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Wang K, Xue Y, Liu Y, Su X, Wei L, Lv C, Zhang X, Zhang L, Jia L, Zheng S, Ma Y, Yan H, Jiang G, Song H, Wang F, Lin Q, Hou Y. The detoxification ability of sex-role reversed seahorses determines the sexual dimorphism in immune responses to benzo[a]pyrene exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:173088. [PMID: 38735333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in immune responses is an essential factor in environmental adaptation. However, the mechanisms involved remain obscure owing to the scarcity of data from sex-role-reversed species in stressed conditions. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is one of the most pervasive and carcinogenic organic pollutants in coastal environments. In this study, we evaluated the potential effects on renal immunotoxicity of the sex-role-reversed lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) toward environmental concentrations BaP exposure. Our results discovered the presence of different energy-immunity trade-off strategies adopted by female and male seahorses during BaP exposure. BaP induced more severe renal damage in female seahorses in a concentration-dependent manner. BaP biotransformation and detoxification in seahorses resemble those in mammals. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-oxide (BPDE) and 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (9-OH-BaP) formed DNA adducts and disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis may together attribute the renal immunotoxicity. Sexual dimorphisms in detoxification of both BPDE and 9-OH-BaP, and in regulation of Ca2+, autophagy and inflammation, mainly determined the extent of renal damage. Moreover, the mechanism of sex hormones regulated sexual dimorphism in immune responses needs to be further elucidated. Collectively, these findings contribute to the understanding of sexual dimorphism in the immunotoxicity induced by BaP exposure in seahorses, which may attribute to the dramatic decline in the biodiversity of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Xue
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yali Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Xiaolei Su
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Chunhui Lv
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Longwu Jia
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Shiyi Zheng
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yicong Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Hansheng Yan
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Guangjun Jiang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Hongce Song
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yuping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
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Segner H, Bailey C, Tafalla C, Bo J. Immunotoxicity of Xenobiotics in Fish: A Role for the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR)? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179460. [PMID: 34502366 PMCID: PMC8430475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of anthropogenic contaminants on the immune system of fishes is an issue of growing concern. An important xenobiotic receptor that mediates effects of chemicals, such as halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Fish toxicological research has focused on the role of this receptor in xenobiotic biotransformation as well as in causing developmental, cardiac, and reproductive toxicity. However, biomedical research has unraveled an important physiological role of the AhR in the immune system, what suggests that this receptor could be involved in immunotoxic effects of environmental contaminants. The aims of the present review are to critically discuss the available knowledge on (i) the expression and possible function of the AhR in the immune systems of teleost fishes; and (ii) the impact of AhR-activating xenobiotics on the immune systems of fish at the levels of immune gene expression, immune cell proliferation and immune cell function, immune pathology, and resistance to infectious disease. The existing information indicates that the AhR is expressed in the fish immune system, but currently, we have little understanding of its physiological role. Exposure to AhR-activating contaminants results in the modulation of numerous immune structural and functional parameters of fish. Despite the diversity of fish species studied and the experimental conditions investigated, the published findings rather uniformly point to immunosuppressive actions of xenobiotic AhR ligands in fish. These effects are often associated with increased disease susceptibility. The fact that fish populations from HAH- and PAH-contaminated environments suffer immune disturbances and elevated disease susceptibility highlights that the immunotoxic effects of AhR-activating xenobiotics bear environmental relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Pathobiology and Infectious Diseases, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jun Bo
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, China
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3
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Bringer A, Le Floch S, Kerstan A, Thomas H. Coastal ecosystem inventory with characterization and identification of plastic contamination and additives from aquaculture materials. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 167:112286. [PMID: 33780755 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the early 1970s, studies of marine litter first appeared in the scientific literature. Fifty years later, knowledge of several coastal areas of the Atlantic, the driving forces of oyster farmers and aquaculture, is lacking. This work documents a pilot study on an Atlantic coastal area (France). This study aims to (i) characterize the abundance of macroplastics related to aquaculture tools; (ii) microplastics present in beach sediments and (iii) characterization of pollutants present on aquaculture plastics collected. First, it was observed that 70% of the plastics collected on the beach were characteristic of aquaculture materials. In sediments, MPs most found were Polyamide between 10 and 20 μm, with a total MP concentration of 397-457 MPs.kg-1. Pipes collectors (PVC), frequently used in aquaculture, have been shown to have concentrations of dimethylphthalates and naphthalene. Waste management and support policies can then base their actions on such studies, in order to improve their knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Bringer
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France.
| | | | - Andreas Kerstan
- Agilent Technologies Sales & Services GmbH & Co. KG, Germany
| | - Hélène Thomas
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
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4
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Rodgers ML, Sherwood TA, Tarnecki AM, Griffitt RJ, Wetzel DL. Characterizing transcriptomic responses of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) chronically exposed to Deepwater Horizon oiled sediments. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 230:105716. [PMID: 33310673 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To obtain a deeper understanding of the transcriptomic responses to oil in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma), we performed quantitative PCR and RNA sequencing on liver and gill tissue after a chronic exposure (35 days) to Deepwater Horizon crude oiled sediment and after a 30-day recovery period. We wanted to understand which specific genes are differentially expressed in liver and gill tissues directly after oiled sediment exposure and with the addition of a recovery period. Furthermore, we wanted to examine specific enriched pathways in these two tissues to determine the impact of exposure with and without a recovery period on biological processes (e.g. immune function). Liver and gill tissues were chosen because they represent two distinct organs that are highly important to consider when examining the impacts of oiled sediment exposure. The liver is the classic detoxification organ, while the gill is in direct contact with sediment in benthic fishes. Examination of these two tissues, therefore, generates a broad understanding of the transcriptomic consequences of oil exposure across an organism. Gene expression for interleukin 8 (il8) and interleukin 1B (il1β) was significantly increased versus control measurements for fish exposed to oiled sediments for 35 days in gill tissue. Hierarchical clustering of gene expression showed that tissue type was the main driver of gene expression (rather than treatment). The inclusion of a 30-day post-exposure recovery period showed a return of il8 and il1β gene expression in the gill to baseline expression levels. However, the recovery period increased the number of differentially expressed genes and significantly affected canonical pathways in both tissue types. Pathways related to cholesterol biosynthesis were significantly suppressed in oil-exposed flounder with a recovery period, but not in the exposed flounder without a recovery period. At the end of the exposure, 17 pathways were significantly affected in the gill, including thyroid hormone metabolism-related pathways, which were the most influenced. Liver tissue from the recovered fish had the greatest number of enriched pathways for any tissue or time point (187). Cellular and humoral immune response pathways were considerably impacted in the liver after the recovery period, suggesting that the immune system was attempting to respond to potential damage caused from the chronic oil exposure. Our results demonstrate that liver and gill tissues from southern flounder were differentially altered by Deepwater Horizon oiled sediment exposure and that a 30-day recovery period after exposure substantially shifted gene expression and canonical pathway profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Rodgers
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS, 39564, United States.
