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Du W. Interactions Between Endogenous Opioids and the Immune System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 35:27-43. [PMID: 38874717 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45493-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The endogenous opioid system, which consists of opioid receptors and their ligands, is widely expressed in the nervous system and also found in the immune system. As a part of the body's defense machinery, the immune system is heavily regulated by endogenous opioid peptides. Many types of immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes are influenced by endogenous opioids, which affect cell activation, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, phagocytosis, and cytokine production. Additionally, immune cells also synthesize and secrete endogenous opioid peptides and participate peripheral analgesia. This chapter is structured into two sections. Part one focuses on immunoregulatory functions of central endogenous opioids; and part two describes how opioid peptide-containing immune cells participate in local analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Clinical Sciences Research, CAMC Institute for Academic Medicine, Charleston, WV, USA.
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Dworsky-Fried Z, Chadwick CI, Kerr BJ, Taylor AMW. Multiple Sclerosis and the Endogenous Opioid System. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:741503. [PMID: 34602975 PMCID: PMC8484329 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.741503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation, neuronal degeneration and demyelinating lesions within the central nervous system. The mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis and progression of MS are not fully known and current therapies have limited efficacy. Preclinical investigations using the murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS, as well as clinical observations in patients with MS, provide converging lines of evidence implicating the endogenous opioid system in the pathogenesis of this disease. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that endogenous opioid peptides, binding μ- (MOR), κ- (KOR) and δ-opioid receptors (DOR), function as immunomodulatory molecules within both the immune and nervous systems. The endogenous opioid system is also well known to play a role in the development of chronic pain and negative affect, both of which are common comorbidities in MS. As such, dysregulation of the opioid system may be a mechanism that contributes to the pathogenesis of MS and associated symptoms. Here, we review the evidence for a connection between the endogenous opioid system and MS. We further explore the mechanisms by which opioidergic signaling might contribute to the pathophysiology and symptomatology of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Dworsky-Fried
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Caylin I. Chadwick
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bradley J. Kerr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anna M. W. Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Critical neurological features of COVID-19: Role of imaging methods and biosensors for effective diagnosis. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2:100098. [PMID: 34766055 PMCID: PMC8117537 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a respiratory infection that has been declared as a global health crisis by the WHO. It mainly affects the respiratory system. Apart from respiratory system, it also affects other organs as well including the brain. Numerous emerging reports have demonstrated that the COVID-19 has detrimental effects on neurological functions, and can lead to severe impairment of the central nervous system (CNS). The neurological manifestations linked with COVID-19 include headache, anosmia, encephalitis, epileptic seizures, Guillain-Barre syndrome, stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage alongwith multiple others complications. The CNS related complications may be severe and are linked with poor diagnosis which may worsen the condition. Therefore, there is a need to precisely understand the neurological sequelae along with upcoming clinical outcomes. Here, we present a brief review of the neurological complications and symptoms associated with COVID-19 along with brain imaging findings. Further, we have discussed about the emerging biosensing approaches which may aid in rapid, precise and mass diagnosis of COVID-19.
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Machelska H, Celik MÖ. Opioid Receptors in Immune and Glial Cells-Implications for Pain Control. Front Immunol 2020; 11:300. [PMID: 32194554 PMCID: PMC7064637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptors comprise μ (MOP), δ (DOP), κ (KOP), and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOP) receptors. Opioids are agonists of MOP, DOP, and KOP receptors, whereas nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is an agonist of NOP receptors. Activation of all four opioid receptors in neurons can induce analgesia in animal models, but the most clinically relevant are MOP receptor agonists (e.g., morphine, fentanyl). Opioids can also affect the function of immune cells, and their actions in relation to immunosuppression and infections have been widely discussed. Here, we analyze the expression and the role of opioid receptors in peripheral immune cells and glia in the modulation of pain. All four opioid receptors have been identified at the mRNA and protein levels in immune cells (lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages) in humans, rhesus monkeys, rats or mice. Activation of leukocyte MOP, DOP, and KOP receptors was recently reported to attenuate pain after nerve injury in mice. This involved intracellular Ca2+-regulated release of opioid peptides from immune cells, which subsequently activated MOP, DOP, and KOP receptors on peripheral neurons. There is no evidence of pain modulation by leukocyte NOP receptors. More good quality studies are needed to verify the presence of DOP, KOP, and NOP receptors in native glia. Although still questioned, MOP receptors might be expressed in brain or spinal cord microglia and astrocytes in humans, mice, and rats. Morphine acting at spinal cord microglia is often reported to induce hyperalgesia in rodents. However, most studies used animals without pathological pain and/or unconventional paradigms (e.g., high or ultra-low doses, pain assessment after abrupt discontinuation of chronic morphine treatment). Therefore, the opioid-induced hyperalgesia can be viewed in the context of dependence/withdrawal rather than pain management, in line with clinical reports. There is convincing evidence of analgesic effects mediated by immune cell-derived opioid peptides in animal models and in humans. Together, MOP, DOP, and KOP receptors, and opioid peptides in immune cells can ameliorate pathological pain. The relevance of NOP receptors and N/OFQ in leukocytes, and of all opioid receptors, opioid peptides and N/OFQ in native glia for pain control is yet to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Machelska
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melih Ö Celik
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Delcourt V, Franck J, Quanico J, Gimeno JP, Wisztorski M, Raffo-Romero A, Kobeissy F, Roucou X, Salzet M, Fournier I. Spatially-Resolved Top-down Proteomics Bridged to MALDI MS Imaging Reveals the Molecular Physiome of Brain Regions. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 17:357-372. [PMID: 29122912 PMCID: PMC5795397 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.065755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue spatially-resolved proteomics was performed on 3 brain regions, leading to the characterization of 123 reference proteins. Moreover, 8 alternative proteins from alternative open reading frames (AltORF) were identified. Some proteins display specific post-translational modification profiles or truncation linked to the brain regions and their functions. Systems biology analysis performed on the proteome identified in each region allowed to associate sub-networks with the functional physiology of each brain region. Back correlation of the proteins identified by spatially-resolved proteomics at a given tissue localization with the MALDI MS imaging data, was then performed. As an example, mapping of the distribution of the matrix metallopeptidase 3-cleaved C-terminal fragment of α-synuclein (aa 95–140) identified its specific distribution along the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Taken together, we established the molecular physiome of 3 rat brain regions through reference and hidden proteome characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Delcourt
- From the ‡Laboratoire Proteomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) - INSERM U1192, Université Lille 1, Bât SN3, 1 étage, Cité Scientifique, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.,§Département de Biochimie Lab. Z8-2001, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Julien Franck
- From the ‡Laboratoire Proteomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) - INSERM U1192, Université Lille 1, Bât SN3, 1 étage, Cité Scientifique, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Jusal Quanico
- From the ‡Laboratoire Proteomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) - INSERM U1192, Université Lille 1, Bât SN3, 1 étage, Cité Scientifique, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pascal Gimeno
- From the ‡Laboratoire Proteomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) - INSERM U1192, Université Lille 1, Bât SN3, 1 étage, Cité Scientifique, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Maxence Wisztorski
- From the ‡Laboratoire Proteomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) - INSERM U1192, Université Lille 1, Bât SN3, 1 étage, Cité Scientifique, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Antonella Raffo-Romero
- From the ‡Laboratoire Proteomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) - INSERM U1192, Université Lille 1, Bât SN3, 1 étage, Cité Scientifique, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- ¶Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Xavier Roucou
- §Département de Biochimie Lab. Z8-2001, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Michel Salzet
- From the ‡Laboratoire Proteomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) - INSERM U1192, Université Lille 1, Bât SN3, 1 étage, Cité Scientifique, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France;
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- From the ‡Laboratoire Proteomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) - INSERM U1192, Université Lille 1, Bât SN3, 1 étage, Cité Scientifique, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France;
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Wachholz S, Knorr A, Mengert L, Plümper J, Sommer R, Juckel G, Friebe A. Interleukin-4 is a participant in the regulation of depressive-like behavior. Behav Brain Res 2017; 326:165-172. [PMID: 28315756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory immune activation has been frequently associated with the development of major depression. Microglia might serve as an important interface in this immune system-to-brain communication. Interleukin-4, the major Th2 type cytokine, might be protective against depression due to its ability to counter-regulate inflammation and to inhibit serotonin transporter activity. By using an Interferon-α mouse model, we show that a decreased IL-4 responsiveness of microglia was specifically related to the development of depressive-like behavior. IL-4 deficient mice in a BALB/cJ background showed a considerable increase of depressive-like behavior in the forced swim (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) and reduced avoidance behavior in an active avoidance task. Prior conditioning with unescapable foot shocks further decreased avoidance behavior (learned helplessness) but to a similar level as in the wild type strain. IFN-α treatment was not able to further enhance the already increased level of depressive-like behavior in the FST and TST. Thus, IL-4 seems to be a critical participant in the regulation of depressive-like behavior in an untreated baseline condition. Increase of depressive-like behavior during inflammation in wild-type mice might be mediated to some extent by a reduction of IL-4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Wachholz
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, Center of Clinical Research 1 (ZKF1 2/052), Universitätsstraße 150, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Knorr
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, Center of Clinical Research 1 (ZKF1 2/052), Universitätsstraße 150, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Leonie Mengert
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, Center of Clinical Research 1 (ZKF1 2/052), Universitätsstraße 150, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Plümper
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, Center of Clinical Research 1 (ZKF1 2/052), Universitätsstraße 150, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Rainer Sommer
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, Center of Clinical Research 1 (ZKF1 2/052), Universitätsstraße 150, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Georg Juckel
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, Center of Clinical Research 1 (ZKF1 2/052), Universitätsstraße 150, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr. 1, D-44791 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Astrid Friebe
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, Center of Clinical Research 1 (ZKF1 2/052), Universitätsstraße 150, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany.
