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Amieva-Balmori M, Coss-Adame E, Rao NS, Dávalos-Pantoja BM, Rao SSC. Diagnostic Utility of Carbohydrate Breath Tests for SIBO, Fructose, and Lactose Intolerance. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:1405-1413. [PMID: 31617133 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unexplained bloating, gas, and pain are common symptoms. If routine tests are negative, such patients are often labeled as irritable bowel syndrome. AIMS To determine the diagnostic utility of breath tests that assess for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), fructose or lactose intolerance, and the predictive value of symptoms. METHODS Patients with gas, bloating, diarrhea, abdominal pain (≥ 6 months), and negative endoscopy and radiology tests were assessed with symptom questionnaires, glucose (75 g), fructose (25 g), or lactose (25 g) breath tests. Breath tests were categorized as positive when H2 (≥ 20 ppm) or CH4 (≥ 15 ppm) increased above baseline values or as hypersensitive when symptoms changed significantly without rise in H2/CH4 or as negative. RESULTS 1230 patients (females = 878) underwent 2236 breath tests. The prevalence of SIBO was 33% (294/883), fructose intolerance was 34% (262/763), and lactose intolerance was 44% (260/590). Hypersensitivity was found in 16% and 9%, respectively, during fructose and lactose breath tests. Although gas (89%), abdominal pain (82%), and bloating (82%) were highly prevalent, pretest symptoms or their severity did not predict an abnormal breath test, but symptoms during the breath test facilitated diagnosis of SIBO, fructose, and lactose intolerance and hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Approximately 45% of patients with unexplained gas and bloating had SIBO, fructose, or lactose intolerance; another 9-16% had visceral hypersensitivity. Pretest symptoms were poor predictors, but symptoms during the breath tests were useful. Breath tests are safe, provide significant diagnostic yield, and could be useful in routine gastroenterology practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Amieva-Balmori
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Enrique Coss-Adame
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nikilesh S Rao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Brisa M Dávalos-Pantoja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Satish S C Rao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Oh AR, Sohn S, Lee J, Park JM, Nam KT, Hahm KB, Kim YB, Lee HJ, Cha JY. ChREBP deficiency leads to diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Metabolism 2018; 85:286-297. [PMID: 29669261 PMCID: PMC7400734 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fructose malabsorption is a common digestive disorder in which absorption of fructose in the small intestine is impaired. An abnormality of the main intestinal fructose transporter proteins has been proposed as a cause for fructose malabsorption. However the underlying molecular mechanism for this remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) plays a role in intestinal fructose absorption through the regulation of genes involved in fructose transport and metabolism and ion transport. METHODS Wild type (WT) and Chrebp knockout (KO) mice (6 or 8 weeks old) were fed a control diet (55% starch, 15% maltodextrin 10) or high-fructose diet (HFrD, 60% fructose, 10% starch) for 3-12 days. Body weight and food intake were measured, signs of fructose malabsorption were monitored, and the expression of genes involved in fructose transport/metabolism and ion transport was evaluated. Furthermore, transient transfection and chromatin immunoprecipitation were performed to show the direct interaction between ChREBP and carbohydrate response elements in the promoter of Slc2A5, which encodes the fructose transporter GLUT5. RESULTS Chrebp KO mice fed the control diet maintained a constant body weight, whereas those fed a HFrD showed significant weight loss within 3-5 days. In addition, Chrebp KO mice fed the HFrD exhibited a markedly distended cecum and proximal colon containing both fluid and gas, suggesting incomplete fructose absorption. Fructose-induced increases of genes involved in fructose transport (GLUT5), fructose metabolism (fructokinase, aldolase B, triokinase, and lactate dehydrogenase), and gluconeogenesis (glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase) were observed in the intestine of WT but not of Chrebp KO mice. Moreover the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3, which is involved in Na+ and water absorption in the intestine, was significantly decreased in HFrD-fed Chrebp KO mice. Consistent with this finding, the high-fructose diet-fed Chrebp KO mice developed severe diarrhea. Results of chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed a direct interaction of ChREBP with the Glut5 promoter, but not the Nhe3 promoter, in the small intestine. Ectopic co-expression of ChREBP and its heterodimer partner Max-like protein X activated the Glut5 promoter in Caco-2BBE cells. CONCLUSIONS ChREBP plays a key role in the dietary fructose transport as well as conversion into lactate and glucose through direct transcriptional control of genes involved in fructose transport, fructolysis, and gluconeogenesis. Moreover, ablation of Chrebp results in a severe diarrhea in mice fed a high-fructose diet, which is associated with the insufficient induction of GLUT5 in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Reum Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, GAIHST, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonyong Sohn
- Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, GAIHST, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, GAIHST, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Park
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Bio Complex, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Baik Hahm
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Bio Complex, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Ho-Jae Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, GAIHST, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Cha
- Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, GAIHST, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea; Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea.
