1
|
Normann SS, Beck IH, Nielsen F, Andersen MS, Bilenberg N, Jensen TK, Andersen HR. Prenatal exposure to pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos and IQ in 7-year-old children from the Odense Child Cohort. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2024; 103:107352. [PMID: 38636567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphates and pyrethroids are two major groups of insecticides used for crop protection worldwide. They are neurotoxicants and exposure during vulnerable windows of brain development may have long-term impact on human neurodevelopment. Only few longitudinal studies have investigated associations between prenatal exposure to these substances and intelligence quotient (IQ) at school age in populations with low, mainly dietary, exposure. OBJECTIVE To investigate associations between maternal urinary concentrations of insecticide metabolites at gestational week 28 and IQ in offspring at 7-years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data was derived from the Odense Child Cohort (OCC). Metabolites of chlorpyrifos (TCPy) and pyrethroids (3-PBA, cis- and trans-DCCA, 4-F-3PBA, cis-DBCA) were measured in maternal urine collected at gestational week (GW) 28. An abbreviated version of the Danish Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children fifth edition (WISC-V) consisting of four subtests to estimate full scale IQ (FSIQ) was administered by trained psychologists. Data were analyzed by use of multiple linear regression and adjusted for confounders. RESULTS 812 mother/child-pairs were included. Median concentrations were 0.21 μg/L for 3-PBA, 1.67 μg/L for TCPy and the mean IQ for children were 99.4. Null association between maternal 3-PBA and child IQ at 7 years was seen, but with trends suggesting an inverse association. There was a significant association for maternal TCPy and child IQ at mid-level exposure. Trans-DCCA above the level of detection (LOD) was also associated with slightly lower child IQ, but the association was also not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS We found no significant associations between maternal 3-PBA metabolites and child IQ at 7 years, but with trends suggesting an inverse association. A non-significant trend between maternal TCPy exposure and child IQ in 7-year-children was seen even in this low exposed population. Given the widespread exposure and increasing use of insecticides, this should be elaborated in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stine Søgaard Normann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Iben Have Beck
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Flemming Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Bilenberg
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mental Health Services in Region of Southern Denmark, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; OPEN Patient data Explorative Network, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle Raun Andersen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
López-Merino E, Cuartero MI, Esteban JA, Briz V. Perinatal exposure to pesticides alters synaptic plasticity signaling and induces behavioral deficits associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2089-2111. [PMID: 35137321 PMCID: PMC10547633 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence from animal and epidemiological studies indicates that perinatal exposure to pesticides cause developmental neurotoxicity and may increase the risk for psychiatric disorders such as autism and intellectual disability. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain largely elusive. This work was aimed at testing the hypothesis that developmental exposure to different classes of pesticides hijacks intracellular neuronal signaling contributing to synaptic and behavioral alterations associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). Low concentrations of organochlorine (dieldrin, endosulfan, and chlordane) and organophosphate (chlorpyrifos and its oxon metabolite) pesticides were chronically dosed ex vivo (organotypic rat hippocampal slices) or in vivo (perinatal exposure in rats), and then biochemical, electrophysiological, behavioral, and proteomic studies were performed. All the pesticides tested caused prolonged activation of MAPK/ERK pathway in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, some of them impaired metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression (mGluR-LTD). In the case of the pesticide chlordane, the effect was attributed to chronic modulation of MAPK/ERK signaling. These synaptic alterations were reproduced following developmental in vivo exposure to chlordane and chlorpyrifos-oxon, and were also associated with prototypical behavioral phenotypes of NDD, including impaired motor development, increased anxiety, and social and memory deficits. Lastly, proteomic analysis revealed that these pesticides differentially regulate the expression of proteins in the hippocampus with pivotal roles in brain development and synaptic signaling, some of which are associated with NDD. Based on these results, we propose a novel mechanism of synaptic dysfunction, involving chronic overactivation of MAPK and impaired mGluR-LTD, shared by different pesticides which may have important implications for NDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - María I Cuartero
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Esteban
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Víctor Briz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ireland D, Rabeler C, Gong T, Collins EMS. Bioactivation and detoxification of organophosphorus pesticides in freshwater planarians shares similarities with humans. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3233-3243. [PMID: 36173421 PMCID: PMC10729609 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are a chemically diverse class of insecticides that inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Many OPs require bioactivation to their active oxon form via cytochrome P450 to effectively inhibit AChE. OP toxicity can be mitigated by detoxification reactions performed by carboxylesterase and paraoxonase. The relative extent of bioactivation to detoxification varies among individuals and between species, leading to differential susceptibility to OP toxicity. Because of these species differences, it is imperative to characterize OP metabolism in model systems used to assess OP toxicity. We have shown that the asexual freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica is a suitable model to assess OP neurotoxicity and developmental neurotoxicity via rapid, automated testing of adult and developing organisms in parallel using morphological and behavioral endpoints. D. japonica has two cholinesterase enzymes with intermediate properties between AChE and butyrylcholinesterase that are sensitive to OP inhibition. Here, we demonstrate that D. japonica contains the major OP metabolic machinery to be a relevant model for OP neurotoxicity studies. Adult and regenerating D. japonica can bioactivate chlorpyrifos and diazinon into their respective oxons. Significant AChE inhibition was only observed after in vivo metabolic activation but not when the parent OPs were directly added to planarian homogenate using the same concentrations and timing. Using biochemical assays, we found that D. japonica has both carboxylesterase (24 nmol/(min*mg protein)) and paraoxonase (60 pmol/(min*mg protein)) activity. We show that planarian carboxylesterase activity is distinct from cholinesterase activity using benzil and tacrine. These results further support the use of D. japonica for OP toxicity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - TaiXi Gong
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Eva-Maria S Collins
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ireland D, Zhang S, Bochenek V, Hsieh JH, Rabeler C, Meyer Z, Collins EMS. Differences in neurotoxic outcomes of organophosphorus pesticides revealed via multi-dimensional screening in adult and regenerating planarians. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:948455. [PMID: 36267428 PMCID: PMC9578561 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.948455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are a chemically diverse class of commonly used insecticides. Epidemiological studies suggest that low dose chronic prenatal and infant exposures can lead to life-long neurological damage and behavioral disorders. While inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the shared mechanism of acute OP neurotoxicity, OP-induced developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) can occur independently and/or in the absence of significant AChE inhibition, implying that OPs affect alternative targets. Moreover, different OPs can cause different adverse outcomes, suggesting that different OPs act through different mechanisms. These findings emphasize the importance of comparative studies of OP toxicity. Freshwater planarians are an invertebrate system that uniquely allows for automated, rapid and inexpensive testing of adult and developing organisms in parallel to differentiate neurotoxicity from DNT. Effects found only in regenerating planarians would be indicative of DNT, whereas shared effects may represent neurotoxicity. We leverage this unique feature of planarians to investigate potential differential effects of OPs on the adult and developing brain by performing a comparative screen to test 7 OPs (acephate, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, diazinon, malathion, parathion and profenofos) across 10 concentrations in quarter-log steps. Neurotoxicity was evaluated using a wide range of quantitative morphological and behavioral readouts. AChE activity was measured using an Ellman assay. The toxicological profiles of the 7 OPs differed across the OPs and between adult and regenerating planarians. Toxicological profiles were not correlated with levels of AChE inhibition. Twenty-two "mechanistic control compounds" known to target pathways suggested in the literature to be affected by OPs (cholinergic neurotransmission, serotonin neurotransmission, endocannabinoid system, cytoskeleton, adenyl cyclase and oxidative stress) and 2 negative controls were also screened. When compared with the mechanistic control compounds, the phenotypic profiles of the different OPs separated into distinct clusters. The phenotypic profiles of adult vs. regenerating planarians exposed to the OPs clustered differently, suggesting some developmental-specific mechanisms. These results further support findings in other systems that OPs cause different adverse outcomes in the (developing) brain and build the foundation for future comparative studies focused on delineating the mechanisms of OP neurotoxicity in planarians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Ireland
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Veronica Bochenek
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Christina Rabeler
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Zane Meyer
- Department of Engineering, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States,Department of Computer Science, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Eva-Maria S. Collins
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States,Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Eva-Maria S. Collins,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu P, Li H, Vinturache A, Tian Y, Pan C, Hu Y, Gao Y, Liu Z, Ding G. Urinary organophosphate metabolite concentrations and birth sizes among women conceiving through in vitro fertilization in Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113019. [PMID: 35240114 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the adverse birth sizes of preconception exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPs) in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). OBJECTIVES We investigated the relationship of preconception OP exposure with birth sizes among Chinese women undergoing IVF. METHODS This study included 302 couples seeking infertility treatment in the China National Birth Cohort Study, from Shanghai, China, who gave birth to singleton infants between 2018 and 2021. Clinical data were collected from medical records. We measured the concentrations of six nonspecific dialkyl phosphates (DAP) metabolites of OPs [diethylthiophosphate (DETP), diethylphosphate (DEP), diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP), dimethyldithiophosphate (DMTP), dimethylphosphate (DMP), and dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP)] in maternal urine. DMDTP and DEDTP were precluded from further analyses due to the low detection rates. Generalized linear models (GLMs) and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression analyses were performed to examine the individual and joint effects of OP exposures on gestational age, birth weight, body length, and ponderal index. Odder ratio (OR) of preterm birth were estimated using logistic regression models. RESULTS Women in the highest as compared with lowest quartile of DEP had shorter gestational age (β = - 0.68; 95% CI = -1.24, -0.11). The association was modified by sex, with boys showing larger decreases in gestational age (β = - 0.86; 95% CI = -1.60, -0.13). No associations were found between other DAP metabolites and birth sizes. Results from linear models with individual DAP metabolites were corroborated by the WQS regression where DEP had the largest contribution to the overall mixture effect on gestational age (weight = 0.70). Moreover, DEP concentration was associated with an elevated risk of preterm birth (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.11, 2.25). CONCLUSION Preconception DEP concentration was associated with shortened gestational age and increased risk of preterm birth, and the association was more pronounced among boys than girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hong Li
- Departments of Nursing, International Peace Maternity and Children Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Angela Vinturache
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chengyu Pan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi Hu
- Center for Medical Bioinformatics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Departments of Neonatology, International Peace Maternity and Children Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guodong Ding
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hassanzadeh-Afruzi F, Maleki A, Zare EN. Efficient remediation of chlorpyrifos pesticide from contaminated water by superparamagnetic adsorbent based on Arabic gum-grafted-polyamidoxime. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 203:445-456. [PMID: 35114272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel organic/inorganic biosorbent hydrogel nanocomposite based on Arabic Gum-grafted-polyamidoxime and CuFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles (AG-g-PAO/CuFe2O4) was prepared in three steps. The prepared hydrogel nanocomposite was well characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), CHN, zeta potential, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses. The adsorption efficiency of the AG-g-PAO/CuFe2O4 for removing an organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) (chlorpyrifos) from aqueous solutions was studied. Effect of different experimental conditions such as the pH of the solution, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial concentration on adsorption efficiency was evaluated. The experimental adsorption data described well by the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) of the prepared biosorbent for chlorpyrifos was found 769.23 mg/g. The adsorption kinetic data were well fitted by the pseudo-second-order model. It was suggested that the chlorpyrifos was adsorbed onto AG-g-PAO/CuFe2O4 hydrogel biosorbent mainly through electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. The result of adsorption-desorption experiments revealed that the AG-g-PAO/CuFe2O4 can be excellently regenerated and reused after three sequential runs without a considerable decline in its adsorption performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fereshte Hassanzadeh-Afruzi