| | - Tracy A Sherwood
- Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL, 34236, United States
| | - Andrea M Tarnecki
- Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL, 34236, United States
| | - Robert J Griffitt
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS, 39564, United States
| | - Dana L Wetzel
- Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL, 34236, United States
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Changes in Reef Fish Community Structure Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5621. [PMID: 32273520 PMCID: PMC7145834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale anthropogenic disturbances can have direct and indirect effects on marine communities, with direct effects often taking the form of widespread injury or mortality and indirect effects manifesting as changes in food web structure. Here, we report a time series that captures both direct and indirect effects of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (DWH) on northern Gulf of Mexico (nGoM) reef fish communities. We observed significant changes in community structure immediately following the DWH, with a 38% decline in species richness and 26% decline in Shannon-Weiner diversity. Initial shifts were driven by widespread declines across a range of trophic guilds, with subsequent recovery unevenly distributed among guilds and taxa. For example, densities of small demersal invertivores, small demersal browsers, generalist carnivores, and piscivores remained persistently low with little indication of recovery seven years after the DWH. Initial declines among these guilds occurred prior to the arrival of the now-widespread, invasive lionfish (Pterois spp.), but their lack of recovery suggests lionfish predation may be affecting recovery. Factors affecting persistently low densities of generalist carnivores and piscivores are not well understood but warrant further study given the myriad ecosystem services provided by nGoM reef fishes.
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Rodgers ML, Simning D, Sepúlveda MS, De Guise S, Bosker T, Griffitt RJ. Exposure to Oil and Hypoxia Results in Alterations of Immune Transcriptional Patterns in Developing Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). Sci Rep 2020; 10:1684. [PMID: 32015368 PMCID: PMC6997411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The area and timing of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill highlight the need to study oil and hypoxia exposure in early life stage fishes. Though critical to health, little research has targeted the effect of oil and hypoxia exposure on developing immune systems. To this end, we exposed sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) at three early life stages: embryonic; post-hatch; and post-larval, to a high energy water accommodated fraction (HEWAF) of oil, hypoxia, or both for 48 hours. We performed RNAseq to understand how exposures alter expression of immune transcripts and pathways. Under control conditions, the embryonic to post-hatch comparison (first transition) had a greater number of significantly regulated immune pathways than the second transition (post-hatch to post-larval). The addition of oil had little effect in the first transition, however, hypoxia elicited changes in cellular and humoral immune responses. In the second transition, oil exposure significantly altered many immune pathways (43), and while hypoxia altered few pathways, it did induce a unique signature of generally suppressing immune pathways. These data suggest that timing of exposure to oil and/or hypoxia matters, and underscores the need to further investigate the impacts of multiple stressors on immune system development in early life stage fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Rodgers
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, 39564, USA.
| | - Danielle Simning
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, 39564, USA
| | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Purdue University, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Sylvain De Guise
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
| | - Thijs Bosker
- Leiden University College/Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, 2595DG, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Griffitt
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, 39564, USA.
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7
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Jiang H, Wang K, Fang Y, Chen J, Li Y, Xia G, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Ren C, Lin Q. Sex-biased regulation of respiratory burst, phagocytic activity and plasma immune factors in lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) after subchronic benzo[a]pyrene exposure. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:1162-1168. [PMID: 30599255 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Both wild and aquacultured seahorses are currently under great threat from marine pollution, notably from the potent contaminant and carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). However, very little data are available regarding the immunomodulating effects of BaP in seahorses. Therefore, in this study, we exposed lined seahorses (Hippocampus erectus) for 7 d to BaP at three dosages (0.5, 5, and 50 μg/L) to evaluate sexual dimorphism in immune response. We measured eight immune parameters in the blood, including respiratory burst (RB), phagocytic activity (PA), monocytes/leucocytes, immunoglobulin M, complement 3, complement, interferon-a, and interleukin-2. Male seahorses had significantly higher parameters than females, except in terms of monocytes/leucocytes (P < 0.05). Although flow cytometry showed that RB and PA variation per BaP dose were roughly similar across sexes, RB and PA exhibited distinct patterns. Additionally, fluorescence intensity and leucocyte percentage were positively correlated in PA but not RB for all treatment and sex combinations. Through ELISA, we showed that the other six parameters had complex responses that nevertheless varied in a BaP-dosage and sex-dependent manner. Overall, adult male seahorses had higher immunocompetence than females before BaP exposure, and sexual dimorphism continued to be apparent during BaP exposure. Furthermore, all eight parameters were sensitive to BaP. Based on these results, we highly recommend H. erectus as a sentinel species for crude contamination, whereas PA and RB are valuable bioindicators of marine contaminants such as BaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jiang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Yan Fang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yanmin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Guangbo Xia
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yingfeng Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Chuanbo Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, 264006, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
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8
