and concentration of PCB 153, used simultaneously, might be useful in the prediction of TEQ values of fish samples. These two variables explained more than 80% of total variance. For all fish species studied, the correlation coefficients obtained with the multiple regression analysis were higher than that obtained with the regression analysis involving total TEQ values, and only one independent variable: fish lipid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szlinder-Richert
- Sea Fisheries Institute in Gdynia, Department of Food and Environment Chemistry, 1 Kołłataja Str., Gdynia PL 81-332, Poland.
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Clark PF, Mortimer DN, Law RJ, Averns JM, Cohen BA, Wood D, Rose MD, Fernandes AR, Rainbow PS. Dioxin and PCB contamination in Chinese mitten crabs: human consumption as a control mechanism for an invasive species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:1624-1629. [PMID: 19350945 DOI: 10.1021/es802935a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis is an invasive species in North American and northeastern European rivers and estuaries, especially the Thames, England, with the potential to cause considerable ecological and structural environmental damage. The brown meat of sexually ripe mitten crabs is highly prized in far eastern restaurants, suggesting that harvesting for culinary purposes offers a potential population control mechanism. We have analyzed tissues of Thames and Dutch mitten crabs for potentially toxic dietary contaminants, showing that the brown meat contains raised concentrations of dioxins (polychlorinated dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans) and PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), organochlorines which are chronic toxins. We have compared estimated daily intakes of these toxins by consumers of meals of mitten crab brown meat against their suggested European Tolerable Daily Intakes (TDI), concluding that a male adult or female beyond childbearing age could consume several portions per week derived from Thames crabs, but fewer from the Dutch crabs. With a caveat that excessive consumption of mitten crab brown meat could lead to exposures of potential concern, particularly in the case of children and women of child-bearing age, it does appear that the harvesting of mitten crabs from the Thames for culinary use need not be discouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Clark
- Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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34
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Foekema EM, Deerenberg CM, Murk AJ. Prolonged ELS test with the marine flatfish sole (Solea solea) shows delayed toxic effects of previous exposure to PCB 126. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2008; 90:197-203. [PMID: 18945500 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the dioxin-like PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl) on the early development of the marine flatfish sole (Solea solea) was tested in a newly developed early life stage (ELS) test that includes the metamorphosis of the symmetric larvae into an asymmetrical flatfish. Early life stages of sole were exposed to a concentration series of PCB 126 in seawater until 4, 8, 10 and 15 days post fertilisation (dpf). Subsequently the development of the larvae was registered under further unexposed conditions. The LC50s at the start of the free-feeding stage (12 dpf) ranged between 39 and 83 ng PCB 126/l depending on exposure duration. After the fish had completed the metamorphosis, the LC50 values ranged between 1.7 and 3.7 ng PCB 126/l for the groups exposed for 4, 8 and 10 dpf, respectively. Thus exposure for only 4 days, covering only the egg stage, was sufficient to cause adverse effects during a critical developmental phase two weeks later. The internal dosages of these larvae, determined by means of an in vitro gene reporter assay as dioxin-equivalent values (TEQ), revealed a LD50 of 1ng TEQ/g lipid, which is within the same order of magnitude as TEQ levels found in fish from highly polluted areas. This study indicates that ELS fish tests that are terminated shortly after the fish becomes free-feeding, underestimate the toxic potential of compounds with low acute toxicity such as PCBs. Our prolonged ELS with this native marine flatfish suggests that reproductive success of fish populations at contaminated sites can be affected by persistent compounds that are accumulated by the female fish and passed on to the eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin M Foekema
- Wageningen IMARES, Department of Environment, PO Box 57, 1780 AB Den Helder, The Netherlands.
