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Rogóż Z, Kamińska K, Lorenc-Koci E, Wąsik A. Iron administered in the neonatal period changed memory, brain monoamine levels, and BDNF mRNA expression in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:1044-1054. [PMID: 39012420 PMCID: PMC11387440 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is one of the key microelements in the mammalian body and is the most abundant metal in the brain. Iron, a very important chemical element in the body of mammals, is the most abundant metal in the brain. It participates in many chemical reactions taking place in the central nervous system acting as a cofactor in key enzymatic reactions involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and degradation, dendritic arborization, and myelination. Moreover, iron accumulation in the brain has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurogenerative disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS The aim of our study was to assess the influence of iron administered orally (30 mg/kg) to rats in the neonatal period (p12-p14) by testing the performance of rats in the open field and social interaction tests, and by evaluating the recognition memory, monoamine levels in some brain structures, and BDNF mRNA expression. The behavioral and biochemical tests were performed in adult p88-p92 rats. RESULTS Iron administered to rats in the neonatal period induced long-term deficits in behavioral tests in adult rats. It reduced the exploratory activity in the open field test. In the social interaction test, it induced deficits in the parameters studied, and decreased memory retention. Moreover, iron changed the brain monoamine levels in some studied brain structures and decreased the expression of BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS All earlier and our present results indicated that iron administered to rats in the neonatal period induced an increase in oxidative stress which resulted in a change in the brain monoamine levels and decreased BDNF mRNA expression which may play a role in iron-induced memory impairment in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Rogóż
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wąsik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
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Cui L, Zhou H, Hao Y, Yang X, Li Z, Gao Y, Zhang Z, Ren L, Ji L, Sun R, Wang Y, Wang X. Effect of ferric citrate on hippocampal iron accumulation and widespread molecular alterations associated with cognitive disorder in an ovariectomized mice model. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e70018. [PMID: 39252474 PMCID: PMC11386256 DOI: 10.1111/cns.70018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nowadays, the prevalence of cognitive impairment in women has gradually increased, especially in postmenopausal women. There were few studies on the mechanistic effects of iron exposure on neurotoxicity in postmenopausal women. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of iron accumulation on cognitive ability in ovariectomized mice and its possible mechanism and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention of cognitive dysfunction in postmenopausal women. METHODS Female C57BL/6N ovariectomized model mice were induced with ferric citrate (FAC). The mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: control, sham, ovariectomized (Ovx), Ovx + 50 mg/kg FAC (Ovx + l), and Ovx + 100 mg/kg FAC (Ovx + h). The impact of motor and cognitive function was verified by a series of behavioral tests. The levels of serum iron parameters, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase were measured. The ultrastructure of mice hippocampal microglia was imaged by transmission electron microscopy. The differential expression of hippocampal proteins was analyzed by Tandem Mass Tag labeling. RESULTS Movement and cognitive function in Ovx + l/Ovx + h mice were significantly decreased compared to control and Sham mice. Then, iron exposure caused histopathological changes in the hippocampus of mice. In addition, proteomic analysis revealed that 29/27/41 proteins were differentially expressed in the hippocampus when compared by Ovx vs. Sham, Ovx + l vs. Ovx, as well as Ovx + h vs. Ovx + l groups, respectively. Moreover, transferrin receptor protein (TFR1) and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) protein expression were significantly increased in the iron accumulation mice model with ovariectomy. CONCLUSION Iron exposure could cause histopathological damage in the hippocampus of ovariectomised mice and, by altering hippocampal proteomics, particularly the expression of hippocampal iron metabolism-related proteins, could further influence cognitive impairment in ovariectomized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Cui
- College of Public HealthZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Huijun Zhou
- College of Public HealthZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yudan Hao
- College of Public HealthZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- College of Public HealthZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Zhiqian Li
- College of Public HealthZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yuting Gao
- College of Public HealthZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Zhengya Zhang
- College of Public HealthZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Lina Ren
- College of Public HealthZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Linpu Ji
- College of Public HealthZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Ruijie Sun
- College of Public HealthZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yibo Wang
- College of Public HealthZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Xian Wang
- College of Public HealthZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
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do Nascimento FV, de Freitas BS, Dos Passos MP, Kleverston L, de Souza Dos Santos C, Kist LW, Bogo MR, Bromberg E, Schröder N. A high fat diet potentiates neonatal iron overload-induced memory impairments in rats. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:1163-1175. [PMID: 38358514 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-024-03333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed at evaluating possible synergistic effects between two risk factors for cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders, i.e. iron overload and exposure to a hypercaloric/hyperlipidic diet, on cognition, insulin resistance, and hippocampal GLUT1, GLUT3, Insr mRNA expression, and AKT phosporylation. METHODS Male Wistar rats were treated with iron (30 mg/kg carbonyl iron) or vehicle (5% sorbitol in water) from 12 to 14th post-natal days. Iron-treated rats received a standard laboratory diet or a high fat diet from weaning to adulthood (9 months of age). Recognition and emotional memory, peripheral blood glucose and insulin levels were evaluated. Glucose transporters (GLUT 1 and GLUT3) and insulin signaling were analyzed in the hippocampus of rats. RESULTS Both iron overload and exposure to a high fat diet induced memory deficits. Remarkably, the association of iron with the high fat diet induced more severe cognitive deficits. Iron overload in the neonatal period induced higher insulin levels associated with significantly higher HOMA-IR, an index of insulin resistance. Long-term exposure to a high fat diet resulted in higher fasting glucose levels. Iron treatment induced changes in Insr and GLUT1 expression in the hippocampus. At the level of intracellular signaling, both iron treatment and the high fat diet decreased AKT phosphorylation. CONCLUSION The combination of iron overload with exposure to a high fat diet only led to synergistic deleterious effect on emotional memory, while the effects induced by iron and by the high fat diet on AKT phosphorylation were comparable. These findings indicate that there is, at least to some extent, an additive effect of iron combined with the diet. Further studies investigating the mechanisms associated to deleterious effects on cognition and susceptibility for the development of age-associated neurodegenerative disorders are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Valvassori do Nascimento
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Betânia Souza de Freitas
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maiara Priscila Dos Passos
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiza Kleverston
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cristophod de Souza Dos Santos
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiza Wilges Kist
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Excitotoxicity and Neuroprotection (INCT-EN), National Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Diseases, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maurício Reis Bogo
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Excitotoxicity and Neuroprotection (INCT-EN), National Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Diseases, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Elke Bromberg
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nadja Schröder
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil.
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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Wu Q, Ren Q, Meng J, Gao WJ, Chang YZ. Brain Iron Homeostasis and Mental Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1997. [PMID: 38001850 PMCID: PMC10669508 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron plays an essential role in various physiological processes. A disruption in iron homeostasis can lead to severe consequences, including impaired neurodevelopment, neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, and cancer. Interestingly, the link between mental health disorders and iron homeostasis has not received significant attention. Therefore, our understanding of iron metabolism in the context of psychological diseases is incomplete. In this review, we aim to discuss the pathologies and potential mechanisms that relate to iron homeostasis in associated mental disorders. We propose the hypothesis that maintaining brain iron homeostasis can support neuronal physiological functions by impacting key enzymatic activities during neurotransmission, redox balance, and myelination. In conclusion, our review highlights the importance of investigating the relationship between trace element nutrition and the pathological process of mental disorders, focusing on iron. This nutritional perspective can offer valuable insights for the clinical treatment of mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China;
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan’erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China; (Q.R.); (J.M.)
| | - Qiuyang Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan’erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China; (Q.R.); (J.M.)
| | - Jingsi Meng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan’erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China; (Q.R.); (J.M.)
| | - Wei-Juan Gao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China;
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan’erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China; (Q.R.); (J.M.)