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Song Y, Nahrgang J, Tollefsen KE. Transcriptomic analysis reveals dose-dependent modes of action of benzo(a)pyrene in polar cod (Boreogadus saida). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:176-189. [PMID: 30408666 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) has been used as a model Arctic species for hazard assessment of environmental stressors such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, most of the PAH studies using polar cod rely on targeted biomarker-based analysis thus may not adequately address the complexity of the toxic mechanisms of the stressors. The present study was performed to develop a broad-content transcriptomic platform for polar cod and apply it for understanding the toxic mechanisms of a model PAH, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). Hepatic transcriptional analysis using a combination of high-density polar cod oligonucleotide microarray and quantitative real-time RT-PCR was conducted to characterize the stress responses in polar cod after 14d repeated dietary exposure to 0.4 (Low) and 20.3 μg/g fish/feeding (High) BaP doses. Bile metabolic analysis was performed to identify the storage of a key BaP hepatic biotransformation product, 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (3-OH-BaP). The results clearly showed that 3-OH-BaP was detected in the bile of polar cod after both Low and High BaP exposure. Dose-dependent hepatic stress responses were identified, with Low BaP suppressing genes involved in the defense mechanisms and High BaP inducing genes associated with these pathways. The results suggested that activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, induction of oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis were the common modes of action (MoA) of BaP between polar cod or other vertebrates, whereas induction of protein degradation and disturbance of mitochondrial functions were proposed as novel MoAs. Furthermore, conceptual toxicity pathways were proposed for BaP-mediated effects in Arctic fish. The present study has for the first time reported a transcriptome-wide analysis using a polar cod-specific microarray and suggested novel MoAs of BaP. The analytical tools, bioinformatics solutions and mechanistic knowledge generated by this study may facilitate mechanistically-based hazard assessment of environmental stressors in the Arctic using this important fish as a model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Song
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jasmine Nahrgang
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Dept. of Arctic and Marine Biology, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Dept. for Environmental Sciences, Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
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9
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AnvariFar H, Amirkolaie AK, Jalali AM, Miandare HK, Sayed AH, Üçüncü Sİ, Ouraji H, Ceci M, Romano N. Environmental pollution and toxic substances: Cellular apoptosis as a key parameter in a sensible model like fish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY 2018; 204:144-159. [PMID: 30273782 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The industrial wastes, sewage effluents, agricultural run-off and decomposition of biological waste may cause high environmental concentration of chemicals that can interfere with the cell cycle activating the programmed process of cells death (apoptosis). In order to provide a detailed understanding of environmental pollutants-induced apoptosis, here we reviewed the current knowledge on the interactions of environmental chemicals and programmed cell death. Metals (aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, zinc, copper, mercury and silver) as well as other chemicals including bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKME), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and pesticides (organo-phosphated, organo-chlorinated, carbamates, phyretroids and biopesticides) were evaluated in relation to apoptotic pathways, heat shock proteins and metallothioneins. Although research performed over the past decades has improved our understanding of processes involved in apoptosis in fish, yet there is lack of knowledge on associations between environmental pollutants and apoptosis. Thus, this review could be useful tool to study the cytotoxic/apoptotic effects of different pollutants in fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein AnvariFar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 578, Sari, Iran; University of Applied Science and Technology, Provincial Unit, P.O. Box: 4916694338, Golestan, Iran
| | - A K Amirkolaie
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 578, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali M Jalali
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 49138-15739, Iran; Sturgeon Affairs Management, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran; Center for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, VIC, 3280, Australia
| | - H K Miandare
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 49138-15739, Iran
| | - Alaa H Sayed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sema İşisağ Üçüncü
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Hossein Ouraji
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 578, Sari, Iran
| | - Marcello Ceci
- Department Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Tuscia University, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Nicla Romano
- Department Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Tuscia University, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.
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10
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Colli-Dula RC, Fang X, Moraga-Amador D, Albornoz-Abud N, Zamora-Bustillos R, Conesa A, Zapata-Perez O, Moreno D, Hernandez-Nuñez E. Transcriptome analysis reveals novel insights into the response of low-dose benzo(a)pyrene exposure in male tilapia. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 201:162-173. [PMID: 29913432 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite a wide number of toxicological studies that describe benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) effects, the metabolic mechanisms that underlie these effects in fish are largely unknown. Of great concern is the presence of BaP in aquatic systems, especially those in close proximity to human activity leading to consumption of potentially contaminated foods. BaP is a known carcinogen and it has been reported to have adverse effects on the survival, development and reproduction of fish. The purpose of this study was to investigate if a low dose of BaP can alter genes and key metabolic pathways in the liver and testis in male adult tilapia, and whether these could be associated with biological endpoints disruption. We used both high-throughput RNA-Sequencing to assess whole genome gene expression following repeated intraperitoneal injections of 3 mg/kg of BaP (every 6 days for 26 days) and morphometric endpoints as indicators of general health. Condition factor (K) along with hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic indices (morphometric parameters) were significantly lower in BaP-treated fish than in controls. BaP exposure induced important changes in the gene expression pattern in liver and testis as revealed by both Pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses. Alterations that were shared by both tissues included arachidonic acid metabolism, androgen receptor to prostate-specific antigen signaling, and insulin-associated effects on lipogenesis. The most salient liver-specific effects included: biological processes involved in detoxification, IL6-associated insulin resistance, mTOR hyperactivation, mitotic cytokinesis, spindle pole and microtubule binding. BaP effects that were confined to the testis included: immune system functions, inflammatory response, estrogen and androgen metabolic pathways. Taken together, gene expression and morphometric end point data indicate that the reproductive success of adult male tilapia could be compromised as a result of BaP exposure. These results constitute new insights on the mechanism of action of low dose BaP in a non-model organism (tilapia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyna Cristina Colli-Dula
- CONACYT, Mexico; Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Cinvestav Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán 97310, Mexico.
| | - Xiefan Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | | | - Nacira Albornoz-Abud
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Cinvestav Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán 97310, Mexico.
| | - Roberto Zamora-Bustillos
- Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Conkal, Yucatán, 97345, Mexico.
| | - Ana Conesa
- Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.
| | - Omar Zapata-Perez
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Cinvestav Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán 97310, Mexico.
| | - Diego Moreno
- Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Mérida, Yucatán, 97150, Mexico.