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35
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Castro-Jiménez J, Deviller G, Ghiani M, Loos R, Mariani G, Skejo H, Umlauf G, Wollgast J, Laugier T, Héas-Moisan K, Léauté F, Munschy C, Tixier C, Tronczyński J. PCDD/F and PCB multi-media ambient concentrations, congener patterns and occurrence in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Etang de Thau, France). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 156:123-135. [PMID: 18243453 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ambient concentrations, congener patterns and multi-media distribution of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were determined in air, water, sediment and mussels in a semi-enclosed marine ecosystem (Thau lagoon, France). Sigma2,3,7,8-PCDD/F and sigma7ICES PCB air concentrations (0.2-1.4 and 31-57 pg m(-3), respectively) were typical of rural areas. Concentrations in the water column were very low for PCDD/Fs (163-476 fg L(-1)) and low for PCBs (138-708 pg L(-1)). PCDD/F and PCB concentrations found in surface sediment (0.15-1.6 and 2.5-33 ng g(-1) d.w., respectively) and mussel (13-21 pg g(-1) d.w. and 10-39 ng g(-1) d.w., respectively) were medium levels. PCDD/F congener patterns observed in air, water particulate phase and sediments were similar suggesting direct coupling among these compartments and atmospheric inputs of PCDD/Fs into the lagoon. Conversely, for the same set of samples, similar patterns were not observed for PCBs in the mentioned compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Castro-Jiménez
- European Commission-DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, TP 290, Via Enrico Fermi, 1. 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy.
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36
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Munschy C, Guiot N, Héas-Moisan K, Tixier C, Tronczyński J. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in marine mussels from French coasts: levels, patterns and temporal trends from 1981 to 2005. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:945-953. [PMID: 18701131 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The levels and temporal trends of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were determined in archived marine mussels collected between 1981 and 2005 from selected sites along French coasts. The geographical distribution and levels of PCDD/Fs generally reflect regional inputs of these contaminants: the highest concentrations were determined in samples from the Seine river estuary (English Channel) and Toulon area (Mediterranean coast); the lowest levels were determined in Corsica (Mediterranean Sea). PCDD/F isomeric composition showed a fairly homogeneous distribution pattern throughout the various sampling sites. This pattern, dominated by 2,3,7,8-TCDF and OCDD, can be considered as typical for the study species. However, on a more local scale, some differences in isomeric composition in mussels were identified in relation to local source characteristics. The time trend study showed a pronounced decrease in PCDD/F concentrations over the 24-year period at most sites, except Toulon on the Mediterranean Sea, where the decrease was not significant. This overall decrease probably reflects the general drop in PCDD/F emissions in Europe since 1980. However, high concentrations were determined in mussels collected in recent years (1999, 2001 and 2005) from the mouth of the Seine river. These concentrations are related to particular hydrological conditions, and intensive sediment dredging due to a new port construction at the mouth of the estuary. The results presented in this paper provide reference data on the contamination of shellfish by persistent organic pollutants in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Munschy
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Biogéochimie des Contaminants Organiques, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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Shelepchikov AA, Shenderyuk VV, Brodsky ES, Feshin D, Baholdina LP, Gorogankin SK. Contamination of Russian Baltic fish by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like biphenyls. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 25:136-143. [PMID: 21783849 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen species of fish products caught and produced in the Russian economic zone of the Baltic region in 2002-2005 were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like biphenyls (WHO-PCBs). Freshwater fish had significantly lower PCDD/PCDFs levels than most saltwater fish, except cod's fillet for which TEQ was comparable. In some cases pollutant levels of sea fish tissues essentially exceeded current regulatory values. Concentration of WHO(PCDD/F)-TEQ ranged from 0.06 to 0.57pg/g f.w. for freshwater fish, and from 0.16 to 17.83pg/g f.w. for sea fish. The special concern is caused by the high concentration of dioxin-like PCBs, whose contribution to the WHO-TEQ(PCDD/F,PCB) considerably exceeded that of PCDDs and PCDFs. Concentration of WHO(PCB)-TEQ ranged from 2.56 to 124.40pg/g f.w. Profiles of PCDD/Fs congeners in fish were rather similar: in our opinion, the most probable sources of pollution were chlorine bleaching and outflow of PCBs. There is no real reason to assume that fish contamination was affected by the fungicide Ky-5 or similar chlorophenols mixtures. Relative contributions of each dioxin-like PCBs congener to total TEQ in fish tissue are presented in Fig. 2. Profiles of dioxin-like PCBs in general are close to Aroclor 1254, though in some cases there are essential differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Shelepchikov
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences (IPEE RAS), Leninsky pr. 33, 119701 Moscow, Russia