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Martin AM, Lumsden AL, Young RL, Jessup CF, Spencer NJ, Keating DJ. The nutrient-sensing repertoires of mouse enterochromaffin cells differ between duodenum and colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. [PMID: 28251760 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterochromaffin (EC) cells within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract provide almost all body serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]). Peripheral 5-HT, released from EC cells lining the gut wall, serves diverse physiological roles. These include modulating GI motility, bone formation, hepatic gluconeogenesis, thermogenesis, insulin resistance, and regulation of fat mass. Enterochromaffin cells are nutrient sensors, but which nutrients they are responsive to and how this changes in different parts of the GI tract are poorly understood. METHODS To accurately undertake such an examination, we undertook the first isolation and purification of primary mouse EC cells from both the duodenum and colon in the same animal. This allowed us to compare, in an internally controlled manner, regional differences in the expression of nutrient sensors in EC cells using real-time PCR. KEY RESULTS Both colonic and duodenal EC cells expressed G protein-coupled receptors and facilitative transporters for sugars, free fatty acids, amino acids, and lipid amides. We find differential expression of nutrient receptor and transporters in EC cells obtained from duodenal and colonic EC cells. Duodenal EC cells have higher expression of tryptophan hydroxylase-1, sugar transporters GLUT2, GLUT5, and free fatty acid receptors 1 and 3 (FFAR1 and FFAR3). Colonic EC cells express higher levels of GLUT1, FFAR2, and FFAR4. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES We highlight the diversity of EC cell physiology and identify differences in the regional sensing repertoire of EC cells to an assortment of nutrients. These data indicate that not all EC cells are similar and that differences in their physiological responses are likely dependent on their location within the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Martin
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - A L Lumsden
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - R L Young
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - C F Jessup
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Histology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - N J Spencer
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - D J Keating
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Qing-Hua Granule induces GLP-1 secretion via bitter taste receptor in db/db mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:10-17. [PMID: 28213324 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Qing-Hua Granule (QHG), the modified formulation of a classical Chinese prescription named Gegen Qinlian Decoction, was clinically employed to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). However, the potential mechanism is unknown. We investigate whether QHG induces GLP-1 secretion via activation of bitter taste receptor (TAS2R) pathway in the gastrointestinal tract of db/db mice. The db/db mice were intragastrically (i.g.) administered QHG (low/medium/high dose) once daily for 8 weeks. GLP-1 secretion was evaluated. The bitter receptor signaling pathway, which regulates GLP-1 secretion, including TAS2R5 (a subtype of TAS2R), α-gustducin (Gαgust), 1-phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 (PLCβ2), transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5 (TRPM5), was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The biochemical observations of ileum and pancreas tissue were detected histopathologically. Acquity Ultra Performance LCTM - Micromass ZQ 2000 (UPLC-MS) was used for the phytochemical analysis. QHG exhibited significant and dose-dependent effect on GLP-1 secretion in db/db mice, along with significant up-regulation of TAS2R5 mRNA level and activation of TAS2R pathway (p<0.05). In addition, QHG improved the histopathological structure of ileum and pancreatic tissue. Seventeen compounds were identified in QHG. In conclusion, QHG induces GLP-1 secretion in db/db mice, most likely through the bitter taste receptor pathway.
