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Hartley C, Keast RSJ, Carr AJ, Roberts SSH, Bredie WLP. Investigating Taste Perception of Maltodextrins Using Lactisole and Acarbose. Foods 2024; 13:2130. [PMID: 38998636 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that complex carbohydrates (maltodextrins) can be perceived in the oral cavity. However, little research has been conducted to thoroughly investigate complex carbohydrate taste perception and contributing factors. This study explored the effects of the degree of polymerization and the concentration of complex carbohydrates on taste perception. Additionally, the impact of lactisole and acarbose on carbohydrate taste perception was investigated. Using a blinded, Latin Square design, participants (n = 40) received samples (control) or samples with acarbose (5 mM) or lactisole (1.4 mM). Per visit, participants received solutions: (1) short chain maltodextrin (average DP 6) (SCM), (2) long chain maltodextrin (average DP 24) (LCM), (3) maltose, and (4) glucose. Samples were evaluated in duplicate, both at low concentration and high concentration. Participants tasted the samples and rated sweetness, starchiness, and viscosity (mouthfeel) perceived on a 10 cm continuous line scale and perceived intensity on a Labelled Magnitude Scale. There was a significant effect of degree of polymerisation on sweetness (p = 0.001) and intensity (p = 0.001). For low concentration samples, no significant differences were found between LCM and acarbose LCM or SCM and acarbose SCM for sweetness, starchiness, or mouthfeel (all p > 0.05). Significant differences were observed between LCM and lactisole LCM for sweetness (1.1 ± 0.1 vs. 2.5 ± 0.3, p = 0.001), starchiness (1.4 ± 0.2 vs. 2.3 ± 0.3, p = 0.005), and mouthfeel (1.4 ± 0.2 vs. 2.3 ± 0.3, p = 0.013). In conclusion, the taste perception of maltodextrins is influenced by the degree of polymerisation. Furthermore, for this study, the sweet taste receptor was not involved in maltodextrin taste perception. While salivary α-amylase did not appear to influence taste perception with low concentration maltodextrins, further investigation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hartley
- CASS Food Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Russell S J Keast
- CASS Food Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Amelia J Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Spencer S H Roberts
- Centre for Sport Research, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Wender L P Bredie
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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2
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Yu S, Xu C, Tang X, Wang L, Hu L, Li L, Zhou X, Li Q. Exendin-4 blockade of T1R2/T1R3 activation improves Pseudomonas aeruginosa-related pneumonia in an animal model of chemically induced diabetes. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:1185-1201. [PMID: 38748233 PMCID: PMC11214611 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Poorly controlled diabetes frequently exacerbates lung infection, thereby complicating treatment strategies. Recent studies have shown that exendin-4 exhibits not only hypoglycemic but also anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to explore the role of exendin-4 in lung infection with diabetes, as well as its association with NOD1/NF-κB and the T1R2/T1R3 sweet taste receptor. METHODS 16HBE human bronchial epithelial cells cultured with 20 mM glucose were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Furthermore, Sprague‒Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet, followed by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and intratracheal instillation of PA. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were evaluated using ELISAs and RT‒qPCR. The expression of T1R2, T1R3, NOD1 and NF-κB p65 was assayed using western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Pathological changes in the lungs of the rats were observed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. RESULTS At the same dose of LPS, the 20 mM glucose group produced more proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and had higher levels of T1R2, T1R3, NOD1 and NF-κB p65 than the normal control group (with 5.6 mM glucose). However, preintervention with exendin-4 significantly reduced the levels of the aforementioned proinflammatory cytokines and signaling molecules. Similarly, diabetic rats infected with PA exhibited increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in their lungs and increased expression of T1R2, T1R3, NOD1 and NF-κB p65, and these effects were reversed by exendin-4. CONCLUSIONS Diabetic hyperglycemia can exacerbate inflammation during lung infection, promote the increase in NOD1/NF-κB, and promote T1R2/T1R3. Exendin-4 can ameliorate PA-related pneumonia with diabetes and overexpression of NOD1/NF-κB. Additionally, exendin-4 suppresses T1R2/T1R3, potentially through its hypoglycemic effect or through a direct mechanism. The correlation between heightened expression of T1R2/T1R3 and an intensified inflammatory response in lung infection with diabetes requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjun Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
- Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center of Respiratory Disease, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
| | - Chaoqun Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
- Emergency and Trauma College, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 579199, China
| | - Xiang Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
- Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center of Respiratory Disease, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
- Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center of Respiratory Disease, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
| | - Lihua Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
- Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center of Respiratory Disease, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
- Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center of Respiratory Disease, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China.
- Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center of Respiratory Disease, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China.
- Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center of Respiratory Disease, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China.
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3
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Hu X, Ao W, Gao M, Wu L, Pei Y, Liu S, Wu Y, Zhao F, Sun Q, Liu J, Jiang L, Wang X, Li Y, Tan Q, Cheng J, Yang F, Yang C, Sun J, Hua T, Liu ZJ. Bitter taste TAS2R14 activation by intracellular tastants and cholesterol. Nature 2024; 631:459-466. [PMID: 38776963 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors, particularly TAS2R14, play central roles in discerning a wide array of bitter substances, ranging from dietary components to pharmaceutical agents1,2. TAS2R14 is also widely expressed in extragustatory tissues, suggesting its extra roles in diverse physiological processes and potential therapeutic applications3. Here we present cryogenic electron microscopy structures of TAS2R14 in complex with aristolochic acid, flufenamic acid and compound 28.1, coupling with different G-protein subtypes. Uniquely, a cholesterol molecule is observed occupying what is typically an orthosteric site in class A G-protein-coupled receptors. The three potent agonists bind, individually, to the intracellular pockets, suggesting a distinct activation mechanism for this receptor. Comprehensive structural analysis, combined with mutagenesis and molecular dynamic simulation studies, elucidate the broad-spectrum ligand recognition and activation of the receptor by means of intricate multiple ligand-binding sites. Our study also uncovers the specific coupling modes of TAS2R14 with gustducin and Gi1 proteins. These findings should be instrumental in advancing knowledge of bitter taste perception and its broader implications in sensory biology and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Hu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhen Ao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxin Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lijie Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Pei
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenhui Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junlin Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Longquan Jiang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital and College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiwen Tan
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fan Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chi Yang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital and College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinpeng Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Tian Hua
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Belkacemi K, Rondard P, Pin JP, Prézeau L. Heterodimers Revolutionize the Field of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Neuroscience 2024:S0306-4522(24)00270-7. [PMID: 38936459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Identified 40 years ago, the metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors play key roles in modulating many synapses in the brain, and are still considered as important drug targets to treat various brain diseases. Eight genes encoding mGlu subunits have been identified. They code for complex receptors composed of a large extracellular domain where glutamate binds, connected to a G protein activating membrane domain. They are covalently linked dimers, a quaternary structure needed for their activation by glutamate. For many years they have only been considered as homodimers, then limiting the number of mGlu receptors to 8 subtypes composed of twice the same subunit. Twelve years ago, mGlu subunits were shown to also form heterodimers with specific subunits combinations, increasing the family up to 19 different potential dimeric receptors. Since then, a number of studies brought evidence for the existence of such heterodimers in the brain, through various approaches. Structural and molecular dynamic studies helped understand their peculiar activation process. The present review summarizes the approaches used to study their activation process and their pharmacological properties and to demonstrate their existence in vivo. We will highlight how the existence of mGlu heterodimers revolutionizes the mGlu receptor field, opening new possibilities for therapeutic intervention for brain diseases. As illustrated by the number of possible mGlu heterodimers, this study will highlight the need for further research to fully understand their role in physiological and pathological conditions, and to develop more specific therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawthar Belkacemi
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Rondard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Prézeau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
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5
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Sood S, Methven L, Cheng Q. Role of taste receptors in salty taste perception of minerals and amino acids and developments in salt reduction strategies: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38907620 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2365962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Salt (sodium chloride) plays a key role in maintaining the textural, microbiological, and sensorial aspects of the foods. However high dietary salt intake in the population has led to a series of health problems. Currently manufacturers are under pressure to reduce the sodium levels in foods without compromising the consumer experience. Because of the clean salty taste produced by sodium chloride, it has been challenging for the food industry to develop a suitable salt substitute. Studies have shown that different components within a food matrix can influence the perception of saltiness. This review aims to comprehend the potential synergistic effect of compounds such as minerals and amino acids on the perception of saltiness and covers the mechanism of perception where relevant to taste resulting from sodium ions and other metallic ions (such as K, Mg, Ca), as well as various amino acids and their derivatives. Finally, the review summarizes various salt reduction strategies explored by researchers, government organizations and food industry, including the potential use of plant-based extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Sood
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Methven
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Qiaofen Cheng
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
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6
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Skapinker E, Aldbai R, Aucoin E, Clarke E, Clark M, Ghokasian D, Kombargi H, Abraham MJ, Li Y, Bunsick DA, Baghaie L, Szewczuk MR. Artificial and Natural Sweeteners Biased T1R2/T1R3 Taste Receptors Transactivate Glycosylated Receptors on Cancer Cells to Induce Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Metastatic Phenotype. Nutrients 2024; 16:1840. [PMID: 38931195 PMCID: PMC11206856 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role of biased taste T1R2/T1R3 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) agonists on glycosylated receptor signaling may provide insights into the opposing effects mediated by artificial and natural sweeteners, particularly in cancer and metastasis. Sweetener-taste GPCRs can be activated by several active states involving either biased agonism, functional selectivity, or ligand-directed signaling. However, there are increasing arrays of sweetener ligands with different degrees of allosteric biased modulation that can vary dramatically in binding- and signaling-specific manners. Here, emerging evidence proposes the involvement of taste GPCRs in a biased GPCR signaling crosstalk involving matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and neuraminidase-1 (Neu-1) activating glycosylated receptors by modifying sialic acids. The findings revealed that most natural and artificial sweeteners significantly activate Neu-1 sialidase in a dose-dependent fashion in RAW-Blue and PANC-1 cells. To confirm this biased GPCR signaling crosstalk, BIM-23127 (neuromedin B receptor inhibitor, MMP-9i (specific MMP-9 inhibitor), and oseltamivir phosphate (specific Neu-1 inhibitor) significantly block sweetener agonist-induced Neu-1 sialidase activity. To assess the effect of artificial and natural sweeteners on the key survival pathways critical for pancreatic cancer progression, we analyzed the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal markers, CD24, ADLH-1, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin in PANC-1 cells, and assess the cellular migration invasiveness in a scratch wound closure assay, and the tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) in staging the migratory intercellular communication. The artificial and natural sweeteners induced metastatic phenotype of PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells to promote migratory intercellular communication and invasion. The sweeteners also induced the downstream NFκB activation using the secretory alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) assay. These findings elucidate a novel taste T1R2/T1R3 GPCR functional selectivity of a signaling platform in which sweeteners activate downstream signaling, contributing to tumorigenesis and metastasis via a proposed NFκB-induced epigenetic reprogramming modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Skapinker
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N9, Canada; (E.S.); (R.A.); (E.C.); (D.G.); (H.K.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Rashelle Aldbai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N9, Canada; (E.S.); (R.A.); (E.C.); (D.G.); (H.K.); (M.J.A.)