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Rezqaoui A, Ibouzine-Dine L, Elhamzaoui A, Brouzi MYE, Dimaoui A, Hessni AE, Mesfioui A. Potential Role of Oxidative Stress in the Effects of Chronic Administration of Iron on Affective and Cognitive Behavior on Male Wistar Rat. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:4812-4826. [PMID: 36683122 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03560-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we studied the impact of chronic iron exposure, in the form of iron sulfate (FeSo4), on affective and cognitive disorders and oxidative stress in the male Wistar rat. The treatment was carried out for 8 weeks, the rats received an intraperitoneal injection of iron at different doses: 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg. Affective and cognitive disorders are assessed in open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), forced swimming test (FST), Morris water maze (MWM), and Y-maze. The hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of each animal were taken for biochemical examination. Our results show that iron exerts anxiogenic and depressogenic effects, which were observed first at the dose of 0.5 mg/kg and continued in a dose-dependent manner up to the maximum tested dose of 1 mg/kg. According to results from the MWM and Y-maze tests, continuous exposure to iron induces cognitive disorders that are defined by the disturbance of working memory and influences spatial learning performance causing a deficit of spatial memory retention. We noted that chronic exposure to iron can be associated with the appearance of a state of oxidative stress in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex demonstrated by an increase in lipid peroxidation, an increase in nitric oxide, and also by disturbances in the antioxidant defense systems following a determination of the concentrations of catalase. In conclusion, we can deduce from this work that chronic iron exposure can be related to the induction of cognitive and affective disorders and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Rezqaoui
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco.
| | - Laila Ibouzine-Dine
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Abdelghafour Elhamzaoui
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Yassine El Brouzi
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Amal Dimaoui
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Aboubaker El Hessni
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Abdelhalem Mesfioui
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
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Trace Element Interactions, Inflammatory Signaling, and Male Sex Implicated in Reduced Growth Following Excess Oral Iron Supplementation in Pre-Weanling Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193913. [PMID: 36235565 PMCID: PMC9571796 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron supplements are frequently provided to infants in high-income countries despite low incidence of iron deficiency. There is growing concern regarding adverse health and development outcomes of excess iron provision in early life. Excess iron may directly damage developing organs through the formation of reactive oxygen species, alter systemic inflammatory signaling, and/or dysregulate trace mineral metabolism. To better characterize the in vivo effects of excess iron on development, we utilized a pre-weanling rat pup model. Lewis rat litters were culled to eight pups (four males and four females) and randomly assigned to daily supplementation groups receiving either vehicle control (CON; 10% w/v sucrose solution) or ferrous sulfate (FS) iron at one of the following doses: 10, 30, or 90 mg iron/kg body weight—FS-10, FS-30, and FS-90, respectively—from postnatal day (PD) 2 through 9. FS-90 litters, but not FS-30 or FS-10, failed to thrive compared to CON litters and had smaller brains on PD 10. Among the groups, FS-90 liver iron levels were highest, as were white blood cell counts. Compared to CON, circulating MCP-1 and liver zinc were increased in FS-90 pups, whereas liver copper was decreased. Growth defects due to excess FS provision in pre-weanling rats may be related to liver injury, inflammation, and altered trace mineral metabolism.
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Re DB, Hilpert M, Saglimbeni B, Strait M, Ilievski V, Coady M, Talayero M, Wilmsen K, Chesnais H, Balac O, Glabonjat RA, Slavkovich V, Yan B, Graziano J, Navas-Acien A, Kleiman NJ. Exposure to e-cigarette aerosol over two months induces accumulation of neurotoxic metals and alteration of essential metals in mouse brain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111557. [PMID: 34245728 PMCID: PMC8578258 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite a recent increase in e-cigarette use, the adverse human health effects of exposure to e-cigarette aerosol, especially on the central nervous system (CNS), remain unclear. Multiple neurotoxic metals have been identified in e-cigarette aerosol. However, it is unknown whether those metals accumulate in the CNS at biologically meaningful levels. To answer this question, two groups of mice were whole-body exposed twice a day, 5 days a week, for two months, to either a dose of e-cigarette aerosol equivalent to human secondhand exposure, or a 5-fold higher dose. After the last exposure, the olfactory bulb, anterior and posterior frontal cortex, striatum, ventral midbrain, cerebellum, brainstem, remaining brain tissue and spinal cord were collected for metal quantification by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and compared to tissues from unexposed control mice. The two-month exposure caused significant accumulation of several neurotoxic metals in various brain areas - for some metals even at the low exposure dose. The most striking increases were measured in the striatum. For several metals, including Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Pb, similar accumulations are known to be neurotoxic in mice. Decreases in some essential metals were observed across the CNS. Our findings suggest that chronic exposure to e-cigarette aerosol could lead to CNS neurotoxic metal deposition and endogenous metal dyshomeostasis, including potential neurotoxicity. We conclude that e-cigarette-mediated metal neurotoxicity may pose long-term neurotoxic and neurodegenerative risks for e-cigarette users and bystanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane B Re
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Markus Hilpert
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Brianna Saglimbeni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Madeleine Strait
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Vesna Ilievski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Maxine Coady
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Master in Public Health Program, Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Maria Talayero
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Kai Wilmsen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Master in Public Health Program, Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Helene Chesnais
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Olgica Balac
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ronald A Glabonjat
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Vesna Slavkovich
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Beizhan Yan
- NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Geochemistry Department, 203 Comer, 61 Route 9W - PO Box 1000, Palisades, NY, 10964-8000, USA
| | - Joseph Graziano
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Norman J Kleiman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Dauer Née Joppe K, Tatenhorst L, Caldi Gomes L, Zhang S, Parvaz M, Carboni E, Roser AE, El DeBakey H, Bähr M, Vogel-Mikuš K, Wang Ip C, Becker S, Zweckstetter M, Lingor P. Brain iron enrichment attenuates α-synuclein spreading after injection of preformed fibrils. J Neurochem 2021; 159:554-573. [PMID: 34176164 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regional iron accumulation and α-synuclein (α-syn) spreading pathology within the central nervous system are common pathological findings in Parkinson's disease (PD). Whereas iron is known to bind to α-syn, facilitating its aggregation and regulating α-syn expression, it remains unclear if and how iron also modulates α-syn spreading. To elucidate the influence of iron on the propagation of α-syn pathology, we investigated α-syn spreading after stereotactic injection of α-syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the striatum of mouse brains after neonatal brain iron enrichment. C57Bl/6J mouse pups received oral gavage with 60, 120, or 240 mg/kg carbonyl iron or vehicle between postnatal days 10 and 17. At 12 weeks of age, intrastriatal injections of 5-µg PFFs were performed to induce seeding of α-syn aggregates. At 90 days post-injection, PFFs-injected mice displayed long-term memory deficits, without affection of motor behavior. Interestingly, quantification of α-syn phosphorylated at S129 showed reduced α-syn pathology and attenuated spreading to connectome-specific brain regions after brain iron enrichment. Furthermore, PFFs injection caused intrastriatal microglia accumulation, which was alleviated by iron in a dose-dependent way. In primary cortical neurons in a microfluidic chamber model in vitro, iron application did not alter trans-synaptic α-syn propagation, possibly indicating an involvement of non-neuronal cells in this process. Our study suggests that α-syn PFFs may induce cognitive deficits in mice independent of iron. However, a redistribution of α-syn aggregate pathology and reduction of striatal microglia accumulation in the mouse brain may be mediated via iron-induced alterations of the brain connectome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Dauer Née Joppe
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Lars Tatenhorst
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Lucas Caldi Gomes
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mojan Parvaz
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eleonora Carboni
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Elisa Roser
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hazem El DeBakey
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Katarina Vogel-Mikuš
- Biotechnical faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Department of NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Goettingen, Germany
- Research group Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Molz P, de Freitas BS, Uberti VH, da Costa KM, Kist LW, Bogo MR, Schröder N. Effects of lipoic acid supplementation on age- and iron-induced memory impairment, mitochondrial DNA damage and antioxidant responses. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:3679-3690. [PMID: 33738535 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of lipoic acid (LA) supplementation during adulthood combined with supplementation later in life or LA administration only at old age on age-induced cognitive dysfunction, mitochondrial DNA deletions, caspase 3 and antioxidant response enzymes expression in iron-treated rats. METHODS Male rats were submitted to iron treatment (30 mg/kg body wt of Carbonyl iron) from 12 to 14th post-natal days. Iron-treated rats received LA supplementation (50 mg/kg, daily) in adulthood and old age or at old age only for 21 days. Memory, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) complex I deletions, caspase 3 mRNA expression and antioxidant response enzymes mRNA expression were analyzed in the hippocampus. RESULTS LA administration in adulthood combined with treatment later in life was able to reverse age-induced effects on object recognition and inhibitory avoidance memory, as well as on mtDNA deletions, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) expression, and antioxidant enzymes disruption induced by iron in aged rats. LA treatment only at old age reversed iron-induced effects to a lesser extent when compared to the combined treatment. CONCLUSION The present findings support the view that LA supplementation may be considered as an adjuvant against mitochondrial damage and cognitive decline related to aging and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Molz
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Betânia Souza de Freitas
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vanise Hallas Uberti