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Stachel B, Christoph EH, Götz R, Herrmann T, Krüger F, Kühn T, Lay J, Löffler J, Päpke O, Reincke H, Schröter-Kermani C, Schwartz R, Steeg E, Stehr D, Uhlig S, Umlauf G. Dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in different fish from the river Elbe and its tributaries, Germany. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2007; 148:199-209. [PMID: 17382467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In a long-term program polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) as well as dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) were analyzed in the muscle tissue of eels (Anguilla anguilla), bream (Abramis brama), European chub (Leuciscus cephalus) and ide (Leuciscus idus) from the river Elbe and its tributaries Mulde and Saale. The variation of the PCDD/F and DL-PCB concentrations in all fish samples is very large, whereby the DL-PCBs predominate in comparison to the PCDD/Fs. In the eels, the concentrations (pg WHO-TEQ/g ww) for the PCDD/Fs lie in the range of 0.48-22 and for the DL-PCBs between 8.5 and 59. In the whitefish, the concentration range is 0.48-12 for the PCDD/Fs and 1.2-14 for the DL-PCBs. Statistical analysis using relative congener patterns for PCDD/Fs allow spatial correlations to be examined for sub-populations of eels and whitefish. The results are compared to the maximum levels laid down in the European Commission Regulation (EC) No. 466/2001 and the action levels of the European Commission Recommendation 2006/88/EC. Eels caught directly after the major flood in August 2002 as well as eels near Hamburg (years 1996 and 1998) show high concentration peaks. Compared to the eels whitefish is less contaminated with PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Stachel
- Behoerde fuer Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt, Amt fuer Umweltschutz, Abteilung Gewaesserschutz, Billstrasse 84, D-20539 Hamburg, Germany.
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van Leeuwen SPJ, Leonards PEG, Traag WA, Hoogenboom LAP, de Boer J. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in fish from the Netherlands: concentrations, profiles and comparison with DR CALUX® bioassay results. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:321-33. [PMID: 17565487 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fish from Dutch markets were analysed for concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) and compared with the new European maximum residue levels (MRLs), set in 2006. In a first study on 11 different fish and shellfish from various locations, concentrations of PCDD/Fs were nearly all below the MRL for PCDD/Fs [4 pg toxic equivalents (TEQ) per gram wet weight (ww)] and nearly all below 8 pg total TEQ/g ww, the new MRL for the sum of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs. Some samples exceeded the total TEQ MRL, such as anchovy, tuna and sea bass. Furthermore, 20 (out of 39) wild eel samples exceeded the specific MRL for eel (12 pg total TEQ/g ww), as the study revealed PCDD/F TEQ levels of 0.2-7.9 pg TEQ/g ww and total TEQ values of 0.9 to 52 pg/g ww. TEQ levels in farmed and imported eel were lower and complied with the MRLs. Smoking eel, a popular tradition in the Netherlands, only had marginal effects on PCDD/F and DL-PCB concentrations. Owing to volatilization, concentrations of lower-chlorinated PCBs were reduced to below the limit of quantification after smoking. DL-PCBs contributed 61-97% to the total TEQ in all eel samples. This also holds for other fish and shellfish (except shrimps): DL-PCB contributed (on average) from 53 (herring) to 83% (tuna) to the total TEQ. Principal-component analysis revealed distinctive congener profiles for PCDD/Fs and non-ortho PCBs for mussels, pikeperch, herring and various Mediterranean fish. The application of new TCDD toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) set by the World Health Organization in 2006 (to replace the 1997 TEFs) resulted in lower TEQ values, mainly owing to a decreased mono-ortho PCB contribution. This decrease is most pronounced for eel, owing to the relative high mono-ortho PCB concentrations in eel. Consequently, a larger number of samples would comply with the MRLs when the new TEFs are applied. The DR CALUX(R) assay may be used for screening total TEQ levels in eel, in combination with gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry confirmation of suspected samples. An almost 1:1 correlation was found when the 1997 TEFs were applied, but, surprisingly, a 1.4-fold overestimation occurred with application of the 2006 TEFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P J van Leeuwen
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Antonijevic B, Matthys C, Sioen I, Bilau M, Van Camp J, Willems JL, De Henauw S. Simulated impact of a fish based shift in the population n--3 fatty acids intake on exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:2279-86. [PMID: 17637492 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to the favourable health effects of LC n-3 PUFAs, marine products have been recognised as a food group of special importance in the human diet. However, seafood is susceptible to contamination by lipophilic organic pollutants. The objective of this study was to evaluate intake levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs, by a probabilistic Monte Carlo procedure, in relation to the recommendation on LC n-3 PUFAs given by Belgian Federal Health Council. Regarding the recommendation, two scenarios were developed differing in LC n-3 PUFAs intake: a 0.3 E% and a 0.46 E% scenario. Total exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like substances in the 0.3 E% LC n-3 PUFAs scenario ranges from 2.31 pg TEQ/kg bw/day at the 5th percentile, over 4.37 pg TEQ/kgbw/day at the 50th percentile to 8.41 pg TEQ/kgbw/day at the 95th percentile. In the 0.46 E% LC n-3 PUFAs scenario, 5, 50 and 95th percentile are exposed to 2.74, 5.52 and 9.98 pg TEQ/kgbw/day, respectively. Therefore, if the recommended LC n-3 PUFAs intake would be based on fish consumption as the only extra source, the majority of the study population would exceed the proposed health based guidance values for dioxins and dioxin-like substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Antonijevic