| | - Emanuel Hernandez-Nuñez
- CONACYT, Mexico; Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Cinvestav Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán 97310, Mexico
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Shirmohammadi M, Salamat N, Ronagh MT, Movahedinia A, Hamidian G. Using cell apoptosis, micronuclei and immune alternations as biomarkers of phenanthrene exposure in yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:37-47. [PMID: 29079206 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the apoptosis and tissue changes in the spleen, as well as humoral immune-related parameters, micronuclei (MN) induction in blood cells and Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity were investigated in yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) after short-term exposure to phenanthrene (Phe). The fish were intraperitoneally injected with different concentrations (2, 20 and 40 mg kg-1) of Phe and tissue and blood samples were collected 1, 4, 7 and 14 days after injection. The concentrations of Phe in the fish liver increased 4 days after the experiment. EROD activity showed a pattern consistent with Phe concentration in the liver. Apoptotic index in the spleen increased dose dependently in Phe-exposed fish. Exposure to Phe caused significant decrease in the plasma level of immunoglobulin M, phagocytic and respiratory burst activity after 4 days of exposure. The frequency of MN in the erythrocytes of the treated fish was significantly higher than control. The main pathological alterations in the spleen included the increase in melanomacrophage centers (MMCs), destroyed red blood cell and hemorrhage. The degree of tissue changes in the spleen of the exposed fish ranged from slight to moderate damage. The size and number of MMCs in the spleen were significantly higher in Phe-treated fish compared to the control. Our results showed that Phe could suppress immune responses in fish, induce cell apoptosis, histological changes in the spleen and MN formation. This may suggest those parameters consider as useful biomarkers for monitoring of the health status of fish during exposure to Phe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Shirmohammadi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr City, Khuzestan Province, Iran
| | - Negin Salamat
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr City, Khuzestan Province, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Taghi Ronagh
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr City, Khuzestan Province, Iran
| | - Abdolali Movahedinia
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr City, Khuzestan Province, Iran; Department of Marine Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hamidian
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Shirmohammadi M, Chupani L, Salamat N. Responses of immune organs after single-dose exposure to phenanthrene in yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus): CYP1A induction and oxidative stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 186:686-694. [PMID: 28826128 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of phenanthrene (Phe) on induction of ethoxyresorufinO-deethylase (EROD) activity and oxidative stress was examined in immune organs of yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus. Fish were treated with a single intraperitoneal injection at 2, 20, or 40 mg kg-1. The Phe concentration in spleen, EROD activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, ascorbic acid (AsA), total glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and protein carbonylation (PC) levels in spleen and head kidney were assessed at one, four, seven, and 14 days post-injection. Dose response relationship was explored for data on day four. Phe concentration reached the highest observed level on day four, showed decline on day seven, and was undetectable at the end of trial. EROD activity in both organs followed the pattern of Phe level in all treated groups. Catalase and SOD activity at low Phe concentrations was significantly higher than controls, while LPO and PC level showed no differences from controls. In contrast, at 20 and 40 mg kg-1, CAT and SOD activity, an indicator of oxidative stress, was significantly lower than in untreated controls, while AsA, GSH, LPO, and PC levels were higher on days 4 and 7. No parameter of any treatment group in either organ tissue showed difference from control values at the end of the experiment. The SOD and CAT activity in both organs exhibited a biphasic (initial stimulatory effect) effect, whereas other parameters showed a monophasic effect in terms of dose-response. Results suggest that Phe induced CYP1A and antioxidant responses in immune organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Shirmohammadi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Khuzestan Province, Iran.
| | - Latifeh Chupani
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Negin Salamat
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Khuzestan Province, Iran
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Phalen LJ, Köllner B, Hogan NS, van den Heuvel MR. Transcriptional response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) B cells and thrombocytes following in vivo exposure to benzo[a]pyrene. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 53:212-218. [PMID: 28662488 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fishes has been frequently reported but the reasons for differential cell toxicity remains unclear. Rainbow trout were exposed in vivo with a single intraperitoneal injection of corn oil or 100mg/kg of the immunotoxic PAH benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in corn oil. Leukocytes were harvested from head kidney, spleen and blood after 14days, the optimal time for B cell depletion found in a previous study. The mRNA expression of five cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and an intrinsic pathway apoptosis checkpoint (p53) in B cells and thrombocytes were examined. Transcript levels were measured in immunomagnetically-isolated B cells and thrombocytes from those tissues as well as in liver as B cells had been previously shown to be responsive the BaP whereas thrombocytes were not. There was induction of CYP1A1 in liver, blood B cells, and blood and spleen thrombocytes; CYP1B1 in blood B cells, blood and spleen thrombocytes; CYP1A3 in liver, blood and spleen B cells, and blood thrombocytes; CYP1C1 in liver; and AhR in liver and spleen thrombocytes. There was no change in CYP1C2, or p53 mRNA levels across tissues or cell type. Induction in mRNA was observed 14 d after exposure, indicating a prolonged physiological effect of a single B[a]P injection. CYP1A1 and CYP1A3 were the most abundantly expressed CYP genes and CYP1B1 was generally least abundant. B[a]P-induced thrombocytes had a significantly different pattern of CYP expression than either liver or B cells. Given the importance of metabolites in the toxicity of PAHs, differences in CYP expression between tissues may explain differences in toxicity previously observed between B cells and thrombocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Phalen
- Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | | | - Natacha S Hogan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Michael R van den Heuvel
- Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada.