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Quanico J, Franck J, Wisztorski M, Salzet M, Fournier I. Integrated mass spectrometry imaging and omics workflows on the same tissue section using grid-aided, parafilm-assisted microdissection. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1702-1714. [PMID: 28300637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of the number of applications describing the use of MALDI MSI, one of its major drawbacks is the limited capability of identifying multiple compound classes directly on the same tissue section. METHODS We demonstrate the use of grid-aided, parafilm-assisted microdissection to perform MALDI MS imaging and shotgun proteomics and metabolomics in a combined workflow and using only a single tissue section. The grid is generated by microspotting acid dye 25 using a piezoelectric microspotter, and this grid was used as a guide to locate regions of interest and as an aid during manual microdissection. Subjecting the dissected pieces to the modified Folch method allows to separate the metabolites from proteins. The proteins can then be subjected to digestion under controlled conditions to improve protein identification yields. RESULTS The proof of concept experiment on rat brain generated 162 and 140 metabolite assignments from three ROIs (cerebellum, hippocampus and midbrain/hypothalamus) in positive and negative modes, respectively, and 890, 1303 and 1059 unique proteins. Integrated metabolite and protein overrepresentation analysis identified pathways associated with the biological functions of each ROI, most of which were not identified when looking at the protein and metabolite lists individually. CONCLUSIONS This combined MALDI MS imaging and multi-omics approach further extends the amount of information that can be generated from single tissue sections. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report combining both imaging and multi-omics analyses in the same workflow and on the same tissue section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jusal Quanico
- Université de Lille 1, INSERM, U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julien Franck
- Université de Lille 1, INSERM, U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Maxence Wisztorski
- Université de Lille 1, INSERM, U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Michel Salzet
- Université de Lille 1, INSERM, U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Université de Lille 1, INSERM, U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), F-59000 Lille, France.
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Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Estensoro I, Pérez-Sánchez J. Immunity to gastrointestinal microparasites of fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:187-201. [PMID: 26828391 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fish intestinal parasites cause direct mortalities and also morbidity, poor growth, higher susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens and lower resistance to stress. This review is focused on microscopic parasites (Protozoa and Metazoa) that invade the gastrointestinal tract of fish. Intracellular parasites (mainly Microsporidia and Apicomplexa) evoke almost no host immune reaction while they are concealed in the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments, and can even use fish cells (macrophages) as Trojan horses to spread in the host. Inflammatory reaction only appears when the parasite bursts infected cells. Immunity against extracellular parasites is depicted for the myxozoans Ceratonova shasta and Enteromyxum spp. The cellular and humoral innate responses and the production of antibodies are crucial for resolving some of these myxozoonoses, but an excessive inflammatory reaction (concerted by cytokines) can become a fatal pathophysiological consequence. The local immune response plays a key role, with numerous genes more strongly regulated in the intestine than at lymphohaematopoietic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Castellón, Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Castellón, Spain
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Wachholz S, Eßlinger M, Plümper J, Manitz MP, Juckel G, Friebe A. Microglia activation is associated with IFN-α induced depressive-like behavior. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 55:105-113. [PMID: 26408795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory immune activation has been frequently associated with the development of major depression. This association was confirmed in patients receiving long-term treatment with pro-inflammatory interferon-α (IFN-α). Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, might serve as an important interface in this immune system-to-brain communication. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of microglia in an IFN-α mouse model of immune-mediated depression. Male BALB/c mice were treated with daily injections of IFN-α for two weeks. Depressive-like behavior was analyzed in the forced swim and tail suspension test. Activation of microglia was measured by flow cytometry. Pro-inflammatory M1 type (MHC-II, CD40, CD54, CD80, CD86, CCR7), anti-inflammatory M2 type (CD206, CD200R), and maturation markers (CD11c, CCR7) were tested, as well as the chemokine receptor CCR2. IFN-α led to a significant increase in depressive-like behavior and expression of the pro-inflammatory surface markers MHC-II, CD86, and CD54, indicating M1 polarization. Because IFN-α-treated mice showed great individual variance in the behavioral response to IFN-α, they were further divided into vulnerable and non-vulnerable subgroups. Only IFN-α vulnerable mice (characterized by their development of depressive-like behavior in response to IFN-α) showed an increased expression of MHC-II and CD86, while CD54 was similarly enhanced in both subgroups. Thus, IFN-α-induced activation of microglia was specifically associated with depressive-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Wachholz
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Manuela Eßlinger
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Plümper
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Marie-Pierre Manitz
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Georg Juckel
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Astrid Friebe
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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Kodavanti UP. Stretching the stress boundary: Linking air pollution health effects to a neurohormonal stress response. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2880-90. [PMID: 27166979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled pollutants produce effects in virtually all organ systems in our body and have been linked to chronic diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's and diabetes. A neurohormonal stress response (referred to here as a systemic response produced by activation of the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis) has been implicated in a variety of psychological and physical stresses, which involves immune and metabolic homeostatic mechanisms affecting all organs in the body. In this review, we provide new evidence for the involvement of this well-characterized neurohormonal stress response in mediating systemic and pulmonary effects of a prototypic air pollutant - ozone. A plethora of systemic metabolic and immune effects are induced in animals exposed to inhaled pollutants, which could result from increased circulating stress hormones. The release of adrenal-derived stress hormones in response to ozone exposure not only mediates systemic immune and metabolic responses, but by doing so, also modulates pulmonary injury and inflammation. With recurring pollutant exposures, these effects can contribute to multi-organ chronic conditions associated with air pollution. This review will cover, 1) the potential mechanisms by which air pollutants can initiate the relay of signals from respiratory tract to brain through trigeminal and vagus nerves, and activate stress responsive regions including hypothalamus; and 2) the contribution of sympathetic and HPA-axis activation in mediating systemic homeostatic metabolic and immune effects of ozone in various organs. The potential contribution of chronic environmental stress in cardiovascular, neurological, reproductive and metabolic diseases, and the knowledge gaps are also discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Air Pollution, edited by Wenjun Ding, Andrew J. Ghio and Weidong Wu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmila P Kodavanti
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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Manitz MP, Plümper J, Demir S, Ahrens M, Eßlinger M, Wachholz S, Eisenacher M, Juckel G, Friebe A. Flow cytometric characterization of microglia in the offspring of PolyI:C treated mice. Brain Res 2016; 1636:172-182. [PMID: 26872595 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neuropathology of schizophrenia has been reported to be closely associated with microglial activation. In a previous study, using the prenatal PolyI:C schizophrenia animal model, we showed an increase in cell numbers and a reduction in microglial branching in 30-day-old PolyI:C descendants, which suggests that there is microglial activation during adolescence. To provide more information about the activation state, we aimed to examine the expression levels of Iba1, which was reported to be up-regulated in activated microglia. We used a flow cytometric approach and investigated CD11b and CD45, two additional markers for the identification of microglial cells. We demonstrated that intracellular staining against Iba1 can be used as a reliable flow cytometric method for identification of microglial cells. Prenatal PolyI:C treatment had long-term effects on CD11b and CD45 expression. It also resulted in a trend towards increased Iba1 expression. Imbalance in CD11b, CD45, and Iba1 expression might contribute to impaired synaptic surveillance and enhanced activation/inflammatory activity of microglia in adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pierre Manitz
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr. 1, D-44791 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Plümper
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr. 1, D-44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Seray Demir
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Maike Ahrens
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Manuela Eßlinger
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr. 1, D-44791 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Simone Wachholz
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr. 1, D-44791 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Martin Eisenacher
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Georg Juckel
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr. 1, D-44791 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Astrid Friebe
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr. 1, D-44791 Bochum, Germany.