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (D.A.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Emilyn Aucoin
- Faculty of Science, Biology (Biomedical Science), York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
| | - Elizabeth Clarke
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N9, Canada; (E.S.); (R.A.); (E.C.); (D.G.); (H.K.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Mira Clark
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N9, Canada; (M.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Daniella Ghokasian
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N9, Canada; (E.S.); (R.A.); (E.C.); (D.G.); (H.K.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Haley Kombargi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N9, Canada; (E.S.); (R.A.); (E.C.); (D.G.); (H.K.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Merlin J. Abraham
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N9, Canada; (E.S.); (R.A.); (E.C.); (D.G.); (H.K.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Yunfan Li
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N9, Canada; (M.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - David A. Bunsick
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (D.A.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Leili Baghaie
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (D.A.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Myron R. Szewczuk
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (D.A.B.); (L.B.)
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Serrano J, Boyd J, Brown IS, Mason C, Smith KR, Karolyi K, Maurya SK, Meshram NN, Serna V, Link GM, Gardell SJ, Kyriazis GA. The TAS1R2 G-protein-coupled receptor is an ambient glucose sensor in skeletal muscle that regulates NAD homeostasis and mitochondrial capacity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4915. [PMID: 38851747 PMCID: PMC11162498 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The bioavailability of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is vital for skeletal muscle health, yet the mechanisms or signals regulating NAD homeostasis remain unclear. Here, we uncover a pathway connecting peripheral glucose sensing to the modulation of muscle NAD through TAS1R2, the sugar-sensing G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) initially identified in taste perception. Muscle TAS1R2 receptor stimulation by glucose and other agonists induces ERK1/2-dependent phosphorylation and activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase1 (PARP1), a major NAD consumer in skeletal muscle. Consequently, muscle-specific deletion of TAS1R2 (mKO) in male mice suppresses PARP1 activity, elevating NAD levels and enhancing mitochondrial capacity and running endurance. Plasma glucose levels negatively correlate with muscle NAD, and TAS1R2 receptor deficiency enhances NAD responses across the glycemic range, implicating TAS1R2 as a peripheral energy surveyor. These findings underscore the role of GPCR signaling in NAD regulation and propose TAS1R2 as a potential therapeutic target for maintaining muscle health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Serrano
- Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University; Columbus, Columbus, 43210, USA
| | - Jordan Boyd
- Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University; Columbus, Columbus, 43210, USA
| | - Ian S Brown
- Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University; Columbus, Columbus, 43210, USA
| | - Carter Mason
- Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University; Columbus, Columbus, 43210, USA
| | - Kathleen R Smith
- Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University; Columbus, Columbus, 43210, USA
| | - Katalin Karolyi
- Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University; Columbus, Columbus, 43210, USA
| | - Santosh K Maurya
- Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University; Columbus, Columbus, 43210, USA
| | - Nishita N Meshram
- Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University; Columbus, Columbus, 43210, USA
| | - Vanida Serna
- Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University; Columbus, Columbus, 43210, USA
| | - Grace M Link
- Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University; Columbus, Columbus, 43210, USA
| | - Stephen J Gardell
- Translational Research Institute, Advent Health, Orlando, 32804, USA
| | - George A Kyriazis
- Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University; Columbus, Columbus, 43210, USA.
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8
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Zhou Z, Li W, Wang H, Xia Y. A Computational Approach to Understanding and Predicting the Edulcorant Profile of Glucosyl Steviol Glycosides. Foods 2024; 13:1798. [PMID: 38928740 PMCID: PMC11202765 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the edulcorant profile of synthetic glucosyl steviol glycosides (GSGs) and rare natural steviol glycosides (SGs) is challenging due to their numerous species and rareness. This study developed a computational model based on the interactions of SG molecules with human sweet and bitter taste receptors (hSTR/hBTR). The models demonstrated a high correlation between the cumulative interaction energies and the perceived sweetness of SGs (R2 = 0.97), elucidating the mechanism of the diverse sweetness of SGs. It also revealed that more (within three) glucose residues at the C-13 position of the SG molecule yield stronger sweetness and weaker bitterness. Furthermore, the computational prediction was consistently validated with the known sweetness of GSG and also aligned well with that of several natural mogrosides. Thus, this model possesses a potential to predict the sweetness of SGs, GSGs, and mogrosides, facilitating the application or targeted synthesis of GSGs with desired sensory profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.Z.); (W.L.); (H.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.Z.); (W.L.); (H.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.Z.); (W.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Yongmei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.Z.); (W.L.); (H.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
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9
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Schmidt P, Perniss A, Bodenbenner-Tuerich M, Wiegand S, Briand L, Deckmann K. Tas1R3 Dependent and Independent Recognition of Sugars in the Urethra and the Role of Tuft Cells in this Process. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2400117. [PMID: 38548667 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202400117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Increased sugar concentrations on mucosal surfaces display risk factors for infections. This study aims to clarify sugar monitoring in the urethra. Urethral tuft cells (UTC) are known sentinels monitoring the urethral lumen for potentially harmful substances and initiating protective mechanisms. Next-generation sequencing (NGS), RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry show expression of the taste receptor Tas1R3 in murine UTC, a crucial component of the classical sweet detection pathway. Isolated UTC respond to various sugars with an increase of intracellular [Ca2+]. The Tas1R3 inhibitor gurmarin and Tas1R3 deletion reduces these responses. Utilizing mice lacking UTC, glibenclamide, a K+-ATP channel antagonist, and phlorizin, a SGLT1 inhibitor, reveal an additional Tas1R3 independent sweet detection pathway. Inhibition of both pathways abrogates the sugar responses. Rat cystometry shows that intraurethral application of sucrose and glucose increases detrusor muscle activity Tas1R3 dependently. Sugar monitoring in the urethra occurs via two distinct pathways. A Tas1R3 dependent pathway, exclusive to UTC, and a Tas1R3 independent sweet detection pathway, which can be found both in UTC and in other urethral epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Schmidt
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35385, Giessen, Germany
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Perniss
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35385, Giessen, Germany
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Silke Wiegand
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Loic Briand
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, F-21000, France
| | - Klaus Deckmann
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35385, Giessen, Germany
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10
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Moribayashi T, Nakao Y, Ohtubo Y. Characteristics of A-type voltage-gated K + currents expressed on sour-sensing type III taste receptor cells in mice. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 396:353-369. [PMID: 38492001 PMCID: PMC11144136 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-024-03887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Sour taste is detected by type III taste receptor cells that generate membrane depolarization with action potentials in response to HCl applied to the apical membranes. The shape of action potentials in type III cells exhibits larger afterhyperpolarization due to activation of transient A-type voltage-gated K+ currents. Although action potentials play an important role in neurotransmitter release, the electrophysiological features of A-type K+ currents in taste buds remain unclear. Here, we examined the electrophysiological properties of A-type K+ currents in mouse fungiform taste bud cells using in-situ whole-cell patch clamping. Type III cells were identified with SNAP-25 immunoreactivity and/or electrophysiological features of voltage-gated currents. Type III cells expressed A-type K+ currents which were completely inhibited by 10 mM TEA, whereas IP3R3-immunoreactive type II cells did not. The half-maximal activation and steady-state inactivation of A-type K+ currents were 17.9 ± 4.5 (n = 17) and - 11.0 ± 5.7 (n = 17) mV, respectively, which are similar to the features of Kv3.3 and Kv3.4 channels (transient and high voltage-activated K+ channels). The recovery from inactivation was well fitted with a double exponential equation; the fast and slow time constants were 6.4 ± 0.6 ms and 0.76 ± 0.26 s (n = 6), respectively. RT-PCR experiments suggest that Kv3.3 and Kv3.4 mRNAs were detected at the taste bud level, but not at single-cell levels. As the phosphorylation of Kv3.3 and Kv3.4 channels generally leads to the modulation of cell excitability, neuromodulator-mediated A-type K+ channel phosphorylation likely affects the signal transduction of taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Moribayashi
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Hibikino 2-4, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nakao
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Hibikino 2-4, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Ohtubo
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Hibikino 2-4, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan.