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Kesiane Mayra da Costa
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiza Wilges Kist
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maurício Reis Bogo
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Diseases, Excitotoxicity and Neuroprotection (INCT-EN), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nadja Schröder
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil. .,Department of Physiology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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10
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Huang C, Ma W, Luo Q, Shi L, Xia Y, Lao C, Liu W, Zou Y, Cheng A, Shi R, Chen Z. Iron overload resulting from the chronic oral administration of ferric citrate induces parkinsonism phenotypes in middle-aged mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:9846-9861. [PMID: 31699955 PMCID: PMC6874424 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is critical for maintaining normal brain physiological functions, and its mis-regulation can cause neurotoxicity and play a part in the development of many neurodegenerative disorders. The high incidence of iron deficiency makes iron supplementation a trend, and ferric citrate is a commonly used iron supplement. In this study, we found that the chronic oral administration of ferric citrate (2.5 mg/day and 10 mg/day) for 16 weeks selectively induced iron accumulation in the corpus striatum (CPu), substantia nigra (SN) and hippocampus, which typically caused parkinsonism phenotypes in middle-aged mice. Histopathological analysis showed that apoptosis- and oxidative stress-mediated neurodegeneration and dopaminergic neuronal loss occurred in the brain, and behavioral tests showed that defects in the locomotor and cognitive functions of these mice developed. Our research provides a new perspective for ferric citrate as a food additive or in clinical applications and suggests a new potential approach to develop animal models for Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
| | - Qihui Luo
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
| | - Liangqin Shi
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xia
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
| | - Chengjie Lao
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
| | - Riyi Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
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11
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Iron Overload Impairs Autophagy: Effects of Rapamycin in Ameliorating Iron-Related Memory Deficits. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1044-1054. [PMID: 31664701 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, iron accumulation in specific brain regions has been observed in normal aging and related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Many neurodegenerative diseases may involve cognitive dysfunction, and we have previously shown that neonatal iron overload induces permanent cognitive deficits in adult rats and exacerbates age-associated memory decline. Autophagy is a catabolic pathway involved in the removal of toxic protein aggregates, which are a hallmark of neurodegenerative events. In the present study, we investigated whether iron accumulation would interfere with autophagy and also sought to determine the effects of rapamycin-induced stimulation of autophagy in attenuating iron-related cognitive deficits. Male Wistar rats received a single daily oral dose of vehicle or iron carbonyl (30 mg/kg) at postnatal days 12-14. In adulthood, they received daily intraperitoneal injections of vehicle or rapamycin (0.25 mg/kg) for 14 days. Results showed that iron given in the neonatal period impaired inhibitory avoidance memory and induced a decrease in proteins critically involved in the autophagy pathway, Beclin-1 and LC3, in the hippocampus. Rapamycin in the adulthood reversed iron-induced memory deficits, decreased the ratio phospho-mTOR/total mTOR, and recovered LC3 II levels in iron-treated rats. Our results suggest that iron accumulation, as observed in neurodegenerative disorders, hinders autophagy, which might play a role in iron-induced neurotoxicity. Rapamycin, by inducing authophagy, was able to ameliorate iron-induced cognitive impairments. These findings support the use of rapamycin as a potential neuroprotective treatment against the cognitive decline associated to neurodegenerative disorders.
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12
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Machado GDB, de Freitas BS, Florian LZ, Monteiro RT, Gus H, Schröder N. G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor stimulation ameliorates iron- and ovariectomy-induced memory impairments through the cAMP/PKA/CREB signalling pathway. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12780. [PMID: 31418949 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Iron accumulation in the brain has been associated with neurodegenerative disorders, and imaging studies in humans indicate that iron content in brain regions correlates with poor performance in cognitive tasks. In rats, iron overload impairs memory retention in a variety of memory tasks. Although the effects of iron on cognition in rodents are extensively reported, no previous study has been conducted in female rats. The incidence of certain dementias, such as Alzheimer's disease, is higher in women after menopause compared to aged-matched men. The role of oestrogen depletion in memory deficits in menopausal women is still a matter of debate. The present study aimed to characterise the effects of iron overload on memory in female rats by investigating the effects of ovariectomy (OVX, an experimental model of oestrogen depletion) in rats submitted to iron overload, as well as examining the effects of G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER) agonism on memory impairments induced by iron and OVX. Female rats received iron (30 mg kg-1 , orally) or vehicle at postnatal days 12-14 and were submitted to OVX in adulthood. Results showed that either iron or OVX impaired memory for object placement and inhibitory avoidance. The selective GPER agonist G1, administered immediately after training, reversed both iron- and OVX-induced memory impairments. G1 effects were abolished by protein kinase A (PKA) inhibition, suggesting the involvement of the cAMP/PKA/CREB signalling pathway. The search for novel oestrogen agonists with positive effects on cognition may be promising for the development of treatments for memory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Dalto Barroso Machado
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Betânia Souza de Freitas
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Zanetti Florian
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Tavares Monteiro
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henrique Gus
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nadja Schröder
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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13
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da Silva VK, de Freitas BS, Garcia RCL, Monteiro RT, Hallak JE, Zuardi AW, Crippa JAS, Schröder N. Antiapoptotic effects of cannabidiol in an experimental model of cognitive decline induced by brain iron overload. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:176. [PMID: 30177808 PMCID: PMC6120904 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulation in the brain has been recognized as a common feature of both normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Cognitive dysfunction has been associated to iron excess in brain regions in humans. We have previously described that iron overload leads to severe memory deficits, including spatial, recognition, and emotional memory impairments in adult rats. In the present study we investigated the effects of neonatal iron overload on proteins involved in apoptotic pathways, such as Caspase 8, Caspase 9, Caspase 3, Cytochrome c, APAF1, and PARP in the hippocampus of adult rats, in an attempt to establish a causative role of iron excess on cell death in the nervous system, leading to memory dysfunction. Cannabidiol (CBD), the main non-psychotropic component of Cannabis sativa, was examined as a potential drug to reverse iron-induced effects on the parameters analyzed. Male rats received vehicle or iron carbonyl (30 mg/kg) from the 12th to the 14th postnatal days and were treated with vehicle or CBD (10 mg/kg) for 14 days in adulthood. Iron increased Caspase 9, Cytochrome c, APAF1, Caspase 3 and cleaved PARP, without affecting cleaved Caspase 8 levels. CBD reversed iron-induced effects, recovering apoptotic proteins Caspase 9, APAF1, Caspase 3 and cleaved PARP to the levels found in controls. These results suggest that iron can trigger cell death pathways by inducing intrinsic apoptotic proteins. The reversal of iron-induced effects by CBD indicates that it has neuroprotective potential through its anti-apoptotic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Kappel da Silva
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Betânia Souza de Freitas
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Carvalho Lacerda Garcia
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Tavares Monteiro
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Jaime Eduardo Hallak
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 14048-900, Brazil
| | - Antônio Waldo Zuardi
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 14048-900, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre S Crippa
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 14048-900, Brazil
| | - Nadja Schröder
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil.
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Brazil.
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14
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Alcalde LA, de Freitas BS, Machado GDB, de Freitas Crivelaro PC, Dornelles VC, Gus H, Monteiro RT, Kist LW, Bogo MR, Schröder N. Iron chelator deferiprone rescues memory deficits, hippocampal BDNF levels and antioxidant defenses in an experimental model of memory impairment. Biometals 2018; 31:927-940. [PMID: 30117045 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a key role in neural development and physiology, as well as in pathological states. Post-mortem studies demonstrate that BDNF is reduced in the brains of patients affected by neurodegenerative diseases. Iron accumulation has also been associated to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In rats, iron overload induces persistent memory deficits, increases oxidative stress and apoptotic markers, and decreases the expression of the synaptic marker, synaptophysin. Deferiprone (DFP) is an oral iron chelator used for the treatment of systemic iron overload disorders, and has recently been tested for Parkinson's disease. Here, we investigated the effects of iron overload on BDNF levels and on mRNA expression of genes encoding TrkB, p75NTR, catalase (CAT) and NQO1. We also aimed at investigating the effects of DFP on iron-induced impairments. Rats received iron or vehicle at postnatal days 12-14 and when adults, received chronic DFP or water (vehicle). Recognition memory was tested 19 days after the beginning of chelation therapy. BDNF measurements and expression analyses in the hippocampus were performed 24 h after the last day of DFP treatment. DFP restored memory and increased hippocampal BDNF levels, ameliorating iron-induced effects. Iron overload in the neonatal period reduced, while treatment with DFP was able to rescue, the expression of antioxidant enzymes CAT and NQO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Azambuja Alcalde
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Betânia Souza de Freitas
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Dalto Barroso Machado
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Castilhos de Freitas Crivelaro
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Victoria Campos Dornelles
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Henrique Gus
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Tavares Monteiro
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Luiza Wilges Kist
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Reis Bogo
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Nadja Schröder
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, 71605-001, Brazil.