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Ali Maleki
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Balalian AA, Liu X, Herbstman JB, Daniel S, Whyatt R, Rauh V, Calafat AM, Wapner R, Factor-Litvak P. Prenatal exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides and the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and size at birth in urban pregnant women. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111539. [PMID: 34174256 PMCID: PMC8478820 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate insecticides and the herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) are used to protect crops or control weeds. Pyrethroids are used to manage pests both in agriculture and in residences, and to reduce the transmission of insect-borne diseases. Several studies have reported inverse associations between exposure to organophosphates (as a larger class) and birth outcomes but these associations have not been conclusive for pyrethroids or 2,4-D, specifically. We aimed to investigate the association between birth outcomes and urinary biomarkers of pyrethroids, organophosphates and 2,4-D among healthy pregnant women living in New York City. METHODS We quantified urinary biomarkers of 2,4-D and of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides from 269 women from two cohorts: a) Thyroid Disruption And Infant Development (TDID) and b) Sibling/Hermanos cohort (S/H). We used weighted quantile sum regression and multivariable linear regression models to evaluate the associations between a mixture of urinary creatinine-adjusted biomarker concentrations and birth outcomes of length, birthweight and head circumference, controlling for covariates. We also used linear regression models and further classified biomarkers concentrations into three categories (i: non-detectable; ii: between the limit of detection and median; and iii: above the median) to investigate single pesticides' association with these birth outcomes. Covariates considered were delivery mode, ethnicity, marital status, education, income, employment status, gestational age, maternal age and pre-pregnancy BMI. Analyses were conducted separately for each cohort and stratified by child sex within each cohort. RESULTS In TDID cohort, we found a significant inverse association between weighted quantile sum of mixture of pesticides and head circumference among boys. We found that the urinary biomarkers of organophosphate chlorpyrifos, TCPy, and 2,4-D had the largest contribution to the overall mixture effect in the TDID cohort among boys (b = -0.57, 95%CI: -0.92, -0.22) (weights = 0.81 and 0.16 respectively) but not among girls. In the multivariable linear regression models, we found that among boys, for each log unit increase in 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy, metabolite of organophosphate chlorpyrifos) in maternal urine, there was a -0.56 cm decrease in head circumference (95%CI: -0.92, -0.19). Among boys in the TDID cohort, 2,4-D was associated with smaller head circumference in the second (b = -1.57; 95%CI: -2.74, -0.39) and third (b = -1.74, 95%CI: -2.98, -0.49) concentration categories compared to the first. No associations between pyrethroid and organophosphate biomarkers and birth outcomes were observed in girls analyzed in WQS regression or individually in linear regression models in TDID cohort. In the S/H cohort, head circumference increased with higher concentrations of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA, a biomarker of several pyrethroids) (b = 0.53, 95%CI: 0.03, 1.04) among boys and head circumference was lower among girls in the high compared to low category of 2,4-D (b = -2.27, 95%CI: - 3.98, -0.56). Birth length was also positively associated with the highest concentration of 2,4-D compared to the lowest among boys (b = 4.01, 95%CI: 0.02,8.00). CONCLUSIONS Weighted quantile sum of pesticides was negatively associated with head circumference among boys in one cohort. Nonetheless, due to directional homogeneity assumption in WQS no positive associations were detected. In linear regression models with individual pesticides, concentrations of TCPy were inversely associated with head circumference in boys and higher concentrations of 2,4-D was inversely associated with head circumference among girls; 2,4-D concentrations were also associated with higher birth length among boys. Concentrations of 3-PBA was positively associated with head circumference among boys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arin A Balalian
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julie B Herbstman
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sharon Daniel
- Department of Public Health, Israel; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Clalit Health Services, Southern District, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Robin Whyatt
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Virginia Rauh
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ronald Wapner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Osman KA, Ezz El-Din EM, Ahmed NS, El-Seedy AS. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on attenuation of chlropyrifos and its methyl analogue toxicity in male rats. Toxicology 2021; 461:152904. [PMID: 34425170 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The attenuating effect of 150 mg/kg of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against the oral administration of 7.88 and 202.07 mg/kg/day for 14 days of either chlropyrifos-ethyl (CPE-E) or chlropyrifos-methyl (CPF-M), respectively, in male rat was investigated using biochemical and genetic markers. Biomarkers such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), paraoxonase (PON), adenosine 5'-triphosphatase (ATP-ase), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), glutathione reduced (GSH) in serum showed a significant decline in their levels, while calcium (Ca+2), cytochrome C reduction (CYC-R), lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO) levels showed a significant increase in serum of treated rats. Regarding the genotoxic parameters, when rats are treated either with CPE-E or CPF-M, liver DNA, chromosomal aberration (CA), and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MnPCE) significantly increased, while the mitotic index (MI) and polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE)/ normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) ratio were significantly decreased. However, the administration of NAC following the intoxication of CPF-E or CPF-M attenuated the tested biochemical and genotoxic markers. It can be concluded that NAC can be used to ameliorate the toxicity of certain organophosphorus compounds such as CPF-E and CPF-M.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled A Osman
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Eslam M Ezz El-Din
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Nabila S Ahmed
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Ayman S El-Seedy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, P.O Box 21545, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Perez-Fernandez C, Morales-Navas M, Guardia-Escote L, Colomina MT, Giménez E, Sánchez Santed F. Pesticides and aging: Preweaning exposure to Chlorpyrifos induces a general hypomotricity state in late-adult rats. Neurotoxicology 2021; 86:69-77. [PMID: 34274376 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The molecular and behavioral effects of the developmental exposure to low doses of Chlorpyrifos (CPF) have been intensively studied in young (neonates and adolescents), and adult animals. However, no study examined influences of developmental CPF exposure in older adult or geriatric rats. This is relevant as such ages are generally linked to cognitive decline and the onset of specific neurodegenerative disorders, some of them previously associated with CPF exposure in both preclinical and human studies. 1 mg/kg/mL of CPF was orally administered to both male and female Wistar rats from Postnatal day 10 to 15. Animals' spatial memory, learning, compulsivity, motricity, and anxiety were analyzed with Morris Water Maze (15-16 months of age) and the Plus-maze (at 18 months of age). Results showed that postnatal CPF exposure did not alter either spatial memory, compulsive-like behaviors, or anxiety levels in late-adult rats. However, CPF exposed rats were hyposensitive to brief disruptions (Probe stage) following the learning phase and showed a general decrease in locomotor activity in both paradigms. These data are relevant as it is the first time that developmental exposure to CPF has been studied at such a late age, observing important effects in locomotor activity that could be linked to specific pathologies previously associated with CPF effects in people. Future studies should extend these findings to other behaviors and molecular outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Perez-Fernandez
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), Laboratory of Psychobiology, University of Almería CeiA3, 04120, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain.
| | - Miguel Morales-Navas
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), Laboratory of Psychobiology, University of Almería CeiA3, 04120, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain.
| | - Laia Guardia-Escote
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Carretera de Valls, s/n, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - María Teresa Colomina
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Carretera de Valls, s/n, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Estela Giménez
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - Fernando Sánchez Santed
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), Laboratory of Psychobiology, University of Almería CeiA3, 04120, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Phillips S, Suarez-Torres J, Checkoway H, Lopez-Paredes D, Gahagan S, Suarez-Lopez JR. Acetylcholinesterase activity and thyroid hormone levels in Ecuadorian adolescents living in agricultural settings where organophosphate pesticides are used. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 233:113691. [PMID: 33581413 PMCID: PMC7965258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphates are frequently applied insecticides that inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity resulting in cholinergic overstimulation. Limited evidence suggests that organophosphates may alter thyroid hormone levels, although studies have yielded inconsistent findings. We aimed to test the associations between AChE activity, a physiological marker of organophosphate exposure, and thyroid function in adolescents. METHODS We included information of 80 adolescent participants (ages 12-17y in 2016, 53% male) growing up in agricultural settings in Ecuador. We measured fingerstick erythrocytic AChE activity and hemoglobin concentration, and concurrent serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free-T4 (fT4) concentrations. General linear models were used to test associations which adjusted for demographic and anthropometric variables. TSH associations were further adjusted for fT4. RESULTS The mean (SD) AChE, TSH and fT4 levels were 3.77 U/mL (0.55), 2.82 μIU/ml (1.49) and 1.11 ng/dl (0.13), respectively. Lower AChE activity, indicating greater organophosphate exposure, was marginally associated with greater fT4 concentrations (difference per SD decrease in AChE activity (β) = 0.03 ng/dL, [90% CI: 0.00, 0.06]) but not with TSH (β = -0.01 μIU/ml, [-0.38, 0.36]). Gender modified the AChE-TSH association (p = 0.03). In girls, lower AChE activity was associated with higher fT4 levels (β=0.05 ng/dL [0.01, 0.10]) and lower TSH concentrations (β = -0.51 μIU/ml, [-1.00, -0.023]). No associations were observed in boys. DISCUSSION These cross-sectional findings suggest that alterations in the cholinergic system from organophosphate exposures can increase fT4 levels coupled with a beyond-compensatory downregulation of TSH in female adolescents. This is the first study to characterize these associations in adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Phillips
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Harvey Checkoway
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Sheila Gahagan
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jose Ricardo Suarez-Lopez
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Echeverri-Jaramillo G, Jaramillo-Colorado B, Sabater-Marco C, Castillo-López MÁ. Cytotoxic and estrogenic activity of chlorpyrifos and its metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. Study of marine yeasts as potential toxicity indicators. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:104-117. [PMID: 33249537 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CP) is one of the organophosphate insecticides most used worldwide today. Although the main target organ for CP is the nervous system triggering predominantly neurotoxic effects, it has suggested other mechanisms of action as cytotoxicity and endocrine disruption. The risk posed by the pesticide metabolites on non-target organisms is increasingly recognized by regulatory agencies and natural resource managers. In the present study, cytotoxicity and estrogenic activity of CP, and its principal metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) have been evaluated by in vitro assays, using two mammalian cell lines (HEK293 and N2a), and a recombinant yeast. Results indicate that TCP is more toxic than CP for the two cell lines assayed, being N2a cells more sensitive to both compounds. Both compounds show a similar estrogenic activity being between 2500 and 3000 times less estrogenic than 17β-estradiol. In order to find new toxicity measurement models, yeasts isolated from marine sediments containing CP residues have been tested against CP and TCP by cell viability assay. Of the 12 yeast strains tested, 6 of them showed certain sensitivity, and a concentration-dependent response to the tested compounds, so they could be considered as future models for toxicity tests, although further investigations and proves are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Echeverri-Jaramillo
- Grupo de Investigación Microbiología y Ambiente, GIMA. Programa de Bacteriología, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Cartagena, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigaciones Agroquímicas, GIA. Programa de Química, Universidad de Cartagena, 130014, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Beatriz Jaramillo-Colorado
- Grupo de Investigaciones Agroquímicas, GIA. Programa de Química, Universidad de Cartagena, 130014, Cartagena, Colombia.