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Malagoli D, Mandrioli M, Tascedda F, Ottaviani E. Circulating phagocytes: the ancient and conserved interface between immune and neuroendocrine function. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:369-377. [PMID: 26548761 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune and neuroendocrine functions display significant overlap in highly divergent and evolutionarily distant models such as molluscs, crustaceans, insects and mammals. Fundamental players in this crosstalk are professional phagocytes: macrophages in vertebrates and immunocytes in invertebrates. Although they have different developmental origins, macrophages and immunocytes possess comparable functions and differentiate under the control of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors. Macrophages and immunocytes share their pools of receptors, signalling molecules and pathways with neural cells and the neuro-endocrine system. In crustaceans, adult transdifferentiation of circulating haemocytes into neural cells has been documented recently. In light of developmental, molecular and functional evidence, we propose that the immune-neuroendocrine role of circulating phagocytes pre-dates the split of protostomian and deuterostomian superphyla and has been conserved during the evolution of the main groups of metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Malagoli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 213/D, 41122, Modena, Italy
| | - Mauro Mandrioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 213/D, 41122, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Tascedda
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 213/D, 41122, Modena, Italy
| | - Enzo Ottaviani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 213/D, 41122, Modena, Italy
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Lakshmaiah Narayana J, Chen JY. Antimicrobial peptides: Possible anti-infective agents. Peptides 2015; 72:88-94. [PMID: 26048089 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic infections are major health threats. The Infectious Diseases Society of America has expressed concern on the decrease of pharmaceutical companies working on antibiotic research and development. However, small companies, along with academic research institutes, are stepping forward to develop novel therapeutic methods to overcome the present healthcare situation. Among the leading alternatives to current drugs are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are abundantly distributed in nature. AMPs exhibit broad-spectrum activity against a wide variety of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites, and even cancerous cells. They also show potential immunomodulatory properties, and are highly responsive to infectious agents and innate immuno-stimulatory molecules. In recent years, many AMPs have undergone or are undergoing clinical development, and a few are commercially available for topical and other applications. In this review, we outline selected anion and cationic AMPs which are at various stages of development, from preliminary analysis to clinical drug development. Moreover, we also consider current production methods and delivery tools for AMPs, which must be improved for the effective use of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaram Lakshmaiah Narayana
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Cellular and Orgasmic Biology, Academia Sinica and National Sun-Yat Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Orgasmic Biology, Academia Sinica, Jiaushi, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Orgasmic Biology, Academia Sinica, Jiaushi, Ilan, Taiwan.
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Duhamel M, Rodet F, Delhem N, Vanden Abeele F, Kobeissy F, Nataf S, Pays L, Desjardins R, Gagnon H, Wisztorski M, Fournier I, Day R, Salzet M. Molecular Consequences of Proprotein Convertase 1/3 (PC1/3) Inhibition in Macrophages for Application to Cancer Immunotherapy: A Proteomic Study. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2857-77. [PMID: 26330543 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.052480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages provide the first line of host immune defense. Their activation triggers the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines recruiting other immune cells. In cancer, macrophages present an M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype promoting tumor growth. In this way, strategies need to be develop to reactivate macrophages. Previously thought to be expressed only in cells with a neural/neuroendocrine phenotype, the proprotein convertase 1/3 has been shown to also be expressed in macrophages and regulated as a function of the Toll-like receptor immune response. Here, we investigated the intracellular impact of the down-regulation of the proprotein convertase 1/3 in NR8383 macrophages and confirmed the results on macrophages from PC1/3 deficient mice. A complete proteomic study of secretomes and intracellular proteins was undertaken and revealed that inhibition of proprotein convertase 1/3 orient macrophages toward an M1 activated phenotype. This phenotype is characterized by filopodial extensions, Toll-like receptor 4 MyD88-dependent signaling, calcium entry augmentation and the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors. In response to endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide, these intracellular modifications increased, and the secreted factors attracted naïve T helper lymphocytes to promote the cytotoxic response. Importantly, the application of these factors onto breast and ovarian cancer cells resulted in a decrease viability or resistance. Under inhibitory conditions using interleukin 10, PC1/3-knockdown macrophages continued to secrete inflammatory factors. These data indicate that targeted inhibition of proprotein convertase 1/3 could represent a novel type of immune therapy to reactivate intra-tumoral macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Duhamel
- From the ‡Inserm U-1192, Laboratoire de Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Université Lille 1, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve D'Ascq, France
| | - Franck Rodet
- From the ‡Inserm U-1192, Laboratoire de Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Université Lille 1, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve D'Ascq, France
| | - Nadira Delhem
- §Institut de Biologie de Lille, UMR 8161 CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille 1, Lille, France
| | - Fabien Vanden Abeele
- ¶Inserm U-1003, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Université Lille 1, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- ‖Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut
| | - Serge Nataf
- **Inserm U-1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Banque de Tissus et de Cellules des Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Lyon-1
| | - Laurent Pays
- **Inserm U-1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Banque de Tissus et de Cellules des Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Lyon-1
| | - Roxanne Desjardins
- ‡‡Institut de Pharmacologie, Département de Chirurgie/Service d'Urologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Hugo Gagnon
- §§PhenoSwitch Bioscience Inc. 3001 12 Ave Nord, Sherbrooke, Qc, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Maxence Wisztorski
- From the ‡Inserm U-1192, Laboratoire de Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Université Lille 1, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve D'Ascq, France
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- From the ‡Inserm U-1192, Laboratoire de Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Université Lille 1, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve D'Ascq, France
| | - Robert Day
- ‡‡Institut de Pharmacologie, Département de Chirurgie/Service d'Urologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Salzet
- From the ‡Inserm U-1192, Laboratoire de Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Université Lille 1, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve D'Ascq, France;
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Melander O, Orho-Melander M, Manjer J, Svensson T, Almgren P, Nilsson PM, Engström G, Hedblad B, Borgquist S, Hartmann O, Struck J, Bergmann A, Belting M. Stable Peptide of the Endogenous Opioid Enkephalin Precursor and Breast Cancer Risk. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:2632-8. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.59.7682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In experimental studies, enkephalins (ENKs) and related opioids have been implicated as negative regulators of breast cancer development by enhancing immune-mediated tumoral defense as well as directly inhibiting cancer cells. We hypothesized that plasma levels of ENKs are predictive of the long-term breast cancer risk. Therefore, our objective was to measure pro-ENK A, a surrogate for mature ENK, and evaluate its predictive value for the development of breast cancer in a large population of middle-aged women and an independent study population. Patients and Methods We related pro-ENK in fasting plasma samples from 1,929 healthy women (mean age, 57.6 ± 5.9 years) of the Malmö Diet and Cancer study to breast cancer incidence (n = 123) during a median follow-up of 14.7 years. For replication, pro-ENK was related to risk of breast cancer (n = 130) in an older independent sample from the Malmö Preventive Project consisting of 1,569 women (mean age, 70.0 ± 4.4 years). Results In the Malmö Diet and Cancer study, pro-ENK was inversely related to the risk of incident breast cancer, with a hazard ratio per each standard deviation increment of logarithm-transformed pro-ENK of 0.72 (95% CI, 0.62 to 0.85; P < .001). The linear elevation of risk over pro-ENK quartiles 3, 2, and 1, with the fourth quartile as a reference, was 1.38 (95% CI, 0.73 to 2.64), 2.29 (95% CI, 1.26 to 4.15), and 3.16 (95% CI, 1.78 to 5.60; for the trend, P < .001), respectively. These results were replicated in the Malmö Preventive Project, where the continuous odds ratio for incident breast cancer was 0.63 (95% CI, 0.52 to 0.76; P < .001) and the risk over pro-ENK quartiles 3, 2, and 1, where the fourth quartile was the reference, was 2.48 (95% CI, 1.25 to 4.94), 2.94 (95% CI, 1.50 to 5.77), and 4.81 (95% CI, 2.52 to 9.18; for the trend, P < .001), respecitvely. Conclusion Low fasting plasma concentration of the opioid precursor peptide pro-ENK is associated with an increased risk of future breast cancer in middle-aged and postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Melander