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Khaniyan M, Salamat N, Safahieh A, Movahedinia A. Detection of benzo[a]pyrene-induced immunotoxicity in orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:329-338. [PMID: 25263604 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on immune status of orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Fish were injected with 2, 20 and 35 mg/kg-bw of BaP and were kept under laboratory conditions for 14 days. Blood samples were taken at days 1, 4, 7, and 14 and changes in total WBC and RBC, phagocytosis, lysozyme activity, lysosomal membrane stability, immunoglobulin M (IgM) level and antibacterial activity were evaluated. Also BaP bioaccumulation in fish muscle was measured. BaP concentration in the muscle of treated fish reached a maximum level after 4 days (P < 0.05). Exposure of fish to BaP resulted in a significant decrease of total RBC and WBC, lysozyme activity, lysosomal membrane stability, IgM level and antibacterial activity after 4 days and phagocytosis after 7 days of the experiment (P < 0.05). Totally, the results revealed BaP ability to suppress the fish immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khaniyan
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 669, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Negin Salamat
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 669, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Alireza Safahieh
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 669, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Abdolali Movahedinia
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 669, Khorramshahr, Iran
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T. Abbas W, Awad E, Abdel-Rahm EH. Effect of Black Mustard (Brassica nigra) on the Interaction between Immune and Biotransformation Systems of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Exposed to Benzo-a-Pyrene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/jfas.2016.56.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Taheri R, Salamat N, Movahedinia A. Evaluation of lymphoid tissue structure in Sole (Euryglossa orientalis) and Yellowfin Seabream (Acanthopagus latus) affected by environmental contaminants in the Persian Gulf. J Immunotoxicol 2015; 13:301-13. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1074958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Taheri
- Department of Marine Biology, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Negin Salamat
- Department of Marine Biology, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Abdolali Movahedinia
- Department of Marine Biology, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
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17
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Rezaee J, Nejati V, Tukmechi A, Hasanzadeh S. Histopathological effects of experimental paraquat on spleen and pronephros of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-012-1437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Wang KJ, Bo J, Yang M, Hong HS, Wang XH, Chen FY, Yuan JJ. Hepcidin gene expression induced in the developmental stages of fish upon exposure to Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 67:159-165. [PMID: 19185344 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hepcidin is known to be expressed in fish with bacterial challenge and iron overload. Here we first report the hepcidin expression induced in the developmental stages from embryo to fry of red sea bream (Pagarus major) and in juvenile black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegelii B.) upon continuous waterborne exposure to BaP. The gene expression of CYP1A1 and IgL (immunoglobulin light chain) were both measured. Expression of the Pagarus major hepcidin gene (PM-hepc) was increased in post hatch fry at 24 h and 120 h exposure to BaP at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 microg/l, respectively. The gene expression pattern was comparable to that of CYP1A1 but different from that of IgL. In addition, a high number of AS-hepc2 transcripts (Acanthopagrus schlegelii B. hepcidin gene) were detected in the liver upon exposure to 1.0 microg/l BaP. This study demonstrates that hepcidin gene expression is significantly induced in BaP-exposed red sea bream and black porgy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.
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19
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Effects of two oils and 16 pure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on plasmatic immune parameters in the European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (Linné). Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:235-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Kennedy CJ, Farrell AP. Immunological alterations in juvenile Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi, exposed to aqueous hydrocarbons derived from crude oil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 153:638-648. [PMID: 18023514 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The effects of acute and subchronic aqueous hydrocarbon exposures in the ppb range (0.2-127microg/L total PAH) on the immune system in Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) were examined through specific immunocompetency assays and a host resistance model using Listonella anguillarum. Short-term hydrocarbon exposure at the highest concentration significantly enhanced respiratory burst activity (RBA) in macrophages and decreased plasma lysozyme concentrations, however, subchronic exposure (4-57d) reduced RBA. Fish in the high exposure group were also less susceptible to the pathogen L. anguillarum following acute hydrocarbon exposure; however, this group was the most susceptible following subchronic exposures. These results are explained by a measured transient physiological stress response and long-term effects on ionoregulation. This study illustrates that hydrocarbon-elicited effects are dynamic and that toxic outcomes with respect to the teleost immune system depend on chemical concentrations and composition, exposure durations and the specific pathogen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Kennedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6.
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21
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Nakayama A, Riesen I, Köllner B, Eppler E, Segner H. Surface Marker-Defined Head Kidney Granulocytes and B Lymphocytes of Rainbow Trout Express Benzo[a]pyrene-Inducible Cytochrome P4501A Protein. Toxicol Sci 2008; 103:86-96. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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22
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Sanchez-Ramirez C, Vidal-Martinez VM, Aguirre-Macedo ML, Rodriguez-Canul RP, Gold-Bouchot G, Sures B. CICHLIDOGYRUS SCLEROSUS (MONOGENEA: ANCYROCEPHALINAE) AND ITS HOST, THE NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS), AS BIOINDICATORS OF CHEMICAL POLLUTION. J Parasitol 2007; 93:1097-106. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1162r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Frederick LA, Van Veld PA, Rice CD. Bioindicators of immune function in creosote-adapted estuarine killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:1433-42. [PMID: 17687729 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701382910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Several populations of the estuarine killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, also known as the mummichog, exhibit characteristics of adaptation to priority pollutants. One such population of mummichog inhabits the Elizabeth River in Virginia at the Atlantic Wood site (AW), a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund site heavily contaminated with creosote containing a mixture of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Although PAHs are known to be immunotoxic in experimental animals, resident AW mummichogs seem to thrive. Mummichogs from the AW site and a reference site were subsequently examined over a 2-yr period for total immunoglobin (IgM), as well as circulating antibody levels against 5 ubiquitous marine bacteria. Expression profiles of circulating and lymphoid lysozyme and lymphoid cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were also examined. Compared to relatively high total IgM and specific antibody responses in reference fish, AW mummichogs had lower circulating IgM and lower specific antibody levels against all bacteria examined, however they had higher levels of circulating lysozyme. Lymphoid cells in the AW mummichogs also expressed higher levels of lysozyme, as well as COX-2, which may indicate a state of macrophage activation. Elevated COX-2 levels may be associated with enhanced metabolism of PAHs through cooxidation-peroxidase pathways. Additional studies attempted to immunize AW mummichogs reared in uncontaminated water to compare their antibody responses to that of reference fish. AW mummichogs did not survive 40 d post culture, while reference fish thrived. Our findings suggest that the chemical environment at the AW site may be vicariously enhancing components of innate immunity, probably through oxidative stress pathways, in resident mummichogs, while actively suppressing humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Frederick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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24
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Hassanain MA, Abdel-Rahman EH, Abo-Hegab S, Tawfik MAA, Abbas WT. Induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 as a biomarker of Benzo-a-pyrene pollution in Egyptian fresh water fish. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10:1161-1169. [PMID: 19069910 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.1161.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The activity of Ethoxyresorufin-o-dealkylase (EROD) in the liver of Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus was evaluated as a response to experimental and natural contamination of water with Benzo-a-pyrene and/or cadmium. The activity was measured fluorimetrically in the hepatic S9 fraction while the content of the enzyme was measured by ELISA. The response appeared as early as six hours post exposure. This study also reveled that Oreochromis niloticus exhibits higher values of EROD activity than that of Clarias gariepinus. CYP450 1A1 content showed lower responsiveness when compared to EROD activity measurements. The present study also estimated the inhibitory effect of cadmium on CYP450 1A1 induction. The current results demonstrate that EROD activity reflects contamination of water with benzo-a-pyrene as a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound. Consequently it is a useful biomarker for monitoring this type of pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hassanain
- Veterinary Research Division, National Research Center, Egypt
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25
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Liang Y, Tse MF, Young L, Wong MH. Distribution patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments and fish at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve, Hong Kong. WATER RESEARCH 2007; 41:1303-11. [PMID: 17258265 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Sediment samples were collected monthly from eight shrimp shallow ponds (local name gei wais) from July 2003 to January 2004, and from mangrove swamps and inter-tidal mudflats in July and November 2003, respectively. Fish samples (tilapia) were also collected. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results indicated that under wet season wet deposition and suspended particulates brought in by nearby rivers, such as the Peal River, served as an important source of PAHs entering Mai Po Marshes. Total organic matter in the sediments showed significant correlations (p<0.01) with PAHs in the sediments, mainly due to the mechanism that organic matter such as humic substances increased PAH persistence by binding and occluding PAHs. Except for naphthalene, biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) of the PAHs in tilapia were below 1.7, which may be caused by biotransformation and the lower uptake in fish. In addition, aqueous route dominated accumulation of non-biodegradable PAHs in tilapia because higher levels were detected in larger fish than in smaller ones. A general trend was observed that BSAFs declined with the increase of K(ow) values, which suggested that bioavailability of low K(ow) isomers was high due to higher gill transfer efficiencies (aqueous uptake) in fish but enhanced biotransformation and decreased gut assimilation (dietary uptake) resulted in decreased accumulation of more hydrophobic PAHs (high K(ow)). Lastly, viscera appeared to be a promising tissue for biomonitoring, as it contained much higher concentrations than the muscle (3.5 magnitudes), and the levels in the muscle were significantly correlated with those in the viscera (r2=0.938, p<0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liang
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, PR China.
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26
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Hylland K. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) ecotoxicology in marine ecosystems. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2006; 69:109-23. [PMID: 16291565 DOI: 10.1080/15287390500259327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Low levels of oil and hence polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are naturally present in the marine environment, although levels have increased significantly following human extraction and use of oil and gas. Other major anthropogenic sources of PAHs include smelters, the use of fossil fuels in general, and various methods of waste disposal, especially incineration. There are two major sources for PAHs to marine ecosystems in Norway: the inshore smelter industry, and offshore oil and gas production activities. A distinction is generally made between petrogenic (oil-derived) and pyrogenic (combustion-derived) PAHs. Although petrogenic PAHs appear to be bioavailable to a large extent, pyrogenic PAHs are often associated with soot particles and less available for uptake into organisms. There is extensive evidence linking sediment-associated PAHs to induction of phase-I enzymes, development of DNA adducts, and eventually neoplastic lesions in fish. Most studies have focused on high-molecular-weight, carcinogenic PAHs such as benzo[a]pyrene. It is less clear how two- and three-ring PAHs affect fish, and there is even experimental evidence to indicate that these chemicals may inhibit some components of the phase I system rather than produce induction. There is a need for increased research efforts to clarify biological effects of two- and three-ring PAHs, PAH mixtures, and adaptation processes in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketil Hylland
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.
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27