| | - Consuelo Sabater-Marco
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022, Valencia, España
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Berg EL, Ching TM, Bruun DA, Rivera JK, Careaga M, Ellegood J, Lerch JP, Wöhr M, Lein PJ, Silverman JL. Translational outcomes relevant to neurodevelopmental disorders following early life exposure of rats to chlorpyrifos. J Neurodev Disord 2020; 12:40. [PMID: 33327943 PMCID: PMC7745485 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-020-09342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including intellectual disability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), are pervasive, lifelong disorders for which pharmacological interventions are not readily available. Substantial increases in the prevalence of NDDs over a relatively short period may not be attributed solely to genetic factors and/or improved diagnostic criteria. There is now a consensus that multiple genetic loci combined with environmental risk factors during critical periods of neurodevelopment influence NDD susceptibility and symptom severity. Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides have been identified as potential environmental risk factors. Epidemiological studies suggest that children exposed prenatally to the OP pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) have significant mental and motor delays and strong positive associations for the development of a clinical diagnosis of intellectual delay or disability, ADHD, or ASD. METHODS We tested the hypothesis that developmental CPF exposure impairs behavior relevant to NDD phenotypes (i.e., deficits in social communication and repetitive, restricted behavior). Male and female rat pups were exposed to CPF at 0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg (s.c.) from postnatal days 1-4. RESULTS These CPF doses did not significantly inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity in the blood or brain but significantly impaired pup ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) in both sexes. Social communication in juveniles via positive affiliative 50-kHz USV playback was absent in females exposed to CPF at 0.3 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg. In contrast, this CPF exposure paradigm had no significant effect on gross locomotor abilities or contextual and cued fear memory. Ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging largely found no differences between the CPF-exposed rats and the corresponding vehicle controls using strict false discovery correction; however, there were interesting trends in females in the 0.3 mg/kg dose group. CONCLUSIONS This work generated and characterized a rat model of developmental CPF exposure that exhibits adverse behavioral phenotypes resulting from perinatal exposures at levels that did not significantly inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain or blood. These data suggest that current regulations regarding safe levels of CPF need to be reconsidered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Berg
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Tianna M Ching
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Donald A Bruun
- MIND Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Josef K Rivera
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Milo Careaga
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Ellegood
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Markus Wöhr
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Pamela J Lein
- MIND Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jill L Silverman
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gestational exposures to organophosphorus insecticides: From acute poisoning to developmental neurotoxicity. Neuropharmacology 2020; 180:108271. [PMID: 32814088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For over three-quarters of a century, organophosphorus (OP) insecticides have been ubiquitously used in agricultural, residential, and commercial settings and in public health programs to mitigate insect-borne diseases. Their broad-spectrum insecticidal effectiveness is accounted for by the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that catalyzes acetylcholine (ACh) hydrolysis, in the nervous system of insects. However, because AChE is evolutionarily conserved, OP insecticides are also toxic to mammals, including humans, and acute OP intoxication remains a major public health concern in countries where OP insecticide usage is poorly regulated. Environmental exposures to OP levels that are generally too low to cause marked inhibition of AChE and to trigger acute signs of intoxication, on the other hand, represent an insidious public health issue worldwide. Gestational exposures to OP insecticides are particularly concerning because of the exquisite sensitivity of the developing brain to these insecticides. The present article overviews and discusses: (i) the health effects and therapeutic management of acute OP poisoning during pregnancy, (ii) epidemiological studies examining associations between environmental OP exposures during gestation and health outcomes of offspring, (iii) preclinical evidence that OP insecticides are developmental neurotoxicants, and (iv) potential mechanisms underlying the developmental neurotoxicity of OP insecticides. Understanding how gestational exposures to different levels of OP insecticides affect pregnancy and childhood development is critical to guiding implementation of preventive measures and direct research aimed at identifying effective therapeutic interventions that can limit the negative impact of these exposures on public health.
Collapse
|
14
|
Silva MH. Effects of low‐dose chlorpyrifos on neurobehavior and potential mechanisms: A review of studies in rodents, zebrafish, and
Caenorhabditis elegans. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:445-479. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn H. Silva
- Retired from a career in regulatory toxicology and risk assessment
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hawkey AB, Glazer L, Dean C, Wells CN, Odamah KA, Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ, Levin ED. Adult exposure to insecticides causes persistent behavioral and neurochemical alterations in zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2020; 78:106853. [PMID: 31911208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2019.106853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Farmers are often chronically exposed to insecticides, which may present health risks including increased risk of neurobehavioral impairment during adulthood and across aging. Experimental animal studies complement epidemiological studies to help determine the cause-and-effect relationship between chronic adult insecticide exposure and behavioral dysfunction. With the zebrafish model, we examined short and long-term neurobehavioral effects of exposure to either an organochlorine insecticide, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) or an organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF). Adult fish were exposed continuously for either two or 5 weeks (10-30 nM DDT, 0.3-3 μM CPF), with short- and long-term effects assessed at 1-week post-exposure and at 14 months of age respectively. The behavioral test battery included tests of locomotor activity, tap startle, social behavior, anxiety, predator avoidance and learning. Long-term effects on neurochemical indices of cholinergic function were also assessed. Two weeks of DDT exposure had only slight effects on locomotor activity, while a longer five-week exposure led to hypoactivity and increased anxiety-like diving responses and predator avoidance at 1-week post-exposure. When tested at 14 months of age, these fish showed hypoactivity and increased startle responses. Cholinergic function was not found to be significantly altered by DDT. The two-week CPF exposure led to reductions in anxiety-like diving and increases in shoaling responses at the 1-week time point, but these effects did not persist through 14 months of age. Nevertheless, there were persistent decrements in cholinergic presynaptic activity. A five-week CPF exposure led to long-term effects including locomotor hyperactivity and impaired predator avoidance at 14 months of age, although no effects were apparent at the 1-week time point. These studies documented neurobehavioral effects of adult exposure to chronic doses of either organochlorine or organophosphate pesticides that can be characterized in zebrafish. Zebrafish provide a low-cost model that has a variety of advantages for mechanistic studies and may be used to expand our understanding of neurobehavioral toxicity in adulthood, including the potential for such toxicity to influence behavior and development during aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Hawkey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lilah Glazer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Cassandra Dean
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Corinne N Wells
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kathryn-Ann Odamah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Frederic J Seidler
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Perez-Fernandez C, Morales-Navas M, Guardia-Escote L, Garrido-Cárdenas JA, Colomina MT, Giménez E, Sánchez-Santed F. Long-term effects of low doses of Chlorpyrifos exposure at the preweaning developmental stage: A locomotor, pharmacological, brain gene expression and gut microbiome analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 135:110865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
17
|
Farkhondeh T, Amirabadizadeh A, Samarghandian S, Mehrpour O. Impact of chlorpyrifos on blood glucose concentration in an animal model: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:2474-2481. [PMID: 31848960 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07229-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide, disturbs blood glucose hemostasis in experimental models and causes metabolic disorders. However, there are controversial findings of its impact on the BS level. The present meta-analysis aimed to investigate blood gluocse levels in rats exposed to chlorpyrifos. Present systematic review and meta-analysis study was done by searching in the online databases, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. Data were analyzed by performing "random effects meta-regression." Findings were expressed as standardized mean value and 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using I-square and Q test. Meta-analysis of 7 animal studies indicated the dose-dependence manner of chlorpyrifos exposure on the blood glucose levels. The subgroup analysis indicated that exposure to low doses of chlorpyrifos significantly increased the blood glucose levels in exposed animals versus the nonexposed (0.11; 95% CI: - 1.14, 1.36, z = 2.25, p = 0.03, I2 = 90.1%, p < 0.001) and high doses markedly decreased blood glucose levels in exposed rats versus the nonexposed (7.34; 95%CI: - 9.35, - 5.32, z = 6.41, p < 0.001, I2 = 96.9%, p < 0.001). The random effects and pooled analysis indicated that the blood glucose levels were 4.22-fold lower in exposed animals versus the nonexposed ones (95% CI: - 5.59,- 2.85; Z = 3.97; p < 0.001); therefore, heterogeneity was significant (I2 = 96.5%, p < 0.001). The present finding indicated the association between chlorpyrifos exposure and a decrease in blood glucose levels. However, more studies should be designed to clarify this effect of chlorpyrifos exposure on blood glucose levels and involved mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Alireza Amirabadizadeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Omid Mehrpour
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Safety, Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
APOE genetic background and sex confer different vulnerabilities to postnatal chlorpyrifos exposure and modulate the response to cholinergic drugs. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
19
|
Gestational and perinatal exposure to diazinon causes long-lasting neurobehavioral consequences in the rat. Toxicology 2019; 429:152327. [PMID: 31704166 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diazinon is a widely-used organophosphate pesticide. Pulsatile exposure to diazinon during neonatal development has previously been shown cause long-term neurobehavioral impairments in rats. However, the effects of chronic low concentration exposures during perinatal development remain unclear. This experiment evaluated such effects in Sprague-Dawley rats by implanting osmotic pumps in breeder females prior to conception (N = 13-15 litters per condition) which then delivered chronic, zero order kinetic low-level infusions of 0, 114 or 228 ug/day of diazinon throughout pregnancy. One male and one female from each litter was assessed with a battery of behavioral tests that continued from four weeks of age into adulthood. Litter was used as the unit of variance for the analysis of variance test of significance, with sex as a within litter factor. Diazinon treatment condition was the between subjects factor and time or sessions were repeated measures. Chronic diazinon exposure from pre-mating until the neonatal period caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in percent of time spent on the open arms of the elevated plus maze, an index of risk-taking behavior. Gestational and lactational diazinon exposure also caused a significant (p < 0.05) degree of hyperactivity in the Figure-8 apparatus during adolescence, specifically affecting the early part of the hour-long test session. This effect had dissipated by the time the rats reached adulthood. Diazinon exposure also caused a significant impairment in novel object recognition, a test of cognitive function. Offspring exposed to 228 ug/day diazinon (p < 0.05) showed significantly less preference for the novel vs. familiar object than controls during the first five minutes of the novel object recognition test.