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Jonas Manjer
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Thomas Svensson
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Peter Almgren
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Peter M. Nilsson
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Bo Hedblad
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Signe Borgquist
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Oliver Hartmann
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Joachim Struck
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Mattias Belting
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
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Ruangsri J, Fernandes JMO, Rombout JHWM, Brinchmann MF, Kiron V. Ubiquitous presence of piscidin-1 in Atlantic cod as evidenced by immunolocalisation. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:46. [PMID: 22538079 PMCID: PMC3395576 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), the natural antibiotics bestowed upon all forms of life, consist of small molecular weight proteins with a broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against a variety of pathogenic microorganisms. Piscidins are one of the AMP families that are imperative for the innate defence mechanisms of teleosts. Atlantic cod, a basal fish belonging to the superorder Paracanthopterygii also possesses multiple piscidin peptides. Two piscidin paralogues (pis1 and pis2) and a novel alternative splice variant of pis2 of this fish were previously described by us. To shed light on other potent roles of these molecules, now we have mapped the distribution of piscidin 1 (Pis1), in different tissues and organs of cod through immunohistochemistry (IHC) employing an affinity purified polyclonal antibody specific to Pis1. Results Various cell types and tissues of Atlantic cod including those from the immune organs of naïve fish are armed with Pis1 peptide. Different types of the blood leucocytes and phagocytic cells among the leucocytes examined gave a relatively strong indication of Pis1 immunopositivity. In addition, other cell types such as hematopoietic cells, epithelial cells and multi-granular cells located in the mucosal and hematopoietic tissues were also Pis1-immunoreactive. More interestingly, chondrocytes appear to produce Pis1 and this is the first report on the presence of an AMP in cartilage tissue of fish. Furthermore, Pis1 immunopositivity was detected in other tissues and organs of naïve fish including neural tissues, exocrine and endocrine glands, compound gland cells, excretory kidney, intestinal and respiratory epithelial cells, swim bladder, skin and hypodermis layer, myosepta, liver, heart, eye and oocytes. Conclusions Pis1 peptide is produced by various cell types located in different tissues and organs of Atlantic cod. It is present in all immune-related organs of naïve fish and the elevated peptide expression following phagocytosis strongly suggest their involvement in innate defence. Further, its widespread occurrence in non-immune tissues and organs of apparently healthy fish implies that piscidin may have other functions in addition to its role as an immune effector molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jareeporn Ruangsri
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, 8049, Bodø, Norway
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Koren L, Nakagawa S, Burke T, Soma KK, Wynne-Edwards KE, Geffen E. Non-breeding feather concentrations of testosterone, corticosterone and cortisol are associated with subsequent survival in wild house sparrows. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:1560-6. [PMID: 22090380 PMCID: PMC3282351 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Potential mechanistic mediators of Darwinian fitness, such as stress hormones or sex hormones, have been the focus of many studies. An inverse relationship between fitness and stress or sex hormone concentrations has been widely assumed, although empirical evidence is scarce. Feathers gradually accumulate hormones during their growth and provide a novel way to measure hormone concentrations integrated over time. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we measured testosterone, corticosterone and cortisol in the feathers of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in a wild population which is the subject of a long-term study. Although corticosterone is considered the dominant avian glucocorticoid, we unambiguously identified cortisol in feathers. In addition, we found that feathers grown during the post-nuptial moult in autumn contained testosterone, corticosterone and cortisol levels that were significantly higher in birds that subsequently died over the following winter than in birds that survived. Thus, feather steroids are candidate prospective biomarkers to predict the future survival of individuals in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Koren
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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18
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Refaie S, Gagnon S, Gagnon H, Desjardins R, D'Anjou F, D'Orléans-Juste P, Zhu X, Steiner DF, Seidah NG, Lazure C, Salzet M, Day R. Disruption of proprotein convertase 1/3 (PC1/3) expression in mice causes innate immune defects and uncontrolled cytokine secretion. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:14703-17. [PMID: 22396549 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.323220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The proprotein convertase 1/3 is expressed in the regulated secretory pathway of neural and endocrine cells. Its major function is in the post-translational processing and activation of precursor proteins. The PC1/3 knock-out (KO) mouse model has allowed us to elucidate its physiological functions in studies focused primarily on neuroendocrine tissues. However, PC1/3 is also expressed in cells of the immune system, mainly in macrophages. The present study explores the effects of innate immune challenge in the PC1/3 KO mouse. PC1/3 KO mice have an enlarged spleen with marked disorganization of the marginal zone and red pulp. Immunohistochemical studies using various markers demonstrate a depletion of dendritic cells in PC1/3 KO spleens. When challenged with lipopolysaccharide, PC1/3 KO mice are more susceptible to septic shock than wild-type controls or other PC KO mice, such as PC2 and PC7 null mice. Plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) were very significantly elevated in PC1/3 KO mice, consistent with a hypercytokinemia, i.e. indicative of a major systemic uncontrolled inflammatory response or cytokine storm. Peritoneal macrophages isolated from PC1/3 KO mice also demonstrate elevated cytokine secretion when treated with LPS. Electron micrographs show morphological features indicating a prolonged activation of these cells following LPS stimulation. We also present evidence that the proinflammatory T(h)1 pathway is dominant in the PC1/3 KO mouse model. We conclude that aside from its important role in neuroendocrine functions PC1/3 also has an important role in the regulation of the innate immune system, most likely through the regulation of cytokine secretion in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Refaie
- Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
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Menéndez L, Hidalgo A, Meana A, Poras H, Fournié-Zaluski MC, Roques BP, Baamonde A. Inhibition of osteosarcoma-induced thermal hyperalgesia in mice by the orally active dual enkephalinase inhibitor PL37. Potentiation by gabapentin. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 596:50-5. [PMID: 18692494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that stimulation of peripheral opioid receptors by exogenous opiates counteracts the thermal hyperalgesia elicited by a tibial osteosarcoma due to intraosteal inoculation of NCTC 2472 cells to mice. Aiming to study whether pheripheral endogenous enkephalins could also counteract this painful symptom, we assayed in this model the effects of PL37, an orally active dual inhibitor of enkephalin inactivating enzymes. Oral administration of PL37 (25 mg/kg) completely supressed osteosarcoma-induced thermal hyperalgesia through the activation of micro-opioid receptors, since the administration of cyprodime (1 mg/kg) inhibited its antihyperalgesic effect. Neither naltrindole (0.1 mg/kg) nor nor-binaltorphimine (10 mg/kg) modified this PL37-induced antihyperalgesic effect. Moreover, the inhibition of the antihyperalgesic effect induced by PL37 after the administration of naloxone-methiodide (2 mg/kg), a non selective opioid antagonist that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, demonstrates the involvement of peripheral opioid receptors. In contrast, centrally mediated effects may be detected when assaying a higher dose of PL37 (50 mg/kg). Besides, the administration of gabapentin (6.25-25 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently inhibited osteosarcoma-induced thermal hyperalgesia. Interestingly, the combined administration of subeffective doses of PL37 and gabapentin completely prevented this type of thermal hyperalgesia. An isobolographic analysis of this interaction demonstrated a synergistic interaction between both drugs.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Amines/therapeutic use
- Analgesics/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Bone Neoplasms/complications
- Bone Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids/therapeutic use
- Disulfides/therapeutic use
- Drug Synergism
- Gabapentin
- Hot Temperature
- Hyperalgesia/drug therapy
- Hyperalgesia/etiology
- Hyperalgesia/physiopathology
- Mice
- Naloxone/analogs & derivatives
- Naloxone/pharmacology