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15
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Chung JY, Kim HS, Song J. Iron metabolism in diabetes-induced Alzheimer's disease: a focus on insulin resistance in the brain. Biometals 2018; 31:705-714. [PMID: 30043289 PMCID: PMC6133192 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by an excessive accumulation of toxic amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and memory dysfunction. The onset of AD is influenced by age, genetic background, and impaired glucose metabolism in the brain. Several studies have demonstrated that diabetes involving insulin resistance and glucose tolerance could lead to AD, ultimately resulting in cognitive dysfunction. Even though the relationship between diabetes and AD was indicated by significant evidences, the critical mechanisms and metabolic alterations in diabetes induced AD are not clear until now. Recently, iron metabolism has been shown to play multiple roles in the central nervous system (CNS). Iron deficiency and overload are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Iron binds to Aβ and subsequently regulates Aβ toxicity in the CNS. In addition, previous studies have shown that iron is involved in the aggravation of insulin resistance. Considering these effects of iron metabolism in CNS, we expect that iron metabolism may play crucial roles in diabetic AD brain. Thus, we review the recent evidence regarding the relationship between diabetes-induced AD and iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Chung
- Department of Neurology, Chosun University School of Medicine and Hospital, Gwangju, 61452, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, South Korea.
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, South Korea.
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16
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Abstract
Brain iron is tightly regulated by a multitude of proteins to ensure homeostasis. Iron dyshomeostasis has become a molecular signature associated with aging which is accompanied by progressive decline in cognitive processes. A common theme in neurodegenerative diseases where age is the major risk factor, iron dyshomeostasis coincides with neuroinflammation, abnormal protein aggregation, neurodegeneration, and neurobehavioral deficits. There is a great need to determine the mechanisms governing perturbations in iron metabolism, in particular to distinguish between physiological and pathological aging to generate fruitful therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the present review is to focus on the age-related alterations in brain iron metabolism from a cellular and molecular biology perspective, alongside genetics, and neuroimaging aspects in man and rodent models, with respect to normal aging and neurodegeneration. In particular, the relationship between iron dyshomeostasis and neuroinflammation will be evaluated, as well as the effects of systemic iron overload on the brain. Based on the evidence discussed here, we suggest a synergistic use of iron-chelators and anti-inflammatories as putative anti-brain aging therapies to counteract pathological aging in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhaar Ashraf
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuroimaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Clark
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Po-Wah So
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuroimaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Approaches for Reducing the Risk of Early-Life Iron Deficiency-Induced Brain Dysfunction in Children. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020227. [PMID: 29462970 PMCID: PMC5852803 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world. Women of reproductive age and young children are particularly vulnerable. Iron deficiency in late prenatal and early postnatal periods can lead to long-term neurobehavioral deficits, despite iron treatment. This may occur because screening and treatment of iron deficiency in children is currently focused on detection of anemia and not neurodevelopment. Anemia is the end-stage state of iron deficiency. The brain becomes iron deficient before the onset of anemia due to prioritization of the available iron to the red blood cells (RBCs) over other organs. Brain iron deficiency, independent of anemia, is responsible for the adverse neurological effects. Early diagnosis and treatment of impending brain dysfunction in the pre-anemic stage is necessary to prevent neurological deficits. The currently available hematological indices are not sensitive biomarkers of brain iron deficiency and dysfunction. Studies in non-human primate models suggest that serum proteomic and metabolomic analyses may be superior for this purpose. Maternal iron supplementation, delayed clamping or milking of the umbilical cord, and early iron supplementation improve the iron status of at-risk infants. Whether these strategies prevent iron deficiency-induced brain dysfunction has yet to be determined. The potential for oxidant stress, altered gastrointestinal microbiome and other adverse effects associated with iron supplementation cautions against indiscriminate iron supplementation of children in malaria-endemic regions and iron-sufficient populations.
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18
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da Silva VK, de Freitas BS, Dornelles VC, Kist LW, Bogo MR, Silva MC, Streck EL, Hallak JE, Zuardi AW, Crippa JAS, Schröder N. Novel insights into mitochondrial molecular targets of iron-induced neurodegeneration: Reversal by cannabidiol. Brain Res Bull 2018; 139:1-8. [PMID: 29374603 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has demonstrated iron accumulation in specific brain regions of patients suffering from neurodegenerative disorders, and this metal has been recognized as a contributing factor for neurodegeneration. Using an experimental model of brain iron accumulation, we have shown that iron induces severe memory deficits that are accompanied by oxidative stress, increased apoptotic markers, and decreased synaptophysin in the hippocampus of rats. The present study aims to characterize iron loading effects as well as to determine the molecular targets of cannabidiol (CBD), the main non-psychomimetic compound of Cannabis sativa, on mitochondria. Rats received iron in the neonatal period and CBD for 14 days in adulthood. Iron induced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions, decreased epigenetic modulation of mtDNA, mitochondrial ferritin levels, and succinate dehydrogenase activity. CBD rescued mitochondrial ferritin and epigenetic modulation of mtDNA, and restored succinate dehydrogenase activity in iron-treated rats. These findings provide new insights into molecular targets of iron neurotoxicity and give support for the use of CBD as a disease modifying agent in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Kappel da Silva
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Betânia Souza de Freitas
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Victória Campos Dornelles
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiza Wilges Kist
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Reis Bogo
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Milena Carvalho Silva
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Emílio Luiz Streck
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jaime Eduardo Hallak
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil; Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14048-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio Waldo Zuardi
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil; Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14048-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre S Crippa
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil; Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14048-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nadja Schröder
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil.
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Wessling-Resnick M. Excess iron: considerations related to development and early growth. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:1600S-1605S. [PMID: 29070548 PMCID: PMC5701720 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.155879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
What effects might arise from early life exposures to high iron? This review considers the specific effects of high iron on the brain, stem cells, and the process of erythropoiesis and identifies gaps in our knowledge of what molecular damage may be incurred by oxidative stress that is imparted by high iron status in early life. Specific areas to enhance research on this topic include the following: longitudinal behavioral studies of children to test associations between iron exposures and mood, emotion, cognition, and memory; animal studies to determine epigenetic changes that reprogram brain development and metabolic changes in early life that could be followed through the life course; and the establishment of human epigenetic markers of iron exposures and oxidative stress that could be monitored for early origins of adult chronic diseases. In addition, efforts to understand how iron exposure influences stem cell biology could be enhanced by establishing platforms to collect biological specimens, including umbilical cord blood and amniotic fluid, to be made available to the research community. At the molecular level, there is a need to better understand stress erythropoiesis and changes in iron metabolism during pregnancy and development, especially with respect to regulatory control under high iron conditions that might promote ineffective erythropoiesis and iron-loading anemia. These investigations should focus not only on factors such as hepcidin and erythroferrone but should also include newly identified interactions between transferrin receptor-2 and the erythropoietin receptor. Finally, despite our understanding that several key micronutrients (e.g., vitamin A, copper, manganese, and zinc) support iron's function in erythropoiesis, how these nutrients interact remains, to our knowledge, unknown. It is necessary to consider many factors when formulating recommendations on iron supplementation.