Collapse
|
20
|
Suarez-Lopez JR, Hood N, Suárez-Torres J, Gahagan S, Gunnar MR, López-Paredes D. Associations of acetylcholinesterase activity with depression and anxiety symptoms among adolescents growing up near pesticide spray sites. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:981-990. [PMID: 31202795 PMCID: PMC6679983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cholinergic system has an important role in mood regulation. Cholinesterase inhibitor pesticides (e.g. organophosphates) appear to increase depression and anxiety symptoms in the few existing animal and human studies. Human studies have not described such associations using biomarkers of exposure and studies among children are needed. METHODS We studied 529 adolescents (ages 11-17y) in agricultural communities in the Ecuadorian Andes (ESPINA study). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in a finger-stick sample. Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed using the CDI-2 and MASC-2 (greater scores reflect greater internalizing symptoms). Models adjusted for age, gender, hemoglobin, income among others. RESULTS The median age was 14.38y and 51% were female. The mean (SD) of the following parameters were: AChE 3.7 U/mL (0.55), depression T-score 53.0 (9.4) and anxiety T-score: 57.6 (9.8). Lower AChE activity (reflecting greater cholinesterase inhibitor exposure) was associated with higher depression symptoms (difference per SD decrease of AChE [β [95% CI:]]: 1.09 [0.02, 2.16]), was stronger among girls (β = 1.61) than boys (β = 0.69), and among younger (<14.38y, β = 1.61) vs. older children (β = 0.57). The associations were strongest among girls <14.38y (β = 3.30 [0.54, 6.05], OR for elevated symptoms per SD decrease in AChE = 2.58 [1.26, 5.27]). No associations were observed with anxiety scores. Analyses of AChE change between 2008 and 2016 concurred with these findings. DISCUSSION We observed associations between a biomarker of pesticide exposure and children's depression symptoms. Lower AChE activity may create risk for depression in teenagers, particularly among girls during early adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Naomi Hood
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | | | - Sheila Gahagan
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Guo J, Zhang J, Wu C, Lv S, Lu D, Qi X, Jiang S, Feng C, Yu H, Liang W, Chang X, Zhang Y, Xu H, Cao Y, Wang G, Zhou Z. Associations of prenatal and childhood chlorpyrifos exposure with Neurodevelopment of 3-year-old children. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:538-546. [PMID: 31108286 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphate insecticide, has been linked to adverse neurodevelopmental effects in animal studies. However, little is known about long-term neurotoxicity of early-life CPF exposure in humans. We aimed to evaluate the associations of both prenatal and early childhood CPF exposure with neurodevelopment of children. In this observational study based on Sheyang Mini Birth Cohort, pregnant women were recruited from an agricultural region between June 2009 and January 2010, and their children were followed up from birth to age three. Urinary 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), a specific metabolite of CPF, was quantified using large-volume-injection gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Developmental quotients (DQs) of children in motor, adaptive, language, and social areas were assessed by trained pediatricians. Data from 377 mother-child pairs were used in the current study. Associations between CPF exposure and neurodevelopmental indicators were estimated using generalized linear models with adjustment for potential confounders. The median concentrations of TCPy in maternal and children's urine were 5.39 μg/L and 5.34 μg/L, respectively. No statistically significant association was found between maternal urinary TCPy concentrations and children neurodevelopment. While for postnatal exposure, we found lower motor area DQ score 0.61 [95% confidence interval (CI): -1.13, -0.09; p = 0.02] and social area DQ score 0.55 (95% CI: -1.07, -0.03; p = 0.04) per one-unit increase in the ln-transformed childhood urinary TCPy concentrations. Further stratification by sex indicated that the inverse associations were only observed in boys, but not in girls. Our findings suggest that adverse neurodevelopmental effects were associated with early childhood CPF exposure, but not prenatal exposure. Additional longitudinal studies are needed to replicate these results and to further understand the toxicological mechanisms of CPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiu Guo
- School of Public Health/ Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/ Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of National Health Commission, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiming Zhang
- School of Public Health/ Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/ Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of National Health Commission, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunhua Wu
- School of Public Health/ Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/ Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of National Health Commission, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shenliang Lv
- School of Public Health/ Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/ Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of National Health Commission, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dasheng Lu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Xiaojuan Qi
- School of Public Health/ Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/ Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of National Health Commission, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399, Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- School of Public Health/ Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/ Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of National Health Commission, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Haixing Yu
- School of Public Health/ Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/ Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of National Health Commission, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weijiu Liang
- Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.39 Yunwushan Road, Shanghai, 200051, China
| | - Xiuli Chang
- School of Public Health/ Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/ Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of National Health Commission, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- School of Public Health/ Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/ Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of National Health Commission, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.39 Yunwushan Road, Shanghai, 200051, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden; Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, 70182, Sweden
| | - Guoquan Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health/ Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/ Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of National Health Commission, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chlorpyrifos Exposure Induces Parkinsonian Symptoms and Associated Bone Loss in Adult Swiss Albino Mice. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:700-711. [PMID: 31367921 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal and early life exposure of chlorpyrifos (CPF), a widely used pesticide, is known to cause neuronal deficits and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, data about the effect of its exposure at adult stages on PD-like symptoms and associated bone loss is scanty. In the present study, we investigated the impact of CPF on the behavioral alterations seen in PD using adult Swiss albino mice. PD is often associated with bone loss. Hence, skeletal changes were also evaluated using micro-computed tomography and histology. MPTP was used as a positive control. Cell culture studies using MC3T3E-1, SHSY5Y, and primary osteoclast cultures were done to understand the cellular mechanism for the behavioral and skeletal changes. Our results showed that CPF treatment leads to PD-like symptoms due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, CPF has a deleterious effect on the trabecular bone through both indirect changes in circulating factors and direct stimulation of multinucleate osteoclast cell formation. The impact on the bone mass was even stronger than MPTP. In conclusion, this is the first report demonstrating that CPF induces parkinsonian features in adult Swiss albino mice and it is accompanied by loss of trabecular bone.
Collapse
|
23
|
Hallal N, El Khayat El Sabbouri H, Salami A, Ramadan W, Khachfe H, Moustafa ME, Khalil M, Joumaa WH. Impacts of prolonged chlorpyrifos exposure on locomotion and slow-and fast- twitch skeletal muscles contractility in rats. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:598-606. [PMID: 31297333 PMCID: PMC6597941 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Investigate the effect of dietary exposure to chlorpyrifos on locomotion and contraction of soleus andextensor digitorum longus (edl) involved in locomotion. Methods: Rats were fed diets containing 1 or 5 mg kg-1 of chlorpyrifos for six weeks. Locomotion has been assessed weekly using beam walking and beam balance tests. Soleus and edl were removed to study contractile properties, myofibrillar protein content and myosin heavy chain isoforms. RESULTS Animals treated with 5 mg kg-1 chlorpyrifos had a decrease body weight. An increase by 28% and 24% in latency time assessed by beam walking test and a decrease by 9% and 13% in the beam balance time was reported after 6 weeks of 1 and 5 chlorpyrifos exposure respectively. The contractile properties in soleus showed an increase in twitch amplitude by 25% and 63% in 1 and 5 doses respectively, without modification in the contraction time and half relaxation time. edl treated with 1 mg kg-1 showed a decrease by 35%, 42% and 22% in twitch amplitude, contraction time and half relaxation time respectively. edl treated with 5 mg kg-1 showed an increase of 23% in twitch amplitude without modification of the other parameters. These changes were associated with modification of myofibrillar protein content in all treated groups. Myosin heavy chain isoforms were altered in both skeletal muscles treated with 1 mg kg-1. CONCLUSION Exposure to chlorpyrifos can alter the locomotion and produce physiological changes in a dose and muscle type related manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Hallal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon
| | - Hiba El Khayat El Sabbouri
- Laboratoire Rammal Hassan Rammal, Equipe de recherche PhyToxE, Faculté des Sciences (section V), Université libanaise, Nabatieh, Lebanon
- PERITOX UMR-I-0, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80025, Amiens, France
| | - Ali Salami
- Laboratoire Rammal Hassan Rammal, Equipe de recherche PhyToxE, Faculté des Sciences (section V), Université libanaise, Nabatieh, Lebanon
| | - Wiam Ramadan
- Laboratoire Rammal Hassan Rammal, Equipe de recherche PhyToxE, Faculté des Sciences (section V), Université libanaise, Nabatieh, Lebanon
- Lebanese Institute for Biomedical Research and Application (LIBRA), International University of Beirut (BIU), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Khachfe
- Lebanese Institute for Biomedical Research and Application (LIBRA), International University of Beirut (BIU), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed E. Moustafa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Khalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon
| | - Wissam H. Joumaa
- Laboratoire Rammal Hassan Rammal, Equipe de recherche PhyToxE, Faculté des Sciences (section V), Université libanaise, Nabatieh, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rohlman DS, Ismail A, Bonner MR, Abdel Rasoul G, Hendy O, Ortega Dickey L, Wang K, Olson JR. Occupational pesticide exposure and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescent pesticide applicators in Egypt. Neurotoxicology 2019; 74:1-6. [PMID: 31077682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to environmental chemicals, including organophosphorus pesticides, is associated with behavioral disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the impact of occupational pesticide exposure on ADHD development in adolescents has not been examined. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between exposure to chlorpyrifos and ADHD symptoms among adolescents in Egypt. METHODS Adolescent pesticide applicators and non-applicators, 12-21 years old, participated in a 10-month longitudinal study examining health effects from pesticide exposure. Repeated urine and blood samples were collected at various time points during the 10-months to assess biomarkers of chlorpyrifos exposure (urinary trichloro-2-pyridinol or TCPy) and effect (blood acetyl cholinesterase activity and butyryl cholinesterase activity). Parents from a subset of the cohort (N = 64) completed the Short Form of Conners' Parent Rating Scale - Revised. Poisson regressions were used to examine the associations between the number of ADHD symptoms and occupation and biomarkers. RESULTS Pesticide applicators had significantly more symptoms of ADHD than participants in the non-applicator group. Urinary TCPy levels were associated with increased symptoms, demonstrating a dose-response effect. Applicators with ADHD reported applying pesticides for more hours during the application season and had greater cumulative TCPy levels than participants without ADHD. One fourth of all applicators met the criteria for an ADHD diagnosis (having 6 or more reported symptoms). CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence of an association between occupational exposure to chlorpyrifos and ADHD symptoms among adolescent pesticide applicators in spite of its limited small sample size. There is a critical need to investigate the susceptibility of children and adolescents to repeated occupational and environmental exposures to pesticides because the developing brain may be uniquely sensitive to the neurotoxic effects of these agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane S Rohlman
- Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Matthew R Bonner
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Olfat Hendy
- National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | | | - Kai Wang
- Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - James R Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cevik E, Buyukharman M, Yildiz HB. Construction of efficient bioelectrochemical devices: Improved electricity production from cyanobacteria (Leptolyngbia
sp.) based on π-conjugated conducting polymer/gold nanoparticle composite interfaces. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:757-768. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emre Cevik
- Genetic Research Department; Institute for Research & Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University; Dammam Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Buyukharman
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering; KTO Karatay University; Konya Turkey
| | - Huseyin Bekir Yildiz
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering; KTO Karatay University; Konya Turkey
- Biotechnology Research Lab, FELSIM Ltd. Inc., Konya Technocity; Konya Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Martins Laurentino AO, Durante de Medeiros F, de Oliveira J, da Rosa N, Mateus Gomes T, de Medeiros Peretti E, Somariva Prophiro J, Fortunato JJ. Effects of prenatal exposure to temephos on behavior and social interaction. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:669-673. [PMID: 30880993 PMCID: PMC6417020 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s193896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The neurodevelopment period is susceptible to alterations by genetic and environmental factors, such as the exposure to organophosphates (OP). The OP is neurotoxic and has been associated with neurological diseases pathophysiology. The OP temephos is widely used against Aedes aegypti in Brazil's public health programs. PURPOSE To evaluate behavioral effects of prenatal exposition to temephos in Wistar rats. METHODS First, we divided pregnant females into groups: those who received temephos diluted in distilled water by gavage between gestational days 6-13 and those who received only distilled water in the same period and volume. Then, we divided pups according to sex and exposure, and we made the behavioral tests on postnatal day 30. RESULTS Prenatal exposure to temephos caused hyperactivity, stereotyped behavior, and social impairment in animals. CONCLUSION These results are similar to the altered behavior presented in some neurobiological diseases models, like Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorders, and this study may bring a red alert to the large use of temephos in Brazil, due to the damage caused by its exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Olívia Martins Laurentino
- Neurobiology Laboratory of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil,
| | - Fabiana Durante de Medeiros
- Neurobiology Laboratory of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil,
| | - Juliana de Oliveira
- Neurobiology Laboratory of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil, .,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Naiana da Rosa
- Neurobiology Laboratory of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil, .,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Tamires Mateus Gomes
- Neurobiology Laboratory of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil,
| | - Eduardo de Medeiros Peretti
- Neurobiology Laboratory of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil,
| | - Josiane Somariva Prophiro
- Neurobiology Laboratory of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil, .,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jucélia J Fortunato
- Neurobiology Laboratory of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil, .,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Frank CL, Brown JP, Wallace K, Wambaugh JF, Shah I, Shafer TJ. Defining toxicological tipping points in neuronal network development. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 354:81-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
28
|
Tsiaoussis J, Hatzidaki E, Docea AO, Nikolouzakis TK, Petrakis D, Burykina T, Mamoulakis C, Makrigiannakis A, Tsatsakis A. Molecular and clinical aspects of embryotoxicity induced by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Toxicology 2018; 409:137-143. [PMID: 30055296 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely used for a variety of medical, agricultural and public health purposes. Consequently, exposure is highly possible during lifetime. However, their systematic use raises concerns for the potential impact on the fetus and newborn since these substances may affect angiogenesis, the neonatal and maternal intensive care, neuroimmune function and response, mammary growth/lactation via cholinergic/non-cholinergic central and peripheral neuroendocrine pathways. New methodologies, neuroscientific technologies and research studies are needed to harness existing knowledge along with the proper management, availability for new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, with stable pharmacodynamics and clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - E Hatzidaki
- Department of Neonatology, University of Crete, Voutes, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - A O Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Craiova, 200349, Romania.
| | - T K Nikolouzakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - D Petrakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - T Burykina
- Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Chemistry, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - C Mamoulakis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - A Makrigiannakis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - A Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos impairs STAT1 signaling to induce dopaminergic neurotoxicity: Implications for mitochondria mediated oxidative stress signaling events. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 117:82-113. [PMID: 29859868 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The organophosphate (OP) pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF), used in agricultural settings, induces developmental and neurological impairments. Recent studies using in vitro cell culture models have reported CPF exposure to have a positive association with mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress response and dopaminergic cell death; however, the mechanism by which mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to dopaminergic cell death remains unclear. Therefore, we hypothesized that STAT1, a transcription factor, causes apoptotic dopaminergic cell death via mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress mechanisms. Here we show that exposure of dopaminergic neuronal cells such as N27 cells (immortalized murine mesencephalic dopaminergic cells) to CPF resulted in a dose-dependent increase in apoptotic cell death as measured by MTS assay and DNA fragmentation. Similar effects were observed in CPF-treated human dopaminergic neuronal cells (LUHMES cells), with an associated increase in mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, CPF (10 μM) induced time-dependent increase in STAT1 activation coincided with the collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, increase in ROS generation, proteolytic cleavage of protein kinase C delta (PKCδ), inhibition of the mitochondrial basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR), with a concomitant reduction in ATP-linked OCR and reserve capacity, increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and enhancement of autophagy. Additionally, by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we demonstrated that STAT1 bound to a putative regulatory sequence in the NOX1 and Bax promoter regions in response to CPF in N27 cells. Interestingly, overexpression of non-phosphorylatable STAT1 mutants (STAT1Y701F and STAT1S727A) but not STAT1 WT construct attenuated the cleavage of PKCδ and ultimately cell death in CPF-treated cells. Furthermore, small interfering RNA knockdown demonstrated STAT1 to be a critical regulator of autophagy and mitochondria-mediated proapoptotic cell signaling events after CPF treatment in N27 cells. Finally, oral administration of CPF (5 mg/kg) in postnatal rats (PNDs 27-61) induced motor deficits, and nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration with a concomitant induction of STAT1-dependent proapoptotic cell signaling events. Conversely, co-treatment with mitoapocynin (a mitochondrially-targeted antioxidant) and CPF rescued motor deficits, and restored dopaminergic neuronal survival via abrogation of STAT1-dependent proapoptotic cell signaling events. Taken together, our study identifies a novel mechanism by which STAT1 regulates mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress response, PKCδ activation and autophagy. In this context, the phosphorylation of Tyrosine 701 and Serine 727 in STAT1 was found to be essential for PKCδ cleavage. By attenuating mitochondrial-derived ROS, mitoapocynin may have therapeutic applications for reversing CPF-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity and associated neurobehavioral deficits as well as neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
30
|
Oliveri AN, Ortiz E, Levin ED. Developmental exposure to an organophosphate flame retardant alters later behavioral responses to dopamine antagonism in zebrafish larvae. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 67:25-30. [PMID: 29559250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) is widespread, including pregnant women and young children with whom developmental neurotoxic risk is a concern. Given similarities of OPFRs to organophosphate (OP) pesticides, research into the possible neurotoxic impacts of developmental OPFR exposure has been growing. Building upon research implicating exposure to OP pesticides in dopaminergic (DA) dysfunction, we exposed developing zebrafish to the OPFR tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), during the first 5 days following fertilization. On day 6, larvae were challenged with acute administration of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonists and then tested in a light-dark locomotor assay. We found that both developmental TDCIPP exposure and acute dopamine D1 and D2 antagonism decreased locomotor activity separately. The OPFR and DA effects were not additive; rather, TDCIPP blunted further D1 and D2 antagonist-induced decreases in activity. Our results suggest that TDCIPP exposure may be disrupting dopamine signaling. These findings support further research on the effects of OPFR exposure on the normal neurodevelopment of DA systems, whether these results might persist into adulthood, and whether they interact with OPFR effects on other neurotransmitter systems in producing the developmental neurobehavioral toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony N Oliveri
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Erica Ortiz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Comfort N, Re DB. Sex-Specific Neurotoxic Effects of Organophosphate Pesticides Across the Life Course. Curr Environ Health Rep 2018; 4:392-404. [PMID: 29063415 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-017-0171-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses the sex-specific effects of exposure to various organophosphate (OP) pesticides throughout the life course and potential reasons for the differential vulnerabilities observed across sexes. RECENT FINDINGS Sex is a crucial factor in the response to toxicants, yet the sex-specific effects of OP exposure, particularly in juveniles and adults, remain unresolved. This is largely due to study design and inconsistencies in exposure and outcome assessments. Exposure to OPs results in multiple adverse outcomes influenced by many factors including sex. Reported sex-specific effects suggest that males are more susceptible to OPs, which reflects the sex-dependent prevalence of various neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders such as autism and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), in which males are at greater risk. Thus, this review proposes that the biological sex-specific effects elicited by OP exposure may in part underlie the dimorphic susceptibilities observed in neurological disorders. Understanding the immediate and long-term effects of OP exposure across sexes will be critical in advancing our understanding of OP-induced neurotoxicity and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Comfort