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O’Brien P, Corpe CP. Acute Effects of Sugars and Artificial Sweeteners on Small Intestinal Sugar Transport: A Study Using CaCo-2 Cells As an In Vitro Model of the Human Enterocyte. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167785. [PMID: 27992462 PMCID: PMC5161324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gastrointestinal tract is responsible for the assimilation of nutrients and plays a key role in the regulation of nutrient metabolism and energy balance. The molecular mechanisms by which intestinal sugar transport are regulated are controversial. Based on rodent studies, two models currently exist that involve activation of the sweet-taste receptor, T1R2/3: an indirect model, whereby luminal carbohydrates activate T1R2/3 expressed on enteroendocrine cells, resulting in the release of gut peptides which in turn regulate enterocyte sugar transport capacity; and a direct model, whereby T1R2/3 expressed on the enterocyte regulates enterocyte function. Aims To study the direct model of intestinal sugar transport using CaCo-2 cells, a well-established in vitro model of the human enterocyte. Methods Uptake of 10mM 14C D-Glucose and D-Fructose into confluent CaCo-2/TC7 cells was assessed following 3hr preincubation with sugars and artificial sweeteners in the presence and absence of the sweet taste receptor inhibitor, lactisole. Expression of the intestinal sugar transporters and sweet-taste receptors were also determined by RT-PCR. Results In response to short term changes in extracellular glucose and glucose/fructose concentrations (2.5mM to 75mM) carrier-mediated sugar uptake mediated by SGLT1 and/or the facilitative hexose transporters (GLUT1,2,3 and 5) was increased. Lactisole and artificial sweeteners had no effect on sugar transport regulated by glucose alone; however, lactisole increased glucose transport in cells exposed to glucose/fructose. RT-PCR revealed Tas1r3 and SGLT3 gene expression in CaCo-2/TC7 cells, but not Tas1r2. Conclusions In the short term, enterocyte sugar transport activities respond directly to extracellular glucose levels, but not fructose or artificial sweeteners. We found no evidence of a functional heterodimeric sweet taste receptor, T1R2/3 in CaCo-2 cells. However, when glucose/fructose is administered together there is an inhibitory effect on glucose transport possibly mediated by T1R3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O’Brien
- Diet and Cardiovascular Health Group, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Peter Corpe
- Diet and Cardiovascular Health Group, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Patel C, Douard V, Yu S, Gao N, Ferraris RP. Transport, metabolism, and endosomal trafficking-dependent regulation of intestinal fructose absorption. FASEB J 2015; 29:4046-58. [PMID: 26071406 PMCID: PMC4550372 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-272195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fructose that is linked to metabolic abnormalities can up-regulate its own absorption, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not known. We hypothesized that glucose transporter (GLUT) protein, member 5 (GLUT5) is the primary fructose transporter and that fructose absorption via GLUT5, metabolism via ketohexokinase (KHK), as well as GLUT5 trafficking to the apical membrane via the Ras-related protein-in-brain 11 (Rab11)a-dependent endosomes are each required for regulation. Introducing fructose but not lysine and glucose solutions into the lumen increased by 2- to 10-fold the heterogeneous nuclear RNA, mRNA, protein, and activity levels of GLUT5 in adult wild-type mice consuming chow. Levels of GLUT5 were >100-fold that of candidate apical fructose transporters GLUTs 7, 8, and 12 whose expression, and that of GLUT 2 and the sodium-dependent glucose transporter protein 1 (SGLT1), was not regulated by luminal fructose. GLUT5-knockout (KO) mice exhibited no facilitative fructose transport and no compensatory increases in activity and expression of SGLT1 and other GLUTs. Fructose could not up-regulate GLUT5 in GLUT5-KO, KHK-KO, and intestinal epithelial cell-specific Rab11a-KO mice. The fructose-specific metabolite glyceraldehyde did not increase GLUT5 expression. GLUT5 is the primary transporter responsible for facilitative absorption of fructose, and its regulation specifically requires fructose uptake and metabolism and normal GLUT5 trafficking to the apical membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag Patel
- *Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, and Department of Biological Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Veronique Douard
- *Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, and Department of Biological Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shiyan Yu
- *Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, and Department of Biological Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- *Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, and Department of Biological Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ronaldo P Ferraris
- *Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, and Department of Biological Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Fatima J, Iqbal CW, Houghton SG, Kasparek MS, Duenes JA, Zheng Y, Sarr MG. Hexose transporter expression and function in mouse small intestine: role of diurnal rhythm. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13:634-41. [PMID: 19082670 PMCID: PMC3426922 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-008-0776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression and function of hexose transporters vary diurnally in rat small intestine; however, this subject remains unexplored in mice. AIM The aim of the study was to investigate the diurnal expression and function of hexose transporters SGLT1, GLUT2, and GLUT5 in mouse small bowel. METHODS Twenty-four c57bl6 mice maintained in a 12-h light/dark room (6 AM: -6 PM: ) were sacrificed at 9 AM: , 3 PM: , 9 PM: , and 3 AM: (n = 6 each). In duodenal, jejunal, and ileal mucosa, total cellular mRNA and protein levels were quantitated by real-time PCR and semiquantitative Western blotting, respectively. The everted sleeve technique measured transporter-mediated glucose uptake at 9 AM: and 9 PM: . RESULTS mRNA expression of SGLT1, GLUT2, and GLUT5 varied diurnally in all three intestinal segments (p <or= 0.03). SGLT1, GLUT2, and GLUT5 protein levels varied diurnally in duodenum and jejunum (p < 0.05) but not in ileum. Transporter-mediated glucose uptake was greater at 9 PM: than 9 AM: (p <or= 0.04) in all three segments. V (max) was greater in duodenum (10 vs 6 nmol/cm/s) and jejunum (8 vs 5 nmol/cm/s) at 9 PM: compared to 9 AM: (p = 0.01); K (m) remained unchanged. mRNA levels of intestinal hexose transporters varied diurnally. Protein levels peaked 6-12 h later during dark cycle when >70% of food intake occurred; glucose transport followed a similar pattern with increased uptake at 9 PM: . CONCLUSION Hexose transporter expression and function vary diurnally with nocturnal feeding patterns of mice.