- Neprilysin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Osteosarcoma/complications
- Osteosarcoma/physiopathology
- Propylamines/therapeutic use
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/physiology
- gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Menéndez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Julián Clavería 6, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Proenkephalin expression and enkephalin release are widely observed in non-neuronal tissues. Peptides 2007; 29:83-92. [PMID: 18082911 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Enkephalins are opioid peptides that are found at high levels in the brain and endocrine tissues. Studies have shown that enkephalins play an important role in behavior, pain, cardiac function, cellular growth, immunity, and ischemic tolerance. Our global hypothesis is that enkephalins are released from non-neuronal tissues in response to brief ischemia or exercise, and that this release contributes to cardioprotection. To identify tissues that could serve as potential sources of enkephalins, we used real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, ELISA, immunofluorescence microscopy, and ex vivo models of enkephalin release. We found widespread expression of preproenkephalin (pPENK) mRNA and production of the enkephalin precursor protein proenkephalin (PENK) in rat and mouse tissues, as well as in tissues and cells from humans and pigs. Immunofluorescence microscopy with anti-enkephalin antisera demonstrated immunoreactivity in rat tissues, including heart and skeletal muscle myocytes, intestinal and kidney epithelium, and intestinal smooth muscle cells. Finally, isolated tissue studies showed that heart, skeletal muscle, and intestine released enkephalins ex vivo. Together our studies indicate that multiple non-neuronal tissues produce PENK and release enkephalins. These data support the hypothesis that non-neuronal tissues could play a role in both local and systemic enkephalin-mediated effects.
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Patel JP, Sengupta R, Bardi G, Khan MZ, Mullen-Przeworski A, Meucci O. Modulation of neuronal CXCR4 by the micro-opioid agonist DAMGO. J Neurovirol 2007; 12:492-500. [PMID: 17162664 PMCID: PMC2676683 DOI: 10.1080/13550280601064798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 regulates neuronal survival and differentiation and is involved in a number of pathologies, including cancer and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Recent data suggest that chemokines act in concert with neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, such as opioids. This study aimed to determine whether mu-opioid agonists alter the effect of CXCL12 (the specific CXCR4 ligand) on central neurons. Neuronal expression of CXCR4 and micro-opioid receptors (MORs) was analyzed by Western blot, immunostaining, and flow cytometry. Single-cell studies showed that all CXCR4-positive neurons coexpress MORs. Treatment of neuronal cultures with the selective MOR agonist DAMGO or the endogenous peptide endomorphin-1 inhibited intracellular signaling pathways (ERK1/2 and Akt) activated by CXCL12. Furthermore, DAMGO abolished the neuroprotective effect of CXCL12 in N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) neurotoxicity studies. The effects of DAMGO and endomorphin-1 were inhibited by a general or a micro-specific opioid receptor antagonist, and not caused by changes in neuronal CXCR4 levels. DAMGO did not affect CXCL12-induced internalization of CXCR4. The authors propose that interactions between MOR and CXCR4 signaling can modulate the action of CXCL12 on neuronal survival-which may have important implications to neuroAIDS as well as other neuroinflammatory disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Survival
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/pharmacology
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/drug effects
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Oligopeptides/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptor Cross-Talk/drug effects
- Receptor Cross-Talk/physiology
- Receptors, CXCR4/drug effects
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeegar P Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
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22
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Abstract
Interactions between immune systems, nervous systems, and behavior are well established in vertebrates. A comparative examination of these interactions in other animals will help us understand their evolution and present adaptive functions. Insects show immune-behavioral interactions similar to those seen in vertebrates, suggesting that many of them may have a highly conserved function. Activation of an immune response in insects results in illness-induced anorexia, behavioral fever, changes in reproductive behavior, and decreased learning ability in a broad range of species. Flight-or-fight behaviors result in a decline in disease resistance. In insects, illness-induced anorexia may enhance immunity. Stress-induced immunosuppression is probably due to physiological conflicts between the immune response and those of other physiological processes. Because insects occupy a wide range of ecological niches, they will be useful in examining how some immune-behavioral interactions are sculpted by an animal's behavioral ecology.
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Carson MJ, Thrash JC, Walter B. The cellular response in neuroinflammation: The role of leukocytes, microglia and astrocytes in neuronal death and survival. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 6:237-245. [PMID: 19169437 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnr.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a complex integration of the responses of all cells present within the CNS, including the neurons, macroglia, microglia and the infiltrating leukocytes. The initiating insult, environmental factors, genetic background and age/past experiences all combine to modulate the integrated response of this complex neuroinflammatory circuit. Here, we explore how these factors interact to lead to either neuroprotective versus neurotoxic inflammatory responses. We specifically focus on microglia and astrocytic regulation of autoreactive T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica J Carson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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24
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Chen YL, Law PY, Loh HH. Nuclear factor kappaB signaling in opioid functions and receptor gene expression. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2006; 1:270-9. [PMID: 18040804 PMCID: PMC3446243 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-006-9028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Opiates are the most powerful of all known analgesics. The prototype opiate morphine has been used as a painkiller for several thousand years. Chronic usage of opiates not only causes drug tolerance, dependence, and addiction, but also suppresses immune functions and affects cell proliferation and cell survival. The diverse functions of opiates underscore the complexity of opioid receptor signaling. Several downstream signaling effector systems, including adenylyl cyclase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Ca2+ channels, K+ channels, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, have been identified to be critical in opioid functions. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), one of the most diverse and critical transcription factors, is one of the downstream molecules that may either directly or indirectly transmit the receptor-mediated upstream signals to the nucleus, resulting in the regulation of the NF-kappaB-dependent genes, which are critical for the opioid-induced biological responses of neuronal and immune cells. In this minireview, we focus on current understanding of the involvement of NF-kappaB signaling in opioid functions and receptor gene expression in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong L Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, the University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 321 Church St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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25
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Goehler LE, Erisir A, Gaykema RPA. Neural-immune interface in the rat area postrema. Neuroscience 2006; 140:1415-34. [PMID: 16650942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The area postrema functions as one interface between the immune system and the brain. Immune cells within the area postrema express immunoreactivity for the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1beta following challenge with immune stimulants, including lipopolysaccharide (from bacterial cell walls). As a circumventricular organ, the area postrema accesses circulating immune-derived mediators, but also receives direct primary viscerosensory signals via the vagus nerve. Neurons in the area postrema contribute to central autonomic network neurocircuitry implicated in brain-mediated host defense responses. These experiments were directed toward clarifying relationships between immune cells and neurons in the area postrema, with a view toward potential mechanisms by which they may communicate. We used antisera directed toward markers indicating microglia (CR3/CD11b; OX-42), resident macrophages (CD163; ED-2), or dendritic cell-like phenotypes (major histocompability complex class II; OX-6), in area postrema sections from lipopolysaccharide-treated rats processed for light, laser scanning confocal, and electron microscopy. Lipopolysaccharide treatment induced interleukin-1beta-like immunoreactivity in immune cells that either associated with the vasculature (perivascular cells, a subtype of macrophage) or associated with neuronal elements (dendritic-like, and unknown phenotype). Electron microscopic analysis revealed that some immune cells, including interleukin-1beta-positive cells, evinced membrane apposition with neuronal elements, including dendrites and terminals, that could derive from inputs to the area postrema such as vagal sensory fibers, or intrinsic area postrema neurons. This arrangement provides an anatomical substrate by which immune cells could directly and specifically influence individual neurons in the area postrema, that may support the induction and/or maintenance of brain responses to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Goehler