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,NIEHS Center for Environmental Health Sciences in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,, 722 W 168th Street, 11th floor, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Diane B Re
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,NIEHS Center for Environmental Health Sciences in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,, 722 W 168th Street Suite 1107B, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang Y, Zhang Y, Ji L, Hu Y, Zhang J, Wang C, Ding G, Chen L, Kamijima M, Ueyama J, Gao Y, Tian Y. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and childhood neurodevelopment in Shandong, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 108:119-126. [PMID: 28843140 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies in laboratory animals demonstrate neurodevelopmental deficits caused by prenatal or postnatal organophosphate pesticide (OP) exposure, there is limited evidence on effects induced by not only prenatal but also postnatal exposure of children to OPs. METHODS We measured diethylphosphate (DE), dimethylphosphate (DM), and total dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites in maternal and child urine at 12 and 24months of age and examined their relationship with developmental quotients (DQs) in 12-month-old infants and 24-month-old children in Shandong, China. RESULTS The median concentrations of total DAP metabolites (DAPs) in child urine [371.97nmol/g creatinine (12-month-old infants), 538.64nmol/g creatinine (24-month-old children)] were higher than those in maternal urine (352.67nmol/g creatinine). Prenatal OP exposure was negatively associated with 24-month-old children's DQs, especially among boys. A 10-fold increase in prenatal DEs and DAPs was associated with a 2.59- and 2.49-point decrease in social domain DQ scores in 24-month-old children (n=262), respectively. However, positive association of postnatal exposure to OPs and 24-month-old children's DQs was observed (n=237). Neither prenatal nor postnatal exposure to OPs was related to 12-month-old infants' DQs. CONCLUSIONS These data suggested that prenatal OP exposure could adversely affect children's neurodevelopment at 24months of age, especially among boys. The prenatal period might be a critical window of OP exposure. In view of the positive association with postnatal OP exposure, it is necessary to interpret findings with caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Wang
- MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Neonatology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caifeng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Limei Chen
- Basic Medicine Faculty, Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Provience, China
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Jun Ueyama
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying Tian
- MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gómez-Giménez B, Felipo V, Cabrera-Pastor A, Agustí A, Hernández-Rabaza V, Llansola M. Developmental Exposure to Pesticides Alters Motor Activity and Coordination in Rats: Sex Differences and Underlying Mechanisms. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:247-258. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
34
|
Burke RD, Todd SW, Lumsden E, Mullins RJ, Mamczarz J, Fawcett WP, Gullapalli RP, Randall WR, Pereira EFR, Albuquerque EX. Developmental neurotoxicity of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos: from clinical findings to preclinical models and potential mechanisms. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:162-177. [PMID: 28791702 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) insecticides are pest-control agents heavily used worldwide. Unfortunately, they are also well known for the toxic effects that they can trigger in humans. Clinical manifestations of an acute exposure of humans to OP insecticides include a well-defined cholinergic crisis that develops as a result of the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Prolonged exposures to levels of OP insecticides that are insufficient to trigger signs of acute intoxication, which are hereafter referred to as subacute exposures, have also been associated with neurological deficits. In particular, epidemiological studies have reported statistically significant correlations between prenatal subacute exposures to OP insecticides, including chlorpyrifos, and neurological deficits that range from cognitive impairments to tremors in childhood. The primary objectives of this article are: (i) to address the short- and long-term neurological issues that have been associated with acute and subacute exposures of humans to OP insecticides, especially early in life (ii) to discuss the translational relevance of animal models of developmental exposure to OP insecticides, and (iii) to review mechanisms that are likely to contribute to the developmental neurotoxicity of OP insecticides. Most of the discussion will be focused on chlorpyrifos, the top-selling OP insecticide in the United States and throughout the world. These points are critical for the identification and development of safe and effective interventions to counter and/or prevent the neurotoxic effects of these chemicals in the developing brain. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Burke
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Spencer W Todd
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Lumsden
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger J Mullins
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacek Mamczarz
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William P Fawcett
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rao P Gullapalli
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William R Randall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edna F R Pereira
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edson X Albuquerque
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Silver MK, Shao J, Zhu B, Chen M, Xia Y, Kaciroti N, Lozoff B, Meeker JD. Prenatal naled and chlorpyrifos exposure is associated with deficits in infant motor function in a cohort of Chinese infants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 106:248-256. [PMID: 28602489 PMCID: PMC5533622 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate insecticides (OPs) are used worldwide, yet despite nearly ubiquitous exposure in the general population, few have been studied outside the laboratory. Fetal brains undergo rapid growth and development, leaving them susceptible to long-term effects of neurotoxic OPs. The objective here was to investigate the extent to which prenatal exposure to OPs affects infant motor development. METHODS 30 OPs were measured in umbilical cord blood using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in a cohort of Chinese infants. Motor function was assessed at 6-weeks and 9-months using Peabody Developmental Motor Scales 2nd edition (PDMS-2) (n=199). Outcomes included subtest scores: reflexes, stationary, locomotion, grasping, visual-motor integration (V-M), composite scores: gross (GM), fine (FM), total motor (TM), and standardized motor quotients: gross (GMQ), fine (FMQ), total motor (TMQ). RESULTS Naled, methamidophos, trichlorfon, chlorpyrifos, and phorate were detected in ≥10% of samples. Prenatal naled and chlorpyrifos were associated with decreased 9-month motor function. Scores were 0.55, 0.85, and 0.90 points lower per 1ng/mL increase in log-naled, for V-M (p=0.04), FM (p=0.04), and FMQ (p=0.08), respectively. For chlorpyrifos, scores were 0.50, 1.98, 0.80, 1.91, 3.49, 2.71, 6.29, 2.56, 2.04, and 2.59 points lower for exposed versus unexposed infants, for reflexes (p=0.04), locomotion (p=0.02), grasping (p=0.05), V-M (p<0.001), GM (p=0.007), FM (p=0.002), TM (p<0.001), GMQ (p=0.01), FMQ (p=0.07), and TMQ (p=0.008), respectively. Girls appeared to be more sensitive to the negative effects of OPs on 9-month motor function than boys. CONCLUSIONS We found deficits in 9-month motor function in infants with prenatal exposure to naled and chlorpyrifos. Naled is being aerially sprayed to combat mosquitoes carrying Zika virus, yet this is the first non-occupational human study of its health effects. Delays in early-motor skill acquisition may be detrimental for downstream development and cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica K Silver
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Binquan Zhu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Minjian Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yankai Xia
- Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lan A, Kalimian M, Amram B, Kofman O. Prenatal chlorpyrifos leads to autism-like deficits in C57Bl6/J mice. Environ Health 2017; 16:43. [PMID: 28464876 PMCID: PMC5414283 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children are at daily risk for exposure to organophosphate insecticides, of which the most common is chlorpyrifos (CPF). Exposure of pregnant women to CPF was linked to decreased birth weight, abnormal reflexes, reduction in IQ, as well as increased maternal reports of signs of pervasive developmental disorder. The aim of current study was to examine the long term effects of prenatal exposure to CPF in C57BL/6 J (B6) mice with specific focus on social and repetitive behavior. METHODS B6 female mice were treated with vehicle, 2.5 mg/kg CPF or 5 mg/kg of CPF on gestational days 12-15 by oral gavage. On postnatal days (PND's) 6-12 early development and neuromotor ability were assessed by measuring 3 neonatal reflexes in the offspring. In adulthood, PND 90, social behavior was investigated using the social preference, social novelty and social conditioned place preference tasks. Object recognition and restricted interest, measured by the repetitive novel object contact task (RNOC), were also assessed on PN D 90. In order to rule out the possibility that CPF administration induced alterations in maternal care, the dams' behavior was evaluated via the maternal retrieval task. RESULTS CPF treatment resulted in delayed development of neonatal reflexes on PND's 6-12. On PND 90, mice treated prenatally with the 5.0 mg/kg dose exhibited reduced preference towards an unfamiliar conspecific in the social preference test and reduced social conditioned place preference. In the RNOC task, mice exposed prenatally to 2.5 mg/kg dose of CPF showed enhanced restricted interest. CPF administration did not impair dams' behavior and did not cause memory or recognition deficit as was observed in the object recognition task. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that gestational exposure to CPF has long-term deleterious effects on social behavior and limits exploration of novel objects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anat Lan
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel
- Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michal Kalimian
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel
| | - Benjamin Amram
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel
| | - Ora Kofman
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel
- Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Potential short-term neurobehavioral alterations in children associated with a peak pesticide spray season: The Mother's Day flower harvest in Ecuador. Neurotoxicology 2017; 60:125-133. [PMID: 28188819 PMCID: PMC5447476 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposures to cholinesterase inhibitor pesticides (e.g. organophosphates) have been associated with children's neurobehavioral alterations, including attention deficit and impulsivity. Animal studies have observed transient alterations in neurobehavioral performance in relation to cholinesterase inhibitor pesticide exposures; however, limited evidence exists regarding transient effects in humans. METHODS We estimated the associations between neurobehavioral performance and time after Mother's Day flower harvest (the end of a heightened pesticide usage period) among 308 4-to 9-year-old children living in floricultural communities in Ecuador in 2008 who participated in the ESPINA study. Children's neurobehavior was examined once (NEPSY-II: 11 subtests covering 5 domains), between 63 and 100days (SD: 10.8days) after Mother's Day harvest (blood acetylcholinesterase activity levels can take 82days to normalize after irreversible inhibition with organophosphates). RESULTS The mean (SD) neurobehavioral scaled scores across domains ranged from 6.6 (2.4) to 9.9 (3.3); higher values reflect greater performance. Children examined sooner after Mother's Day had lower neurobehavioral scores than children examined later, in the domains of (score difference per 10.8days, 95%CI): Attention/Inhibitory Control (0.38, 0.10-0.65), Visuospatial Processing (0.60, 0.25-0.95) and Sensorimotor (0.43, 0.10-0.77). Scores were higher with longer time post-harvest among girls (vs. boys) in Attention/Inhibitory Control. CONCLUSIONS Our findings, although cross-sectional, are among the first in non-worker children to suggest that a peak pesticide use period may transiently affect neurobehavioral performance, as children examined sooner after the flower harvest had lower neurobehavioral performance than children examined later. Studies assessing pre- and post-exposure measures are needed.
