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Leavitt D, Alanazi FI, Al-Ozzi TM, Cohn M, Hodaie M, Kalia SK, Lozano AM, Milosevic L, Hutchison WD. Auditory oddball responses in the human subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 195:106490. [PMID: 38561111 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The auditory oddball is a mainstay in research on attention, novelty, and sensory prediction. How this task engages subcortical structures like the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata is unclear. We administered an auditory OB task while recording single unit activity (35 units) and local field potentials (57 recordings) from the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata of 30 patients with Parkinson's disease undergoing deep brain stimulation surgery. We found tone modulated and oddball modulated units in both regions. Population activity differentiated oddball from standard trials from 200 ms to 1000 ms after the tone in both regions. In the substantia nigra, beta band activity in the local field potential was decreased following oddball tones. The oddball related activity we observe may underlie attention, sensory prediction, or surprise-induced motor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallas Leavitt
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada; University of Toronto - Max Planck Centre for Neural Science and Technology, University of Toronto, Canada; Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Frhan I Alanazi
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Tameem M Al-Ozzi
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Melanie Cohn
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mojgan Hodaie
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital - University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Suneil K Kalia
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital - University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andres M Lozano
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital - University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Luka Milosevic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada; University of Toronto - Max Planck Centre for Neural Science and Technology, University of Toronto, Canada; Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, Canada; KITE Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - William D Hutchison
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital - University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
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Bezerra TO, Roque AC, Salum C. A Computational Model for the Simulation of Prepulse Inhibition and Its Modulation by Cortical and Subcortical Units. Brain Sci 2024; 14:502. [PMID: 38790479 PMCID: PMC11118907 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The sensorimotor gating is a nervous system function that modulates the acoustic startle response (ASR). Prepulse inhibition (PPI) phenomenon is an operational measure of sensorimotor gating, defined as the reduction of ASR when a high intensity sound (pulse) is preceded in milliseconds by a weaker stimulus (prepulse). Brainstem nuclei are associated with the mediation of ASR and PPI, whereas cortical and subcortical regions are associated with their modulation. However, it is still unclear how the modulatory units can influence PPI. In the present work, we developed a computational model of a neural circuit involved in the mediation (brainstem units) and modulation (cortical and subcortical units) of ASR and PPI. The activities of all units were modeled by the leaky-integrator formalism for neural population. The model reproduces basic features of PPI observed in experiments, such as the effects of changes in interstimulus interval, prepulse intensity, and habituation of ASR. The simulation of GABAergic and dopaminergic drugs impaired PPI by their effects over subcortical units activity. The results show that subcortical units constitute a central hub for PPI modulation. The presented computational model offers a valuable tool to investigate the neurobiology associated with disorder-related impairments in PPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Ohno Bezerra
- Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Roque
- Department of Physics, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Salum
- Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Applied Neuroscience Unit, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
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3
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Dorsal striatal dopamine induces fronto-cortical hypoactivity and attenuates anxiety and compulsive behaviors in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:454-464. [PMID: 34725486 PMCID: PMC8559920 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dorsal striatal dopamine transmission engages the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuit, which is implicated in many neuropsychiatric diseases, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Yet it is unknown if dorsal striatal dopamine hyperactivity is the cause or consequence of changes elsewhere in the CSTC circuit. Classical pharmacological and neurotoxic manipulations of the CSTC and other brain circuits suffer from various drawbacks related to off-target effects and adaptive changes. Chemogenetics, on the other hand, enables a highly selective targeting of specific neuronal populations within a given circuit. In this study, we developed a chemogenetic method for selective activation of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, which innervates the dorsal striatum in the rat. We used this model to investigate effects of targeted dopamine activation on CSTC circuit function, especially in fronto-cortical regions. We found that chemogenetic activation of these neurons increased movement (as expected with increased dopamine release), rearings and time spent in center, while also lower self-grooming. Furthermore, this activation increased prepulse inhibition of the startle response in females. Remarkably, we observed reduced [18F]FDG metabolism in the frontal cortex, following dopamine activation in the dorsal striatum, while total glutamate levels- in this region were increased. This result is in accord with clinical studies of increased [18F]FDG metabolism and lower glutamate levels in similar regions of the brain of people with OCD. Taken together, the present chemogenetic model adds a mechanistic basis with behavioral and translational relevance to prior clinical neuroimaging studies showing deficits in fronto-cortical glucose metabolism across a variety of clinical populations (e.g. addiction, risky decision-making, compulsivity or obesity).
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Möhrle D, Wang W, Whitehead SN, Schmid S. GABA B Receptor Agonist R-Baclofen Reverses Altered Auditory Reactivity and Filtering in the Cntnap2 Knock-Out Rat. Front Integr Neurosci 2021; 15:710593. [PMID: 34489651 PMCID: PMC8417788 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.710593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered sensory information processing, and auditory processing, in particular, is a common impairment in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). One prominent hypothesis for the etiology of ASD is an imbalance between neuronal excitation and inhibition. The selective GABAB receptor agonist R-Baclofen has been shown previously to improve social deficits and repetitive behaviors in several mouse models for neurodevelopmental disorders including ASD, and its formulation Arbaclofen has been shown to ameliorate social avoidance symptoms in some individuals with ASD. The present study investigated whether R-Baclofen can remediate ASD-related altered sensory processing reliant on excitation/inhibition imbalance in the auditory brainstem. To assess a possible excitation/inhibition imbalance in the startle-mediating brainstem underlying ASD-like auditory-evoked behaviors, we detected and quantified brain amino acid levels in the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (PnC) of rats with a homozygous loss-of-function mutation in the ASD-linked gene Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Cntnap2) and their wildtype (WT) littermates using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI MS). Abnormal behavioral read-outs of brainstem auditory signaling in Cntnap2 KO rats were accompanied by increased levels of GABA, glutamate, and glutamine in the PnC. We then compared the effect of R-Baclofen on behavioral read-outs of brainstem auditory signaling in Cntnap2 KO and WT rats. Auditory reactivity, sensory filtering, and sensorimotor gating were tested in form of acoustic startle response input-output functions, short-term habituation, and prepulse inhibition before and after acute administration of R-Baclofen (0.75, 1.5, and 3 mg/kg). Systemic R-Baclofen treatment improved disruptions in sensory filtering in Cntnap2 KO rats and suppressed exaggerated auditory startle responses, in particular to moderately loud sounds. Lower ASR thresholds in Cntnap2 KO rats were increased in a dose-dependent fashion, with the two higher doses bringing thresholds close to controls, whereas shorter ASR peak latencies at the threshold were further exacerbated. Impaired prepulse inhibition increased across various acoustic prepulse conditions after administration of R-Baclofen in Cntnap2 KO rats, whereas R-Baclofen did not affect prepulse inhibition in WT rats. Our findings suggest that GABAB receptor agonists may be useful for pharmacologically targeting multiple aspects of sensory processing disruptions involving neuronal excitation/inhibition imbalances in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Möhrle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn N Whitehead
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Susanne Schmid
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Keller R, Costa T, Imperiale D, Bianco A, Rondini E, Hassiotis A, Bertelli MO. Stereotypies in the Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can We Rely on an Ethological Model? Brain Sci 2021; 11:762. [PMID: 34201177 PMCID: PMC8230333 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stereotypic behaviour can be defined as a clear behavioural pattern where a specific function or target cannot be identified, although it delays on time. Nonetheless, repetitive and stereotypical behaviours play a key role in both animal and human behaviour. Similar behaviours are observed across species, in typical human developmental phases, and in some neuropsychiatric conditions, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Intellectual Disability. This evidence led to the spread of animal models of repetitive behaviours to better understand the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these dysfunctional behaviours and to gain better insight into their role and origin within ASD and other disorders. This, in turn, could lead to new treatments of those disorders in humans. METHOD This paper maps the literature on repetitive behaviours in animal models of ASD, in order to improve understanding of stereotypies in persons with ASD in terms of characterization, pathophysiology, genomic and anatomical factors. RESULTS Literature mapping confirmed that phylogenic approach and animal models may help to improve understanding and differentiation of stereotypies in ASD. Some repetitive behaviours appear to be interconnected and mediated by common genomic and anatomical factors across species, mainly by alterations of basal ganglia circuitry. A new distinction between stereotypies and autotypies should be considered. CONCLUSIONS Phylogenic approach and studies on animal models may support clinical issues related to stereotypies in persons with ASD and provide new insights in classification, pathogenesis, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Keller
- Adult Autism Centre, Mental Health Department, ASL Città di Torino, 10138 Turin, Italy; (R.K.); (T.C.)
| | - Tatiana Costa
- Adult Autism Centre, Mental Health Department, ASL Città di Torino, 10138 Turin, Italy; (R.K.); (T.C.)
| | - Daniele Imperiale
- Neurology Unit, Maria Vittoria Hospital, ASL Città di Torino, 10144 Turin, Italy;
| | - Annamaria Bianco
- CREA (Research and Clinical Centre), San Sebastiano Foundation, Misericordia di Firenze, 50142 Florence, Italy; (A.B.); (E.R.)
| | - Elisa Rondini
- CREA (Research and Clinical Centre), San Sebastiano Foundation, Misericordia di Firenze, 50142 Florence, Italy; (A.B.); (E.R.)
| | - Angela Hassiotis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London W1T 7NF, UK;
| | - Marco O. Bertelli
- CREA (Research and Clinical Centre), San Sebastiano Foundation, Misericordia di Firenze, 50142 Florence, Italy; (A.B.); (E.R.)