- Institute of Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
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41
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Bodin N, Abarnou A, Fraisse D, Defour S, Loizeau V, Le Guellec AM, Philippon X. PCB, PCDD/F and PBDE levels and profiles in crustaceans from the coastal waters of Brittany and Normandy (France). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2007; 54:657-68. [PMID: 17434539 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2006] [Revised: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were analysed in the muscle of various edible marine crustaceans (spider crab, edible crab, velvet swimming crab and Norway lobster) from the Brittany and Normandy coasts (France). The highest concentrations were measured in species collected from Antifer (Seine Bay). PCB and PBDE patterns in crustacean muscles were similar and independent of the geographical area with the predominance of the high chlorinated PCBs (CB153, 138, 118 and 180), and of a few PBDE congeners (BDE47, BDE99, BDE100 and BDE28). Oppositely, dioxin contamination differed with site. The major component in crustaceans from the Seine Bay was 2378-TCDF, whereas specimens from cleaner areas had higher relative concentrations of OCDD. Finally, the comparison of the spider crab contaminant profiles to those measured in mussel and sea bass highlighted two different trends: decapod crustaceans possess relatively strong capacity to metabolise PCBs and PBDEs; however these species might be used as bioindicators for dioxin pollution monitoring in the marine coastal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bodin
- IFREMER, Département Biogéochimie et Ecotoxicologie, Centre de Brest, BP70, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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42
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Domingo JL, Bocio A. Levels of PCDD/PCDFs and PCBs in edible marine species and human intake: a literature review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2007; 33:397-405. [PMID: 17270272 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Revised: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and biphenyls (PCBs) are lipophilic organic compounds whose origin comes from many different sources. PCDD/Fs and PCBs are ubiquitous and persistent environmental pollutants with a well known potential toxicity, which were included at the 1998 UN-EC POP protocol. Although human exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs can occur by various routes, food is the primary source. A number of studies have shown that the major food sources of these organic pollutants are fat-containing animal products, including fish and other seafood. Because of the frequent health recommendations concerning fish consumption, to determine the contribution to the dietary intake of chemical contaminants such as PCDD/Fs and PCBs through fish and other seafood consumption is an issue of special interest. This paper reviews the state of the science regarding recent literature on PCDD/F and PCB levels in marine species and human intake through fish and seafood consumption. The concentrations of these pollutants depend basically on the environment in which the respective species are caught. It is concluded that some groups of population frequently consuming high quantities of certain species could be significantly increasing health risks due to PCDD/F and PCB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Rovira i Virgili University, San Lorenzo 21, 43201 Reus, Spain.
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43
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Chapter 7 Persistent Organic Pollutants in Hong Kong. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-8177(07)07007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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44
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Danis B, Debacker V, Miranda CT, Dubois P. Levels and effects of PCDD/Fs and co-PCBs in sediments, mussels, and sea stars of the intertidal zone in the southern North Sea and the English Channel. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2006; 65:188-200. [PMID: 16125238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 07/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable concern regarding dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in the marine environment. These ubiquitous contaminants are highly resistant to degradation, highly accumulated by marine organisms, and extremely toxic. Concentrations of DLCs, including 7 polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, 10 polychlorodibenzofurans, and 4 coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, were determined in sediments, mussels (Mytilus edulis), and sea stars (Asterias rubens) from five intertidal stations distributed along the Belgian coast and the English Channel. The induction of a biomarker, cytochrome P450 immunopositive protein (CYP1A IPP), was also measured in sea star pyloric caeca. Although no significant differences were found between the considered stations, DLC levels were found to be relatively high in biota, especially when the toxicity of these compounds is considered. Particular concern arises from TEQ values determined in mussels from all locations. Sea stars were found to be more discriminant between the stations. CYP1A IPP induction was found to be significantly related to DLC levels measured in sea stars and allowed significant discrimination between the considered stations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Danis
- Marine Biology Laboratory (CP 160/15), Free University of Brussels, 50 avenue F.D. Roosevelt, B-1050, Belgium, Bruxelles.