Collapse
|
38
|
Abreu-Villaça Y, Levin ED. Developmental neurotoxicity of succeeding generations of insecticides. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 99:55-77. [PMID: 27908457 PMCID: PMC5285268 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Insecticides are by design toxic. They must be toxic to effectively kill target species of insects. Unfortunately, they also have off-target toxic effects that can harm other species, including humans. Developmental neurotoxicity is one of the most prominent off-target toxic risks of insecticides. Over the past seven decades several classes of insecticides have been developed, each with their own mechanisms of effect and toxic side effects. This review covers the developmental neurotoxicity of the succeeding generations of insecticides including organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates and neonicotinoids. The goal of new insecticide development is to more effectively kill target species with fewer toxic side effects on non-target species. From the experience with the developmental neurotoxicity caused by the generations of insecticides developed in the past advice is offered how to proceed with future insecticide development to decrease neurotoxic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yael Abreu-Villaça
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiologicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), RJ, Brazil
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kern JK, Geier DA, Homme KG, King PG, Bjørklund G, Chirumbolo S, Geier MR. Developmental neurotoxicants and the vulnerable male brain: a systematic review of suspected neurotoxicants that disproportionally affect males. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2017. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2017-061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
40
|
Liu P, Wu C, Chang X, Qi X, Zheng M, Zhou Z. Adverse Associations of both Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Organophosphorous Pesticides with Infant Neurodevelopment in an Agricultural Area of Jiangsu Province, China. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1637-1643. [PMID: 27153333 PMCID: PMC5047773 DOI: 10.1289/ehp196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to organophosphorous (OP) pesticides has been found to be associated with adverse effects on child neurodevelopment, but evidence on potential effects induced by both prenatal and postnatal OP exposure in infants is limited. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to investigate the associations of both prenatal and postnatal OP exposure with birth outcomes and infant neurodevelopment. METHODS Exposure to OP in 310 mother-infant pairs was assessed by measuring dimethylphosphate (DM), diethylphosphate (DE), and total dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites in urines from pregnant women and their children at 2 years of age. The Gesell Developmental Schedules was administered to examine neurodevelopment of 2-year-old children. RESULTS Based on the Gesell Developmental Schedules, the proportions of children with developmental delays were < 6%. Adverse associations between head circumference at birth and prenatal OP exposure were demonstrated. Both prenatal and postnatal OP exposure was significantly associated with increased risk of being developmentally delayed. Specifically, odds ratio (OR) value for prenatal DEs was 9.75 (95% CI: 1.28, 73.98, p = 0.028) in the adaptive area, whereas in the social area, OR values for postnatal DEs and DAPs were 9.56 (95% CI: 1.59, 57.57, p = 0.014) and 12.00 (95% CI: 1.23, 117.37, p = 0.033), respectively. Adverse associations were observed only in boys, not in girls. CONCLUSIONS Both prenatal and postnatal OP exposure may adversely affect the neurodevelopment of infants living in the agricultural area. The present study adds to the accumulating evidence on associations of prenatal and postnatal OP exposure with infant neurodevelopment. CITATION Liu P, Wu C, Chang X, Qi X, Zheng M, Zhou Z. 2016. Adverse associations of both prenatal and postnatal exposure to organophosphorous pesticides with infant neurodevelopment in an agricultural area of Jiangsu Province, China. Environ Health Perspect 124:1637-1643; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP196.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health (Shanghai), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhua Wu
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health (Shanghai), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Address correspondence to C. Wu: School of Public Health, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Building No. 8, No. 130, Doan Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.Telephone: 86-21-54237159. E-mail: ; or Z. Zhou: School of Public Health, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Building No. 8, No. 130, Doan Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China. Telephone: 86-21-54237675. E-mail:
| | - Xiuli Chang
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health (Shanghai), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Qi
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health (Shanghai), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minglan Zheng
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health (Shanghai), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation & Research (NCDSER), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health (Shanghai), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Address correspondence to C. Wu: School of Public Health, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Building No. 8, No. 130, Doan Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.Telephone: 86-21-54237159. E-mail: ; or Z. Zhou: School of Public Health, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Building No. 8, No. 130, Doan Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China. Telephone: 86-21-54237675. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mamczarz J, Pescrille JD, Gavrushenko L, Burke RD, Fawcett WP, DeTolla LJ, Chen H, Pereira EFR, Albuquerque EX. Spatial learning impairment in prepubertal guinea pigs prenatally exposed to the organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos: Toxicological implications. Neurotoxicology 2016; 56:17-28. [PMID: 27296654 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of the developing brain to chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphorus (OP) pesticide used extensively in agriculture worldwide, has been associated with increased prevalence of cognitive deficits in children, particularly boys. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that cognitive deficits induced by prenatal exposure to sub-acute doses of CPF can be reproduced in precocial small species. To address this hypothesis, pregnant guinea pigs were injected daily with CPF (25mg/kg,s.c.) or vehicle (peanut oil) for 10days starting on presumed gestation day (GD) 53-55. Offspring were born around GD 65, weaned on postnatal day (PND) 20, and subjected to behavioral tests starting around PND 30. On the day of birth, butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), an OP bioscavenger used as a biomarker of OP exposures, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a major molecular target of OP compounds, were significantly inhibited in the blood of CPF-exposed offspring. In their brains, BuChE, but not AChE, was significantly inhibited. Prenatal CPF exposure had no significant effect on locomotor activity or on locomotor habituation, a form of non-associative memory assessed in open fields. Spatial navigation in the Morris water maze (MWM) was found to be sexually dimorphic among guinea pigs, with males outperforming females. Prenatal CPF exposure impaired spatial learning more significantly among male than female guinea pigs and, consequently, reduced the sexual dimorphism of the task. The results presented here, which strongly support the test hypothesis, reveal that the guinea pig is a valuable animal model for preclinical assessment of the developmental neurotoxicity of OP pesticides. These findings are far reaching as they lay the groundwork for future studies aimed at identifying therapeutic interventions to treat and/or prevent the neurotoxic effects of CPF in the developing brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Mamczarz
- Division of Translational Toxicology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Joseph D Pescrille
- Division of Translational Toxicology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Lisa Gavrushenko
- Division of Translational Toxicology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Richard D Burke
- Division of Translational Toxicology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - William P Fawcett
- Division of Translational Toxicology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Louis J DeTolla
- Program of Comparative Medicine and Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Hegang Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Edna F R Pereira
- Division of Translational Toxicology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Edson X Albuquerque
- Division of Translational Toxicology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rafique N, Tariq SR, Ahad K, Taj T. Cu(2+) and Fe(2+) mediated photodegradation studies of soil-incorporated chlorpyrifos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:4473-4480. [PMID: 26507736 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The influences of Cu(2+) and Fe(2+) on the photodegradation of soil-incorporated chlorpyrifos were investigated in the present study. The soil samples spiked with chlorpyrifos and selected metal ions were irradiated with UV light for different intervals of time and analyzed by HPLC. The unsterile and sterile control soil samples amended with pesticides and selected metals were incubated in the dark at 25 °C for the same time intervals. The results of the study evidenced that photodegradation of chlorpyrifos followed the first-order kinetics. The dissipation t0.5 of chlorpyrifos was found to decrease from 41 to 20 days under UV irradiation. The rate of chlorpyrifos photodegradation was increased in the presence of both metals, i.e., Cu(2+) and Fe(2+). Thus, initially observed t0.5 of 19.8 days was decreased to 4.39 days in the case of Cu(+2) and 19.25 days for Fe(+2). Copper was found to increase the rate of photodegradation by 4.5 orders of magnitude while the microbial degradation of chlorpyrifos was increased only twofold. The microbial degradation of chlorpyrifos was only negligibly affected by Fe(2+) amendment. The studied trace metals also affected the abiotic degradation of the pesticide in the order Cu(2+) > Fe(2+).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Rafique
- Department of Chemistry, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Saadia R Tariq
- Department of Chemistry, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Karam Ahad
- Ecotoxicology Research Institute (ERI), Department of Plant and Environment Protection (DPEP), NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Touqeer Taj
- Ecotoxicology Research Institute (ERI), Department of Plant and Environment Protection (DPEP), NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lee I, Eriksson P, Fredriksson A, Buratovic S, Viberg H. Developmental neurotoxic effects of two pesticides: Behavior and biomolecular studies on chlorpyrifos and carbaryl. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 288:429-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
44
|
Mundy WR, Padilla S, Breier JM, Crofton KM, Gilbert ME, Herr DW, Jensen KF, Radio NM, Raffaele KC, Schumacher K, Shafer TJ, Cowden J. Expanding the test set: Chemicals with potential to disrupt mammalian brain development. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 52:25-35. [PMID: 26476195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput test methods including molecular, cellular, and alternative species-based assays that examine critical events of normal brain development are being developed for detection of developmental neurotoxicants. As new assays are developed, a "training set" of chemicals is used to evaluate the relevance of individual assays for specific endpoints. Different training sets are necessary for each assay that would comprise a developmental neurotoxicity test battery. In contrast, evaluation of the predictive ability of a comprehensive test battery requires a set of chemicals that have been shown to alter brain development after in vivo exposure ("test set"). Because only a small number of substances have been well documented to alter human neurodevelopment, we have proposed an expanded test set that includes chemicals demonstrated to adversely affect neurodevelopment in animals. To compile a list of potential developmental neurotoxicants, a literature review of compounds that have been examined for effects on the developing nervous system was conducted. The search was limited to mammalian studies published in the peer-reviewed literature and regulatory studies submitted to the U.S. EPA. The definition of developmental neurotoxicity encompassed changes in behavior, brain morphology, and neurochemistry after gestational or lactational exposure. Reports that indicated developmental neurotoxicity was observed only at doses that resulted in significant maternal toxicity or were lethal to the fetus or offspring were not considered. As a basic indication of reproducibility, we only included a chemical if data on its developmental neurotoxicity were available from more than one laboratory (defined as studies originating from laboratories with a different senior investigator). Evidence from human studies was included when available. Approximately 100 developmental neurotoxicity test set chemicals were identified, with 22% having evidence in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William R Mundy
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Stephanie Padilla
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Joseph M Breier
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kevin M Crofton
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mary E Gilbert
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David W Herr
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Karl F Jensen
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas M Radio
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen C Raffaele
- Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Timothy J Shafer
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - John Cowden
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Salama M, Lotfy A, Fathy K, Makar M, El-emam M, El-gamal A, El-gamal M, Badawy A, Mohamed WM, Sobh M. Developmental neurotoxic effects of Malathion on 3D neurosphere system. Appl Transl Genom 2015; 7:13-8. [PMID: 27054080 PMCID: PMC4803784 DOI: 10.1016/j.atg.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) refers to the toxic effects induced by various chemicals on brain during the early childhood period. As human brains are vulnerable during this period, various chemicals would have significant effects on brains during early childhood. Some toxicants have been confirmed to induce developmental toxic effects on CNS; however, most of agents cannot be identified with certainty. This is because available animal models do not cover the whole spectrum of CNS developmental periods. A novel alternative method that can overcome most of the limitations of the conventional techniques is the use of 3D neurosphere system. This in-vitro system can recapitulate many of the changes during the period of brain development making it an ideal model for predicting developmental neurotoxic effects. In the present study we verified the possible DNT of Malathion, which is one of organophosphate pesticides with suggested possible neurotoxic effects on nursing children. Three doses of Malathion (0.25 μM, 1 μM and 10 μM) were used in cultured neurospheres for a period of 14 days. Malathion was found to affect proliferation, differentiation and viability of neurospheres, these effects were positively correlated to doses and time progress. This study confirms the DNT effects of Malathion on 3D neurosphere model. Further epidemiological studies will be needed to link these results to human exposure and effects data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salama
- Medical Experimental Research Center, Mansura Medical School, Mansura University, Egypt
- Toxicology Dept., Mansura Medical School, Mansura University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Lotfy
- Medical Experimental Research Center, Mansura Medical School, Mansura University, Egypt
| | - Khaled Fathy
- Medical Experimental Research Center, Mansura Medical School, Mansura University, Egypt
| | - Maria Makar
- Mansoura Manchester Medical Program, Mansura Medical School, Mansura University, Egypt
| | - Mona El-emam
- Mansoura Manchester Medical Program, Mansura Medical School, Mansura University, Egypt
| | - Aya El-gamal
- Toxicology Dept., Mansura Medical School, Mansura University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-gamal
- Toxicology Dept., Mansura Medical School, Mansura University, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Badawy
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Dept., Mansura Medical School, Mansura University, Egypt
| | - Wael M.Y. Mohamed
- Clinical Pharmacology Dept., Menoufia Medical School, Menoufia University, Egypt
- Corresponding author.