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Prepulse Inhibition of the Auditory Startle Reflex Assessment as a Hallmark of Brainstem Sensorimotor Gating Mechanisms. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090639. [PMID: 32947873 PMCID: PMC7563436 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When a low-salience stimulus of any type of sensory modality-auditory, visual, tactile-immediately precedes an unexpected startle-like stimulus, such as the acoustic startle reflex, the startle motor reaction becomes less pronounced or is even abolished. This phenomenon is known as prepulse inhibition (PPI), and it provides a quantitative measure of central processing by filtering out irrelevant stimuli. As PPI implies plasticity of a reflex and is related to automatic or attentional processes, depending on the interstimulus intervals, this behavioral paradigm might be considered a potential marker of short- and long-term plasticity. Assessment of PPI is directly related to the examination of neural sensorimotor gating mechanisms, which are plastic-adaptive operations for preventing overstimulation and helping the brain to focus on a specific stimulus among other distracters. Despite their obvious importance in normal brain activity, little is known about the intimate physiology, circuitry, and neurochemistry of sensorimotor gating mechanisms. In this work, we extensively review the current literature focusing on studies that used state-of-the-art techniques to interrogate the neuroanatomy, connectomics, neurotransmitter-receptor functions, and sex-derived differences in the PPI process, and how we can harness it as biological marker in neurological and psychiatric pathology.
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Rodrigues S, Ferreira TL. Muscimol injection into the substantia nigra but not globus pallidus affects prepulse inhibition and startle reflex. Neuropharmacology 2019; 162:107796. [PMID: 31563465 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral arrest is an essential feature of an animal's survival. Acoustic startle reflex (ASR) is an involuntary whole-body contraction of the skeletal musculature to an unexpected auditory stimulus. This strong reaction can be decreased by prepulse inhibition (PPI) phenomenon; which, for example, is important in reducing distraction during the processing of sensory input. Several brainstem regions are involved in the PPI and startle reflex, but a previous study from our laboratory showed that the main input structure of Basal Ganglia (BG) - the striatum - modulates PPI. The pallidum and nigra are connected with striatum and these brainstem structures. Here, we investigated the role of these striatum outputs in the brain regions on startle amplitude, PPI regulation, and exploratory behavior in Wistar rats. The temporary bilateral inhibition of the globus pallidus (GP) by muscimol lead to motor impairment, without disturbing startle amplitude or PPI. Similarly, inhibition of the entopeduncular nucleus (EPN) specifically disrupted the exploratory behavior. On the other hand, the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) inhibition interfered in all measured behaviors: decreased the PPI percentage, increased ASR and impaired the locomotor activity. The nigra is a key BG output structure which projects to the thalamus and brainstem. These findings extend our previous study showing that the striatum neurons expressing D1 receptors involvement in PPI occurs via the direct pathway to SNr, but not to the pallidum which more likely occurs by its connection with the caudal pontine nucleus, superior colliculus and/or pedunculopontine nucleus pivotal structures for startle reflex modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Rodrigues
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil
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8
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Aguilar BL, Forcelli PA, Malkova L. Inhibition of the substantia nigra pars reticulata produces divergent effects on sensorimotor gating in rats and monkeys. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9369. [PMID: 29921848 PMCID: PMC6008324 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27577-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia are an evolutionarily old group of structures, with gross organization conserved across species. Despite this conservation, there is evidence suggesting that anatomical organization of a key output nucleus of the basal ganglia, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr), diverges across species. Nevertheless, there are relatively few comparative studies examining the impact of manipulations of SNpr across species. Here, we evaluated the role of SNpr in a highly conserved behavior: prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response (PPI). We performed parallel experiments in both rats and rhesus macaques using intracranial microinfusions of GABAA agonist muscimol to investigate the role of SNpr in PPI. SNpr inactivation significantly disrupted PPI in rats, congruent with prior studies; however, in macaques, SNpr inactivation resulted in facilitation of PPI. We suggest that this difference in circuit function results from a divergence in anatomical connectivity, underscoring the importance of circuit dissection studies across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20057, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - Patrick A Forcelli
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20057, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20057, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Ludise Malkova
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20057, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20057, USA.
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Lauer AM, Behrens D, Klump G. Acoustic startle modification as a tool for evaluating auditory function of the mouse: Progress, pitfalls, and potential. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:194-208. [PMID: 28327385 PMCID: PMC5446932 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic startle response (ASR) modification procedures, especially prepulse inhibition (PPI), are increasingly used as behavioral measures of auditory processing and sensorimotor gating in rodents due to their perceived ease of implementation and short testing times. In practice, ASR and PPI procedures are extremely variable across animals, experimental setups, and studies, and the interpretation of results is subject to numerous caveats and confounding influences. We review considerations for modification of the ASR using acoustic stimuli, and we compare the sensitivity of PPI procedures to more traditional operant psychoacoustic techniques. We also discuss non-auditory variables that must be considered. We conclude that ASR and PPI measures cannot substitute for traditional operant techniques due to their low sensitivity. Additionally, a substantial amount of pilot testing must be performed to properly optimize an ASR modification experiment, negating any time benefit over operant conditioning. Nevertheless, there are some circumstances where ASR measures may be the only option for assessing auditory behavior, such as when testing mouse strains with early-onset hearing loss or learning impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Lauer
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Center for Hearing and Balance, Johns Hopkins University, 515 Traylor Building, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Derik Behrens
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Animal Physiology & Behavior Group, Department for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl Von Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Georg Klump
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Animal Physiology & Behavior Group, Department for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl Von Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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de Oliveira RP, Nagaishi KY, Barbosa Silva RC. Atypical antipsychotic clozapine reversed deficit on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex produced by microinjection of DOI into the inferior colliculus in rats. Behav Brain Res 2017; 325:72-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Moreno-Paublete R, Canlon B, Cederroth CR. Differential Neural Responses Underlying the Inhibition of the Startle Response by Pre-Pulses or Gaps in Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:19. [PMID: 28239338 PMCID: PMC5302757 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap pre-pulse inhibition of the acoustic startle (GPIAS) is a behavioral paradigm used for inferring the presence of tinnitus in animal models as well as humans. In contrast to pre-pulse inhibition (PPI), the neural circuitry controlling GPIAS is poorly understood. To increase our knowledge on GPIAS, a comparative study with PPI was performed in mice combining these behavioral tests and c-Fos activity mapping in brain areas involved in the inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex (ASR). Both pre-pulses and gaps efficiently inhibited the ASR and abolished the induction of c-Fos in the pontine reticular nucleus. Differential c-Fos activation was found between PPI and GPIAS in the forebrain whereby PPI activated the lateral globus pallidus and GPIAS activated the primary auditory cortex. Thus, different neural maps are regulating the inhibition of the startle response by pre-pulses or gaps. To further investigate this differential response to PPI and GPIAS, we pharmacologically disrupted PPI and GPIAS with D-amphetamine or Dizocilpine (MK-801) to target dopamine efflux and to block NMDA receptors, respectively. Both D-amp and MK-801 efficiently decreased PPI and GPIAS. We administered Baclofen, an agonist GABAB receptor, but failed to detect any robust rescue of the effects of D-amp and MK-801 suggesting that PPI and GPIAS are GABAB-independent. These novel findings demonstrate that the inhibition of the ASR by pre-pulses or gaps is orchestrated by different neural pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Moreno-Paublete
- Laboratory of Experimental Audiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Canlon
- Laboratory of Experimental Audiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher R Cederroth