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45
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Isosaari P, Hallikainen A, Kiviranta H, Vuorinen PJ, Parmanne R, Koistinen J, Vartiainen T. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls, naphthalenes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the edible fish caught from the Baltic Sea and lakes in Finland. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2006; 141:213-25. [PMID: 16226362 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Revised: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A total of 156 fish composite samples were collected from five areas of the Baltic Sea and from three lakes and analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The European Union's maximum permissible level for PCDD/Fs, 4 pg WHO-TEQ/g fresh weight (fw), was exceeded in salmon, river lamprey and Baltic herring. In other species from the Baltic Sea, the 90th percentile was 3.42 pg WHO(PCDD/F)-TEQ/g fw. In the lake fish, the concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PCNs were only 29-46% of those in the same species caught from the Baltic Sea, whereas the concentrations of PBDEs in the lake fish were as high as in the Baltic Sea fish. Dioxin-like PCBs contributed to the total dioxin-like toxicity of PCBs and PCDD/Fs by 49+/-12% in all the analysed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirjo Isosaari
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Environmental Health, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
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46
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Moon HB, Ok G. Dietary intake of PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs, due to the consumption of various marine organisms from Korea. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 62:1142-52. [PMID: 16083945 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) residues were measured in 70 marine organisms (40 species) from Korean coastal waters. The PCDD/Fs residues in the organisms varied from 0.02 to 4.39 pg WHO-TEQ/g wet weight and the DL-PCBs residues varied from 0.008 to 6.0 pg WHO-TEQ/g wet weight. The levels in fish from Korean coastal waters were comparable to those found in other countries. Comparing organism groups, the highest PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs residues were recorded in crustaceans, followed by fish, cephalopods, bivalves and gastropods. Although the congener distributions of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in the organism groups were different, the dominant contributors to the total TEQ concentrations in all groups were 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorinated dibenzofuran (PeCDF), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD) and PCB 126. The dietary intake of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs from the consumption of marine organisms in Korea was estimated to be 0.68 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bodyweight/day. The contribution of DL-PCBs to the total dietary intake from all organisms groups averaged 60%. The relative contribution of each organism group to the total dietary intake was, in descending order: fish, crustaceans, cephalopods, bivalves and gastropods. The current dietary intake was lower than those in countries with a similar dietary pattern to Korea, but higher than those in countries with smaller quantities of seafood consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Bang Moon
- Marine Environment Management Team, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, 408-1, Sirang-ri, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-902, Korea.