- Program in Sensory and Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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26
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Franklin SO, Jimenez R. Increases in preproenkephalin mRNA levels in the Syrian hamster: The influence of glucocorticoids is dependent on age and tissue. Brain Res 2006; 1086:65-75. [PMID: 16597437 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 02/19/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In adult hamsters, basal proenkephalin (Penk) gene expression in adrenals is independent of glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptor blockade, by RU 486, increases striatal preproenkephalin (PPenk) mRNA levels. However, glucocorticoids maintain both basal and induced Penk gene expression in rat adrenal (medulla) and striatum. This suggests species and tissue-specific differences in Penk gene regulation. Since studies show temporal coordination in Penk gene expression in developing hamster adrenal and striatum, we tested the hypothesis that increasing PPenk mRNA levels are dependent, while basal levels are independent of glucocorticoids in developing hamsters. To facilitate this study, we examined the influence of glucocorticoids on the temporal increases in developing hamster PPenk mRNA observed in adrenals between postnatal days 0 and 4 and in striatum between postnatal days 12 and 48. PPenk mRNA levels were determined in hamster pups after treatment with increasing doses of metyrapone (an 11beta hydroxylase inhibitor) or with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU 486 +/- metyrapone between postnatal days 2 and 4. Levels were also determined 36 days after hypophysectomy at age 16-17 days. Although plasma glucocorticoid levels and/or the influence from glucocorticoids were reduced, only developmental increases in PPenk mRNA are influenced by glucocorticoids in hamster adrenals, while basal adrenal mRNA levels are unchanged. However, pituitary influence on striatal PPenk mRNA levels appears complex and may involve steroid and/or non-steroid factors. These results suggest that glucocorticoids regulate hamster Penk gene expression via a mechanism that varies with age and tissue and functions during the induction of the Penk gene and not to maintain basal gene expression. Possible mechanisms and species variation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven O Franklin
- Program in the Neuroscience of Drug Abuse, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, 27707, USA.
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27
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Schedlowski M. Insecta immune-cognitive interactions. Brain Behav Immun 2006; 20:133-4. [PMID: 16260114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schedlowski
- Institute for Behavioral Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Zurich, Switzerland. ,ch
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28
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Lansac G, Dong W, Dubois CM, Benlarbi N, Afonso C, Fournier I, Salzet M, Day R. Lipopolysaccharide mediated regulation of neuroendocrine associated proprotein convertases and neuropeptide precursor processing in the rat spleen. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 171:57-71. [PMID: 16337011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Within the secretory pathway, the family of proprotein convertases cleave inactive precursors at paired basic residues to generate a myriad of biologically active peptides. Within the PC family, PC1/3 and PC2 are well known for their preferential expression within neuroendocrine cells. However, various data now indicate their potential expression in immune cells. The aim of our study was two fold: (1) survey PC expression in immune tissues, with emphasis on PC1/3 and PC2 and (2) examine PC expression under conditions that mimic an infectious state using lipopolysaccharide, known to activate immune cells via toll-like receptors. Spatial and temporal analyses of tissues from control and lipopolysaccharide treated rats were carried out using in situ hybridization histochemistry, Northern blot, mass spectrometry and antibacterial assays. Our tissue survey showed the basal expression of all PCs in the lymph nodes, thymus and spleen including PC1/3 and PC2. Focusing on the spleen, basal expression of PC1/3 was seen in the red pulp/marginal zone areas, suggesting expression within macrophages. Lipopolysaccharide treatment produced significant changes in PC1/3 expression and notably an induction in B lymphocytes within germinal centers. Similarly, PC2, which was undetectable in control spleens, was induced in germinal centers following lipopolysaccharide treatment. The PC1/3 and PC2 substrate proenkephalin was also induced following lipopolysaccharide treatment in the marginal zone, where PC1/3 expression was also found. Mass spectrometry analysis of spleen extracts demonstrated the presence of the antibacterial peptide enkelytin. Our studies confirmed that PC1/3 and PC2 expression was not restricted to neurons and endocrine cells, but was also found under basal conditions in both macrophage and lymphocytes. Additionally, plasticity of PC expression in immune cells was observed under conditions that mimic pathogen-like infections, suggesting a mechanistic link through Toll-like receptors. Collectively, these data clearly implicate PCs in immune responses, both innate and acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lansac
- Département de Pharmacologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4
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29
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Hebb ALO, Poulin JF, Roach SP, Zacharko RM, Drolet G. Cholecystokinin and endogenous opioid peptides: interactive influence on pain, cognition, and emotion. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29:1225-38. [PMID: 16242828 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented that stressful life experiences contribute to the etiology of human mood disorders. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide found in high concentrations throughout the central nervous system, where it is involved in numerous physiological functions. A role for CCK in the induction and persistence of anxiety and major depression appears to be conspicuous. While increased CCK has been associated with motivational loss, anxiety and panic attacks, an increase in mesocorticolimbic opioid availability has been associated with coping and mood elevation. The close neuroanatomical distribution of CCK with opioid peptides in the limbic system suggests that there may be an opioid-CCK link in the modulation and expression of anxiety or stressor-related behaviors. In effect, while CCK induces relatively protracted behavioral disturbances in both animal and human subjects following stressor applications, opioid receptor activation may change the course of psychopathology. The antagonistic interaction of CCK and opioid peptides is evident in psychological disturbances as well as stress-induced analgesia. There appears to be an intricate balance between the memory-enhancing and anxiety-provoking effects of CCK on one hand, and the amnesic and anxiolytic effects of opioid peptides on the other hand. Potential anxiogenic and mnemonic influences of site-specific mesocorticolimbic CCK and opioid peptide availability, the relative contributions of specific CCK and opioid receptors, as well as the time course underlying neuronal substrates of long-term behavioral disturbances as a result of stressor manipulations, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L O Hebb
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1X5.
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30
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Schlosser G. Evolutionary origins of vertebrate placodes: insights from developmental studies and from comparisons with other deuterostomes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2005; 304:347-99. [PMID: 16003766 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ectodermal placodes comprise the adenohypophyseal, olfactory, lens, profundal, trigeminal, otic, lateral line, and epibranchial placodes. The first part of this review presents a brief overview of placode development. Placodes give rise to a variety of cell types and contribute to many sensory organs and ganglia of the vertebrate head. While different placodes differ with respect to location and derivative cell types, all appear to originate from a common panplacodal primordium, induced at the anterior neural plate border by a combination of mesodermal and neural signals and defined by the expression of Six1, Six4, and Eya genes. Evidence from mouse and zebrafish mutants suggests that these genes promote generic placodal properties such as cell proliferation, cell shape changes, and specification of neurons. The common developmental origin of placodes suggests that all placodes may have evolved in several steps from a common precursor. The second part of this review summarizes our current knowledge of placode evolution. Although placodes (like neural crest cells) have been proposed to be evolutionary novelties of vertebrates, recent studies in ascidians and amphioxus have proposed that some placodes originated earlier in the chordate lineage. However, while the origin of several cellular and molecular components of placodes (e.g., regionalized expression domains of transcription factors and some neuronal or neurosecretory cell types) clearly predates the origin of vertebrates, there is presently little evidence that these components are integrated into placodes in protochordates. A scenario is presented according to which all placodes evolved from an adenohypophyseal-olfactory protoplacode, which may have originated in the vertebrate ancestor from the anlage of a rostral neurosecretory organ (surviving as Hatschek's pit in present-day amphioxus).