- Laboratory of Experimental Audiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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Kiziltan ME, Gunduz A, Apaydın H, Ertan S, Kiziltan G. Auditory startle reflex and startle reflex to somatosensory inputs in generalized dystonia. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126:1740-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Bergeron SA, Carrier N, Li GH, Ahn S, Burgess HA. Gsx1 expression defines neurons required for prepulse inhibition. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:974-85. [PMID: 25224259 PMCID: PMC4362800 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In schizophrenia, cognitive overload is thought to reflect an inability to suppress non-salient information, a process which is studied using prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response. PPI is reduced in schizophrenia and routinely tested in animal models and preclinical trials of antipsychotic drugs. However, the underlying neuronal circuitry is not well understood. We used a novel genetic screen in larval zebrafish to reveal the molecular identity of neurons that are required for PPI in fish and mice. Ablation or optogenetic silencing of neurons with developmental expression of the transcription factor genomic screen homeobox 1 (gsx1) produced profound defects in PPI in zebrafish, and PPI was similarly impaired in Gsx1 knockout mice. Gsx1-expressing neurons reside in the dorsal brainstem and form synapses closely apposed to neurons that initiate the startle response. Surprisingly, brainstem Gsx1 neurons are primarily glutamatergic despite their role in a functionally inhibitory pathway. As Gsx1 has an important role in regulating interneuron development in the forebrain, these findings reveal a molecular link between control of interneuron specification and circuits that gate sensory information across brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie A. Bergeron
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole Carrier
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Grace H. Li
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sohyun Ahn
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Harold A. Burgess
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,6 Center Drive, Building 6B, Rm 3B308, Bethesda, MD 20892, , tel: 301-402-6018; fax: 301-496-0243
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Alam M, Angelov S, Stemmler M, von Wrangel C, Krauss JK, Schwabe K. Neuronal activity of the prefrontal cortex is reduced in rats selectively bred for deficient sensorimotor gating. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 56:174-84. [PMID: 25220677 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rats selectively bred for deficient prepulse inhibition (PPI), an operant measure of sensorimotor gating in which a weak prepulse stimulus attenuates the response to a subsequent startling stimulus, may be used to study certain pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders with abnormalities in information processing, such as schizophrenia and Tourette's syndrome (TS). Little is known about neuronal activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the nucleus accumbens (NAC), which are involved in the modulation of PPI. Here, we examined neuronal activity in these structures, and also in the entopeduncular nucleus (EPN), since lesions of this region alleviate the PPI deficit. Male rats with breeding-induced high and low expression of PPI (n=7, each) were anesthetized with urethane (1.4 mg/kg). Single-unit activity and local field potentials were recorded in the mPFC, the NAC and in the EPN. In the mPFC discharge rate, measures of irregularity and burst activity were significantly reduced in PPI low compared to PPI high rats (P<0.05), while analysis in the NAC showed approximately inverse behavior. In the EPN no difference between groups was found. Additionally, the oscillatory theta band activity (4-8 Hz) was enhanced and the beta band (13-30 Hz) and gamma band (30-100 Hz) activity was reduced in the NAC in PPI low rats. Reduced neuronal activity in the mPFC and enhanced activity in the NAC of PPI low rats, together with altered oscillatory behavior are clearly associated with reduced PPI. PPI low rats may thus be used to study the pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders accompanied by deficient sensorimotor gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesbah Alam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D- 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Svilen Angelov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D- 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Stemmler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D- 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christof von Wrangel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D- 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Joachim K Krauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D- 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schwabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D- 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Kroemer NB, Guevara A, Ciocanea Teodorescu I, Wuttig F, Kobiella A, Smolka MN. Balancing reward and work: anticipatory brain activation in NAcc and VTA predict effort differentially. Neuroimage 2014; 102 Pt 2:510-9. [PMID: 25108181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex decision-making involves anticipation of future rewards to bias effort for obtaining it. Using fMRI, we investigated 50 participants employing an instrumental-motivation task that cued reinforcement levels before the onset of the motor-response phase. We extracted timecourses from regions of interest (ROI) in the mesocorticolimbic system and used a three-level hierarchical model to separate anticipatory brain responses predicting value and subsequent effort on a trial-by-trial basis. Whereas all ROIs scaled positively with value, higher effort was predicted by higher anticipatory activation in nucleus accumbens (NAcc) but lower activation in ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra (VTA/SN). Moreover, anticipatory activation in the dorsal striatum predicted average effort whereas higher activation in the amygdala predicted above-average effort. Thus, anticipatory activation entails the appetitive drive towards reinforcement that requires effort in order to be obtained. Our results support the role of NAcc as the main hub supported by the salience network operating on a trial-by-trial basis, while the dorsal striatum incorporates habitual responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils B Kroemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alvaro Guevara
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Escuela de Matemática Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Iuliana Ciocanea Teodorescu
- Department of Mathematics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Franziska Wuttig
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Kobiella
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Urbach YK, Raber KA, Canneva F, Plank AC, Andreasson T, Ponten H, Kullingsjö J, Nguyen HP, Riess O, von Hörsten S. Automated phenotyping and advanced data mining exemplified in rats transgenic for Huntington's disease. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 234:38-53. [PMID: 25020253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The need for improving throughput, validity, and reliability in the behavioral characterization of rodents may benefit from integrating automated intra-home-cage-screening systems allowing the simultaneous detection of multiple behavioral and physiological parameters in parallel. NEW METHOD To test this hypothesis, transgenic Huntington's disease (tgHD) rats were repeatedly screened within phenotyping home-cages (PhenoMaster and IntelliCage for rats), where spontaneous activity, feeding, drinking, temperature, and metabolic performance were continuously measured. Cognition and emotionality were evaluated within the same environment by means of operant learning procedures and refined analysis of the behavioral display under conditions of novelty. This investigator-independent approach was further correlated with behavioral display of the animals in classical behavioral assays. Multivariate analysis (MVA) including Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) was used to explore correlation patterns of variables within and across the two genotypes. RESULTS The automated systems traced previously undetected aspects in the phenotype of tgHD rats (circadian activity, energy metabolism, rearing), and out of those spontaneous free rearing correlated with individual performance in the accelerod test. PCA revealed a segregation by genotype in juvenile tgHD rats that differed from adult animals, being further resolved by PLS-DA detecting "temperature" (juvenile) and "rearing" (adult) as phenotypic key variables in the tgHD model. CONCLUSIONS Intra-home-cage phenotyping in combination with MVA, is capable of characterizing a complex phenotype by detecting novel physiological and behavioral markers with high sensitivity and standardization using fewer human resources. A broader application of automated systems for large-scale screening is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne K Urbach
- Experimental Therapy, Preclinical Experimental Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin A Raber
- Experimental Therapy, Preclinical Experimental Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabio Canneva
- Experimental Therapy, Preclinical Experimental Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anne-C Plank
- Experimental Therapy, Preclinical Experimental Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Theresa Andreasson
- NeuroSearch Sweden AB, Arvid Wallgrens Backe 20, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ponten
- NeuroSearch Sweden AB, Arvid Wallgrens Backe 20, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Kullingsjö
- NeuroSearch Sweden AB, Arvid Wallgrens Backe 20, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Experimental Therapy, Preclinical Experimental Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Sato C, Hoshino M, Ikumi N, Oba K, Koike A, Shouno O, Sekiguchi T, Kobayashi T, Machida T, Matsumoto G, Furudate H, Kimura T. Contribution of nucleus accumbens core (AcbC) to behavior control during a learned resting period: introduction of a novel task and lesion experiments. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95941. [PMID: 24776793 PMCID: PMC4002452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the study of resting state neural activity has received much attention. To better understand the roles of different brain regions in the regulation of behavioral activity in an arousing or a resting period, we developed a novel behavioral paradigm (8-arm food-foraging task; 8-arm FFT) using the radial 8-arm maze and examined how AcbC lesions affect behavioral execution and learning. Repetitive training on the 8-arm FFT facilitated motivation of normal rats to run quickly to the arm tips and to the center platform before the last-reward collection. Importantly, just after this point and before confirmation of no reward at the next arm traverse, locomotor activity decreased. This indicates that well-trained rats can predict the absence of the reward at the end of food seeking and then start another behavior, namely planned resting. Lesions of the AcbC after training selectively impaired this reduction of locomotor activity after the last-reward collection without changing activity levels before the last-reward collection. Analysis of arm-selection patterns in the lesioned animals suggests little influence of the lesion in the ability to predict the reward absence. AcbC lesions did not change exploratory locomotor activity in an open-field test in which there were no rewards. This suggests that the AcbC controls the activity level of planned resting behavior shaped by the 8-arm FFT. Rats receiving training after AcbC lesioning showed a reduction in motivation for reward seeking. Thus, the AcbC also plays important roles not only in controlling the activity level after the last-reward collection but also in motivational learning for setting the activity level of reward-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Sato