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Sládek M, Rybová M, Jindráková Z, Zemanová Z, Polidarová L, Mrnka L, O'Neill J, Pácha J, Sumová A. Insight into the circadian clock within rat colonic epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 2007; 133:1240-9. [PMID: 17675004 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The gastrointestinal tract exhibits diurnal rhythms in many physiologic functions. These rhythms are driven by food intake but are also preserved during food deprivation, suggesting the presence of endogenous circadian rhythmicity. The aim of the study was to provide insight into the circadian core clock mechanism within the rat colon. Moreover, the potency of a restricted feeding regime to shift the circadian clock in the colon was tested. The question of whether the colonic clock drives circadian expression in NHE3, an electroneutral Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, was also addressed. METHODS Daily profiles in expression of clock genes Per1, Per2, Cry1, Bmal1, Clock, and Rev-erbalpha, and the NHE3 transporter were examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and their mRNA levels, as well as PER1 and BMAL1 protein levels, were localized in the colonic epithelium by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry, respectively. RESULTS Expression of Per1, Per2, Cry1, Bmal1, Clock, Rev-erbalpha, and NHE3, as well as PER1 and BMAL1 protein levels, exhibited circadian rhythmicity in the colon. The rhythms were in phase with those in the liver but phase-delayed relative to the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Restricted feeding entrained the clock in the colon, because rhythms in clock genes as well as in NHE3 expression were phase-advanced similarly to the clock in the liver. CONCLUSIONS The rat colon harbors a circadian clock. The colonic clock is likely to drive rhythmic NHE3 expression. Restricted feeding resets the colonic clock similarly to the clock in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sládek
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Tavakkolizadeh A, Ramsanahie A, Levitsky LL, Zinner MJ, Whang EE, Ashley SW, Rhoads DB. Differential role of vagus nerve in maintaining diurnal gene expression rhythms in the proximal small intestine. J Surg Res 2005; 129:73-8. [PMID: 16087191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have documented previously diurnal rhythms in intestinal sugar transporter expression. We set out to identify the role of the vagus nerve in these rhythms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats underwent truncal vagotomy (V; n = 9) and were pair-fed with sham-operated (n = 4) and unoperated rats (n = 6). Rats were killed at ZT3 and ZT9 (ZT: Zeitgeber time with ZT0 set at lights-on), the time interval over which sucrase, SGLT1, GLUT2, and GLUT5 expression exhibit significant anticipatory increases. Jejunal RNA expression for the four genes were assessed by Northern blot analysis. SGLT1 and GLUT2 expression was further studied by Western blot analysis and in situ hybridization. RESULTS Control rats (sham-operated plus unoperated rats) exhibited the expected increase in RNA levels at ZT9 versus ZT3 for SGLT1, GLUT2, GLUT5, and sucrase (P < 0.01 for each). The diurnal rhythm of mRNA levels for GLUT2 and sucrase, but not for SGLT1 or GLUT5, were blunted in V rats. At protein level, SGLT1 was induced 4.3-fold in control rats (P < 0.01) and 3.8-fold in V rats (P < 0.01), whereas GLUT2 was induced 3.3-fold in control rats (P < 0.01) but only 1.4-fold in V rats (N.S.). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that signaling through the vagus nerve is necessary for the anticipatory induction of GLUT2 and sucrase. Persistence of normal rhythms in both SGLT1 and GLUT5 indicates that diurnal induction of these genes is independent of vagal innervation. Entrainment of anticipatory diurnal gene expression in the intestine occurs via two separate pathways that are differentially dependent on vagal input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Tavakkolizadeh
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Verburg M, Renes IB, Van Nispen DJPM, Ferdinandusse S, Jorritsma M, Büller HA, Einerhand AWC, Dekker J. Specific responses in rat small intestinal epithelial mRNA expression and protein levels during chemotherapeutic damage and regeneration. J Histochem Cytochem 2002; 50:1525-36. [PMID: 12417619 DOI: 10.1177/002215540205001113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly dividing small intestinal epithelium is very sensitive to the cytostatic drug methotrexate. We investigated the regulation of epithelial gene expression in rat jejunum during methotrexate-induced damage and regeneration. Ten differentiation markers were localized on tissue sections and quantified at mRNA and protein levels relative to control levels. We analyzed correlations in temporal expression patterns between markers. mRNA expression of enterocyte and goblet cell markers decreased significantly during