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11
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Zhang SS, Wang PC, Ning C, Yang K, Li GC, Cao LL, Huang LQ, Wang CZ. The larva and adult of Helicoverpa armigera use differential gustatory receptors to sense sucrose. eLife 2024; 12:RP91711. [PMID: 38814697 PMCID: PMC11139476 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Almost all herbivorous insects feed on plants and use sucrose as a feeding stimulant, but the molecular basis of their sucrose reception remains unclear. Helicoverpa armigera as a notorious crop pest worldwide mainly feeds on reproductive organs of many plant species in the larval stage, and its adult draws nectar. In this study, we determined that the sucrose sensory neurons located in the contact chemosensilla on larval maxillary galea were 100-1000 times more sensitive to sucrose than those on adult antennae, tarsi, and proboscis. Using the Xenopus expression system, we discovered that Gr10 highly expressed in the larval sensilla was specifically tuned to sucrose, while Gr6 highly expressed in the adult sensilla responded to fucose, sucrose and fructose. Moreover, using CRISPR/Cas9, we revealed that Gr10 was mainly used by larvae to detect lower sucrose, while Gr6 was primarily used by adults to detect higher sucrose and other saccharides, which results in differences in selectivity and sensitivity between larval and adult sugar sensory neurons. Our results demonstrate the sugar receptors in this moth are evolved to adapt toward the larval and adult foods with different types and amounts of sugar, and fill in a gap in sweet taste of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Pei-Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chao Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guo-Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lin-Lin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ling-Qiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chen-Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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12
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Gomes JV, Singh-Bhagania S, Cenci M, Chacon Cordon C, Singh M, Butterwick JA. The molecular basis of sugar detection by an insect taste receptor. Nature 2024; 629:228-234. [PMID: 38447670 PMCID: PMC11062906 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07255-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Animals crave sugars because of their energy potential and the pleasurable sensation of tasting sweetness. Yet all sugars are not metabolically equivalent, requiring mechanisms to detect and differentiate between chemically similar sweet substances. Insects use a family of ionotropic gustatory receptors to discriminate sugars1, each of which is selectively activated by specific sweet molecules2-6. Here, to gain insight into the molecular basis of sugar selectivity, we determined structures of Gr9, a gustatory receptor from the silkworm Bombyx mori (BmGr9), in the absence and presence of its sole activating ligand, D-fructose. These structures, along with structure-guided mutagenesis and functional assays, illustrate how D-fructose is enveloped by a ligand-binding pocket that precisely matches the overall shape and pattern of chemical groups in D-fructose. However, our computational docking and experimental binding assays revealed that other sugars also bind BmGr9, yet they are unable to activate the receptor. We determined the structure of BmGr9 in complex with one such non-activating sugar, L-sorbose. Although both sugars bind a similar position, only D-fructose is capable of engaging a bridge of two conserved aromatic residues that connects the pocket to the pore helix, inducing a conformational change that allows the ion-conducting pore to open. Thus, chemical specificity does not depend solely on the selectivity of the ligand-binding pocket, but it is an emergent property arising from a combination of receptor-ligand interactions and allosteric coupling. Our results support a model whereby coarse receptor tuning is derived from the size and chemical characteristics of the pocket, whereas fine-tuning of receptor activation is achieved through the selective engagement of an allosteric pathway that regulates ion conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Victor Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Matthew Cenci
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carlos Chacon Cordon
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Manjodh Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joel A Butterwick
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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13
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Kochem MC, Hanselman EC, Breslin PAS. Activation and inhibition of the sweet taste receptor TAS1R2-TAS1R3 differentially affect glucose tolerance in humans. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298239. [PMID: 38691547 PMCID: PMC11062524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The sweet taste receptor, TAS1R2-TAS1R3, is expressed in taste bud cells, where it conveys sweetness, and also in intestinal enteroendocrine cells, where it may facilitate glucose absorption and assimilation. In the present study, our objective was to determine whether TAS1R2-TAS1R3 influences glucose metabolism bidirectionally via hyperactivation with 5 mM sucralose (n = 12) and inhibition with 2 mM sodium lactisole (n = 10) in mixture with 75 g glucose loads during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in healthy humans. Plasma glucose, insulin, and glucagon were measured before, during, and after OGTTs up to 120 minutes post-prandially. We also assessed individual participants' sweet taste responses to sucralose and their sensitivities to lactisole sweetness inhibition. The addition of sucralose to glucose elevated plasma insulin responses to the OGTT (F(1, 11) = 4.55, p = 0.056). Sucralose sweetness ratings were correlated with early increases in plasma glucose (R2 = 0.41, p<0.05), as well as increases in plasma insulin (R2 = 0.38, p<0.05) when sucralose was added to the OGTT (15 minute AUC). Sensitivity to lactisole sweetness inhibition was correlated with decreased plasma glucose (R2 = 0.84, p<0.01) when lactisole was added to the OGTT over the whole test (120 minute AUC). In summary, stimulation and inhibition of the TAS1R2-TAS1R3 receptor demonstrates that TAS1R2-TAS1R3 helps regulate glucose metabolism in humans and may have translational implications for metabolic disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Kochem
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Emily C. Hanselman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Paul A. S. Breslin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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14
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Perez CI, Luis-Islas J, Lopez A, Diaz X, Molina O, Arroyo B, Moreno MG, Lievana EG, Fonseca E, Castañeda-Hernández G, Gutierrez R. Tesofensine, a novel antiobesity drug, silences GABAergic hypothalamic neurons. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300544. [PMID: 38656972 PMCID: PMC11042726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major global health epidemic that has adverse effects on both the people affected as well as the cost to society. Several anti-obesity drugs that target GLP-1 receptors have recently come to the market. Here, we describe the effects of tesofensine, a novel anti-obesity drug that acts as a triple monoamine neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitor. Using various techniques, we investigated its effects on weight loss and underlying neuronal mechanisms in mice and rats. These include behavioral tasks, DeepLabCut videotaped analysis, electrophysiological ensemble recordings, optogenetic activation, and chemogenetic silencing of GABAergic neurons in the Lateral Hypothalamus (LH). We found that tesofensine induces a greater weight loss in obese rats than lean rats, while differentially modulating the neuronal ensembles and population activity in LH. In Vgat-ChR2 and Vgat-IRES-cre transgenic mice, we found for the first time that tesofensine inhibited a subset of LH GABAergic neurons, reducing their ability to promote feeding behavior, and chemogenetically silencing them enhanced tesofensine's food-suppressing effects. Unlike phentermine, a dopaminergic appetite suppressant, tesofensine causes few, if any, head-weaving stereotypy at therapeutic doses. Most importantly, we found that tesofensine prolonged the weight loss induced by 5-HTP, a serotonin precursor, and blocked the body weight rebound that often occurs after weight loss. Behavioral studies on rats with the tastant sucrose indicated that tesofensine's appetite suppressant effects are independent of taste aversion and do not directly affect the perception of sweetness or palatability of sucrose. In summary, our data provide new insights into the effects of tesofensine on weight loss and the underlying neuronal mechanisms, suggesting that tesofensine may be an effective treatment for obesity and that it may be a valuable adjunct to other appetite suppressants to prevent body weight rebound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia I. Perez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Jorge Luis-Islas
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, CINVESTAV, México, México
| | - Axel Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, CINVESTAV, México, México
| | - Xarenny Diaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, CINVESTAV, México, México
| | - Omar Molina
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, CINVESTAV, México, México
| | - Benjamin Arroyo
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, CINVESTAV, México, México
| | - Mario G. Moreno
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, CINVESTAV, México, México
| | - Elvi Gil Lievana
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, CINVESTAV, México, México
| | - Esmeralda Fonseca
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, NJ, United States of America
| | | | - Ranier Gutierrez
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, CINVESTAV, México, México
- Centro de Investigación sobre el Envejecimiento (CIE), Cinvestav sede sur, México, México
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15
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Zhu Z, Zhang W, Li Z, Zhao W, Liu C, Zhu B, He P, Tang S, Wu Y, Yang J, Yang Q. Rethinking Sweetener Discovering: Multiparameter Modeling of Molecular Docking Results between the T1R2-T1R3 Receptor and Compounds with Different Tastes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7336-7343. [PMID: 38508871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Molecular docking has been widely applied in the discovery of new sweeteners, yet the interpretation of computational results sometimes remains difficult. Here, the interaction between the T1R2-T1R3 sweet taste receptor and 66 tasting compounds, including 26 sweet, 19 bitter, and 21 sour substances was investigated by batch molecular docking processes. Statistical analysis of the docking results generated two novel methods of interpreting taste properties. Quantitative correlation between relative sweetness (RS) and docking results created a multiparameter model to predict sweetness intensity, whose correlation coefficient r = 0.74 is much higher than r = 0.17 for the linear correlation model between sweetness and binding energy. The improved correlation indicated that docking results besides binding energy contain undiscovered information about the ligand-protein interaction. Qualitative discriminant analysis of different tasting molecules generated an uncorrelated linear discriminant analysis (UDLA) model, which achieved an overall 93.1% accuracy in discriminating the taste of molecules, with specific accuracy for verifying sweet, bitter, and sour compounds reaching 88.0%, 92.1%, and 100%. These unprecedented models provide a unique perspective for interpreting computational results and may inspire future research on sweetener discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Zhu
- R&D Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Hongjin Road 367, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- R&D Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Hongjin Road 367, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Zhenjie Li
- R&D Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Hongjin Road 367, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- R&D Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Hongjin Road 367, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Chunbo Liu
- R&D Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Hongjin Road 367, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Baokun Zhu
- R&D Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Hongjin Road 367, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Pei He
- R&D Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Hongjin Road 367, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Shiyun Tang
- R&D Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Hongjin Road 367, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yiqin Wu
- R&D Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Hongjin Road 367, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Ji Yang
- R&D Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Hongjin Road 367, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Qianxu Yang
- R&D Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Hongjin Road 367, Kunming 650224, China
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16
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Wada H, Matsumoto H, Takagiwa M, Sato H, Ishiguchi K, Inoue A, Goto TK. Differences in time-intensity sensory profiles of sweet taste intensity of glucose between older and young adults. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1273055. [PMID: 38606019 PMCID: PMC11006984 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1273055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To understand age-related changes in sweet taste perception in daily life, it is important to understand taste intensity at the suprathreshold level. Previous studies have attempted to characterize the temporal aspects of human taste perception in terms of time-intensity evaluations. The perception of dynamic taste intensity in older adults increases slowly for salty taste; however, there have been no previous studies on time-intensity sensory evaluation of sweet taste in older adults. We hypothesized that older adults perceive sweet taste intensity more slowly than young adults. Methods Fifty young and 40 older adults participated in the study and glucose solutions of 0.6 M and 1.5 M were used as stimuli. The study comprised two experiments: (1) a cup tasting test (static taste perception in the mouth), and (2) a time-intensity sensory evaluation, in which the solutions were presented using a custom-made delivery system. The intra-oral device was made to fit each participant's dentition. Further, the level of gag reflex was taken into consideration for each participant in the design of the intra-oral device. A suction tube was placed across the posterior tongue near the throat to remove solution and saliva. The solution delivery system was controlled by an original computer program. Results Older adults presented significantly different maximum intensity timing and slope for both concentrations compared with young adults (slope for 1.5 M, p < 0.01; others, p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the older and young adults for reaction timing and maximum intensity. Conclusion We conclude that older adults perceived sweetness more slowly than young adults, and ultimately perceived almost the same intensity as young adults. This is the first reported characterization of the time-intensity profile of sweet taste intensity of glucose in older adults. Using a standardized system enabled us to assess and compare feedback on taste intensities among different age groups in real-time. Based on this, we recommend older adults "savor" to perceive sweet tastes at the same level experienced by young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Wada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Matsumoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Takagiwa