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masato Hoshino
- Honda Research Institute Japan Co., Ltd., Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naori Ikumi
- Laboratory for Brain-Operative Expression, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kentarou Oba
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akiko Koike
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Osamu Shouno
- Laboratory for Brain-Operative Expression, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Honda Research Institute Japan Co., Ltd., Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Kobayashi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeo Machida
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Gen Matsumoto
- Laboratory for Brain-Operative Expression, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furudate
- Laboratory for Brain-Operative Expression, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kimura
- Laboratory for Brain-Operative Expression, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
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Broderick PA, Rosenbaum T. Sex-specific brain deficits in auditory processing in an animal model of cocaine-related schizophrenic disorders. Brain Sci 2013; 3:504-20. [PMID: 24961412 PMCID: PMC4061862 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3020504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is a psychostimulant in the pharmacological class of drugs called Local Anesthetics. Interestingly, cocaine is the only drug in this class that has a chemical formula comprised of a tropane ring and is, moreover, addictive. The correlation between tropane and addiction is well-studied. Another well-studied correlation is that between psychosis induced by cocaine and that psychosis endogenously present in the schizophrenic patient. Indeed, both of these psychoses exhibit much the same behavioral as well as neurochemical properties across species. Therefore, in order to study the link between schizophrenia and cocaine addiction, we used a behavioral paradigm called Acoustic Startle. We used this acoustic startle paradigm in female versus male Sprague-Dawley animals to discriminate possible sex differences in responses to startle. The startle method operates through auditory pathways in brain via a network of sensorimotor gating processes within auditory cortex, cochlear nuclei, inferior and superior colliculi, pontine reticular nuclei, in addition to mesocorticolimbic brain reward and nigrostriatal motor circuitries. This paper is the first to report sex differences to acoustic stimuli in Sprague-Dawley animals (Rattus norvegicus) although such gender responses to acoustic startle have been reported in humans (Swerdlow et al. 1997 [1]). The startle method monitors pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) as a measure of the loss of sensorimotor gating in the brain's neuronal auditory network; auditory deficiencies can lead to sensory overload and subsequently cognitive dysfunction. Cocaine addicts and schizophrenic patients as well as cocaine treated animals are reported to exhibit symptoms of defective PPI (Geyer et al., 2001 [2]). Key findings are: (a) Cocaine significantly reduced PPI in both sexes. (b) Females were significantly more sensitive than males; reduced PPI was greater in females than in males. (c) Physiological saline had no effect on startle in either sex. Thus, the data elucidate gender-specificity to the startle response in animals. Finally, preliminary studies show the effect of cocaine on acoustic startle in tandem with effects on estrous cycle. The data further suggest that hormones may play a role in these sex differences to acoustic startle reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Broderick
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, The Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Taylor Rosenbaum
- School of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Klein J, Hadar R, Götz T, Männer A, Eberhardt C, Baldassarri J, Schmidt TT, Kupsch A, Heinz A, Morgenstern R, Schneider M, Weiner I, Winter C. Mapping brain regions in which deep brain stimulation affects schizophrenia-like behavior in two rat models of schizophrenia. Brain Stimul 2012; 6:490-9. [PMID: 23085443 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The development of more efficient treatment remains a major unmet need in the realm of schizophrenia disease. Using the maternal immune stimulation and the pubertal cannabinoid administration rat model of schizophrenia, the present study aimed at testing the hypothesis that deep brain stimulation (DBS) serves as a novel therapeutic technique for this disorder. METHODS Adult offspring of dams, treated with the immune activating agent poly I:C (4 mg/kg, n = 50) or saline (n = 50), underwent bilateral stereotactic electrode implantation into one of the following brain regions: subthalamic nucleus (STN, n = 12/10), entopeduncularis nucleus (EP, n = 10/11), globus pallidus (GP, n = 10/10), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC, n = 8/8), or dorsomedial thalamus (DM, n = 10/11). Adult rats treated with the CB1 receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN, n = 16) or saline (n = 12) during puberty were bilaterally implanted with electrodes into either the mPFC (n = 8/6) or the DM (n = 8/6). After a post-operative recovery period of one week, all rats were tested on a well-established cross-species phenomenon that is disrupted in schizophrenia, the pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex (ASR) under different DBS conditions. RESULTS Poly I:C induced deficits in PPI of the ASR were normalized upon DBS. DBS effects depended on both stimulation target and stimulation parameters. Most prominent effects were found under DBS at high frequencies in the mPFC and DM. These effects were replicated in the pubertal WIN administration rat model of schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Brain regions, in which DBS normalized PPI deficits, might be of therapeutic relevance to the treatment of schizophrenia. Results imply that DBS could be considered a plausible therapeutic technique in the realm of schizophrenia disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Germany
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Acoustic startle response in patients with orthostatic tremor. Neurosci Lett 2012; 525:100-4. [PMID: 22884645 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Orthostatic tremor is a high frequency tremor predominantly on calf muscles during standing. Brainstem is the most probable generator in the pathogenesis since it comprises bilaterally projecting centers regulating stance or tone. We aimed to investigate the functional role of brainstem through the evaluation of acoustic startle response in primary orthostatic tremor patients. PATIENTS AND METHOD We included 7 (2 males) consecutive patients and 13 (5 males) healthy volunteers. Diagnosis was confirmed by polymyographic surface electromyography. All subjects underwent acoustic startle response and blink reflex investigations. RESULTS Presence rate (71.4% vs. 100%, p=0.042) and response rate (27.5% vs. 40.5%, p=0.047) of total acoustic startle response were lower in patient group. Similarly, probability over orbicularis oculi was lower among patients (p=0.003). However, blink reflex was observed in all patients and healthy volunteers and latencies of startle and blink reflexes were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS In our patient group, normal response rate and latencies of R1 and R2 show structural integrity of at least blink reflex circuit at brainstem. On the other hand, suppressed response rates probably reflect decreased excitability of auditory startle reflex pathway.
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The relationship between acoustic startle response measures and cognitive functions in Japanese patients with schizophrenia. Neuromolecular Med 2012; 14:131-8. [PMID: 22454047 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8177-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, schizophrenia endophenotypes have been actively investigated to better understand the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Past studies have shown that cognitive functions, including working memory and executive function, correlate with acoustic startle responses, such as prepulse inhibition (PPI), in patients with schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cognitive functions and acoustic startle response in Japanese patients with schizophrenia. In 100 patients with schizophrenia, we evaluated cognitive function, using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, Japanese-language version (BACS-J), and acoustic startle responses, including acoustic startle reflex, habituation, and PPI (three different intensities: 82, 86, and 90 dB SPL, equivalent to signal-to-noise ratios of +12, +16, and +20 dB, respectively). Using multiple regression analysis, we examined the relationship between acoustic startle responses and BACS-J primary measures or composite score. Level of attention was associated with magnitude of habituation in schizophrenia (P = 0.0009, β = -0.357). None of the other domains of cognitive function were significantly associated with any measure of acoustic startle response. This included attention regarding ASR (P = 0.513), PPI (P = 0.521-0.842), verbal memory (P = 0.423-0.981), working memory (P = 0.312-0.966), motor speed (P = 0.323-0.955), verbal fluency (P = 0.125-0.920), executive function (P = 0.118-0.470), and the BACS-J composite score (P = 0.230-0.912). In this first investigation of the relationship between cognitive functions and acoustic startle responses in Japanese patients with schizophrenia, attentional deficits correlated highly with the level of habituation. However, a replication study using other population samples is required to further investigate this relationship.