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Ammari M, Elferchichi M, Othman H, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effect of sub-chronic ferrous sulfate treatment on motor skills, hematological and biochemical parameters in rats. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2017; 74:179-184. [PMID: 29068786 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2017.1395788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) on motor skills, hematological and biochemical parameters in rats. Adult rats were treated with dose of iron (280 mg/L, per os) for 15 consecutive days in drinking water. No significant difference was noticed for the motor skills in the stationary beam (p = 0.23) and suspended string tests (p = 0.48) between control and iron-treated rats. However, iron-treated rats showed a significant increase in white blood cells count (p = 0.01), mean corpuscular volume values (p = 0.02) and decrease in frequency of peristaltic contractions of the fragment of the intestine (in vitro) compared to control rats (p = 0.01). No significant difference in plasma iron level (p = 0.89) and transferrin amount were observed after iron treatment (p = 0.65). The findings indicate that iron treatment at 280 mg/L, per os for 15 consecutive days in adult rats induced increase of hematological parameters (sign of a potential inflammation), but not motor skills deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ammari
- a Laboratory of Integrative Physiology , Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage , Zarzouna , Tunisia
- b Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Miryam Elferchichi
- a Laboratory of Integrative Physiology , Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage , Zarzouna , Tunisia
| | - Haifa Othman
- a Laboratory of Integrative Physiology , Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage , Zarzouna , Tunisia
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- a Laboratory of Integrative Physiology , Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage , Zarzouna , Tunisia
| | - Hafedh Abdelmelek
- a Laboratory of Integrative Physiology , Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage , Zarzouna , Tunisia
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Agrawal S, Berggren KL, Marks E, Fox JH. Impact of high iron intake on cognition and neurodegeneration in humans and in animal models: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:456-470. [PMID: 28505363 PMCID: PMC5914328 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Accumulation of brain iron is linked to aging and protein-misfolding neurodegenerative diseases. High iron intake may influence important brain health outcomes in later life. Objective The aim of this systematic review was to examine evidence from animal and human studies of the effects of high iron intake or peripheral iron status on adult cognition, brain aging, and neurodegeneration. Data Sources MEDLINE, Scopus, CAB Abstracts, the Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials, and OpenGrey databases were searched. Study Selection Studies investigating the effect of elevated iron intake at all postnatal life stages in mammalian models and humans on measures of adult brain health were included. Data Extraction Data were extracted and evaluated by two authors independently, with discrepancies resolved by discussion. Neurodegenerative disease diagnosis and/or behavioral/cognitive, biochemical, and brain morphologic findings were used to study the effects of iron intake or peripheral iron status on brain health. Risk of bias was assessed for animal and human studies. PRISMA guidelines for reporting systematic reviews were followed. Results Thirty-four preclinical and 14 clinical studies were identified from database searches. Thirty-three preclinical studies provided evidence supporting an adverse effect of nutritionally relevant high iron intake in neonates on brain-health-related outcomes in adults. Human studies varied considerably in design, quality, and findings; none investigated the effects of high iron intake in neonates/infants. Conclusions Human studies are needed to verify whether dietary iron intake levels used in neonates/infants to prevent iron deficiency have effects on brain aging and neurodegenerative disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Agrawal
- S. Agrawal and J.H. Fox are with the Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA. K.L. Berggren is with the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. E. Marks is with the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kiersten L. Berggren
- S. Agrawal and J.H. Fox are with the Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA. K.L. Berggren is with the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. E. Marks is with the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Eileen Marks
- S. Agrawal and J.H. Fox are with the Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA. K.L. Berggren is with the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. E. Marks is with the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Fox
- S. Agrawal and J.H. Fox are with the Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA. K.L. Berggren is with the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. E. Marks is with the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Dhakshinamoorthy V, Manickam V, Perumal E. Neurobehavioural Toxicity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Mice. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:187-203. [PMID: 28321581 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) are widely used in various biomedical applications, extremely in neurotheranostics. Simultaneously, Fe2O3-NP usage is of alarming concern, as its exposure to living systems causes deleterious effects due to its redox potential. However, study on the neurobehavioural impacts of Fe2O3-NPs is very limited. In this regard, adult male mice were intraperitoneally administered with Fe2O3-NPs (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) once a week for 4 weeks. A significant change in locomotor behaviour and spatial memory was observed in Fe2O3-NP-treated animals. Damages to blood-brain barrier permeability by Fe2O3-NPs and their accumulation in brain regions were evidenced by Evan's blue staining, iron estimation and Prussian blue staining. Elevated nitric oxide, acetylcholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase leakage and demyelination were observed in the Fe2O3-NP-exposed brain tissues. Imbalanced levels of ROS generation and antioxidant defence mechanism (superoxide dismutase and catalase) cause damages to lipids, proteins and DNA. PARP and cleaved caspase 3 expression levels were found to be increased in the Fe2O3-NP-exposed brain regions which confirms DNA damage and apoptosis. Thus, repeated Fe2O3-NP exposure causes neurobehavioural impairments by nanoparticle accumulation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanth Dhakshinamoorthy
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India
| | - Vijayprakash Manickam
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India
| | - Ekambaram Perumal
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India.
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Iron Loading Selectively Increases Hippocampal Levels of Ubiquitinated Proteins and Impairs Hippocampus-Dependent Memory. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6228-6239. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Chen H, Wang X, Wang M, Yang L, Yan Z, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Behavioral and Neurochemical Deficits in Aging Rats with Increased Neonatal Iron Intake: Silibinin's Neuroprotection by Maintaining Redox Balance. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:206. [PMID: 26578951 PMCID: PMC4623400 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a critical risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Silibinin, a major flavonoid in Silybum marianum, has been suggested to display neuroprotective properties against various neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we observed that neonatal iron (120 μg/g body weight) supplementation resulted in significant abnormality of behavior and depletion of striatal dopamine (DA) in the aging male and female rats while it did not do so in the young male and female rats. No significant change in striatal serotonin content was observed in the aging male and female rats with neonatal supplementation of the same dose of iron. Furthermore, we found that the neonatal iron supplementation resulted in significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and decrease in glutathione (GSH) in the substantia nigra (SN) of the aging male and female rats. No significant change in content of MDA and GSH was observed in the cerebellum of the aging male and female rats with the neonatal iron supplementation. Interestingly, silibinin (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) treatment significantly and dose-dependently attenuated depletion of striatal DA and improved abnormality of behavior in the aging male and female rats with the neonatal iron supplementation. Moreover, silibinin significantly reduced MDA content and increased GSH content in the SN of the aging male and female rats. Taken together, our results indicate that elevated neonatal iron supplementation may result in neurochemical and behavioral deficits in the male and female rats with aging and silibinin may exert dopaminergic neuroprotection by maintaining redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China ; School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , China
| | - Xijin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Meihua Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
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Sulforaphane rescues memory dysfunction and synaptic and mitochondrial alterations induced by brain iron accumulation. Neuroscience 2015; 301:542-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Effect of dietary iron loading on recognition memory in growing rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120609. [PMID: 25746420 PMCID: PMC4352024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While nutritional and neurobehavioral problems are associated with both iron deficiency during growth and overload in the elderly, the effect of iron loading in growing ages on neurobehavioral performance has not been fully explored. To characterize the role of dietary iron loading in memory function in the young, weanling rats were fed iron-loading diet (10,000 mg iron/kg diet) or iron-adequate control diet (50 mg/kg) for one month, during which a battery of behavioral tests were conducted. Iron-loaded rats displayed elevated non-heme iron levels in serum and liver, indicating a condition of systemic iron overload. In the brain, non-heme iron was elevated in the prefrontal cortex of iron-loaded rats compared with controls, whereas there was no difference in iron content in other brain regions between the two diet groups. While iron loading did not alter motor coordination or anxiety-like behavior, iron-loaded rats exhibited a better recognition memory, as represented by an increased novel object recognition index (22% increase from the reference value) than control rats (12% increase; P=0.047). Western blot analysis showed an up-regulation of dopamine receptor 1 in the prefrontal cortex from iron-loaded rats (142% increase; P=0.002). Furthermore, levels of glutamate receptors (both NMDA and AMPA) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) were significantly elevated in the prefrontal cortex of iron-loaded rats (62% increase in NR1; 70% increase in Glu1A; 115% increase in nAChR). Dietary iron loading also increased the expression of NMDA receptors and nAChR in the hippocampus. These results support the idea that iron is essential for learning and memory and further reveal that iron supplementation during developmental and rapidly growing periods of life improves memory performance. Our investigation also demonstrates that both cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission pathways are regulated by dietary iron and provides a molecular basis for the role of iron loading in improved memory.
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Kim J, Wessling-Resnick M. Iron and mechanisms of emotional behavior. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:1101-1107. [PMID: 25154570 PMCID: PMC4253901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron is required for appropriate behavioral organization. Iron deficiency results in poor brain myelination and impaired monoamine metabolism. Glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid homeostasis is modified by changes in brain iron status. Such changes produce not only deficits in memory/learning capacity and motor skills, but also emotional and psychological problems. An accumulating body of evidence indicates that both energy metabolism and neurotransmitter homeostasis influence emotional behavior, and both functions are influenced by brain iron status. Like other neurobehavioral aspects, the influence of iron metabolism on mechanisms of emotional behavior is multifactorial: brain region-specific control of behavior, regulation of neurotransmitters and associated proteins, temporal and regional differences in iron requirements, oxidative stress responses to excess iron, sex differences in metabolism, and interactions between iron and other metals. To better understand the role that brain iron plays in emotional behavior and mental health, this review discusses the pathologies associated with anxiety and other emotional disorders with respect to body iron status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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28
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Maaroufi K, Had-Aissouni L, Melon C, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H, Poucet B, Save E. Spatial learning, monoamines and oxidative stress in rats exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic field in combination with iron overload. Behav Brain Res 2013; 258:80-9. [PMID: 24144546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of mobile phone technology over the last decade raises concerns about the impact of high frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) on health. More recently, a link between EMF, iron overload in the brain and neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases has been suggested. Co-exposure to EMF and brain iron overload may have a greater impact on brain tissues and cognitive processes than each treatment by itself. To examine this hypothesis, Long-Evans rats submitted to 900 MHz exposure or combined 900 MHz EMF and iron overload treatments were tested in various spatial learning tasks (navigation task in the Morris water maze, working memory task in the radial-arm maze, and object exploration task involving spatial and non spatial processing). Biogenic monoamines and metabolites (dopamine, serotonin) and oxidative stress were measured. Rats exposed to EMF were impaired in the object exploration task but not in the navigation and working memory tasks. They also showed alterations of monoamine content in several brain areas but mainly in the hippocampus. Rats that received combined treatment did not show greater behavioral and neurochemical deficits than EMF-exposed rats. None of the two treatments produced global oxidative stress. These results show that there is an impact of EMF on the brain and cognitive processes but this impact is revealed only in a task exploiting spontaneous exploratory activity. In contrast, there are no synergistic effects between EMF and a high content of iron in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Maaroufi
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Federation 3C FR 3512, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, UMR 7291, Marseille, France; Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna, Tunisia.