- Laboratory of Mathematics, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Sato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ishiguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Inoue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tazuko K. Goto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
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17
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Ishida H, Yasui N, Yamashita A. Chemical range recognized by the ligand-binding domain in a representative amino acid-sensing taste receptor, T1r2a/T1r3, from medaka fish. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300981. [PMID: 38517842 PMCID: PMC10959364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Taste receptor type 1 (T1r) proteins are responsible for recognizing nutrient chemicals in foods. In humans, T1r2/T1r3 and T1r1/T1r3 heterodimers serve as the sweet and umami receptors that recognize sugars or amino acids and nucleotides, respectively. T1rs are conserved among vertebrates, and T1r2a/T1r3 from medaka fish is currently the only member for which the structure of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) has been solved. T1r2a/T1r3 is an amino acid receptor that recognizes various l-amino acids in its LBD as observed with other T1rs exhibiting broad substrate specificities. Nevertheless, the range of chemicals that are recognized by T1r2a/T1r3LBD has not been extensively explored. In the present study, the binding of various chemicals to medaka T1r2a/T1r3LBD was analyzed. A binding assay for amino acid derivatives verified the specificity of this protein to l-α-amino acids and the importance of α-amino and carboxy groups for receptor recognition. The results further indicated the significance of the α-hydrogen for recognition as replacing it with a methyl group resulted in a substantially decreased affinity. The binding ability to the protein was not limited to proteinogenic amino acids, but also to non-proteinogenic amino acids, such as metabolic intermediates. Besides l-α-amino acids, no other chemicals showed significant binding to the protein. These results indicate that all of the common structural groups of α-amino acids and their geometry in the l-configuration are recognized by the protein, whereas a wide variety of α-substituents can be accommodated in the ligand binding sites of the LBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Ishida
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Norihisa Yasui
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsuko Yamashita
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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18
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Hellekant G. Neuroscience of taste: unlocking the human taste code. BMC Neurosci 2024; 25:19. [PMID: 38515045 PMCID: PMC10956246 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-024-00847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Since antiquity human taste has been divided into 4-5 taste qualities. We realized in the early 1970s that taste qualities vary between species and that the sense of taste in species closer to humans such as primates should show a higher fidelity to human taste qualities than non-primates (Brouwer et al. in J Physiol 337:240, 1983). Here we present summary results of behavioral and single taste fiber recordings from the distant South American marmoset, through the Old World rhesus monkey to chimpanzee, the phylogenetically closest species to humans. Our data show that in these species taste is transmitted in labelled-lines to the CNS, so that when receptors on taste bud cells are stimulated, the cell sends action potentials through single taste nerve fibers to the CNS where they create taste, whose quality depends on the cortical area stimulated. In human, the taste qualites include, but are perhaps not limited to sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami. Stimulation of cortical taste areas combined with inputs from internal organs, olfaction, vision, memory etc. leads to a choice to accept or reject intake of a compound. The labelled-line organization of taste is another example of Müller's law of specific nerve energy, joining other somatic senses such as vision (Sperry in J Neurophysiol 8:15-28, 1945), olfaction (Ngai et al. in Cell 72:657-666, 1993), touch, temperature and pain to mention a few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Hellekant
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Duluth Campus, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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19
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Ma D, Hu M, Yang X, Liu Q, Ye F, Cai W, Wang Y, Xu X, Chang S, Wang R, Yang W, Ye S, Su N, Fan M, Xu H, Guo J. Structural basis for sugar perception by Drosophila gustatory receptors. Science 2024; 383:eadj2609. [PMID: 38305684 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj2609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Insects rely on a family of seven transmembrane proteins called gustatory receptors (GRs) to encode different taste modalities, such as sweet and bitter. We report structures of Drosophila sweet taste receptors GR43a and GR64a in the apo and sugar-bound states. Both GRs form tetrameric sugar-gated cation channels composed of one central pore domain (PD) and four peripheral ligand-binding domains (LBDs). Whereas GR43a is specifically activated by the monosaccharide fructose that binds to a narrow pocket in LBDs, disaccharides sucrose and maltose selectively activate GR64a by binding to a larger and flatter pocket in LBDs. Sugar binding to LBDs induces local conformational changes, which are subsequently transferred to the PD to cause channel opening. Our studies reveal a structural basis for sugar recognition and activation of GRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demin Ma
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Meiqin Hu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiaotong Yang
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Weijie Cai
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Marine Biomedical Institute of Qingdao, School of Pharmacy and Medicine, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Shenghai Chang
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ruiying Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Nannan Su
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Minrui Fan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jiangtao Guo
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311100, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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20
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Smith L, Moran AW, Al-Rammahi M, Daly K, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Determination of sweetener specificity of horse gut-expressed sweet taste receptor T1R2-T1R3 and its significance for energy provision and hydration. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1325135. [PMID: 38410741 PMCID: PMC10894948 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1325135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies carried out in several species have demonstrated that detection of low-calorie sweeteners in the lumen of the intestine, by the sweet receptor, T1R2-T1R3, initiates a signaling pathway leading to enhanced expression and activity of intestinal Na+/glucose cotransporter 1, SGLT1. This results in an increased gut capacity to absorb glucose, sodium chloride and water, the basis for oral rehydration therapy. Horses express T1R2, T1R3 and downstream signaling elements in the intestinal tissue. As such, the potential of sweetener-stimulation of T1R2-T1R3 leading to upregulation of SGLT1 allows the provision of more glucose (energy) and hydration for horses. This is especially important when the need for glucose increases during strenuous exercise, pregnancy, and lactation. There are significant differences among species in the ability to detect sweeteners. Amino acid substitutions and pseudogenization of taste receptor genes underlie these variations. Nothing is known about the sweetener specificity of horse T1R2-T1R3. Using heterologous expression methodology, we demonstrate that sweeteners sucralose, stevia and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC) activate horse T1R2-T1R3, but cyclamate does not. Determination of sweetener specificity of equine sweet receptor is crucial for developing suitable dietary additives to optimize glucose absorption, hydration and avoiding the intestinal disease brought about by microbial fermentation of unabsorbed carbohydrate reaching the large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liberty Smith
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W. Moran
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Miran Al-Rammahi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
| | - Kristian Daly
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Soraya P. Shirazi-Beechey
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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21
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Hejazi J, Amiri R, Nozarian S, Tavasolian R, Rahimlou M. Genetic determinants of food preferences: a systematic review of observational studies. BMC Nutr 2024; 10:24. [PMID: 38308303 PMCID: PMC10835975 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-024-00828-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last decade, the results of several studies have indicated that adults' food preferences, consumption, and dietary choices vary depending on their genotype characteristics. However, the results of studies related to genes and polymorphisms involved in this phenomenon are contradictory. This study is a systematic review designed to evaluate the genetic determinants of food preferences. METHODS This study was conducted following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Searches were conducted to identify articles testing the impact of genotypes on food choices, preferences, and intake in healthy adults. The search included all relevant keywords, and studies published between 1/1/1994 and October 2022 were considered. We assessed the quality of included studies and evaluated the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for observational studies. RESULTS A total of 8,510 records were identified through our search method, and finally, 50 studies were included in this study. The majority of the studies evaluated the association of genetic variants with preferences for macronutrients, sweet, bitter, and fatty foods. The results of our study suggest a significant correlation between TAS2R38 variants (rs713598, rs1726866, rs10246939) and bitter and sweet taste preferences. Additionally, we found a considerable association between the T102C polymorphism of the 5-HT2A receptor gene and a higher intake of protein, and rs1761667 (CD36) was associated with fat preference. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study revealed a significant association between certain genetic variants and food preferences among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Hejazi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Roksaneh Amiri
- Department of Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shadi Nozarian
- Department of Nutrition, Ahvaz Jondishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ronia Tavasolian
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehran Rahimlou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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22
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Power ME, Fernandez NR, Oni OP, Kalia A, Rourke JL. The non-nutritive sweetener sucralose increases β-arrestin signaling at the constitutively active orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR52. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:116-127. [PMID: 37748201 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners are popular food additives owing to their low caloric density and powerful sweetness relative to natural sugars. Their lack of metabolism contributes to evidence proclaiming their safety, yet several studies contradict this, demonstrating that sweeteners activate sweet taste G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and elicit deleterious metabolic functions through unknown mechanisms. We hypothesize that activation of GPCRs, particularly orphan receptors due to their abundance in metabolically active tissues, contributes to the biological activity of sweeteners. We quantified the response of 64 orphans to the sweeteners saccharin and sucralose using a high-throughput β-arrestin-2 recruitment assay (PRESTO-Tango). GPR52 was the sole receptor that significantly responded to a mixture of sucralose and saccharin. Subsequent experiments revealed sucralose as the activating sweetener. Activation of GPR52 was concentration-dependent, with an EC50 of 0.23 mmol/L and an Emax of 3.43 ± 0.24 fold change at 4 mmol/L. GPR52 constitutively activates CRE pathways; however, we show that sucralose-induced activation of GPR52 does not further activate this pathway. Identification of this novel sucralose-GPCR interaction supports the notion that sucralose elicits off-target signaling through the activation of GPR52, calling into question sucralose's assumed lack of bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline E Power
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Nicholas R Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Olaiya Peter Oni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Aditaya Kalia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Jillian L Rourke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
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23