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GABA(B) receptor blockade in the hippocampus affects sensory and sensorimotor gating in Long-Evans rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 217:167-76. [PMID: 21484240 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sensory and sensorimotor gating deficits are observed in schizophrenia. GABA(B) receptor deficiency is also detected in the hippocampus of schizophrenic patients. OBJECTIVES The present study tested the hypothesis that GABA(B) receptors in the hippocampus contribute to paired-pulse gating of hippocampal auditory-evoked potentials (AEP) and auditory prepulse inhibition (PPI) in Long-Evans rats. METHODS Gating of hippocampal AEP, or PPI, was examined before and after administration of GABA(B) receptor antagonist, CGP56999A or CGP35348, or saline was administered either systemically (intra-peritoneally (i.p.)) or infused bilaterally into the hippocampus 15 min before gating measurements. RESULTS Systemic injection of CGP56999A, at a dose of 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg i.p. resulted in reduced gating of hippocampal AEP in a dose-dependent manner. Reduced gating was found at conditioning-test interpulse intervals of 300-500 ms, but not 100-200 ms. Reduced gating of hippocampal AEP also followed bilateral infusion of CGP56999A into the hippocampus (0.1 μg/μL/side). Gating loss was attributed to a decreased conditioning response and an increased test response after systemic or local injection of CGP56999A. Robust PPI was found at prepulse-pulse intervals of 30-100 ms, and this PPI was reduced by hippocampal infusion of CGP56999A in a dose-dependent manner, as compared with saline infusion. CONCLUSIONS Blockade of hippocampal GABA(B) receptors led to deficits in sensory and sensorimotor gating, which are symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Vuillermot S, Feldon J, Meyer U. Relationship between sensorimotor gating deficits and dopaminergic neuroanatomy in Nurr1-deficient mice. Exp Neurol 2011; 232:22-32. [PMID: 21820432 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Nurr1 (NR4A2) is an orphan nuclear receptor highly essential for the development and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons. Reduced expression of Nurr1 has been linked to the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and other dopamine-related disorders such as schizophrenia. Recent experimental work in mice with a heterozygous constitutive deletion of Nurr1 has revealed that this genetic manipulation leads to the presence of sensorimotor gating dysfunctions in the form of reduced prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. However, the neuronal substances for this behavioral manifestation remain essentially unknown. Since converging evidence supports a key role of the central dopamine system in the regulation of prepulse inhibition, we hypothesized that the emergence of prepulse inhibition deficits in adult Nurr1-deficient mice may be linked to dopaminergic neuroanatomical changes. To test this hypothesis, we followed a within-subject approach in which sensorimotor gating performance was correlated with post-mortem expression of several dopaminergic markers in relevant striatal and midbrain regions. We found that prepulse inhibition deficits in Nurr1-deficient mice were paralleled by reduced numbers of substantia nigra dopamine cells expressing tyrosine hydroxylase, and by decreased tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter immunoreactivity in ventral parts of the striatum. Most interestingly, we also revealed a striking negative correlation between prepulse inhibition levels and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in Nurr1-deficient mice in dorsal striatal regions (caudate putamen) and ventral striatal regions (nucleus accumbens core and shell). Our findings thus suggest that the emergence of prepulse inhibition deficits induced by heterozygous constitutive deletion of Nurr1 is, at least in part, related to alterations in presynaptic components of the striatal dopamine system. The constellation of neuroanatomical and behavioral alterations in Nurr1-deficient mice observed here confirms previous impressions that the consequences of Nurr1 down-regulation capture neuronal and behavioral pathologies relevant especially for (but not limited to) Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Vuillermot
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neurobiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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Lesions of the entopeduncular nucleus in rats prevent apomorphine-induced deficient sensorimotor gating. Behav Brain Res 2011; 220:281-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lanovaz MJ. Towards a comprehensive model of stereotypy: integrating operant and neurobiological interpretations. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2011; 32:447-455. [PMID: 21236636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The predominant models on the emergence and maintenance of stereotypy in individuals with developmental disabilities are based on operant and neurobiological interpretations of the behavior. Although the proponents of the two models maintain largely independent lines of research, operant and neurobiological interpretations of stereotypy are not mutually exclusive. The paper reviews the two models of stereotypy and proposes an integrated model using recent findings on the neurobiology of reinforcement. The dopaminergic system and the basal ganglia are both involved in stereotypy and in reinforcement, which provides a potential link between the models. Implications of the integrated model for future research are discussed in terms of improving the assessment and treatment of stereotypy in individuals with developmental disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Lanovaz
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, 3700 McTavish St., Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1Y2.
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Robinson L, Platt B, Riedel G. Involvement of the cholinergic system in conditioning and perceptual memory. Behav Brain Res 2011; 221:443-65. [PMID: 21315109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic systems play a pivotal role in learning and memory, and have been the centre of attention when it comes to diseases containing cognitive deficits. It is therefore not surprising, that the cholinergic transmitter system has experienced detailed examination of its role in numerous behavioural situations not least with the perspective that cognition may be rescued with appropriate cholinergic 'boosters'. Here we reviewed the literature on (i) cholinergic lesions, (ii) pharmacological intervention of muscarinic or nicotinic system, or (iii) genetic deletion of selective receptor subtypes with respect to sensory discrimination and conditioning procedures. We consider visual, auditory, olfactory and somatosensory processing first before discussing more complex tasks such as startle responses, latent inhibition, negative patterning, eye blink and fear conditioning, and passive avoidance paradigms. An overarching reoccurring theme is that lesions of the cholinergic projection neurones of the basal forebrain impact negatively on acquisition learning in these paradigms and blockade of muscarinic (and to a lesser extent nicotinic) receptors in the target structures produce similar behavioural deficits. While these pertain mainly to impairments in acquisition learning, some rare cases extend to memory consolidation. Such single case observations warranted replication and more in-depth studies. Intriguingly, receptor blockade or receptor gene knockout repeatedly produced contradictory results (for example in fear conditioning) and combined studies, in which genetically altered mice are pharmacological manipulated, are so far missing. However, they are desperately needed to clarify underlying reasons for these contradictions. Consistently, stimulation of either muscarinic (mainly M(1)) or nicotinic (predominantly α7) receptors was beneficial for learning and memory formation across all paradigms supporting the notion that research into the development and mechanisms of novel and better cholinomimetics may prove useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders with cognitive endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Robinson
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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Lim AL, Taylor DA, Malone DT. Isolation rearing in rats: effect on expression of synaptic, myelin and GABA-related immunoreactivity and its utility for drug screening via the subchronic parenteral route. Brain Res 2011; 1381:52-65. [PMID: 21241674 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Depriving weaned rats of social contact by rearing them in isolation brings about a spectrum of behavioural and neuropathological changes in adulthood which resemble some of the characteristics observed in schizophrenia. Hence, isolation rearing provides a non-pharmacological means to induce in an animal model certain aspects of schizophrenia with a neurodevelopmental origin. We compared the prepulse inhibition and locomotor activity behaviours in group-reared and isolation-reared rats in the context of determining the robustness of any behavioural changes following a subchronic parenteral drug administration protocol. The expression of synaptic, myelin and GABA-related proteins was also assessed in the brains of these rats using semi-quantitative fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Compared to their group-reared counterparts, isolation-reared rats displayed disruption in prepulse inhibition which was lost after repeated testing and subchronic vehicle administration. However, isolation-reared rats showed open-field hyperlocomotion post-subchronic vehicle treatment compared to group-reared rats. Isolation rearing resulted in reduced expression of synaptophysin, synapsin I, myelin basic protein and GABA(B1) receptor proteins, along with an increase in 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase. Of the brain areas examined these observed changes were localised to the hippocampal regions and the substantia nigra. These results suggest an alteration in the synaptic, myelin and GABA-related functions in the brains of isolation-reared rats that displayed behavioural anomalies. Since dysfunction in these systems has also been implicated in schizophrenia, our findings provide additional evidence to support the use of isolation rearing for schizophrenia research; however, its use in the screening of putative antipsychotics following subchronic administration needs to be undertaken warily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Li Lim
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.
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28
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Yeomans JS, Bosch D, Alves N, Daros A, Ure RJ, Schmid S. GABA receptors and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in mice and rats. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 31:2053-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Clarkson C, López DE, Merchán MÁ. Long-term functional recovery in the rat auditory system after unilateral auditory cortex ablation. Acta Otolaryngol 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/00016480903150536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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30
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Langen M, Kas MJH, Staal WG, van Engeland H, Durston S. The neurobiology of repetitive behavior: of mice…. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 35:345-55. [PMID: 20156480 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive and stereotyped behavior is a prominent element of both animal and human behavior. Similar behavior is seen across species, in diverse neuropsychiatric disorders and in key phases of typical development. This raises the question whether these similar classes of behavior are caused by similar neurobiological mechanisms or whether they are neurobiologically unique? In this paper we discuss fundamental animal research and translational models. Imbalances in corticostriatal function often result in repetitive behavior, where different classes of behavior appear to be supported by similar neural mechanisms. Although the exact nature of these imbalances are not yet fully understood, synthesizing the literature in this area provides a framework for studying the neurobiological systems involved in repetitive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Langen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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31
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Urbach YK, Bode FJ, Nguyen HP, Riess O, von Hörsten S. Neurobehavioral tests in rat models of degenerative brain diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 597:333-56. [PMID: 20013245 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-389-3_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Each translational approach in medical research forces the establishment of neurobehavioral screening systems, dedicated to fill the gap between postgenomic generation of state-of-the-art animal models (i.e. transgenic rats) on the one hand and their added value for really predictive experimental preclinical therapy on the other. Owing to these developments in the field, neuroscientists are frequently challenged by the task of detecting discrete behavioral differences in rats. Systematic, comprehensive phenotyping covers these needs and represents a central part of the process. In this chapter, we provide an overview on theoretical issues related to comprehensive neurobehavioral phenotyping of rats and propose specific classical procedures, protocols (similar to the SHIRPA approach in mice), as well as techniques for repeated, intraindividual phenotyping. Neurological testing of rats, motorfunctional screening using the accelerod approach, emotional screening using the social interaction test of anxiety, and testing of sensorimotoric gating functions by prepulse inhibition of the startle response are provided in more detail. This description is completed by an outlook on most recent developments in the field dealing with automated, intra-home-cage technologies, allowing continuous screening in rats in various behavioral and physiological dimensions on an ethological basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne K Urbach
- Franz-Penzoldt-Center, Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Turner JG, Parrish J. Gap Detection Methods for Assessing Salicylate-Induced Tinnitus and Hyperacusis in Rats. Am J Audiol 2008; 17:S185-92. [DOI: 10.1044/1059-0889(2008/08-0006)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose
A variety of options for behavioral assessment of tinnitus in laboratory animals are available to researchers today. These options are briefly reviewed, followed by data suggesting that gap detection procedures might be used to efficiently measure acute, salicylate-induced tinnitus and possibly hyperacusis in rats.