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Garcia VA, Souza de Freitas B, Busato SB, D'avila Portal BC, Piazza FC, Schröder N. Differential effects of modafinil on memory in naïve and memory-impaired rats. Neuropharmacology 2013; 75:304-11. [PMID: 23958446 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Modafinil is a wake-promoting drug and has been approved for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea. Modafinil was shown to improve learning and memory in rodents, and to reverse memory deficits induced by sleep deprivation or stress. However, depending on the memory paradigm used, modafinil might also impair memory. We aimed to investigate the effects of modafinil on memory consolidation and retrieval for object recognition and inhibitory avoidance in naïve adult rats. We also investigated whether acute or chronic administration of modafinil would reverse memory deficits induced by iron overload, a model of memory impairment related to neurodegenerative disorders. Adult naïve rats received modafinil (0.0, 0.75, 7.5 or 75 mg/kg) either immediately after training or 1 h prior to testing in object recognition or inhibitory avoidance. Iron-treated rats received modafinil immediately after training in object recognition. In order to investigate the effects of chronic modafinil, iron-treated rats received daily injections of modafinil for 17 days, and 24 h later they were trained in object recognition or inhibitory avoidance. Acute modafinil does not affect memory consolidation or retrieval in naive rats. A single injection of modafinil at the highest dose was able to recover recognition memory in iron-treated rats. Chronic modafinil completely recovered iron-induced recognition memory and emotional memory deficits. Additional preclinical and clinical studies are necessary in order to support the applicability of modafinil in recovering memory impairment associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Athaíde Garcia
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Betânia Souza de Freitas
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Stefano Boemler Busato
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Chaves D'avila Portal
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Francisco Correa Piazza
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nadja Schröder
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Cannabidiol normalizes caspase 3, synaptophysin, and mitochondrial fission protein DNM1L expression levels in rats with brain iron overload: implications for neuroprotection. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:222-33. [PMID: 23893294 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that chronic treatment with cannabidiol (CBD) was able to recover memory deficits induced by brain iron loading in a dose-dependent manner in rats. Brain iron accumulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, and has been related to cognitive deficits in animals and human subjects. Deficits in synaptic energy supply have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, evidencing the key role played by mitochondria in maintaining viable neural cells and functional circuits. It has also been shown that brains of patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases have increased expression of apoptosisrelated proteins and specific DNA fragmentation. Here, we have analyzed the expression level of brain proteins involved with mitochondrial fusion and fission mechanisms (DNM1L and OPA1), the main integral transmembrane protein of synaptic vesicles (synaptophysin), and caspase 3, an apoptosis-related protein, to gain a better understanding of the potential of CBD in restoring the damage caused by iron loading in rats. We found that CBD rescued iron-induced effects, bringing hippocampal DNM1L, caspase 3, and synaptophysin levels back to values comparable to the control group. Our results suggest that iron affects mitochondrial dynamics, possibly trigging synaptic loss and apoptotic cell death and indicate that CBD should be considered as a potential molecule with memory-rescuing and neuroprotective properties to be used in the treatment of cognitive deficits observed in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Maaroufi K, Ammari M, Elferchichi M, Poucet B, Sakly M, Save E, Abdelmelek H. Effects of combined ferrous sulphate administration and exposure to static magnetic field on spatial learning and motor abilities in rats. Brain Inj 2013; 27:492-9. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2012.750753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Rao R, Tkac I, Unger EL, Ennis K, Hurst A, Schallert T, Connor J, Felt B, Georgieff MK. Iron supplementation dose for perinatal iron deficiency differentially alters the neurochemistry of the frontal cortex and hippocampus in adult rats. Pediatr Res 2013; 73:31-7. [PMID: 23095980 PMCID: PMC3563322 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term prefrontal cortex (PFC)- and hippocampus-based cognitive deficits are the sequelae of perinatal iron deficiency, despite iron supplementation starting in the newborn period. Whether high-dose iron supplementation prevents these deficits is yet to be determined. METHODS Perinatal iron deficiency was induced in rat pups using a low-iron (3 mg/kg diet) diet during gestation until postnatal day (P)8. Iron was supplemented using a standard (40 mg/kg diet) or a 10-fold higher (400 mg/kg diet) iron-containing diet until P21. PFC and hippocampal neurochemistry was determined using in vivo (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at 9.4 Tesla on P90. RESULTS Both standard and 10-fold higher iron supplementation doses corrected anemia and brain iron deficiency by P21. The neurochemical profile of the PFC in both supplementation groups was comparable with the control group. In the hippocampus, standard-dose iron supplementation resulted in lower concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and phosphoethanolamine (PE) and higher concentrations of N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) and glycerophosphocholine + phosphocholine (GPC + PC). High-dose iron supplementation resulted in lower PE and higher GPC + PC concentrations. CONCLUSION The iron supplementation dose for perinatal iron deficiency differentially alters the neurochemical profile of the PFC and hippocampus in adults. The neurochemical changes suggest altered glutamatergic neurotransmission, hypomyelination, and abnormal phospholipid metabolism in the formerly iron-deficient (FID) hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Ivan Tkac
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Erica L. Unger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen Ennis
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Amy Hurst
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Timothy Schallert
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - James Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Barbara Felt
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael K. Georgieff
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, USA,Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Memory-rescuing effects of cannabidiol in an animal model of cognitive impairment relevant to neurodegenerative disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219:1133-40. [PMID: 21870037 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cannabidiol, the main nonpsychotropic constituent of Cannabis sativa, possesses a large number of pharmacological effects including anticonvulsive, sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective, as demonstrated in clinical and preclinical studies. Many neurodegenerative disorders involve cognitive deficits, and this has led to interest in whether cannabidiol could be useful in the treatment of memory impairment associated to these diseases. OBJECTIVES We used an animal model of cognitive impairment induced by iron overload in order to test the effects of cannabidiol in memory-impaired rats. METHODS Rats received vehicle or iron at postnatal days 12-14. At the age of 2 months, they received an acute intraperitoneal injection of vehicle or cannabidiol (5.0 or 10.0 mg/kg) immediately after the training session of the novel object recognition task. In order to investigate the effects of chronic cannabidiol, iron-treated rats received daily intraperitoneal injections of cannabidiol for 14 days. Twenty-four hours after the last injection, they were submitted to object recognition training. Retention tests were performed 24 h after training. RESULTS A single acute injection of cannabidiol at the highest dose was able to recover memory in iron-treated rats. Chronic cannabidiol improved recognition memory in iron-treated rats. Acute or chronic cannabidiol does not affect memory in control rats. CONCLUSIONS The present findings provide evidence suggesting the potential use of cannabidiol for the treatment of cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Further studies, including clinical trials, are warranted to determine the usefulness of cannabidiol in humans suffering from neurodegenerative disorders.