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Jabba SV, Silinski P, Yang AY, Ouyang W, Jordt SE. Artificial Sweeteners in US-Marketed Oral Nicotine Pouch Products: Correlation with Nicotine Contents and Effects on Product Preference. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.26.577472. [PMID: 38328200 PMCID: PMC10849646 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.26.577472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Artificial sweeteners are listed as ingredients of oral nicotine pouches (ONPs), a new product category with rapidly growing market share. The exact sweetener contents of ONPs remain unknown. Artificial sweeteners in ONPs may facilitate initiation and encourage consumption behavior. Aims and Methods Artificial sweetener contents in major US-marketed ONP brands (Zyn, on!, Velo) were determined by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Sweetener effects during the initiation of ONP consumption were modeled in single- and two-bottle tests, offering mice ONP extracts calibrated to contain nicotine levels similar to saliva of people who use smokeless tobacco. To examine the contribution of sweet taste perception, consumption behavior was compared between wild-type mice and mice deficient in the sweet taste receptor (Tas1r2-/-). Results Acesulfame-K was detected in on!, Zyn and Velo ONPs (~0.3-0.9 mg/pouch), including products marketed as "Unflavored" or "Flavor ban approved". In Velo ONPs, sweetened with sucralose (0.6-1.2 mg/pouch), higher nicotine strength products contained higher sucralose levels. Tas1r2-/- mice consumed less ONP extracts than wild-type mice in both sexes. ONP extracts with both higher nicotine and sweetener strengths were tolerated by wild-type mice, but produced stronger aversion in Tas1r2-/- mice. Conclusions ONPs contain significant amounts of artificial sweeteners, with some brands adding more sweetener to ONPs with higher nicotine strengths. Artificial sweeteners, at levels present in ONPs, increase nicotine consumption. Increasing sweetener contents facilitates consumption of ONPs with higher nicotine strengths. Sweetness is a key determinant of ONP use initiation, likely reducing the aversive sensory effects of nicotine and other ONP constituents. Implications Artificial sweeteners such as acesulfame-K or sucralose reduce aversion and facilitate initiation and continued consumption of ONPs. The marketing of some artificially sweetened ONPs as "Unflavored" of "Flavor ban-approved" suggests that the tobacco industry rejects sweet taste as a determinant for the presence of a characterizing flavor. Sweetness as imparted by artificial sweeteners in tobacco products needs to be addressed by regulators as a component of a characterizing flavor, with the aim to reduce product appeal and initiation by never users, and especially youth attracted to sweet flavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairam V. Jabba
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Yale Center for the Study of Tobacco Products (YCSTP), Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Alicia Y. Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wenyi Ouyang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sven E. Jordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Yale Center for the Study of Tobacco Products (YCSTP), Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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24
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Tenchov R, Sasso JM, Wang X, Zhou QA. Aging Hallmarks and Progression and Age-Related Diseases: A Landscape View of Research Advancement. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1-30. [PMID: 38095562 PMCID: PMC10767750 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is a dynamic, time-dependent process that is characterized by a gradual accumulation of cell damage. Continual functional decline in the intrinsic ability of living organisms to accurately regulate homeostasis leads to increased susceptibility and vulnerability to diseases. Many efforts have been put forth to understand and prevent the effects of aging. Thus, the major cellular and molecular hallmarks of aging have been identified, and their relationships to age-related diseases and malfunctions have been explored. Here, we use data from the CAS Content Collection to analyze the publication landscape of recent aging-related research. We review the advances in knowledge and delineate trends in research advancements on aging factors and attributes across time and geography. We also review the current concepts related to the major aging hallmarks on the molecular, cellular, and organismic level, age-associated diseases, with attention to brain aging and brain health, as well as the major biochemical processes associated with aging. Major age-related diseases have been outlined, and their correlations with the major aging features and attributes are explored. We hope this review will be helpful for apprehending the current knowledge in the field of aging mechanisms and progression, in an effort to further solve the remaining challenges and fulfill its potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiana Tenchov
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United States
| | - Janet M. Sasso
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United States
| | - Xinmei Wang
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United States
| | - Qiongqiong Angela Zhou
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United States
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25
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Yuan Y, Yiasmin MN, Tristanto NA, Chen Y, Liu Y, Guan S, Wang Z, Hua X. Computational simulations on the taste mechanism of steviol glycosides based on their interactions with receptor proteins. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:128110. [PMID: 37981277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Steviol glycoside (SG) is a potential natural sugar substitute. The taste of various SG structures differ significantly, while their mechanism has not been thoroughly investigated. To investigate the taste mechanism, molecular docking simulations of SGs with sweet taste receptor TAS1R2 and bitter taste receptor TAS2R4 were conducted. The result suggested that four flexible coils (regions) in TAS1R2 constructed a geometry open pocket in space responsible for the binding of sweeteners. Amino acids that form hydrogen bonds with sweeteners are located in different receptor regions. In bitterness simulation, fewer hydrogen bonds were formed with the increased size of SG molecules. Particularly, there was no interaction between RM and TAS2R4 due to its size, which explains the non-bitterness of RM. Molecular dynamics simulations further indicated that the number of hydrogen bonds between SGs and TAS1R2 was maintained during a simulation time of 50 ns, while sucrose was gradually released from the binding site, leading to the break of interaction. Conclusively, the high sweetness intensity of SG can be attributed to its durative concurrent interaction with the receptor's binding site, and such behavior was determined by the structure feature of SG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Yuan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mst Nushrat Yiasmin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | | | - Yujie Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Sevtia Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214181, China
| | - Yaxian Liu
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Garbenstr. 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Shuyi Guan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zijie Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiao Hua
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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26
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Maaroufi H. Novel gurmarin-like peptides from Gymnema sylvestre and their interactions with the sweet taste receptor T1R2/T1R3. Chem Senses 2024; 49:bjae018. [PMID: 38695158 PMCID: PMC11103048 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Gymnema sylvestre (GS) is a traditional medicinal plant known for its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. Gurmarin (hereafter Gur-1) is the only known active peptide in GS. Gur-1 has a suppressive sweet taste effect in rodents but no or only a very weak effect in humans. Here, 8 gurmarin-like peptides (Gur-2 to Gur-9) and their isoforms are reported in the GS transcriptome. The molecular mechanism of sweet taste suppression by Gur-1 is still largely unknown. Therefore, the complete architecture of human and mouse sweet taste receptors T1R2/T1R3 and their interaction with Gur-1 to Gur-9 were predicted by AlphaFold-Multimer (AF-M) and validated. Only Gur-1 and Gur-2 interact with the T1R2/T1R3 receptor. Indeed, Gur-1 and Gur-2 bind to the region of the cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and the transmembrane domain (TMD) of the mouse T1R2 subunit. In contrast, only Gur-2 binds to the TMD of the human T1R2 subunit. This result suggests that Gur-2 may have a suppressive sweet taste effect in humans. Furthermore, AF-M predicted that Gα-gustducin, a protein involved in sweet taste transduction, interacts with the intracellular domain of the T1R2 subunit. These results highlight an unexpected diversity of gurmarin-like peptides in GS and provide the complete predicted architecture of the human and mouse sweet taste receptor with the putative binding sites of Gur-1, Gur-2, and Gα-gustducin. In addition, gurmarin-like peptides may serve as promising drug scaffolds for the development of antidiabetic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halim Maaroufi
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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27
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Nishihara H, Toda Y, Kuramoto T, Kamohara K, Goto A, Hoshino K, Okada S, Kuraku S, Okabe M, Ishimaru Y. A vertebrate-wide catalogue of T1R receptors reveals diversity in taste perception. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:111-120. [PMID: 38093021 PMCID: PMC10781636 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Taste is a vital chemical sense for feeding behaviour. In mammals, the umami and sweet taste receptors comprise three members of the taste receptor type 1 (T1R/TAS1R) family: T1R1, T1R2 and T1R3. Because their functional homologues exist in teleosts, only three TAS1R genes generated by gene duplication are believed to have been inherited from the common ancestor of bony vertebrates. Here, we report five previously uncharacterized TAS1R members in vertebrates, TAS1R4, TAS1R5, TAS1R6, TAS1R7 and TAS1R8, based on genome-wide survey of diverse taxa. We show that mammalian and teleost fish TAS1R2 and TAS1R3 genes are paralogues. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that the bony vertebrate ancestor had nine TAS1Rs resulting from multiple gene duplications. Some TAS1Rs were lost independently in descendent lineages resulting in retention of only three TAS1Rs in mammals and teleosts. Combining functional assays and expression analysis of non-teleost fishes we show that the novel T1Rs form heterodimers in taste-receptor cells and recognize a broad range of ligands such as essential amino acids, including branched-chain amino acids, which have not been previously considered as T1R ligands. This study reveals diversity of taste sensations in both modern vertebrates and their ancestors, which might have enabled vertebrates to adapt to diverse habitats on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Nishihara
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan.
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Yasuka Toda
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tae Kuramoto
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kota Kamohara
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Azusa Goto
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hoshino
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shinji Okada
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Molecular Life History Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Japan
| | - Masataka Okabe
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Ishimaru
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan.
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28
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Wickham KA, Spriet LL. Food for thought: Physiological considerations for nutritional ergogenic efficacy. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14307. [PMID: 36648389 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Top-class athletes have optimized their athletic performance largely through adequate training, nutrition, recovery, and sleep. A key component of sports nutrition is the utilization of nutritional ergogenic aids, which may provide a small but significant increase in athletic performance. Over the last decade, there has been an exponential increase in the consumption of nutritional ergogenic aids, where over 80% of young athletes report using at least one nutritional ergogenic aid for training and/or competition. Accordingly, due to their extensive use, there is a growing need for strong scientific investigations validating or invalidating the efficacy of novel nutritional ergogenic aids. Notably, an overview of the physiological considerations that play key roles in determining ergogenic efficacy is currently lacking. Therefore, in this brief review, we discuss important physiological considerations that contribute to ergogenic efficacy for nutritional ergogenic aids that are orally ingested including (1) the impact of first pass metabolism, (2) rises in systemic concentrations, and (3) interactions with the target tissue. In addition, we explore mouth rinsing as an alternate route of ergogenic efficacy that bypasses the physiological hurdles of first pass metabolism via direct stimulation of the central nervous system. Moreover, we provide real-world examples and discuss several practical factors that can alter the efficacy of nutritional ergogenic aids including human variability, dosing protocols, training status, sex differences, and the placebo effect. Taking these physiological considerations into account will strengthen the quality and impact of the literature regarding the efficacy of potential ergogenic aids for top-class athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Wickham
- Environmental Ergonomics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence L Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Zhang Y, Pool AH, Wang T, Liu L, Kang E, Zhang B, Ding L, Frieda K, Palmiter R, Oka Y. Parallel neural pathways control sodium consumption and taste valence. Cell 2023; 186:5751-5765.e16. [PMID: 37989313 PMCID: PMC10761003 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The hedonic value of salt fundamentally changes depending on the internal state. High concentrations of salt induce innate aversion under sated states, whereas such aversive stimuli transform into appetitive ones under sodium depletion. Neural mechanisms underlying this state-dependent salt valence switch are poorly understood. Using transcriptomics state-to-cell-type mapping and neural manipulations, we show that positive and negative valences of salt are controlled by anatomically distinct neural circuits in the mammalian brain. The hindbrain interoceptive circuit regulates sodium-specific appetitive drive , whereas behavioral tolerance of aversive salts is encoded by a dedicated class of neurons in the forebrain lamina terminalis (LT) expressing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor, Ptger3. We show that these LT neurons regulate salt tolerance by selectively modulating aversive taste sensitivity, partly through a PGE2-Ptger3 axis. These results reveal the bimodal regulation of appetitive and tolerance signals toward salt, which together dictate the amount of sodium consumption under different internal states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Zhang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Allan-Hermann Pool