Method
Fischer Brown Norway rats (
n
= 10) were given intraperitoneal injections of 350 mg/kg sodium salicylate on 2 consecutive days, and the effects on gap detection were observed across 9 different frequency bands. Pretest, posttest, and washout data were collected. An additional 4 rats were each given 4 different doses of sodium salicylate (0, 150, 250, and 300 mg/kg), and gap detection and prepulse inhibition were measured.
Results
Significant gap detection deficits were observed from pre- to posttest that were consistent with tinnitus. Consistent gap detection deficits were found using broadband noise backgrounds, while significant improvements in responding to frequency-specific test bands were found. Similar effects were repeated in the dose response portion of the study.
Conclusions
Gap detection procedures efficiently measured salicylate-induced changes in behavior that were consistent with the presence of tinnitus. In addition, the reliable, stronger responses at many frequencies after salicylate injections suggest the possibility of measuring a hyperacusis-like phenomenon using these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy G. Turner
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, and Illinois College, Jacksonville
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Involvement of pallidotegmental neurons in methamphetamine- and MK-801-induced impairment of prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex in mice: reversal by GABAB receptor agonist baclofen. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:3164-75. [PMID: 18354384 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2008.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that pallidotegmental GABAergic neurons play a crucial role in prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex in mice through the activation of GABA(B) receptors in pedunculopontine tegmental neurons. In this study, we investigated whether PPI disruption induced by methamphetamine (METH) or MK-801 is associated with the dysfunction of pallidotegmental neurons. Furthermore, we examined the effects of baclofen, a GABA(B) receptor agonist, on METH- and MK-801-induced PPI impairment. Acute treatment with METH (3 mg/kg, subcutaneouly (s.c.)) and MK-801 (>0.3 mg/kg, s.c.) significantly disrupted PPI, accompanied by the suppression of c-Fos expression in lateral globus pallidus induced by PPI. Furthermore, acute treatment with METH and MK-801 stimulated c-Fos expression in the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC) in mice subjected to the PPT test, although PPI alone had no effect on c-Fos expression. Repeated treatment with 1 mg/kg METH for 7 days, which did not affect PPI acutely, showed similar effects on PPI and c-Fos expression to acute treatment with METH (3 mg/kg). Baclofen dose-dependently ameliorated PPI impairment induced by acute treatment with METH (3 mg/kg) and MK-801 (1 mg/kg), and decreased METH- and MK-801-stimulated c-Fos expression in PnC to the basal level. These results suggest that dysfunction of pallidotegmental neurons is involved in PPI disruption caused by METH and MK-801 in mice. GABA(B) receptor may constitute a putative target in treating neuropsychiatric disorders with sensorimotor gating deficits, such as schizophrenia and METH psychosis.
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Bosch D, Schmid S. Cholinergic mechanism underlying prepulse inhibition of the startle response in rats. Neuroscience 2008; 155:326-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Quednow BB. Defizite der sensomotorischen Filterleistung bei psychiatrischen Erkrankungen. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE 2008. [DOI: 10.1024/1016-264x.19.3.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Die Präpuls-Inhibition (PPI) des akustischen Schreckreflexes gilt als operationales Maß für einen teils vorbewußten attentionalen Filterprozeß, der auch als sensomotorisches Gating bezeichnet wird. Die PPI wird durch ein cortico-striato-pallido-pontines (CSPP) Netzwerk reguliert, welches frontale und mediotemporale Hirnareale, das ventrale Striatum, das ventrale Pallidum und pontine Bereiche des Hirnstamms mit einbezieht. Verschiedene psychiatrische und neurologische Erkrankungen zeigen beeinträchtigte Gating-Prozesse, doch insbesondere die konsistenten Befunde eines PPI-Defizits in der Schizophrenie haben dazu beigetragen, daß die Schizophrenie heute auch als Filterstörung verstanden wird. Die PPI hat sich mittlerweile als translationales Modell für gestörte Filterprozesse in der Schizophrenie etabliert, da sie bei verschiedenen Versuchstieren abgeleitet werden kann und pharmakologisch manipulierbar ist. Darüber hinaus wurde die PPI als vielversprechender Endophänotyp, d. h. als Gen-naher biologischer Marker, der Schizophrenie vorgeschlagen. Man erhofft sich von der Identifizierung solcher Endophänotypen eine verbesserte Entschlüsselung der krankheitsmitverursachenden Gene im Vergleich zu bislang nicht zielführenden genetischen Assoziationsstudien mit den komplexeren Krankheitsphänotypen. Des Weiteren wird die Korrektur künstlich erzeugter PPI-Defizite bei Versuchstieren als Modell für antipsychotische Wirksamkeit neu entwickelter Substanzen zur Behandlung der Schizophrenie genutzt. Der vorliegende Artikel soll einen Überblick über die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten und Grenzen des PPI-Paradigmas in der klinischen und grundlagenorientierten psychologischen und psychiatrischen Forschung geben.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris B. Quednow
- Neuropsychopharmakologie und Bildgebung, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich
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36
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Takahashi K, Nagai T, Kamei H, Maeda K, Matsuya T, Arai S, Mizoguchi H, Yoneda Y, Nabeshima T, Takuma K, Yamada K. Neural circuits containing pallidotegmental GABAergic neurons are involved in the prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in mice. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62:148-57. [PMID: 17027927 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response is a measure of the inhibitory function and time-linked information processing by which a weak sensory stimulus (the prepulse) inhibits the startle response caused by a sudden intense stimulus. We attempted to clarify the neuronal circuits underlying the control of PPI of the startle reflex in mice. METHODS c-Fos immunohistochemistry was used to detect neurons activated by startle pulse and/or prepulse trials. Behavioural pharmacology and tracing studies were also conducted. RESULTS The lateral globus pallidus (LGP) was activated by prepulses. Activation of the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC) evoked by the startle pulses was inhibited under PPI conditions. Double-immunostaining revealed that c-Fos-positive cells in the LGP following prepulse trials were GABAergic neurons. Bilateral microinjections of lidocaine into the LGP resulted in an impairment of PPI. Fluoro-gold infusion into the PnC and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) retrogradely labeled neurons in the PPTg and LGP, respectively. Microinjections of phaclofen into the PPTg significantly impaired PPI. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that GABAergic neurons in the LGP which project to the PPTg play a crucial role through the activation of GABAB receptors in the regulation of PPI of the startle reflex in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Takahashi
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Lopez S, Turle-Lorenzo N, Acher F, De Leonibus E, Mele A, Amalric M. Targeting group III metabotropic glutamate receptors produces complex behavioral effects in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2007; 27:6701-11. [PMID: 17581957 PMCID: PMC6672706 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0299-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs activating group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) represent therapeutic alternatives to L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Their presynaptic location at GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses within basal ganglia nuclei provide a critical target to reduce abnormal activities associated with PD. The effects of selective group III mGluR agonists (1S,3R,4S)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid (ACPT-I) and L-(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP4) infused into the globus pallidus (GP) or the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) were thus studied in rat models of PD. Bilateral infusions of ACPT-I (1, 2.5, and 5 nmol/microl) into the GP fully reverse the severe akinetic deficits produced by 6-hydroxydopamine nigrostriatal dopamine lesions in a reaction-time task without affecting the performance of controls. Similar results were observed after L-AP4 (1 nmol) or picrotoxin, a GABA(A) receptor antagonist, infused into the GP. In addition, intrapallidal ACPT-I counteracts haloperidol-induced catalepsy. This effect is reversed by concomitant administration of a selective group III receptor antagonist (RS)-alpha-cyclopropyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine. In contrast, ACPT-I (0.05, 0.1, and 0.25 nmol) infusions into the SNr enhance the lesion-induced akinetic deficits in control and lesioned rats and do not reverse haloperidol-induced catalepsy. L-AP4 (0.05 nmol) and picrotoxin in the SNr produce the same effects. Together, these results show that activation of group III mGluRs in the GP provides benefits in parkinsonian rats, presumably by modulating GABAergic neurotransmission. The opposite effects produced by group III mGluR activation in the SNr, also observed with a selective mGluR8 agonist, support the use of subtype-selective group III mGluR agonists as a potential antiparkinsonian strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Lopez
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 6155, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Turle-Lorenzo
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 6155, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Francine Acher
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601-CNRS, Université René Descartes-Paris V, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France, and
| | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare C. Darwin, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Mele
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare C. Darwin, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marianne Amalric
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 6155, 13331 Marseille, France
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Easton N, Marshall F, Fone K, Marsden C. Atomoxetine produces changes in cortico-basal thalamic loop circuits: assessed by phMRI BOLD contrast. Neuropharmacology 2006; 52:812-26. [PMID: 17140608 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Atomoxetine is a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) which has not yet been assessed using pharmacological neuroimaging for its effects on rat brain activity. The pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response was determined in rat brain regions following administration of atomoxetine. Rats were individually placed into a 2.35T Bruker magnet for 60min to achieve basal recording of changes in signal intensity. Either saline (n=9) or atomoxetine hydrochloride (2mg/kg; i.p.; n=10) was then administered and recording continued for a further 90min. Data were analysed for BOLD random effects using statistical parametric maps and time course analysis. The main changes observed were widespread negative BOLD responses in the caudate putamen and changes in brain regions associated with the cortico-basal thalamic loop circuits. BOLD changes in the basal ganglia help explain its efficacy in reducing hyperactivity observed in ADHD patients. Although positive BOLD changes in the prefrontal cortex were limited to the ventral orbital cortex this is an area associated with behavioral control and may be of relevance to the use of the drug in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Easton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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39
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Kofler M, Müller J, Valls-Solé J. Chapter 19 Auditory startle responses as a probe of brainstem function in healthy subjects and patients with movement disorders. SUPPLEMENTS TO CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2006; 58:232-48. [PMID: 16623335 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-424x(09)70072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kofler
- Department of Neurology, Hospital HochZirl, A-6170 Zirl, Austria.