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Ribeiro CAO, Vollaire Y, Sanchez-Chardi A, Roche H. Bioaccumulation and the effects of organochlorine pesticides, PAH and heavy metals in the Eel (Anguilla anguilla) at the Camargue Nature Reserve, France. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2005; 74:53-69. [PMID: 15967515 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides (organochlorines-OC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals are toxic to fish and may be taken in through gills, skin and contaminated foods. Here we measure concentrations of OC, PAH and heavy metals, and their effects in the eel Anguilla anguilla from three locations in the Camargue Reserve in southern France. The Camargue Biosphere Reserve is the largest coastal wetland in Western Europe, and A. anguilla is a common predator at the top of the food chain. Livers and spleens were analyzed for histopathological, chemical and organo-somatic (HSI and SSI) effects. Gill, liver and spleen samples were collected for histopathological studies. Livers and muscles were sampled for metabolic parameters and persistent organic pollutant analysis. Total lipids were estimated by spectrophotometry and lipid-free residues were used in protein and glycogen analysis. OC pesticides were extracted from lipids of muscles and livers, analyzed by gas chromatography, and PAH from bile were analyzed by fixed wavelength fluorescence spectrofluorimetry. Heavy metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma with optical or with mass spectrometers. High concentrations of contaminants were found in eel tissues. La Capelière had the greatest OC and PAH concentrations; unexpected lesions in gills, livers and spleens were more common at the other sites. Liver and spleen tumors and lipidosis in livers were associated with chronic, and gill lesions with acute exposure. High pesticide and PAH concentrations and lesions in eels from the Camargue reserve demonstrate the contamination of the area. A more complete study in the Camargue reserve is necessary to better understand the impact on wildlife and humans. Also, this study suggests that eel biology must be better understood before continued use of this species as a biomonitor of polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Oliveira Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Biologia Celular Cx., Postal 19031 CEP:81.531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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Goff KF, Hull BE, Grasman KA. Effects of PCB 126 on primary immune organs and thymocyte apoptosis in chicken embryos. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2005; 68:485-500. [PMID: 15799247 DOI: 10.1080/15287390590903720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 126 produce thymic atrophy and immunosuppression. This study explored the hypothesis that the thymic atrophy produced by developmental exposure to PCB 126 is associated with an increase in apoptotic thymocytes at the end of incubation in chicken embryos. Eggs were injected via the air cell with PCB 126 (0.05, 0.13, 0.32, 0.64, and 0.80 ng/g egg) on d 0 of incubation, and tissues were collected on d 20. Controls included noninjected and vehicle-injected (sunflower oil) eggs. Thymocytes were cultured for 6 h and analyzed by flow cytometry for decreased DNA content (propidium iodide staining) and cell size (forward scatter), which indicate apoptosis. PCB 126 induced dose-dependent mortality with an LD50 of 1.01 ng/g and lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC) of 0.32 ng/g. Teratogenic effects commonly associated with TCDD and planar PCBs, including cranial and foot deformities and subcutaneous edema, tended to increase with dose of PCB 126. PCB 126 reduced thymus mass by approximately 20% at 0.64 and 0.8 ng/g, the number of viable thymocytes by approximately 20-24% at and above 0.13 ng/g, and the number of bursal lymphoid cells by 57% at 0.64 ng/g. The percentage of apoptotic thymocytes increased with dose, reaching levels 2 times greater than controls at 0.8 ng/g. Electrophoresis of low-molecular-weight DNA from thymocytes of all doses demonstrated fragments in multiples of 180 bp. This DNA laddering is a hallmark of apoptosis. At all doses, thymocytes exhibited caspase-3 activation, another indicator of apoptosis. The results of this experiment supported the hypothesis that the thymic atrophy produced by developmental exposure to PCB 126 in chicken embryos is associated with an increase in apoptotic thymocytes on embryonic d 20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra F Goff
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biomedical Sciences PhD Program, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
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Carlson EA, Li Y, Zelikoff JT. Benzo[a]pyrene-induced immunotoxicity in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes): relationship between lymphoid CYP1A activity and humoral immune suppression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 201:40-52. [PMID: 15519607 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 04/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to the environmental contaminant benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) results in suppression of immune function in both mammalian and fish species. This laboratory has previously demonstrated that a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of BaP reduced lymphocyte proliferation, phagocyte-mediated superoxide generation, and antibody-forming cell (AFC) numbers in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). The objective of the current study was to determine the role of BaP metabolism in the observed immunosuppression. Results from rodent studies have suggested that BaP elicits its immunotoxic effects via upregulation of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) and the subsequent production of immunosuppressive BaP metabolites. In this study, exposure of medaka to 200 microg BaP/g BW significantly induced CYP1A expression or activity within lymphoid tissue 48 h post-IP injection; induction was observed specifically within distinct subpopulations of kidney mononuclear cells. Concurrent injection of fish with BaP and the CYP1A1 inhibitors alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF) or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) resulted in inhibition of renal EROD activity and amelioration of BaP-induced suppression of medaka AFC numbers. Results of this study suggest that (1) BaP-induced suppression of medaka humoral immunity relies upon the CYP1A-catalyzed production of immunotoxic BaP metabolites and (2) BaP metabolites may be created in situ, directly by specific cells within kidney lymphoid tissue. Thus, apparently, mechanisms involved in BaP-induced immunosuppression have been phylogenetically conserved from fish to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Carlson
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
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Reynaud S, Duchiron C, Deschaux P. 3-Methylcholanthrene induces lymphocyte and phagocyte apoptosis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L) in vitro. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2004; 66:307-318. [PMID: 15129772 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are an important class of environmental pollutant that are known to be carcinogenic and immunotoxic. In mammals it was suggested that PAH compromise the immune system in part through the induction of programed cell death (apoptosis). In fish, no study has reported the importance of this physiological process in PAH-induced immunotoxicity. We have therefore investigated the capacity of 3-methylcholanthrene to induce lymphocyte and phagocyte apoptosis in carp. By three criteria (exposition of phosphatidylserine at the outer cell membrane, chromatin condensation and fragmentation, and decreased cell size) the data indicate that 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) treatment (from 20 to 200 microM) during 24 h produces apoptosis in both lymphocytes and phagocytes. In order to evaluate whether 3-MC induced apoptosis is related to the metabolic activation of 3-MC or 3-MC Ah-R binding, co-exposure experiments with 3-MC and alpha-naphtoflavone (alpha-NF), a compound that inhibits metabolic activation of 3-MC and 3-MC Ah-R binding were performed. While alpha-NF did not prevent 3-MC-induced apoptosis, the compound itself was found to be a strong inducer of apoptosis. There results might indicate that metabolic activation of 3-MC or 3-MC Ah-R binding is not causally linked to apoptosis. However, since 3-MC, alpha-NF and 3-MC + alpha-NF treatments produce the same sustained increase (3 h minimum) in intracellular calcium level, it is possible that this phenomenon is implicated in the induction of programmed cell death by these hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Reynaud
- Laboratory of General and Comparative Immunophysiology, Teaching and Research Unity of Sciences, 123, Av. Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France.