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Anesthesia and Pain Management and Peter O'Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lu Liu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Elin Kang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Bei Zhang
- Spatial Genomics, Inc., Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Liang Ding
- Spatial Genomics, Inc., Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Richard Palmiter
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yuki Oka
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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30
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Glendinning JI, Williams N. Chronic sugar exposure increases daily intake of sugars but decreases avidity for sweeteners in mice. Appetite 2023; 191:107077. [PMID: 37813162 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how chronic sugar consumption impacts avidity for and daily intake of sugars. This issue is topical because modern humans exhibit high daily intakes of sugar. Here, we exposed sugar-naïve C57BL/6 mice (across two 28-day exposure periods, EP1 and EP2) to a control (chow and water) or experimental (chow, water and a 11 or 34% sugar solution) diet. The sugar solutions contained sucrose, glucose syrups, or high-fructose syrups. We used brief-access tests to measure appetitive responses to sucralose and sucrose solutions at three time points: baseline (before EP1), after EP1, and after EP2. We used lick rates to infer palatability, and number of trials initiated/test to infer motivation. Exposure to the control diet had no impact on lick rates or number of trials initiated for sucralose and sucrose. In contrast, exposure to the experimental diets reduced licking for the sweeteners to varying degrees. Lick rates were reduced by exposure to sugar solutions containing the 11% glucose syrups, 34% sucrose, 34% glucose syrups and 34% high-fructose syrups. The number of trials initiated was reduced by exposure to all of the sugar solutions. Despite the exposure-induced reductions in avidity for the sweetener solutions, daily intakes of virtually all of the sugar solutions increased across the exposure periods. We conclude that (i) chronic consumption of sugar solutions reduced avidity for the sweetened solutions, (ii) the extent of this effect depended on the concentration and type of sugar, and (iii) avidity for sweet-tasting solutions could not explain the persistently high daily intake of sugar solutions in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Glendinning
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience & Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Niki Williams
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience & Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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31
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Yang J, Myers J, Slaughter MM. Saccharin and aspartame excite rat retinal neurons. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1273575. [PMID: 38983093 PMCID: PMC11182259 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1273575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Retinal sensitivity to a variety of artificial sweeteners was tested by monitoring changes in internal free calcium in isolated retinal neurons using Fluo3. Several ligands, including aspartame and saccharin elevated internal free calcium. The effects of these ligands were mediated by both ligand-gated membrane channels and G-protein coupled receptors. We explored the receptors responsible for this phenomenon. Surprisingly, mRNA for subunits of the sweet taste receptor dimer (T1R2 and T1R3) were found in retina. Interestingly, knockdown of T1R2 reduced the response to saccharin but not aspartame. But TRPV1 channel antagonists suppressed the responses to aspartame. The results indicate that artificial sweeteners can increase internal free calcium in the retinal neurons through multiple pathways. Furthermore, aspartame reduced the b-wave, but not the a-wave, of the electroretinogram, indicating disruption of communication between photoreceptors and second order neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Malcolm M. Slaughter
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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32
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Caronia L, Xi R, Margolskee RF, Jiang P. Paxlovid mouth likely is mediated by activation of the TAS2R1 bitter receptor by nirmatrelvir. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 682:138-140. [PMID: 37806252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has remained a public health threat since late 2019. Among the strategies rapidly developed to prevent and treat COVID-19, the antiviral medication Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir combination) has shown remarkable efficacy in reducing viral load and relieving clinical symptoms. Unexpectedly, a persistent bitter/bad taste, referred to as "Paxlovid mouth", has been frequently noted. Consistent with this, dysgeusia (altered taste) is listed as a main adverse effect of Paxlovid based on clinical trial data. Nirmatrelvir inhibits Mpro, a SARS-CoV-2 main protease, whereas ritonavir prolongs the activity of nirmatrelvir by slowing its metabolism. Prior usage of ritonavir in other conditions has not been linked to a persistent bad taste, despite the fact that ritonavir tastes bitter. Therefore, we hypothesized that nirmatrelvir may account for Paxlovid mouth by activating one or more of the 25 human TAS2R bitter taste receptors. Here, we show that TAS2R1 is the primary bitter receptor activated by nirmatrelvir, at concentrations as low as 15 μM, which overlaps with plasma concentrations of nirmatrelvir in a subset of patients. We also show that saccharin, a non-nutritive sweetener that may block the activity of TAS2R1, has little or no effect on nirmatrelvir-stimulated TAS2R1 activity. Such findings may help identify novel strategies to alleviate Paxlovid mouth and increase treatment compliance.
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33
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Yoshida A, Ito A, Yasui N, Yamashita A. Direct binding of calmodulin to the cytosolic C-terminal regions of sweet/umami taste receptors. J Biochem 2023; 174:451-459. [PMID: 37527916 PMCID: PMC11033526 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweet and umami taste receptors recognize chemicals such as sugars and amino acids on their extracellular side and transmit signals into the cytosol of the taste cell. In contrast to ligands that act on the extracellular side of these receptors, little is known regarding the molecules that regulate receptor functions within the cytosol. In this study, we analysed the interaction between sweet and umami taste receptors and calmodulin, a representative Ca2+-dependent cytosolic regulatory protein. High prediction scores for calmodulin binding were observed on the C-terminal cytosolic side of mouse taste receptor type 1 subunit 3 (T1r3), a subunit that is common to both sweet and umami taste receptors. Pull-down assay and surface plasmon resonance analyses showed different affinities of calmodulin to the C-terminal tails of distinct T1r subtypes. Furthermore, we found that T1r3 and T1r2 showed the highest and considerable binding to calmodulin, whereas T1r1 showed weaker binding affinity. Finally, the binding of calmodulin to T1rs was consistently higher in the presence of Ca2+ than in its absence. The results suggested a possibility of the Ca2+-dependent feedback regulation process of sweet and umami taste receptor signaling by calmodulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Yoshida
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ayumi Ito
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Norihisa Yasui
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsuko Yamashita
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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34
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Deng JL, Tang MJ, Su XX, Ye YT, Wei JY, Chen ZX, Qin YM. Rapid Kinetic Interactions of Sugar and Sugar Alcohol with Sweet Taste Receptors on Live Cells Using Stopped-Flow Spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14731-14741. [PMID: 37773006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The subjective measurement of the dynamic perception of sweetness is a problem in food science. Herein, the rapid interactions of sugars and sugar alcohols with sweet taste receptors on living cells on a millisecond timescale were studied via stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy. According to the rapid-kinetic parameters, sweeteners were divided into two groups. Sweeteners in group I disrupted the hydrogen bond network structure of water, and the apparent rate constant (kobs) was in the range of 0.45-0.6 s-1. Sweeteners in group II promoted the hydrogen bond formation of water, and the kobs was mostly in the range of 0.6-0.75 s-1. For most sweeteners, the kobs of cell responses was negatively correlated with the apparent specific volume of sweeteners. The differences in the cellular responses may be attributed to the disturbance in the water structure. Experimental results showed that the kinetic parameters of sweet cell responses reflected the dynamic perception of sweetness. Rapid kinetics, solution thermodynamic analysis, and water structure analysis enriched the physicochemical study of the sweetness mechanism and can be used to objectively evaluate the dynamic perception of sweetness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ling Deng
- Molecular Food Science Laboratory, College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Meng-Jie Tang
- Molecular Food Science Laboratory, College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Su
- Molecular Food Science Laboratory, College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
| | - Yu-Tong Ye
- Molecular Food Science Laboratory, College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jie-Ying Wei
- Molecular Food Science Laboratory, College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhong-Xiu Chen
- Molecular Food Science Laboratory, College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yu-Mei Qin
- Molecular Food Science Laboratory, College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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35
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Kumar P, Redel U, Lang T, Korsching SI, Behrens M. Bitter taste receptors of the zebra finch ( Taeniopygia guttata). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1233711. [PMID: 37860623 PMCID: PMC10582322 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1233711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the important role of bitter taste for the rejection of potentially harmful food sources, birds have long been suspected to exhibit inferior bitter tasting abilities. Although more recent reports on the bitter recognition spectra of several bird species have cast doubt about the validity of this assumption, the bitter taste of avian species is still an understudied field. Previously, we reported the bitter activation profiles of three zebra finch receptors Tas2r5, -r6, and -r7, which represent orthologs of a single chicken bitter taste receptor, Tas2r1. In order to get a better understanding of the bitter tasting capabilities of zebra finches, we selected another Tas2r gene of this species that is similar to another chicken Tas2r. Using functional calcium mobilization experiments, we screened zebra finch Tas2r1 with 72 bitter compounds and observed responses for 7 substances. Interestingly, all but one of the newly identified bitter agonists were different from those previously identified for Tas2r5, -r6, and -r7 suggesting that the newly investigated receptor fills important gaps in the zebra finch bitter recognition profile. The most potent bitter agonist found in our study is cucurbitacin I, a highly toxic natural bitter substance. We conclude that zebra finch exhibits an exquisitely developed bitter taste with pronounced cucurbitacin I sensitivity suggesting a prominent ecological role of this compound for zebra finch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ulrike Redel
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tatjana Lang
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Maik Behrens
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
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36
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Fan Y, Chen W, Zhang N, Li M, Zhu Y, Chen G, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Umami taste evaluation based on a novel mouse taste receptor cell-based biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115447. [PMID: 37352759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Umami, a taste sensation known for its savory and delicious properties, has garnered considerable attention from both consumers and the food industry. However, current understanding and evaluation of umami characteristics remain limited, presenting a long-standing issue. To address this challenge, we have developed a self-assembled biosensor based on matured taste receptor cells (TRCs), obtained through isolation and culture of taste stem cells. TRCs, as the recognition element, were mounted onto the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) treated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and poly-L-lysine (PLL). Key parameters including the cell incubation time and concentration were optimized to ensure the optimal performance of the TRCs-based biosensor. AuNPs were deposited onto the GCE surface via 90 s electrochemical reduction. TRCs concentration of 106 cells/mL and incubation time of 12 h were chosen by electrochemical characterization. Using this novel, rapid, and sensitive TRCs-based biosensor, we successfully detected L-monosodium glutamate (MSG) and other umami substances, demonstrating a good linear relationship within the range of 10-9 - 10-5 M between response signals and concentration of MSG stimuli. Our results provide insights into taste signal transduction mechanisms and suggest the potential for biomimetic sensors in intelligent perception applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Fan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Weizhu Chen
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ninglong Zhang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yiwen Zhu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Gaole Chen
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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37
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Goda R, Watanabe S, Misaka T. Allosteric modulation of the fish taste receptor type 1 (T1R) family by the extracellular chloride ion. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16348. [PMID: 37770555 PMCID: PMC10539361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are allosterically modulated by inorganic ions. Although the intraoral ionic composition of the oral cavity varies depending on the living environment and feeding behavior, little is known about whether and how it affects the function of taste receptor type 1 (T1R), a member of the class C GPCR family. Here, we report that chloride ions allosterically modulate the functions of specific fish T1Rs, namely, mfT1R2a/mfT1R3 and zfT1R2a/zfT1R3. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed mfT1R2a K265, which lies in the extracellular domain of mfT1R2a, to be as a critical residue for the modulation of mfT1R2a/mfT1R3 by Cl-. However, this residue is not conserved in zfT1R2a, and the introduction of the key residue at the corresponding site of another T1R, mfT1R2b, did not confer Cl- susceptibility. These results indicate the variability of the determinants of Cl- susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusei Goda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Soichi Watanabe