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31
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Kasahara S, Cooper EL. Nervous, endocrine, immune systems as a target for complementary and alternative medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2005; 546:405-23. [PMID: 15584388 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-4820-8_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kasahara
- Laboratory of Comparative Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Box 951763, Los Angeles, California 90095-1763, USA.
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Vegas O, Beitia G, Sánchez-Martin JR, Arregi A, Azpiroz A. Behavioral and neurochemical responses in mice bearing tumors submitted to social stress. Behav Brain Res 2004; 155:125-34. [PMID: 15325786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Revised: 04/07/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Through the proinflammatory cytokines secreted in response to inflammation or injury, the immune system produces physiological and behavioral alterations. This study analyzes the effects on behavior, mononuclear proliferative response and central monoamine activity in response to the inoculation of tumor cells in mice submitted to social stress. Two groups of male OF1 mice were used, one of which was inoculated with B16 melanoma cells. Both groups were subdivided into two new groups, with one being submitted to social stress through sensory contact model with a selected aggressive subject, and the other being handled without social interaction. Subjects were exposed to social stress for a 24-h period, with three 5 min intervals of direct physical interaction, where the behavior was recorded and assessed. One hour after the stress and/or handling, they were put down and samples taken for physiological assessment. Significant behavioral changes were found in subjects with implanted tumors, mainly characterized by an increase in avoidance behavior and a decrease in immobility, defense-submission and non-social exploration behavior, coupled with an increase in the spleen mononuclear cell proliferative response. Similarly, an increase was observed in the density of dopamine(2) (D(2))-receptors in the striatum (SRT) and an increase in dopaminergic (DOPAC/DA) and serotonergic (5HIAA/5HT) turnover in the hypothalamus. The increase in the density of D(2)-receptors in the SRT coincides with the decrease in some behaviors with a predominant motor component. The results indicate significant changes in the defensive strategy used to cope with situations of intense social stress in mice bearing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Vegas
- Area of Psychobiology, Department of Basic Psychological Processes and Their Development, Faculty of Psychology, Basque Country University, Avenida de Tolosa 70, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
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Abstract
112 college students reported the frequency of their sexual encounters and were divided into four categories: none, infrequent (less than once a week), frequent (one to two times per week), and very frequent (three or more times per week). Participants also described their overall sexual satisfaction. Saliva samples were collected and assayed for salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA). Individuals in the frequent group showed significantly higher levels of IgA than the other three groups, which were comparable. Data on length of relationship and sexual satisfaction were not related to the group differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Charnetski
- Department of Psychology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA.
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Costa Rosa LFBP. Exercise as a Time-conditioning Effector in Chronic Disease: a Complementary Treatment Strategy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2004; 1:63-70. [PMID: 15257327 PMCID: PMC442120 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2003] [Accepted: 02/29/2004] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has been widely believed to be a preventive and therapeutic aid in the treatment of various pathophysiological conditions such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. A common problem associated with such pathologies is cachexia, characterized by progressive weight loss and depletion of lean and fat body mass, and is linked to poor prognosis. As this syndrome comprises changes in many physiological systems, it is tempting to assume that the modulation of the psychoneuroimmunoendocrine axis could attenuate or even prevent cachexia progression in cancer patients. Cancer cachexia is characterized by a disruption in the rhythmic secretion of melatonin, an important time-conditioning effector. This hormone, secreted by the pineal gland, transmits circadian and seasonal information to all organs and cells of the body, synchronizing the organism with the photoperiod. Considering that exercise modulates the immune response through at least two different mechanisms-metabolic and neuroendocrine-we propose that the adoption of a regular exercise program as a complementary strategy in the treatment of cancer patients, with the exercise bouts regularly performed at the same time of the day, will ameliorate cachexia symptoms and increase survival and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. B. P. Costa Rosa
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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35
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Posevitz V, Vizler C, Benyhe S, Duda E, Borsodi A. Restraint stress and anti-tumor immune response in mice. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2003; 54:167-76. [PMID: 14535622 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.54.2003.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress modulates the immune system through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the sympatho-adrenomedullary axis and the opioid system. According to literature data, restraint stress increases the immune cell apoptosis, decreases the spleen and thymus cell content, the natural killer (NK) activity in the spleen, and it compromises the anti-tumor immune response in mice. We immobilized mice in two consecutive nights, and then determined the cell number, apoptosis, NK cell content, NK activity and the level of cytokine mRNAs (TNF-beta, TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-5, IL-1alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-6, IL-1beta and IL-3) in the thymus and spleen. No consistent changes were detected in any of the immune parameters either in C57Bl/6 or in DBA/2 mice. Stressed or control B6 mice were injected with B16 melanoma cells immediately after the immobilization or one week later. No significant differences were found in the growth of primary tumors and lung metastases in stressed and control animals. Taken together, our mice, kept in a general-purpose non-SPF animal house, seemed to be refractory to the stress-induced immunomodulation. Our interpretation is that stress-induced immunomodulation can occur only in mice isolated from any background stressors, or rather natural stimuli, throughout their life.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Posevitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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36
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Konradi C, Macías W, Dudman JT, Carlson RR. Striatal proenkephalin gene induction: coordinated regulation by cyclic AMP and calcium pathways. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2003; 115:157-61. [PMID: 12877986 PMCID: PMC4205580 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(03)00204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enkephalin modulates striatal function, thereby affecting motor performance and addictive behaviors. The proenkephalin gene is also used as a model to study cyclic AMP-mediated gene expression in striatal neurons. The second messenger pathway leading to proenkephalin expression demonstrates how cyclic AMP pathways are synchronized with depolarization. We show that cyclic AMP-mediated regulation of the proenkephalin gene is dependent on the activity of L-type Ca2+ channels. Inhibition of L-type Ca2+ channels blocks forskolin-mediated induction of proenkephalin. The Ca2+-activated kinase, Ca2+/calmodulin kinase, as well as the cyclic AMP-activated kinase, protein kinase A (PKA), are both necessary for the induction of the proenkephalin promoter. Similarly, both kinases are needed for the L-type Ca2+ channel-mediated induction of proenkephalin. This synchronization of second messenger pathways provides a coincidence mechanism that gates proenkephalin synthesis in striatal neurons, ensuring that levels are increased only in the presence of activated PKA and depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Konradi
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MRC215, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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37
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Lombardi G, Miglio G, Canonico PL, Naldi P, Comi C, Monaco F. Abnormal response to glutamate of T lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients. Neurosci Lett 2003; 340:5-8. [PMID: 12648745 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediate, inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Since glutamate (Glu) is a modulator of T lymphocyte function and Glu excitotoxicity has been proposed as one of the mechanisms of the demyelination, we studied the responses of T lymphocytes from normal controls (NC), MS or other non-inflammatory neurological disease (ONND) patients to Glu, by measuring phytohemagglutinin-induced intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) rise (Fura-2 method) and cell proliferation (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay). No differences in the Glu (1 microM)-induced potentiation of the [Ca(2+)](i) rise were measured in T lymphocytes from all groups of subjects, while a significant decrease in the Glu (1 mM)-induced inhibition of cell proliferation was observed in T lymphocytes from MS patients. These data demonstrate that MS T lymphocytes abnormally respond to Glu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Lombardi
- DISCAFF Department, University of Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Bovio, 6, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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Shi Y, Devadas S, Greeneltch KM, Yin D, Allan Mufson R, Zhou JN. Stressed to death: implication of lymphocyte apoptosis for psychoneuroimmunology. Brain Behav Immun 2003; 17 Suppl 1:S18-26. [PMID: 12615182 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-1591(02)00062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological and physical stressors best exemplify the intercommunication of the immune and the nervous systems. It has been shown that stress significantly impacts leukocyte cellularity and immune responses and alters susceptibility to various diseases. While acute stress has been shown to enhance immune responses, chronic stress often leads to immunosuppression. Among many criteria examined upon exposure to chronic stress, the reduction in lymphocyte mitogenic response and lymphocyte cellularity are commonly assessed. We have reported that chronic restraint stress could induce lymphocyte reduction, an effect dependent on endogenous opioids. Interestingly, the effect of endogenous opioids was found to be exerted through increasing the expression of a cell death receptor, Fas, and an increased sensitivity of lymphocytes to apoptosis. Stress-induced lymphocyte reduction was not affected by adrenalectomy. In this review, based on available literature and our recent data, we will discuss the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and endogenous opioids and examine the mechanisms by which chronic stress modulates lymphocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Shi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 661 Hoes Lane, Piscataway 08854, USA.