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Silva PFD, Garcia VA, Dornelles ADS, Silva VKD, Maurmann N, Portal BCD, Ferreira RDP, Piazza FC, Roesler R, Schröder N. Memory impairment induced by brain iron overload is accompanied by reduced H3K9 acetylation and ameliorated by sodium butyrate. Neuroscience 2011; 200:42-9. [PMID: 22067609 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Iron accumulation in the brain has been associated to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. We have previously demonstrated that iron overload in the neonatal period results in severe and persistent memory deficits in adult rats. Alterations in histone acetylation have been associated with memory deficits in models of neurological disorders. Here we examine histone acetylation in the brain and the effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) sodium butyrate (NaB) on memory in the neonatal iron overload model in rats. Rats received vehicle or 30.0-mg/kg Fe⁺² orally at postnatal days 12-14. When animals reached adulthood, they were given training in either novel object recognition or inhibitory avoidance. Histone acetylation in the dorsal hippocampus and the effects of NaB were examined in separate sets of rats. Iron overload led to a reduction in H3 lysine 9 acetylation in the hippocampus, without affecting the acetylation of other H3 and H4 lysine residues. A single systemic injection of NaB (1.2 g/kg) immediately after training ameliorated iron-induced memory impairments. The results suggest that a reduction in H3K9 acetylation might play a role in iron-induced memory impairment and support the view that HDACis can rescue memory dysfunction in models of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F da Silva
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Sant'Anna MCB, Soares VDM, Seibt KJ, Ghisleni G, Rico EP, Rosemberg DB, de Oliveira JR, Schröder N, Bonan CD, Bogo MR. Iron exposure modifies acetylcholinesterase activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) tissues: distinct susceptibility of tissues to iron overload. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 37:573-581. [PMID: 21194010 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-010-9459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Iron is one the most abundant metals on the earth being essential for living organisms even though its free form can be toxic. The overload of this metal may be related with some disorders, like Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, and hemochromatosis in the liver. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of iron on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in brain and liver of zebrafish and to investigate the possible correlation with the iron content in these tissues. Different corresponding concentrations of iron were tested using in vitro (0.018, 0.268, and 2.6 mM) and in vivo (1, 15, and 150 mg/l) assays. The in vitro studies showed that iron promoted a significant increase in AChE activity in brain (52%) and liver (53%) at the higher concentration (2.6 mM). In the in vivo assays, a significant increase in this enzyme activity was observed in the presence of 15 mg/l in both, brain (62%) and liver tissue (70%). Semiquantitative RT-PCR did not reveal significant changes in acetylthiocholinesterase mRNA levels. Moreover, we observed that iron content was significantly increased in liver tissue when exposed to 15 (226%) and 150 mg/l (200%). These results indicate that iron can promote significant alterations in AChE activity which probably is not directly related to the iron content in zebrafish tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C B Sant'Anna
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Maaroufi K, Save E, Poucet B, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H, Had-Aissouni L. Oxidative stress and prevention of the adaptive response to chronic iron overload in the brain of young adult rats exposed to a 150 kilohertz electromagnetic field. Neuroscience 2011; 186:39-47. [PMID: 21497179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Iron surcharge may induce an oxidative stress-based decline in several neurological functions. In addition, electromagnetic fields (EMF) of frequencies up to about 100 kHz, emitted by electric/electronic devices, have been suggested to enhance free radical production through an iron dependent pathway. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine a possible relationship between iron status, exposure to EMF, and brain oxidative stress in young adult rats. Samples were micro-dissected from prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum after chronic saline or iron overload (IO) as well as after chronic sham exposure or exposure to a 150 kHz EMF or after combining EMF exposure with IO. The brain samples were used to monitor oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation and activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. While IO did not induce any oxidative stress in young adult rats, it stimulated antioxidant defenses in the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex in particular. On the contrary, EMF exposure stimulated lipid peroxidation mainly in the cerebellum, without affecting antioxidant defenses. When EMF was coapplied with IO, lipid peroxidation was further increased as compared to EMF alone while the increase in antioxidant defenses triggered by the sole IO was abolished. These data suggest that EMF exposure may be harmful in young adults by impairing the antioxidant defenses directed at preventing iron-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Maaroufi
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 6155 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Provence, Marseille cedex 3, France
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Hallak JEC, Crippa JAS, Quevedo J, Roesler R, Schröder N, Nardi AE, Kapczinski F. National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM): advancing the field of translational medicine and mental health. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2011; 32:83-90. [PMID: 20339739 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462010000100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Translational medicine has been described as the integrated application of innovative pharmacology tools, biomarkers, clinical methods, clinical technologies and study designs to improve the understanding of medical disorders. In medicine, translational research offers an opportunity for applying the findings obtained from basic research to every-day clinical applications. The National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine is comprised of six member institutions (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Universidade Estadual de Santa Catarina and a core facility that serves all centers). The objectives of the project are divided into four areas: Institutional, Research, Human Resources and Technology for the Community and Productive Sector. METHOD In this manuscript, we describe some of the approaches used to attain the main objectives of the National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine, which include the development of 1) animal models for bipolar disorder; 2) strategies to investigate neurobehavioral function and cognitive dysfunction associated with brain disorders; 3) experimental models of brain function and behavior, neuropsychiatric disorders, cell proliferation, and cancer; 4) Simulated Public Speaking and 5) Virtual reality simulation for inducing panic disorder and agoraphobia. CONCLUSION The main focus of the National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine is the development of more useful methods that allow for a better application of basic research-based knowledge to the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime E C Hallak
- National Science and Technology Institute (INCT) for Translational Medicine, Brazil.
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38
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Cognitive enhancers: focus on modulatory signaling influencing memory consolidation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:155-63. [PMID: 21236291 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biological research has unraveled many of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the formation of long-lasting memory, providing new opportunities for the development of cognitive-enhancing drugs. Studies of drug enhancement of cognition have benefited from the use of pharmacological treatments given after learning, allowing the investigation of mechanisms regulating the consolidation phase of memory. Modulatory systems influencing consolidation processes include stress hormones and several neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems. Here, we review some of the findings on memory enhancement by drug administration in animal models, and discuss their implications for the development of cognitive enhancers.
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Fernandez LL, de Lima MNM, Scalco F, Vedana G, Miwa C, Hilbig A, Vianna M, Schröder N. Early Post-Natal Iron Administration Induces Astroglial Response in the Brain of Adult and Aged Rats. Neurotox Res 2010; 20:193-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Rech RL, de Lima MNM, Dornelles A, Garcia VA, Alcalde LA, Vedana G, Schröder N. Reversal of age-associated memory impairment by rosuvastatin in rats. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45:351-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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41
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Miwa CP, de Lima MNM, Scalco F, Vedana G, Mattos R, Fernandez LL, Hilbig A, Schröder N, Vianna MRM. Neonatal Iron Treatment Increases Apoptotic Markers in Hippocampal and Cortical Areas of Adult Rats. Neurotox Res 2010; 19:527-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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mRNA expression of proteins involved in iron homeostasis in brain regions is altered by age and by iron overloading in the neonatal period. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:564-71. [PMID: 19943190 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abnormally high levels of iron are observed in the brain of patients suffering from neurodegenerative disorders. The mechanisms involved in iron accumulation in neurodegenerative disorders remain poorly understood. In the present study we investigated the effects of aging and neonatal iron overload on the mRNA expression of proteins critically involved in controlling iron homeostasis. Wistar rat pups received a single daily dose of vehicle or iron (10 mg/kg of b.w. of Fe(2+)), at postnatal days 12-14. The expression of Transferrin Receptor (TfR), H-Ferritin, and IRP2 were analyzed by a semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay in cortex, hippocampus and striatum of rats sacrificed at three different ages (15-day-old; 90-day-old and 2-year old rats). Results indicate that TfR, H-ferritin, and IRP2 mRNA expression was differentially affected by aging and by neonatal iron treatment in all three brain regions. These findings might have implications for the understanding of iron homeostasis misregulation associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Maaroufi K, Had-Aissouni L, Melon C, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H, Poucet B, Save E. Effects of prolonged iron overload and low frequency electromagnetic exposure on spatial learning and memory in the young rat. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2009; 92:345-55. [PMID: 19394433 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) have been suggested to affect the brain via alterations of blood-brain barrier permeability to iron. Because of an immature blood-brain barrier, the young brain may be particularly vulnerable to EMF exposure. It is therefore possible that behavioral and neurotoxic effects resulting from EMF-induced iron excess in the brain would be greater in young adults. The objective of the present study was to investigate the interaction between low-frequency EMF and iron overload in young rats. In Experiment 1, we tested the effects of iron overload on spatial learning and memory. Iron treatment did not affect performance in a reference (Morris water maze) and a working memory task (8-arm radial maze). In contrast, detection of a spatial change in an object exploration task was impaired. These effects correlated with modifications of the serotoninergic metabolism. In Experiment 2, the combination of EMF exposure and iron overload was tested. As in Experiment 1, rats were not impaired in reference and working memory tasks but were mildly impaired in the detection of the spatial change. Overall, the results showed an effect of iron overload on spontaneous spatial memory processes. However, low-frequency EMF exposure did not potentiate the effects of iron overload in young rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Maaroufi