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Misaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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38
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Niknafs S, Navarro M, Schneider ER, Roura E. The avian taste system. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1235377. [PMID: 37745254 PMCID: PMC10516129 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1235377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste or gustation is the sense evolving from the chemo-sensory system present in the oral cavity of avian species, which evolved to evaluate the nutritional value of foods by detecting relevant compounds including amino acids and peptides, carbohydrates, lipids, calcium, salts, and toxic or anti-nutritional compounds. In birds compared to mammals, due to the relatively low retention time of food in the oral cavity, the lack of taste papillae in the tongue, and an extremely limited secretion of saliva, the relevance of the avian taste system has been historically undermined. However, in recent years, novel data has emerged, facilitated partially by the advent of the genomic era, evidencing that the taste system is as crucial to avian species as is to mammals. Despite many similarities, there are also fundamental differences between avian and mammalian taste systems in terms of anatomy, distribution of taste buds, and the nature and molecular structure of taste receptors. Generally, birds have smaller oral cavities and a lower number of taste buds compared to mammals, and their distribution in the oral cavity appears to follow the swallowing pattern of foods. In addition, differences between bird species in the size, structure and distribution of taste buds seem to be associated with diet type and other ecological adaptations. Birds also seem to have a smaller repertoire of bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) and lack some taste receptors such as the T1R2 involved in sweet taste perception. This has opened new areas of research focusing on taste perception mechanisms independent of GPCR taste receptors and the discovery of evolutionary shifts in the molecular function of taste receptors adapting to ecological niches in birds. For example, recent discoveries have shown that the amino acid taste receptor dimer T1R1-T1R3 have mutated to sense simple sugars in almost half of the living bird species, or SGLT1 has been proposed as a part of a T1R2-independent sweet taste sensing in chicken. The aim of this review is to present the scientific data known to date related to the avian taste system across species and its impact on dietary choices including domestic and wild species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Niknafs
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Marta Navarro
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Eve R. Schneider
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Eugeni Roura
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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39
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Mennella JA, Kan M, Lowenthal ED, Saraiva LR, Mainland JD, Himes BE, Pepino MY. Genetic Variation and Sensory Perception of a Pediatric Formulation of Ibuprofen: Can a Medicine Taste Too Good for Some? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13050. [PMID: 37685855 PMCID: PMC10487938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is wide variation in how individuals perceive the chemosensory attributes of liquid formulations of ibuprofen, encompassing both adults and children. To understand personal variation in the taste and chemesthesis properties of this medicine, and how to measure it, our first scientific strategy centered on utilizing trained adult panelists, due to the complex and time-consuming psychophysical tasks needed at this initial stage. We conducted a double-blind cohort study in which panelists underwent whole-genome-wide genotyping and psychophysically evaluated an over-the-counter pediatric medicine containing ibuprofen. Associations between sensory phenotypes and genetic variation near/within irritant and taste receptor genes were determined. Panelists who experienced the urge to cough or throat sensations found the medicine less palatable and sweet, and more irritating. Perceptions varied with genetic ancestry; panelists of African genetic ancestry had fewer chemesthetic sensations, rating the medicine sweeter, less irritating, and more palatable than did those of European genetic ancestry. We discovered a novel association between TRPA1 rs11988795 and tingling sensations, independent of ancestry. We also determined for the first time that just tasting the medicine allowed predictions of perceptions after swallowing, simplifying future psychophysical studies on diverse populations of different age groups needed to understand genetic, cultural-dietary, and epigenetic factors that influence individual perceptions of palatability and, in turn, adherence and the risk of accidental ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Mennella
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.R.S.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Mengyuan Kan
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Elizabeth D. Lowenthal
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Luis R. Saraiva
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.R.S.); (J.D.M.)
- Sidra Medicine, Doha P.O. Box 26999, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Joel D. Mainland
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.R.S.); (J.D.M.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Blanca E. Himes
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - M. Yanina Pepino
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
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40
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Kawabata Y, Takai S, Sanematsu K, Iwata S, Kawabata F, Kanematsu T, Jimi E, Shigemura N. The G protein-coupled receptor GPRC5C is a saccharide sensor with a novel 'off' response. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2006-2016. [PMID: 37418589 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
GPRC5C is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that belongs to the class C GPCR family. Although GPRC5C is expressed in various organs, its function and ligand are still undetermined. We found that GPRC5C is expressed in mouse taste cells, enterocytes, and pancreatic α-cells. In functional imaging assays, HEK293 cells heterologously expressing GPRC5C and the chimeric G protein α subunit Gα16-gust44 showed robust intracellular Ca2+ increases in response to monosaccharides, disaccharides, and a sugar alcohol, but not an artificial sweetener or sweet-tasting amino acid. Notably, Ca2+ increases occurred after washout, not during stimulation. Our findings suggest that GPRC5C has receptor properties which lead to novel 'off' responses to saccharide detachment and may work as an internal or external chemosensor specifically tuned to natural sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kawabata
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shingo Takai
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Dent-Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sanematsu
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Oral Health/Brain Health/Total Health Research Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shusuke Iwata
- Department of Oral Physiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Japan
| | - Fuminori Kawabata
- Physiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanematsu
- Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Aging Science, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eijiro Jimi
- Oral Health/Brain Health/Total Health Research Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriatsu Shigemura
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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41
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Iwata S, Yoshida R, Takai S, Sanematsu K, Shigemura N, Ninomiya Y. Adrenomedullin Enhances Mouse Gustatory Nerve Responses to Sugars via T1R-Independent Sweet Taste Pathway. Nutrients 2023; 15:2941. [PMID: 37447268 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
On the tongue, the T1R-independent pathway (comprising glucose transporters, including sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) and the KATP channel) detects only sugars, whereas the T1R-dependent (T1R2/T1R3) pathway can broadly sense various sweeteners. Cephalic-phase insulin release, a rapid release of insulin induced by sensory signals in the head after food-related stimuli, reportedly depends on the T1R-independent pathway, and the competitive sweet taste modulators leptin and endocannabinoids may function on these two different sweet taste pathways independently, suggesting independent roles of two oral sugar-detecting pathways in food intake. Here, we examined the effect of adrenomedullin (ADM), a multifunctional regulatory peptide, on sugar sensing in mice since it affects the expression of SGLT1 in rat enterocytes. We found that ADM receptor components were expressed in T1R3-positive taste cells. Analyses of chorda tympani (CT) nerve responses revealed that ADM enhanced responses to sugars but not to artificial sweeteners and other tastants. Moreover, ADM increased the apical uptake of a fluorescent D-glucose derivative into taste cells and SGLT1 mRNA expression in taste buds. These results suggest that the T1R-independent sweet taste pathway in mouse taste cells is a peripheral target of ADM, and the specific enhancement of gustatory nerve responses to sugars by ADM may contribute to caloric sensing and food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Iwata
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Oral Physiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
- Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yoshida
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Shingo Takai
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Dent-Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Center, Graduate School of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sanematsu
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- OBT Research Center, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Noriatsu Shigemura
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuzo Ninomiya
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
- Oral Science Research Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Cherkashin AP, Rogachevskaja OA, Khokhlov AA, Kabanova NV, Bystrova MF, Kolesnikov SS. Contribution of TRPC3-mediated Ca 2+ entry to taste transduction. Pflugers Arch 2023:10.1007/s00424-023-02834-8. [PMID: 37369785 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The current concept of taste transduction implicates the TASR/PLCβ2/IP3R3/TRPM5 axis in mediating chemo-electrical coupling in taste cells of the type II. While generation of IP3 has been verified as an obligatory step, DAG appears to be a byproduct of PIP2 cleavage by PLCβ2. Here, we provide evidence that DAG-signaling could play a significant and not yet recognized role in taste transduction. In particular, we found that DAG-gated channels are functional in type II cells but not in type I and type III cells. The DAG-gated current presumably constitutes a fraction of the generator current triggered by taste stimulation in type II cells. Bitter stimuli and DAG analogs produced Ca2+ transients in type II cells, which were greatly decreased at low bath Ca2+, indicating their dependence on Ca2+ influx. Among DAG-gated channels, transcripts solely for TRPC3 were detected in the taste tissue, thus implicating this channel in mediating DAG-regulated Ca2+ entry. Release of the afferent neurotransmitter ATP from CV papillae was monitored online by using the luciferin/luciferase method and Ussing-like chamber. It was shown that ATP secretion initiated by bitter stimuli and DAG analogs strongly depended on mucosal Ca2+. Based on the overall findings, we speculate that in taste transduction, IP3-driven Ca2+ release is transient and mainly responsible for rapid activation of Ca2+-gated TRPM5 channels, thus forming the initial phase of receptor potential. DAG-regulated Ca2+ entry through apically situated TRPC3 channels extends the primary Ca2+ signal and preserves TRPM5 activity, providing a needful prolongation of the receptor potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Cherkashin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya Street, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Olga A Rogachevskaja
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya Street, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Alexander A Khokhlov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya Street, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Natalia V Kabanova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya Street, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Marina F Bystrova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya Street, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Stanislav S Kolesnikov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya Street, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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Hichami A, Saidi H, Khan AS, Degbeni P, Khan NA. In Vitro Functional Characterization of Type-I Taste Bud Cells as Monocytes/Macrophages-like Which Secrete Proinflammatory Cytokines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10325. [PMID: 37373472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The sense of taste determines the choice of nutrients and food intake and, consequently, influences feeding behaviors. The taste papillae are primarily composed of three types of taste bud cells (TBC), i.e., type I, type II, and type III. The type I TBC, expressing GLAST (glutamate--aspartate transporter), have been termed as glial-like cells. We hypothesized that these cells could play a role in taste bud immunity as glial cells do in the brain. We purified type I TBC, expressing F4/80, a specific marker of macrophages, from mouse fungiform taste papillae. The purified cells also express CD11b, CD11c, and CD64, generally expressed by glial cells and macrophages. We further assessed whether mouse type I TBC can be polarized toward M1 or M2 macrophages in inflammatory states like lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered inflammation or obesity, known to be associated with low-grade inflammation. Indeed, LPS-treatment and obesity state increased TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 expression, both at mRNA and protein levels, in type I TBC. Conversely, purified type I TBC treated with IL-4 showed a significant increase in arginase 1 and IL-4. These findings provide evidence that type I gustatory cells share many features with macrophages and may be involved in oral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Hichami