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40
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Turner JG, Brozoski TJ, Bauer CA, Parrish JL, Myers K, Hughes LF, Caspary DM. Gap detection deficits in rats with tinnitus: A potential novel screening tool. Behav Neurosci 2006; 120:188-95. [PMID: 16492129 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.120.1.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The study describes a novel method for tinnitus screening in rats by use of gap detection reflex procedures. The authors hypothesized that if a background acoustic signal was qualitatively similar to the rat's tinnitus, poorer detection of a silent gap in the background would be expected. Rats with prior evidence of tinnitus at 10 kHz (n = 14) exhibited significantly worse gap detection than controls (n = 13) when the gap was embedded in a background similar to their tinnitus. No differences between tinnitus and control rats were found with 16 kHz or broadband noise backgrounds, which helped to rule out explanations related to hearing loss or general performance deficits. The results suggest that gap detection reflex procedures might be effective for rapid tinnitus screening in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy G Turner
- Department of Surgery-OtolaryngologySouthern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794-9629, USA.
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41
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Gerashchenko D, Blanco-Centurion CA, Miller JD, Shiromani PJ. Insomnia following hypocretin2-saporin lesions of the substantia nigra. Neuroscience 2005; 137:29-36. [PMID: 16289583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Revised: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide hypocretin, also known as orexin, has been implicated in waking since its deletion leads to the sleep disorder narcolepsy. Hypocretin neurons project to major arousal areas, and in an effort to determine which region is responsible for the changes in sleep-wake architecture we have developed the neurotoxin hypocretin2-saporin, which lesions hypocretin receptor bearing neurons. Here, in rats, we investigate the effects of hypocretin2-saporin lesions of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Bilateral injection of hypocretin2-sap into both the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra (92 and 184 ng/microl, 0.25 microl in the ventral tegmental area and 0.5 microl in the substantia nigra) or into the substantia nigra alone (184 ng/microl, 0.5 microl) produced insomnia. The insomnia seemed to be associated with a large increase in locomotion on days 4 and 6 postinjection, as hyperactivity and stereotypic movements were consistently observed on the video recordings in all lesioned rats. In these rats, a nearly complete loss of both tyrosine hydroxylase and neuron-specific nuclear protein (neuronal nuclei) immunoreactive cells in the substantia nigra as well as diminution of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers in the caudate putamen was found. Following bilateral injection of hypocretin2-sap at a lower concentration (46 ng/microl, 0.25 microl in the ventral tegmental area and 0.5 microl in the substantia nigra), very little reduction in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase- and neuronal nuclei-immunoreactive neurons and only a temporary increase in wakefulness (17.4% increase during light-off period on day 6 postinjection) were observed. Ventral tegmental area lesions (184 ng/mul of hypocretin2-sap, 0.25 microl, bilateral injections) did not produce significant changes in sleep, although most of the tyrosine hydroxylase- and neuronal nuclei-immunoreactive neurons in the ventral tegmental area were destroyed. Insomnia following hypocretin2-sap lesions of the substantia nigra could be secondary to increased motor activity resulting from reduction of tonic inhibitory control by the substantia nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gerashchenko
- West Roxbury Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 1400 Veterans of Foreign Wars Parkway, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
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42
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Lessard A, Pickel VM. Subcellular distribution and plasticity of neurokinin-1 receptors in the rat substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 2005; 135:1309-23. [PMID: 16165296 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurokinin-1 receptors show activity-dependent changes in their surface distributions that are critical in spinal pain mechanisms, and also may play an important role in the motor and affective behaviors influenced by dopaminergic projections from the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. To determine the relevant sites for neurokinin-1 receptor activation in these midbrain regions, we examined the electron microscopic immunolabeling of neurokinin-1 receptors and the dopamine-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase in normal rats. We also examined whether neurokinin-1 receptor distributions in one or both regions are affected by (1) startle-evoking intense auditory stimulation or (2) acute administration of apomorphine, a dopamine D1/D2 agonist that enhances startle while paradoxically reducing the prepulse inhibition produced by low intensity conditioning stimuli in rat models of schizophrenia. In each region, neurokinin-1 immunogold was located on the plasma membrane and endomembranes of somatodendritic profiles with or without tyrosine hydroxylase. As compared with controls, animals receiving intense auditory stimulation either alone or together with smaller low intensity prepulses showed a significant increase in neurokinin-1-plasmalemmal labeling in non-dopaminergic dendrites of both regions, and a reduction in this labeling in dopaminergic dendrites of the ventral tegmental area. Both effects were diminished following apomorphine administration. In absence of the intense auditory stimulation, however, apomorphine increased neurokinin-1-immunogold particles on the plasma membrane of the non-dopaminergic dendrites exclusively in the substantia nigra. Our results are the first to show that neurokinin-1 receptors have plasmalemmal distributions in dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons that can be differentially modified by startle-evoking auditory stimulation. They suggest that while apomorphine can independently affect neurokinin-1 receptor trafficking in substantia nigra motor circuits, its effects on neurokinin-1 receptor distributions in the ventral tegmental area are exclusively dependent on sensory activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lessard
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 411 East 69th Street, KB 410, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Henderson JM, Stanic D, Tomas D, Patch J, Horne MK, Bourke D, Finkelstein DI. Postural changes after lesions of the substantia nigra pars reticulata in hemiparkinsonian monkeys. Behav Brain Res 2005; 160:267-76. [PMID: 15863223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2004.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Current neurosurgical strategies target overactive brain regions including the subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus and thalamus to control various symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Subthalamotomy improves akinesia and can induce postural deficits in both parkinsonian humans and animals, pallidotomy improves limb dyskinesia and more variably, distal bradykinesia whilst thalamotomy improves tremor. Because the SNr also becomes overactive in PD and there are few surgical studies in parkinsonian primates, we therefore evaluated the effects of lesioning the SNr in hemiparkinsonian marmosets to establish the effects on symptomatology. Nine monkeys received unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions. Seven weeks later, four received kainic acid lesions of the SNr. Behavioural tests were performed prior to 6-OHDA surgery and then fortnightly for 14 weeks. Unilateral 6-OHDA lesions induced ipsilateral postural bias, ipsilateral rotation after amphetamine injection and bradykinesia. Whilst, SNr lesions significantly altered the direction of head position and amphetamine-induced rotation relative to 6-OHDA lesions, there was no improvement in 6-OHDA-induced reaching deficits or sensorimotor neglect. Unbiased quantitation of the nigral lesions showed on average 88% loss of dopaminergic neurons after 6-OHDA lesions and 77% loss of non-dopaminergic neurons after SNr lesions. Our results demonstrate that the SNr is important in body orientation changes in parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M Henderson
- Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Diederich K, Koch M. Role of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in sensorimotor gating and reward-related behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 179:402-8. [PMID: 15821954 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-2052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) is involved in the execution and regulation of a variety of behaviors. Most investigations used brain lesions that have certain disadvantages, such as functional compensation over time. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we investigated by temporary, reversible inhibition of neurons the role of the PPTg in sensorimotor gating, measured as prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response (ASR) using variable interstimulus intervals (ISI). In a second set of experiments we examined by the same technique the role of the PPTg in a progressive-ratio instrumental response task. METHODS Local infusions of the GABA(A)-receptor agonist muscimol (0.05 microg and 0.5 microg/0.3 microl, or vehicle) were applied through indwelling microinfusion cannulae into the PPTg of freely moving rats. ASR and PPI were measured using acoustic stimuli of 100 dB (pulse) and 80 dB (prepulse) using ISIs of 25, 120, 520 and 1,020 ms. Instrumental behavior (lever pressing for casein pellets) was assessed in a Skinner box. Motor activity was measured in an open field. RESULTS Intra-PPTg infusions of muscimol dose-dependently attenuated PPI at ISIs of 120 ms and 520 ms, but not at longer or shorter ISIs. ASR magnitude in pulse-alone trials was not significantly affected. Intra-PPTg infusion of 0.5 microg muscimol reduced the break point of instrumental responding (testing sequence where the rats fail to respond according to an increased ratio of reinforcement). No effects on food-preference and open-field activity were found. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that GABAergic neurotransmission in the PPTg plays an important role for sensorimotor gating at intermediate ISIs and for response selection under demanding schedules of reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Diederich
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Brain Research Institute, University of Bremen, FB 2, PO Box 33 04 40, 28334 Bremen, Germany.