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Cognition, UMR 6155 Aix-Marseille Université CNRS, Marseille, France
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44
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Maaroufi K, Ammari M, Jeljeli M, Roy V, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Impairment of emotional behavior and spatial learning in adult Wistar rats by ferrous sulfate. Physiol Behav 2008; 96:343-9. [PMID: 19027765 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of FeSO(4) on the behavior of adult Wistar rats. Rats were treated with moderate doses of iron (1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg) for 5 consecutive days, and the effects of iron supplementation on emotional behavior were studied. One group of rats was tested in elevated plus-maze and in open field, and other group was tested for learning abilities in water maze and for motor skills in rotarod task. Iron level in the brain was measured in the frontal cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia and hippocampus. The effects of the iron treatment (in particular, a dose of 3.0 mg/kg) on emotional behavior in the elevated plus maze and in the open field were significant. The effects of iron on spatial learning were less pronounced, but significant impairments due to the treatment were observed during the probe test. Motor skills and procedural learning in the rotarod task were not significantly affected by the treatment. These behavioral impairments were associated with significant iron accumulations in the hippocampus and basal ganglia of rats treated with 3.0 mg/kg iron and are discussed in terms of possible neuronal impairments of these structures. Thus, FeSO(4) administration at 3.0 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days in adult rats overcomes the mechanisms that shield the brain from iron intoxication and leads to behavioral impairments, in particular with respect to emotional behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Maaroufi
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
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45
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de Lima MNM, Dias CP, Torres JP, Dornelles A, Garcia VA, Scalco FS, Guimarães MR, Petry RC, Bromberg E, Constantino L, Budni P, Dal-Pizzol F, Schröder N. Reversion of age-related recognition memory impairment by iron chelation in rats. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 29:1052-9. [PMID: 17346856 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It is now generally accepted that iron accumulates in the brain during the ageing process. Increasing evidence demonstrate that iron accumulation in selective regions of the brain may generate free radicals, thereby possessing implications for the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders. In a previous study we have reported that aged rats present recognition memory deficits. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of desferoxamine (DFO), an iron chelator agent, on age-induced memory impairment. Aged Wistar rats received intraperitoneal injections of saline or DFO (300mg/kg) for 2 weeks. The animals were submitted to a novel object recognition task 24h after the last injection. DFO-treated rats showed normal recognition memory while the saline group showed long-term recognition memory deficits. The results show that DFO is able to reverse age-induced recognition memory deficits. We also demonstrated that DFO reduced the oxidative damage to proteins in cortex and hippocampus. Thus, the present findings provide the first evidence that iron chelators might prevent age-related memory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Noêmia Martins de Lima
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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de Lima MN, Presti-Torres J, Garcia VA, Guimarães MR, Scalco FS, Roesler R, Schröder N. Amelioration of recognition memory impairment associated with iron loading or aging by the type 4-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram in rats. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:788-92. [PMID: 18619476 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that iron deposition in the brain might play a role in cognitive dysfunction associated with neurodegenerative disorders and aging. Previous studies have not examined whether iron-induced memory deficits can be attenuated by acute treatments with memory-enhancing agents. Phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitors such as rolipram (ROL) ameliorate memory impairments in several rodent models of amnesia and have been proposed as candidate cognitive-enhancing drugs. Here we show that a single posttraining systemic injection of ROL dose-dependently attenuates the impairment of memory for novel object recognition (NOR) in rats given neonatal iron loading, a model of iron-induced cognitive impairment. Posttraining administration of ROL also recovered NOR deficits associated with aging in rats. These findings provide the first evidence that stimulation of an intracellular second messenger signaling pathway can attenuate iron-induced memory impairment, and support the view that PDE4 inhibitors might ameliorate cognitive dysfunction associated with aging and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N de Lima
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University, Av. Ipiranga, 6681 Predio 12D, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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de Lima MNM, Presti-Torres J, Caldana F, Grazziotin MM, Scalco FS, Guimarães MR, Bromberg E, Franke SIR, Henriques JAP, Schröder N. Desferoxamine reverses neonatal iron-induced recognition memory impairment in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 570:111-4. [PMID: 17617402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that rats given iron neonatally presented memory deficits. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of desferoxamine, a metal chelating agent, on memory deficits in an iron overload model in rats. Male rats received vehicle or iron orally at postnatal days 12-14 and desferoxamine (30 or 300 mg/kg) in the adulthood. After desferoxamine treatment, they were trained in a novel-object recognition task. Iron-treated rats showed recognition memory impairments when compared to controls. Iron-treated rats that received desferoxamine 300 mg/kg, showed normal recognition memory, suggesting that desferoxamine can reverse recognition memory deficits associated with iron accumulation. Further research is required to examine whether the findings from animal models of iron overload have implications for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N M de Lima
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Archer T, Fredriksson A. Functional consequences of iron overload in catecholaminergic interactions: the Youdim factor. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:1625-39. [PMID: 17694434 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The influence of postnatal iron overload upon implications of the functional and interactive role of dopaminergic and noradrenergic pathways that contribute to the expressions of movement disorder and psychotic behaviours in mice was studied in a series of experiments. (1) Postnatal iron overload at doses of 7.5 mg/kg (administered on Days 10-12 post partum) and above, invariably induced a behavioural syndrome consisting of an initial (1st 20-40 min of a 60-min test session) hypoactivity followed by a later (final 20 min of a 60-min test session) hyperactivity, when the mice were tested at adult ages (age 60 days or more). (2) Following postnatal iron overload, subchronic treatment with the neuroleptic compounds, clozapine and haloperidol, dose-dependently reversed the initial hypoactivity and later hyperactivity induced by the metal. Furthermore, DA D(2) receptor supersensitivity (as assessed using the apomorphine-induced behaviour test) was directly and positively correlated with iron concentrations in the basal ganglia. (3) Brain noradrenaline (NA) denervation, using the selective NA neurotoxin, DSP4, prior to administration of the selective DA neurotoxin, MPTP, exacerbated both the functional (hypokinesia) and neurochemical (DA depletion) effects of the latter neurotoxin. Treatment with L-Dopa restored motor activity only in the animals that had not undergone NA denervation. These findings suggest an essential neonatal iron overload, termed "the Youdim factor", directing a DA-NA interactive component in co-morbid disorders of nigrostriatal-limbic brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Archer
- Department of Neuroscience & Psychiatry, Ulleråker, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, 750 17, Sweden.
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Budni P, de Lima MNM, Polydoro M, Moreira JCF, Schroder N, Dal-Pizzol F. Antioxidant Effects of SelegilIne in Oxidative Stress Induced by Iron Neonatal Treatment in Rats. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:965-72. [PMID: 17401681 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of iron in specific brain regions have been reported in neurodegenerative disorders. It has been postulated that iron exerts its deleterious effects on the nervous system by inducing oxidative damage. In a previous study, we have shown that iron administered during a particular period of the neonatal life induces oxidative damage in brain regions in adult rats. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible protective effect of selegiline, a monoamino-oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor used in pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease, against iron-induced oxidative stress in the brain. Results have shown that selegiline (1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg), when administered early in life was able to protect the substantia nigra as well as the hippocampus against iron-induced oxidative stress, without affecting striatum. When selegiline (10.0 mg/kg) was administered in the adult life to iron-treated rats, oxidative stress was reduced only in the substantia nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Budni
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciuma, Brazil
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50
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Fredriksson A, Archer T. Subchronic administration of haloperidol influences the functional deficits of postnatal iron administration in mice. Neurotox Res 2007; 10:123-9. [PMID: 17062374 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
C57/BL6 mice were administered either 7.5 mg Fe(2+) (II)/ kg or vehicle (saline) postnatally on Days 10-12 after birth. From 64 days of age onwards for 24 days, groups of mice were administered either haloperidol (0.25 or 1 or 2 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle (Tween-80). Twenty-four hours after the final injection of either neuroleptic compound or vehicle, spontaneous motor activity was measured over a 60-min interval. Postnatal Fe(2+)-treatment (7.5 mg/kg, postnatally) reduced motor activity parameters during the initial 20-min periods (0-20 and 20-40 min) and then induced hyperactivity during the final 20-min period over all three parameters of activity, confirming previous observations. Subchronic administration of haloperidol, at the 1 and 2 mg/kg doses, and to a lesser extent the 0.25 mg/kg dose, increased the levels of activity in all three motor activity parameters in postnatal iron-treated mice: locomotion (1st and 2nd 20 min periods), rearing (1st and 2nd 20 min periods) and total activity (1st 20 min period). All three doses of haloperidol abolished the later hyperactivity in iron-treated mice, with the exception of the 0.25 mg/kg dose with regard to rearing behaviour. Apomorphine (1 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced activity was elevated by postnatal iron administration and by subchronic administration of apomorphine at the higher dose levels. In the context of these and other observations, it is suggested that subchronic administration of haloperidol interacting with postnatal iron induces different expressions of dopamine neuron comorbidity underlying movement disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fredriksson
- University of Uppsala, Department of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Ulleraker, SE-750 17 Uppsala, Sweden
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