| | - Mohamed Sobh
- Medical Experimental Research Center, Mansura Medical School, Mansura University, Egypt
- UNC, Mansoura University, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Oriel S, Kofman O. Strain dependent effects of conditioned fear in adult C57Bl/6 and Balb/C mice following postnatal exposure to chlorpyrifos: relation to expression of brain acetylcholinesterase mRNA. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:110. [PMID: 25972795 PMCID: PMC4413781 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Following reports of emotional psychopathology in children and adults exposed to organophosphates, the effects of postnatal chlorpyrifos (CPF) on fear-conditioning and depression-like behaviors were tested in adult mice. Concomitant changes in expression of mRNA for synaptic and soluble splice variants of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were examined in mouse pups and adults of the Balb/C and C57Bl/6 (B6) strains, which differ in their behavioral and hormonal stress response. Mice were injected subcutaneously with 1 mg/kg CPF on postnatal days 4–10 and tested as adults for conditioned fear, sucrose preference, and forced swim. Acetylcholinesterase activity was assessed in the brains of pups on the first and last day of treatment. Expression of soluble and synaptic AChE mRNA was assessed in brains of treated pups and fear-conditioned adults using real-time PCR. Adult Balb/C mice exposed postnatally to CPF showed exacerbated fear-conditioning and impaired active avoidance. Adult B6 mice exposed postnatally to CPF showed a more specific fear response to tones and less freezing in the inter-tone intervals, in contrast to the vehicle-pretreated mice. Chlorpyrifos also attenuated sweet preference and enhanced climbing in the forced swim test. Chlorpyrifos-treated mice had increased expression of both synaptic and readthrough AChE transcripts in the hippocampus of Balb/C mice and decreased expression in the amygdala following fear-conditioning. In conclusion, postnatal CPF had long-term effects on fear and depression, as well as on expression of AChE mRNA. These changes may be related to alteration in the interaction between hippocampus and amygdala in regulating negative emotions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Oriel
- Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ora Kofman
- Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
De Felice A, Scattoni ML, Ricceri L, Calamandrei G. Prenatal exposure to a common organophosphate insecticide delays motor development in a mouse model of idiopathic autism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121663. [PMID: 25803479 PMCID: PMC4372449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are characterized by impaired social and communicative skills and repetitive behaviors. Emerging evidence supported the hypothesis that these neurodevelopmental disorders may result from a combination of genetic susceptibility and exposure to environmental toxins in early developmental phases. This study assessed the effects of prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF), a widely diffused organophosphate insecticide endowed with developmental neurotoxicity at sub-toxic doses, in the BTBR T+tf/J mouse strain, a validated model of idiopathic autism that displays several behavioral traits relevant to the autism spectrum. To this aim, pregnant BTBR mice were administered from gestational day 14 to 17 with either vehicle or CPF at a dose of 6 mg/kg/bw by oral gavages. Offspring of both sexes underwent assessment of early developmental milestones, including somatic growth, motor behavior and ultrasound vocalization. To evaluate the potential long-term effects of CPF, two different social behavior patterns typically altered in the BTBR strain (free social interaction with a same-sex companion in females, or interaction with a sexually receptive female in males) were also examined in the two sexes at adulthood. Our findings indicate significant effects of CPF on somatic growth and neonatal motor patterns. CPF treated pups showed reduced weight gain, delayed motor maturation (i.e., persistency of immature patterns such as pivoting at the expenses of coordinated locomotion) and a trend to enhanced ultrasound vocalization. At adulthood, CPF associated alterations were found in males only: the altered pattern of investigation of a sexual partner, previously described in BTBR mice, was enhanced in CPF males, and associated to increased ultrasonic vocalization rate. These findings strengthen the need of future studies to evaluate the role of environmental chemicals in the etiology of neurodevelopment disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia De Felice
- Section of Neurotoxicology and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Scattoni
- Section of Neurotoxicology and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Ricceri
- Section of Neurotoxicology and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gemma Calamandrei
- Section of Neurotoxicology and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kazim SF, Cardenas-Aguayo MDC, Arif M, Blanchard J, Fayyaz F, Grundke-Iqbal I, Iqbal K. Sera from children with autism induce autistic features which can be rescued with a CNTF small peptide mimetic in rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118627. [PMID: 25769033 PMCID: PMC4359103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized clinically by impairments in social interaction and verbal and non-verbal communication skills as well as restricted interests and repetitive behavior. It has been hypothesized that altered brain environment including an imbalance in neurotrophic support during early development contributes to the pathophysiology of autism. Here we report that sera from children with autism which exhibited abnormal levels of various neurotrophic factors induced cell death and oxidative stress in mouse primary cultured cortical neurons. The effects of sera from autistic children were rescued by pre-treatment with a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) small peptide mimetic, Peptide 6 (P6), which was previously shown to exert its neuroprotective effect by modulating CNTF/JAK/STAT pathway and LIF signaling and by enhancing brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. Similar neurotoxic effects and neuroinflammation were observed in young Wistar rats injected intracerebroventricularly with autism sera within hours after birth. The autism sera injected rats demonstrated developmental delay and deficits in social communication, interaction, and novelty. Both the neurobiological changes and the behavioral autistic phenotype were ameliorated by P6 treatment. These findings implicate the involvement of neurotrophic imbalance during early brain development in the pathophysiology of autism and a proof of principle of P6 as a potential therapeutic strategy for autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Faraz Kazim
- Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities (NYSIBR), Staten Island, New York, United States of America
- Neural and Behavioral Science Graduate Program, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- SUNY Downstate/NYSIBR Center for Developmental Neuroscience (CDN), Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria del Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo
- Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities (NYSIBR), Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Arif
- Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities (NYSIBR), Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Julie Blanchard
- Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities (NYSIBR), Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Fatima Fayyaz
- Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities (NYSIBR), Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Inge Grundke-Iqbal
- Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities (NYSIBR), Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities (NYSIBR), Staten Island, New York, United States of America
- SUNY Downstate/NYSIBR Center for Developmental Neuroscience (CDN), Staten Island, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Prenatal nicotine alters the developmental neurotoxicity of postnatal chlorpyrifos directed toward cholinergic systems: better, worse, or just "different?". Brain Res Bull 2014; 110:54-67. [PMID: 25510202 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examines whether prenatal nicotine exposure sensitizes the developing brain to subsequent developmental neurotoxicity evoked by chlorpyrifos, a commonly-used insecticide. We gave nicotine to pregnant rats throughout gestation at a dose (3mg/kg/day) producing plasma levels typical of smokers; offspring were then given chlorpyrifos on postnatal days 1-4, at a dose (1mg/kg) that produces minimally-detectable inhibition of brain cholinesterase activity. We evaluated indices for acetylcholine (ACh) synaptic function throughout adolescence, young adulthood and later adulthood, in brain regions possessing the majority of ACh projections and cell bodies; we measured nicotinic ACh receptor binding, hemicholinium-3 binding to the presynaptic choline transporter and choline acetyltransferase activity, all known targets for the adverse developmental effects of nicotine and chlorpyrifos given individually. By itself nicotine elicited overall upregulation of the ACh markers, albeit with selective differences by sex, region and age. Likewise, chlorpyrifos alone had highly sex-selective effects. Importantly, all the effects showed temporal progression between adolescence and adulthood, pointing to ongoing synaptic changes rather than just persistence after an initial injury. Prenatal nicotine administration altered the responses to chlorpyrifos in a consistent pattern for all three markers, lowering values relative to those of the individual treatments or to those expected from simple additive effects of nicotine and chlorpyrifos. The combination produced global interference with emergence of the ACh phenotype, an effect not seen with nicotine or chlorpyrifos alone. Given that human exposures to nicotine and chlorpyrifos are widespread, our results point to the creation of a subpopulation with heightened vulnerability.
Collapse
|
50
|
Rohlman DS, Ismail AA, Abdel-Rasoul G, Lasarev M, Hendy O, Olson JR. Characterizing exposures and neurobehavioral performance in Egyptian adolescent pesticide applicators. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:845-55. [PMID: 24833556 PMCID: PMC4465098 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Children and adolescents may have occupational exposure to pesticides. Although previous studies examining prenatal pesticide exposure have identified neurobehavioral deficits in children, there are limited studies examining the impact of occupational exposure in children. The objectives of this study are to estimate exposures to the organophosphorus pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF), by measuring urinary levels of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), a specific CPF metabolite, and blood cholinesterase (ChE) activities and to characterize neurobehavioral performance in adolescents working as seasonal pesticide applicators and non-applicator controls. A neurobehavioral test battery, consisting of 14 tests, was used to assess a broad range of functions. Applicators performed worse than controls on the majority of tests. Principal component analysis was used to reduce the number of outcome variables and two components, focused on reasoning-short-term memory and attention-executive functioning, showed significant deficits in applicators compared to non-applicators. Elevated metabolite levels were found in the applicators compared to the non-applicators, confirming CPF exposure in the applicators. Although this study is limited by a small sample size, it provides preliminary evidence of moderate CPF exposures, decreased blood ChE in some applicators and decreased neurobehavioral performance in an adolescent working population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Schertler Rohlman
- Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa CIty, IA, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|