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Vezér T, Papp A, Kurunczi A, Párducz A, Náray M, Nagymajtényi L. Behavioral and neurotoxic effects seen during and after subchronic exposure of rats to organic mercury. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 19:785-796. [PMID: 21783556 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2004.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Young adult male Wistar rats (24/group) were treated for 5 weeks with methyl mercury(II)chloride (corresponding to 0.5 and 2.0mgHg°/kg b.w., control: distilled water) by gavage, followed by a 19 weeks post-treatment period. Spontaneous motility, psychomotor performance and sensorimotor gating was repeatedly tested, electrophysiological recordings done, in the rats throughout the whole experiment. Decreased horizontal open field activity, reduced number of "noise positive" startle responses, as well as increase of startle response onset latency and peak time, and decrease of peak amplitude, was seen in the treated animals. Most changes disappeared in the post-treatment period. In the spontaneous cortical and hippocampal activity, altered distribution of the frequency bands was seen after 5 weeks of treatment but not at the end of the post-treatment period. Hippocampal population spikes in the treated animals were depressed and showed less potentiation, which effect was still present 19 weeks after finishing the treatment. The duration of the sensory cortical evoked potentials was shorter than in the controls. In the treated rats, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive boutons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata were shrunk; blood and brain Hg levels were significantly higher and decreased only slowly. Considering the continuous presence of low levels of mercurials in the human environment, effects of this kind may be supposed as the background of some human neurobehavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Vezér
- Department of Public Health, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 10, Hungary
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Ishiwari K, Mingote S, Correa M, Trevitt JT, Carlson BB, Salamone JD. The GABA uptake inhibitor beta-alanine reduces pilocarpine-induced tremor and increases extracellular GABA in substantia nigra pars reticulata as measured by microdialysis. J Neurosci Methods 2005; 140:39-46. [PMID: 15589332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2003] [Accepted: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is a major output nucleus of the basal ganglia that receives GABAergic projections from neostriatum and globus pallidus. Previous research has shown that local pharmacological manipulations of GABA in SNr can influence tremulous jaw movements in rats. Tremulous jaw movements are defined as rapid vertical deflections of the lower jaw that resemble chewing but are not directed at a particular stimulus, and evidence indicates that these movements share many characteristics with parkinsonian tremor in humans. In order to investigate the role of GABA in motor functions related to tremor, the present study tested the GABA uptake blocker beta-alanine for its ability to reduce pilocarpine-induced tremulous jaw movements. In a parallel experiment, the effect of an active dose of beta-alanine on dialysate levels of GABA in SNr was assessed using microdialysis methods. GABA levels in dialysis samples were measured using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. beta-Alanine (250-500 mg/kg) significantly reduced tremulous jaw movements induced by pilocarpine (4.0 mg/kg). Moreover, systemic administration of beta-alanine at a dose that reduced tremulous jaw movements (500 mg/kg) resulted in a substantial increase in extracellular levels of GABA in SNr compared to the pre-injection baseline. Thus, the present results are consistent with the hypothesis that GABAergic tone in SNr plays a role in the regulation of tremulous jaw movements. This research may lead to a better understanding of how parkinsonian symptoms are modulated by SNr GABA mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Ishiwari
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
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Beleboni RO, Carolino ROG, Pizzo AB, Castellan-Baldan L, Coutinho-Netto J, dos Santos WF, Coimbra NC. Pharmacological and biochemical aspects of GABAergic neurotransmission: pathological and neuropsychobiological relationships. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2005; 24:707-28. [PMID: 15672674 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-004-6913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1. The GABAergic neurotransmission has been implicated in the modulation of many neural networks in forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain, as well as, in several neurological disorders. 2. The complete comprehension of GABA system neurochemical properties and the search for approaches in identifying new targets for the treatment of neural diseases related to GABAergic pathway are of the extreme relevance. 3. The present review will be focused on the pharmacology and biochemistry of the GABA metabolism, GABA receptors and transporters. In addition, the pathological and psychobiological implications related to GABAergic neurotransmission will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renê Oliveira Beleboni
- Departament of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Tunik E, Adamovich SV, Poizner H, Feldman AG. Deficits in rapid adjustments of movements according to task constraints in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2004; 19:897-906. [PMID: 15300654 DOI: 10.1002/mds.20138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the basal ganglia in the adaptive control of movement was investigated by unexpectedly perturbing movements in 8 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) tested off medication and in 6 aged-matched healthy subjects. Subjects performed two movement components simultaneously and without visual feedback: touching the nose with the finger while leaning the trunk forward. Subjects wore a harness connected to an electromagnet, which was attached to a wall. The trunk movement was mechanically blocked in randomly selected trials by engaging the electromagnet. While healthy subjects performed the task equally well in both conditions, PD subjects' hand movements significantly deteriorated in trunk-perturbed compared to trunk-free trials. Deteriorated hand movements were characterized by segmented hand paths, unsmooth velocity profiles, and prolonged movement times. This finding indicated that the relatively local trunk perturbation had a global effect on the hand movement of PD subjects, necessitating them to reinitiate, after some delay, their arm movement in perturbed trials. Thus, the basal ganglia may be a critical node in brain networks mediating the flexibility of responses to altered motor states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Tunik
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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Gulley JM, Reed JL, Kuwajima M, Rebec GV. Amphetamine-induced behavioral activation is associated with variable changes in basal ganglia output neurons recorded from awake, behaving rats. Brain Res 2004; 1012:108-18. [PMID: 15158167 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Systemic or intra-striatal administration of d-amphetamine (AMPH) elicits a dose-dependent pattern of behavioral activation and neuronal firing in the striatum. To determine if the AMPH-induced striatal firing pattern is expressed in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), a main target of striatal efferents and the primary output nucleus of the basal ganglia, we recorded the activity of 214 SNr units in alert, behaving rats responding to either systemic (1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg, sc) or intra-striatal (20 microg/microl/min) AMPH. Both routes of administration increased behavior but the strongest effects occurred after systemic injection. A dose of 1.0 mg/kg progressively increased locomotion, head movements, and sniffing, whereas after 5.0 mg/kg behavioral responding became progressively more focused and stereotyped. The collective response of SNr neurons was a net increase in firing rate that was most apparent after the low systemic dose and intra-striatal infusion. Further analysis revealed significant unit populations that were either excited, inhibited or showed no change. Although excitations predominated over inhibitions in all cases, a sizable population of units was unresponsive: approximately 25% to systemic AMPH and almost half to intra-striatal infusion. Subsequent injection of haloperidol (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg, sc), a dopamine receptor antagonist, reversed both the behavioral and electrophysiological effects of AMPH. Thus, as in striatum, dopamine appears to play a critical role in AMPH-induced changes in SNr activity. Interestingly, however, SNr activity did not closely parallel the striatal response, suggesting that patterns of neuronal responding to AMPH in striatum are not reliably relayed to SNr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Gulley
- Program in Neural Science and Department of Psychology, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
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Plappert CF, Pilz PKD, Schnitzler HU. Factors governing prepulse inhibition and prepulse facilitation of the acoustic startle response in mice. Behav Brain Res 2004; 152:403-12. [PMID: 15196809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2003.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Revised: 07/16/2003] [Accepted: 10/21/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The influence of prepulses on the acoustic startle response (ASR) was measured in three inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6J, 129/SvHsd, and AKR/OlaHsd, and one hybrid strain produced by crossing wild mice and NMRI mice. Prepulse inhibition (PPI), i.e. reduction of ASR by prepulses, was maximal when the interval between prepulses and startle stimuli was in the range of 37.5-100 ms. Prepulse facilitation (PPF), i.e. increase of ASR by prepulses, was maximal when the prepulse preceded the startle stimulus by 12.5 ms. PPI increased with increasing prepulse SPL, PPF first increased then decreased when prepulse SPL was increased. Percent PPI was independent from startle stimulus SPL. All strains showed a long-term increase of PPI when tested for several days; one strain (129) also showed an increase of PPF over days. The present results clearly show that PPI and PPF are independent processes, which add to yield the final response change. PPF and the observed long-term changes of PPI and PPF are stronger expressed in mice than have been observed in rats under similar conditions. Since there were significant differences between the strains of mice with respect to PPI and PPF, genetically different strains of mice are a promising tool to study these two processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia F Plappert
- Universität Tübingen, Tierphysiologie, Zoologisches dInstitut, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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