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie, UMR INSERM U1231 Lipide, Nutrition & Cancer, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Hamza Saidi
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie, UMR INSERM U1231 Lipide, Nutrition & Cancer, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team, Laboratory of Biology and Organisms Physiology, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers 16111, Algeria
| | - Amira Sayed Khan
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie, UMR INSERM U1231 Lipide, Nutrition & Cancer, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pernelle Degbeni
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie, UMR INSERM U1231 Lipide, Nutrition & Cancer, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Naim Akhtar Khan
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie, UMR INSERM U1231 Lipide, Nutrition & Cancer, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
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Ziegler F, Steuer A, Di Pizio A, Behrens M. Physiological activation of human and mouse bitter taste receptors by bile acids. Commun Biol 2023; 6:612. [PMID: 37286811 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04971-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Beside the oral cavity, bitter taste receptors are expressed in several non-gustatory tissues. Whether extra-oral bitter taste receptors function as sensors for endogenous agonists is unknown. To address this question, we devised functional experiments combined with molecular modeling approaches to investigate human and mouse receptors using a variety of bile acids as candidate agonists. We show that five human and six mouse receptors are responsive to an array of bile acids. Moreover, their activation threshold concentrations match published data of bile acid concentrations in human body fluids, suggesting a putative physiological activation of non-gustatory bitter receptors. We conclude that these receptors could serve as sensors for endogenous bile acid levels. These results also indicate that bitter receptor evolution may not be driven solely by foodstuff or xenobiotic stimuli, but also depend on endogenous ligands. The determined bitter receptor activation profiles of bile acids now enable detailed physiological model studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ziegler
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Alexandra Steuer
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Antonella Di Pizio
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Maik Behrens
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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Kouakou YI, Lee RJ. Interkingdom Detection of Bacterial Quorum-Sensing Molecules by Mammalian Taste Receptors. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1295. [PMID: 37317269 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter and sweet taste G protein-coupled receptors (known as T2Rs and T1Rs, respectively) were originally identified in type II taste cells on the tongue, where they signal perception of bitter and sweet tastes, respectively. Over the past ~15 years, taste receptors have been identified in cells all over the body, demonstrating a more general chemosensory role beyond taste. Bitter and sweet taste receptors regulate gut epithelial function, pancreatic β cell secretion, thyroid hormone secretion, adipocyte function, and many other processes. Emerging data from a variety of tissues suggest that taste receptors are also used by mammalian cells to "eavesdrop" on bacterial communications. These receptors are activated by several quorum-sensing molecules, including acyl-homoserine lactones and quinolones from Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, competence stimulating peptides from Streptococcus mutans, and D-amino acids from Staphylococcus aureus. Taste receptors are an arm of immune surveillance similar to Toll-like receptors and other pattern recognition receptors. Because they are activated by quorum-sensing molecules, taste receptors report information about microbial population density based on the chemical composition of the extracellular environment. This review summarizes current knowledge of bacterial activation of taste receptors and identifies important questions remaining in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yobouet Ines Kouakou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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46
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Chometton S, Tsan L, Hayes AMR, Kanoski SE, Schier LA. Early-life influences of low-calorie sweetener consumption on sugar taste. Physiol Behav 2023; 264:114133. [PMID: 36801464 PMCID: PMC11062773 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Children and adolescents are the highest consumers of added sugars, particularly from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). Regular consumption of SSB early in life induces a variety of negative consequences on health that can last into adulthood. Low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) are increasingly used as an alternative to added sugars because they provide a sweet sensation without adding calories to the diet. However, the long-term effects of early-life consumption of LCS are not well understood. Considering LCS engage at least one of the same taste receptors as sugars and potentially modulate cellular mechanisms of glucose transport and metabolism, it is especially important to understand how early-life LCS consumption impacts intake of and regulatory responses to caloric sugars. In our recent study, we found that habitual intake of LCS during the juvenile-adolescence period significantly changed how rats responded to sugar later in life. Here, we review evidence that LCS and sugars are sensed via common and distinct gustatory pathways, and then discuss the implications this has for shaping sugar-associated appetitive, consummatory, and physiological responses. Ultimately, the review highlights the diverse gaps in knowledge that will be necessary to fill to understand the consequences of regular LCS consumption during important phases of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Chometton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linda Tsan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna M R Hayes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lindsey A Schier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Wang W, Lu D, Xu Q, Jin Y, Pang G, Liu Y. Remodeling of the ryanodine receptor isoform 1 channel regulates the sweet and umami taste perception of Rattus norvegicus. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 3:459-468. [PMID: 38933774 PMCID: PMC11197482 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet and umami tastes are elicited by sweet and umami receptors on the tongue and palate epithelium, respectively. However, the molecular machinery allowing the taste reaction remains incompletely understood. Through a phosphoproteomic approach, we identified the key proteins that trigger taste mechanisms based on phosphorylation cascades. Ryanodine receptor isoform 1 (RYR1) was further verified by sensory and behavioral assays. We propose a model of RYR1-mediated sweet/umami signaling in which the RYR1 channel, which mediates Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, is closed by dephosphorylation in bud tissue after sweet/umami treatment. The alteration in Ca2+ content in the cytosol induces transient membrane depolarization and generates a cell current for taste signal transduction. We demonstrate that RYR1 is a new channel involved in the regulation of sweet/umami signal transduction and propose a "metabolic clock" notion based on sweet/umami sensing. Our study provides a valuable foundation for a system-level understanding of the taste perception mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Wang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dingqiang Lu
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Qiuda Xu
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Yulian Jin
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Guangchang Pang
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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48
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Ohman L, Hanbali L, Krimm R. Taste arbor structural variability analyzed across taste regions. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:743-758. [PMID: 36740741 PMCID: PMC10082444 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Taste ganglion neurons are functionally and molecularly diverse, but until recently morphological diversity was completely unexplored. Specifically, taste arbors (the portion of the neuron within the taste bud) vary in structure, but the reason for this variability is unclear. Here, we analyzed structural variability in taste arbors to determine which factors determine their morphological diversity. To characterize arbor morphology and its relationship to taste bud cells capable of transducing taste stimuli (taste-transducing cell) number and type, we utilized sparse cell genetic labeling of taste ganglion neurons in combination with whole-mount immunohistochemistry. Reconstruction of 151 taste arbors revealed variation in arbor size, complexity, and symmetry. Overall, taste arbors exist on a continuum of complexity, cannot be categorized into discrete morphological groups, and do not have stereotyped endings. Arbor size/complexity was not related to the size of the taste bud in which it was located or the type of taste-transducing cell contacted (membranes within 180 nm). Instead, arbors could be broadly categorized into three groups: large asymmetrical arbors contacting many taste-transducing cells, small symmetrical arbors contacting one or two taste-transducing cells, and unbranched arbors. Neurons with multiple arbors had arbors in more than one of these categories, indicating that this variability is not an intrinsic feature of neuron type. Instead, we speculate that arbor structure is determined primarily by nerve fiber remodeling in response to cell turnover and that large asymmetrical arbors represent a particularly plastic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ohman
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Lama Hanbali
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Robin Krimm
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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49
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Sanematsu K, Yamamoto M, Nagasato Y, Kawabata Y, Watanabe Y, Iwata S, Takai S, Toko K, Matsui T, Wada N, Shigemura N. Prediction of dynamic allostery for the transmembrane domain of the sweet taste receptor subunit, TAS1R3. Commun Biol 2023; 6:340. [PMID: 37012338 PMCID: PMC10070457 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The sweet taste receptor plays an essential role as an energy sensor by detecting carbohydrates. However, the dynamic mechanisms of receptor activation remain unclear. Here, we describe the interactions between the transmembrane domain of the G protein-coupled sweet receptor subunit, TAS1R3, and allosteric modulators. Molecular dynamics simulations reproduced species-specific sensitivity to ligands. We found that a human-specific sweetener, cyclamate, interacted with the mouse receptor as a negative allosteric modulator. Agonist-induced allostery during receptor activation was found to destabilize the intracellular part of the receptor, which potentially interfaces with the Gα subunit, through ionic lock opening. A common human variant (R757C) of the TAS1R3 exhibited a reduced response to sweet taste, in support of our predictions. Furthermore, histidine residues in the binding site acted as pH-sensitive microswitches to modulate the sensitivity to saccharin. This study provides important insights that may facilitate the prediction of dynamic activation mechanisms for other G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sanematsu
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
- Oral Health/Brain Health/Total Health Research Center, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
- Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Masato Yamamoto
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Department of General Dentistry, Division of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagasato
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Bioresources and Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuko Kawabata
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yu Watanabe
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shusuke Iwata
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shingo Takai
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Toko
- Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshiro Matsui
- Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Bioresources and Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Naohisa Wada
- Department of General Dentistry, Division of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Noriatsu Shigemura
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
- Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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50
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Langhans W, Watts AG, Spector AC. The elusive cephalic phase insulin response: triggers, mechanisms, and functions. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1423-1485. [PMID: 36422994 PMCID: PMC9942918 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cephalic phase insulin response (CPIR) is classically defined as a head receptor-induced early release of insulin during eating that precedes a postabsorptive rise in blood glucose. Here we discuss, first, the various stimuli that elicit the CPIR and the sensory signaling pathways (sensory limb) involved; second, the efferent pathways that control the various endocrine events associated with eating (motor limb); and third, what is known about the central integrative processes linking the sensory and motor limbs. Fourth, in doing so, we identify open questions and problems with respect to the CPIR in general. Specifically, we consider test conditions that allow, or may not allow, the stimulus to reach the potentially relevant taste receptors and to trigger a CPIR. The possible significance of sweetness and palatability as crucial stimulus features and whether conditioning plays a role in the CPIR are also discussed. Moreover, we ponder the utility of the strict classical CPIR definition based on what is known about the effects of vagal motor neuron activation and thereby acetylcholine on the β-cells, together with the difficulties of the accurate assessment of insulin release. Finally, we weigh the evidence of the physiological and clinical relevance of the cephalic contribution to the release of insulin that occurs during and after a meal. These points are critical for the interpretation of the existing data, and they support a sharper focus on the role of head receptors in the overall insulin response to eating rather than relying solely on the classical CPIR definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Alan G Watts
- Department of Biological Sciences, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alan C Spector
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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