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39
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Kasahara S, Bosch TCG. Enhanced antibacterial activity in Hydra polyps lacking nerve cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 27:79-85. [PMID: 12543122 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(02)00073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system evolved within cnidarians. When assessing antibacterial activity in the freshwater polyp Hydra, we observed a strong correlation between the number of neurons present and the antibacterial activity. Tissue lacking neurons had a drastically enhanced antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria compared to control tissue. The results indicate direct and strong neural influences on immunity in the phylogenetically oldest animals having a nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kasahara
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Neurobiology, UCLA Medical Center, 90095-1763, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kirst A, Wack C, Lutz WK, Eggert A, Kämpgen E, Fischer WH. Expression of functional kappa-opioid receptors on murine dendritic cells. Immunol Lett 2002; 84:41-8. [PMID: 12161282 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous opioids are known to exert direct effects on the immune system and the expression of functional opioid receptors has been reported for several immune cell types. Since dendritic cells are important inducers and regulators of immune responses, we investigated whether murine dendritic cells express functional kappa-opioid receptors. FACScan analysis and radioligand binding studies revealed the expression of kappa-opioid receptors by murine dendritic cells, which by RT-PCR were also shown to express kappa-opioid mRNA. In a primary allogenic mixed-lymphocyte reaction the kappa-agonists dynorphin A and U50488H suppressed the capacity of dendritic cells to induce T-cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Preincubation with the kappa-specific antagonist nor-binaltrophimine abolished the observed effect, indicating specificity. In contrast, antigen uptake by dendritic cells as well as phenotypic maturation of dendritic cells were not influenced by the kappa-agonists dynorphin A and U50488H. In summary our data demonstrate that dendritic cells express functional kappa-opioid receptors and that specific agonists exert a direct effect on these cells. Therefore, dendritic cells might be involved in the interaction of the neuroendocrine hormones and the immune system.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dynorphins/pharmacology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Neuroimmunomodulation/drug effects
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Kirst
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Versbacher Strasse 9, D-97078, Wurzburg, Germany
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Lavine MD, Strand MR. Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 32:1295-1309. [PMID: 12225920 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(02)00092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 946] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system of insects is divided into humoral and cellular defense responses. Humoral defenses include antimicrobial peptides, the cascades that regulate coagulation and melanization of hemolymph, and the production of reactive intermediates of oxygen and nitrogen. Cellular defenses refer to hemocyte-mediated responses like phagocytosis and encapsulation. In this review, we discuss the cellular immune responses of insects with emphasis on studies in Lepidoptera and Diptera. Insect hemocytes originate from mesodermally derived stem cells that differentiate into specific lineages identified by morphology, function, and molecular markers. In Lepidoptera, most cellular defense responses involve granular cells and plasmatocytes, whereas in Drosophila they involve primarily plasmatocytes and lamellocytes. Insect hemocytes recognize a variety of foreign targets as well as alterations to self. Both humoral and cell surface receptors are involved in these recognition events. Once a target is recognized as foreign, hemocyte-mediated defense responses are regulated by signaling factors and effector molecules that control cell adhesion and cytotoxicity. Several lines of evidence indicate that humoral and cellular defense responses are well-coordinated with one another. Cross-talk between the immune and nervous system may also play a role in regulating inflammation-like responses in insects during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Lavine
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Arjomand J, Cole S, Evans CJ. Novel orphanin FQ/nociceptin transcripts are expressed in human immune cells. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 130:100-8. [PMID: 12225892 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The opioid-like receptor (NOP) is widely expressed throughout the human immune system. Here, we report that human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) express transcripts encoding the NOP receptor agonist, orphanin FQ/nociceptin (OFQ/N). OFQ/N transcripts in resting PBLs were restricted to CD19+B cells and contained a novel 5' exon (ImEx2b), replacing exons 1 and 2 found in neuronal transcripts. Translation of ImEx2b-containing transcripts resulted in truncated OFQ/N precursors lacking a classical signal peptide. Mitogen activation of PBLs dramatically up-regulated neuronal-like transcripts, predominantly in CD3+T cells. Overall, this suggests different promoters direct specific OFQ/N transcript expression in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Arjomand
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kurtz J. Phagocytosis by invertebrate hemocytes: causes of individual variation in Panorpa vulgaris scorpionflies. Microsc Res Tech 2002; 57:456-68. [PMID: 12112428 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro phagocytosis assay, adjusted to as little as 1 microL of insect hemolymph, enables the microscopic determination of phagocytosis for single individuals of small insects. Even repeated determination over the lifetime of individuals is possible. This method makes it feasible to study individual variation in invertebrate phagocytic capacity. Possible sources of such variation are reviewed in this article: genetic differences, development, aging, reproduction, presence of parasites, and diverse environmental influences are natural sources of individual variation in phagocytosis. However, the methods used for phagocytosis and microscopic evaluation are also (unwelcome) sources of variation. To optimize incubation time for in vitro phagocytosis, time courses were determined. Furthermore, the reliability of visual counting and image analysis for the microscopic quantification of phagocytosis are compared. The influences of larval development and adult aging on phagocytosis by Panorpa vulgaris hemocytes are subsequently demonstrated. During development, a decrease in hemocyte numbers but a simultaneous increase in the proportion of phagocytosing hemocytes was observed when larvae reached pupation. On the other hand, adults showed a dramatic decrease in phagocytic capacity with age, while cell numbers remained fairly constant. The results show that individual variation in phagocytosis can be determined accurately in small invertebrates and related to its causes. This might be especially interesting in the context of studies relating individual immunocompetence to ecology, life history variation, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Kurtz
- Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Okologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Salzet M, Deloffre L, Breton C, Vieau D, Schoofs L. The angiotensin system elements in invertebrates. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 2001; 36:35-45. [PMID: 11516771 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the different components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in invertebrates are discussed. This system is implicated in osmoregulation, reproduction, memory processes and immune system regulation. As the elements of this hormone-enzymatic system also exist in invertebrates, it appears that the RAS originated very early in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salzet
- Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie des Annélides, UPRES-A 8017 CNRS, SN3, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille, F-59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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46
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Salzet M, Tasiemski A. Involvement of pro-enkephalin-derived peptides in immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 25:177-185. [PMID: 11164883 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(00)00047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that all organisms have processes that maintain their state of health. Failure of these processes, such as those involving the naturally occurring antibacterial peptides, may lead to pathological events. Recent results demonstrate that these peptides, such as peptide B, appear in invertebrates and vertebrates (including humans) immediately after tissue trauma, and maintain themselves for long durations (over 4h). Their degradation products lead to other inflammatory peptides, such as Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe. These newly described antibacterial peptides, which are released and not induced, are present on neuropeptide precursors such as proenkephalin. This is a new field of research, in that the same protein contains proposed neuropeptides, antibacterial peptides, and immune stimulatory peptides. The focus of this review is to describe how the pro-enkephalin derived peptides participate in immune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salzet
- Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie des Annélides, UPRESA CNRS 8017, SN3, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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