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47
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Abstract
Toxicity equivalents is a measure of "dioxin-like" toxicity contributed by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (dioxins), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (furans). Calculation of toxicity equivalents require the use of analytical procedures that are expensive and slow, making them impractical for routine analysis. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Fish Tissue Study (2003) data were used to determine the most significant predictors of toxicity equivalents with multiple regression analysis. The strongest predictive model (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.97) included five compounds (PCB-118; PCB-126; 2,3,7,8-TCDD; 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD; 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF). However, the required lower limit of detection for an analytical method measuring these congeners is 0.1 ppt and would not provide much benefit over the current analytical method. An alternative model (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.68) that included three PCBs (PCB-138, PCB-153, PCB-118) would require a limit of detection of 1,000 ppt and be more practical. This research demonstrates that the measurement of selected compounds can be used to estimate toxicity equivalents and consequently serve as the impetus for the development of lower cost, rapid analytical methods for analysis of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lasrado
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, Stone Hall, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2059, USA
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48
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Gómara B, Bordajandi LR, Fernández MA, Herrero L, Abad E, Abalos M, Rivera J, González MJ. Levels and trends of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Spanish commercial fish and shellfish products, 1995-2003. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:8406-13. [PMID: 16218694 DOI: 10.1021/jf050835z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), dibenzofuran (PCDF), and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contents of 123 Spanish commercial salmon, tuna fish, sardine, oyster, mussel, and clam samples from 1995 to 2003 were investigated. A significant decrease of dioxin and non-ortho PCB concentrations in the studied species was found over the years. The decrease was greater in the case of dioxins than in that of non-ortho PCBs, especially during the early years of the study. PCB and PCDD/F concentrations in the years 2001-2003 were comparable to those reported in the literature for similar species collected after 1999. Mean PCB concentrations ranged from 3.46 ng/g of fresh weight (fw) in clams to 100 ng/g of fw in tuna fish. PCDD/F mean current levels ranged from 0.62 pg/g of fw in clams to 2.89 pg/g of fw in oysters. Toxic equivalent quantities (WHO-TEQ) ranged from 0.05 pg of WHO-TEQ(PCDD/Fs)/g of fw in clams to 0.5 pg of WHO-TEQ(PCDD/Fs)/g of fw in salmon (in the upper bound determination levels). When coplanar PCBs were included, the WHO-TEQ(PCDD/Fs+cop) (PCBs) values increased by a range of 1.7 times in oysters to 14.1 times in tuna fish. The decrease in dioxin concentrations suggests that efforts to control dioxin emissions and to reduce human exposure through foodstuffs are succeeding. The high contribution of PCBs to total WHO-TEQs in the fish and shellfish species investigated suggests that it is important to determine PCBs in foodstuffs, and especially in fish products, and they should be included in further research and future legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gómara
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, General Organic Chemistry Institute (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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49
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Evenset A, Christensen GN, Kallenborn R. Selected chlorobornanes, polychlorinated naphthalenes and brominated flame retardants in Bjørnøya (Bear Island) freshwater biota. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2005; 136:419-30. [PMID: 15862396 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Levels of selected sparsely investigated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been measured in organisms from two Arctic lakes on Bjørnøya (Bear Island). Elevated levels of chlorobornanes (CHBs) (up to 46.7 ng/g wet weight=ww), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (up to 27.2 ng/g ww), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) (up to 1.1 ng/g ww) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs, only 4 congeners) (up to 62.7 pg/g ww), were measured in biota from Lake Ellasjøen. In Lake Øyangen, located only 5 km north of Ellasjøen, levels of these contaminants were significantly lower. delta(15)N-values were 7-10 per thousand higher in organisms from Ellasjøen as compared to Øyangen. This is attributed to biological inputs related to seabird activities. The present study illustrates that contaminants such as CHBs, brominated flame retardants and PCNs accumulate in the Ellasjøen food web in a manner similar to PCBs and conventional organochlorine pesticides. Transport mechanisms that control PCB and DDT distributions, i.e. atmospheric long-range transport and biotransport by seabirds, are also relevant for the contaminants investigated in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Evenset
- Akvaplan-niva, Polar Environmental Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
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50
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Persson NJ, Gustafsson O, Bucheli TD, Ishaq R, Naes K, Broman D. Distribution of PCNs, PCBs, and other POPs together with soot and other organic matter in the marine environment of the Grenlandsfjords, Norway. CHEMOSPHERE 2005; 60:274-83. [PMID: 15914247 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2003] [Revised: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The apparently dissolved concentration of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and three planar polychlorinated biphenyls (pPCBs) were sampled and analysed in the water column of a marine fjord system. We also measured how much of these persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were associated with suspended particles. The field observations showed that an unexpectedly high portion of the pollutants were particle-associated. The factor of deviation from model predictions had positive linear regression on the soot carbon:particulate organic carbon ratio of the particles, and on estimates of the soot-water distribution coefficient for the PCNs. The spatial distribution of surface sediment concentrations of PCNs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were found to consistently follow the sediment content of soot (f(SC)) to a larger extent than the bulk organic matter (f(OC)). There were no systematic differences in the strength of correlation of sediments concentrations of other POPs, i.e. octachlorostyrene and organochlorine pesticides with sediment concentration to f(SC) and f(OC). Mechanisms possible of generating these types of observations, e.g. adsorption to soot carbon in the marine particle, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Johan Persson
- Institute of Applied Environmental Research (ITM), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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