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Carlson EA, Li Y, Zelikoff JT. Exposure of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) to benzo[a]pyrene suppresses immune function and host resistance against bacterial challenge. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2002; 56:289-301. [PMID: 11856577 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(01)00223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Besides being a potent chemical carcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) has also been shown to suppress the immune response of mammals. However, even though BaP is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant to which aquatic species may be directly exposed, information regarding the effects of BaP on the immune system of fish is still lacking. Therefore, laboratory studies were conducted using Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) to examine the effects of BaP on host immune status. A single IP injection of BaP at 2, 20 or 200 microg/g BW had no effect upon medaka survival or condition factors for up to 7 days post-injection. Forty-eight hours after injection of either BaP or the vehicle control, fish were sacrificed and the appropriate organs/cells used to assess effects upon: splenic lymphocyte proliferation; kidney phagocyte intracellular superoxide (*O(2)(-)) production; and, CYP1A protein level/activity. In separate experiments, fish were injected with either sheep red blood cells or the bacterial pathogen Yersinia ruckeri at 48 h post-BaP exposure for later determination of antibody-forming cell (AFC) numbers and bacterial host resistance, respectively. Results demonstrated that in the absence of effects upon host survival or condition factors, a single exposure to a relatively low dose of BaP (2 microg/g BW) significantly suppressed mitogen-stimulated T- and B-lymphocyte proliferation (in the absence of elevated hepatic CYP1A expression/activity). At higher concentrations, BaP also reduced AFC numbers, phagocyte-mediated *O(2)(-) production, and host resistance against bacterial infection. These results clearly demonstrate the ability of BaP to compromise the immune response of fish and indicate the utility of the fish immune response to serve as an early indicator of BaP exposure/effects in exposed feral populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Carlson
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
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Bols NC, Brubacher JL, Ganassin RC, Lee LE. Ecotoxicology and innate immunity in fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 25:853-73. [PMID: 11602200 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the scattered literature on the effects of toxicants on the external and internal innate immunity of fish. Insecticides, heavy metals and surfactants have been the most frequently examined toxicants, whereas dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyls have been tested less frequently. Studies to date have been conducted at the levels of cells in vitro, of fish in the laboratory and microcosms, and also of fish in the field. Among innate immune parameters, phagocyte respiratory burst appears especially sensitive to toxicants. Toxicant-induced alterations in external mucous production have also been observed repeatedly. Field studies have occasionally examined changes to melano-macrophage centers, but the meaning of such changes is not clear. Advances in basic knowledge of fish innate immunity should lead to improvements in monitoring fish health and predicting the impact of toxicants on fish populations, which is a fundamental ecotoxicological goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Faculty of Science, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
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Evans DL, Leary JH, Jaso-Friedmann L. Nonspecific cytotoxic cells and innate immunity: regulation by programmed cell death. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 25:791-805. [PMID: 11602196 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although programmed cell death (PCD) and the cellular pathology of apoptosis have been extensively studied in mammals and invertebrates, little is known regarding these important regulatory processes in cold blooded vertebrates, especially teleost fish. In the present review, select immunoregulatory properties of PCD/apoptosis in nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) from catfish and tilapia were identified. The techniques used to define the characteristics of PCD in NCC were DNA ploidy, Annexin-V binding and cellular morphology. Using these procedures, we determined that the biochemical/genetic changes that NCC undergo during PCD are similar to those described in mammalian cells. We hypothesize that one immediate response of NCC to acute stress in teleost fish is the release of apoptosis regulatory factors (ARF) or stress activated serum factors (SASF) into the peripheral blood. These cytokine-like factors activate NCC by protecting them from initiation of: "activation induced cell death" (AICD); from "receptor induced apoptosis"; and from initiation of dexamethasone induced DNA hypoploidy. We predict that the mechanism of these actions is enhanced NCC recycling capacity and initiation of migration of NCC into sites of inflammation. In this review, studies were also summarized regarding the expression and release of "death and survival proteins" by NCC. Although the survey was not exhaustive, we showed that tilapia NCC that were activated in vitro with SASF contained increased levels of two adaptor proteins (i.e. CAS, FADD) and soluble FasL. At present the relevance of expression of the adaptor proteins by NCC is not known, however, additional evidence for the role of FasL in NCC innate immune responses was presented. Interestingly, NCC contained constitutive cytosolic FasL, and activation with tumor cells caused a significant decrease in the cytoplasmic levels of this "death protein". This indicated that FasL in NCC may function as a secretory cytokine-like molecule. Unlike mammalian NK cells and T-cells, activated NCC do not express membrane FasL. A level of phosphatase regulation of NCC apoptosis was indicated by demonstrating a reduced camptothecin induce DNA hypoploidy by pretreatment of NCC with the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate. This review emphasized the important regulatory functions of PCD/apoptosis for NCC in innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Evans
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Rose WL, French BL, Reichert WL, Faisal M. Persistence of benzo[a]pyrene--DNA adducts in hematopoietic tissues and blood of the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2001; 52:319-328. [PMID: 11239691 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(00)00125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The formation and persistence of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-DNA adducts were investigated in blood, liver and two hematopoietic tissues (anterior kidney and spleen) of the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus). Fish were injected with a single, sublethal dose of B[a]P (12 mg/kg body weight) and sampled from 8 to 96 days post-injection. 32P-Postlabeling analysis and storage phosphor imaging were used to resolve and quantify hydrophobic DNA adducts. One major DNA adduct was present in each of the examined tissues at all sampling times. This adduct had similar chromatographic characteristics to those of the adduct standard, 7R,8S,9S-trihydroxy-10S-(N(2)-deoxyguanosyl-3'-phosphate)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]PDE-dG). Minor DNA adduct spots, representing less than 2% of the total DNA adducts, were observed in some liver, anterior kidney and spleen samples for up to 32 days post-injection. The B[a]P-DNA adducts reached maximal levels at 32 days post-injection and persisted for at least 96 days in all examined tissues. B[a]P-DNA adduct levels were significantly higher in the liver and anterior kidney than in the spleen from 16 to 96 days (P<0.001), although liver and anterior kidney DNA adduct levels were not significantly different at any time. This is the first controlled study to demonstrate the formation and persistence of B[a]P-DNA adducts in hematopoietic tissues and blood of fishes exposed to the prototypical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, B[a]P. Although persistent DNA adducts are generally recognized as potential initiators of carcinogenic processes, adducts in these vital tissues may also lead to disruption of physiological functions such defense mechanisms and hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Rose
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science - School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical induction of apoptosis in cells is believed to contribute to toxicity. Techniques for measuring apoptosis have increased in both sensitivity and number and in many cases can be readily extended to nontraditional research species. A comparison of established assays for measuring apoptosis of lymphoid cells has thus far not been performed in the fish and thus would be efficacious in assessing immunotoxicity. METHODS The present study evaluated chemical-induced immune cell apoptosis in fish (tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to two known immunotoxic chemicals, azathioprine and T-2 toxin. Cytocentrifugation and light microscopy of leukocyte-enriched cell samples from the pronephros (i.e., the fish primary hematopoietic compartment) demonstrated chemical-related increases in apoptotic bodies. This observation was examined further with the ApoAlert Annexin V Apoptosis kit and two DNA-binding dyes employed for detecting apoptosis, 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) and propidium iodide (PI). RESULTS The apoptotic probes confirmed the microscopic observations of increased apoptosis in the chemical-exposed fish. The ApoAlerttrade mark annexin V and 7-AAD assays, which discriminate early and late apoptosis/necrosis, compared well in identifying apoptotic populations. PI staining in Vindelov's solution was unable to detect early apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The present data suggest that apoptotic immune cells may be a useful marker for certain immunotoxicant exposures in fish. These findings agree with those of previous reports that fish may respond immunologically in a manner similar to mammals after immunotoxicant challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Gogal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0342, USA.
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