damage for a specific period. Of these, sucrase-isomaltase (-62%) and CPS (-82%) were correlated. Correlations were also found between lactase (-76%) and SGLT1 (-77%) and between I-FABP (-52%) and L-FABP (-45%). Decreases in GLUT5 (-53%), MUC2 (-43%), and TFF3 (-54%) mRNAs occurred independently of any of the other markers. In contrast, lysozyme mRNA present in Paneth cells increased (+76%). At the protein level, qualitative and quantitative changes were in agreement with mRNA expression, except for Muc2 (+115%) and TFF3 (+81%), which increased significantly during damage, following independent patterns. During regeneration, expression of each marker returned to control levels. The enhanced expression of cytoprotective molecules (Muc2, TFF3, lysozyme) during damage represents maintenance of goblet cell and Paneth cell functions, most likely to protect the epithelium. Decreased expression of enterocyte-specific markers represents decreased enterocyte function, of which fatty acid transporters were least affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Verburg
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Yang J, Dowden J, Tatibouët A, Hatanaka Y, Holman GD. Development of high-affinity ligands and photoaffinity labels for the D-fructose transporter GLUT5. Biochem J 2002; 367:533-9. [PMID: 12119043 PMCID: PMC1222899 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2002] [Revised: 07/02/2002] [Accepted: 07/16/2002] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The GLUT5 transporter catalyses the specific uptake of D-fructose and can accept this hexose in its furanose and pyranose ring forms. The transporter does not accept fructose epimers and has very limited tolerance of bulky groups substituted at the 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-OH positions [Tatibouët, Yang, Morin and Holman (2000) Bioorg. Med. Chem. 8, 1825-1833]. To further explore whether bulky groups can be tolerated at the primary OH positions, a D-fructose analogue with an allylamine group substitution to replace the 1-OH group was synthesized and was found to be quite well tolerated ( K (i)=27.1 mM). However, this analogue occurs in multiple ring forms. By contrast, 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol is a symmetrical molecule that occurs only in a furanose ring form in which C-1 and C-6 are equivalent. We have therefore synthesized new 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol analogues (substituted at the equivalent of the 6-OH of D-fructose) and from studies in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing GLUT5 cells report that (i) the allylamine derivative of 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol is well tolerated ( K (i)=2.66 mM); (ii) introduction of a di-nitrophenyl-substituted secondary amine group enhances affinity ( K (i)=0.56 mM); (iii) introduction of amide-linked biotinylated photolabel moieties is possible without loss of affinity relative to 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol but a small secondary amine spacer between the biotinylated photolabelling moiety and the fructofuranose ring increases affinity (fructose photolabel 2; K (i)=1.16 mM); (iv) introduction of a hydrophilic tartarate spacer between biotin and the diazirine photoreactive groups can be accomplished without reduction in affinity and (v) photoactivation of biotinylated fructose photolabels leads to specific biotin tagging of GLUT5. These data suggest that substitution of a secondary amine group (-NH) to replace the C-6 (or C-1) -OH of 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol results in compounds of high affinity; the affinity is enhanced over 10-fold compared with D-fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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12
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Ray EC, Avissar NE, Sax HC. Growth factor regulation of enterocyte nutrient transport during intestinal adaptation. Am J Surg 2002; 183:361-71. [PMID: 11975923 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(02)00805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal adaptation occurs in response to injury or alteration in nutrient availability. It is both morphologic and physiologic in nature and can be mediated by growth factors and nutrients. Pathologic conditions such as short-bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease lead to derangements in nutrient absorption that may exceed the body's regenerative and adaptive capacity. Failure to fully adapt often results in long-term dependence on parenteral nutrition, leading to decreased quality of life and excessive medical expenses. The therapeutic use of appropriate growth factors may increase the adaptive capabilities of the gut. DATA SOURCE Medline and current literature review. CONCLUSIONS The major known nutrient transporters present in the gut and the mechanisms by which growth factors alter transport activity during intestinal adaptation are summarized. Growth factors have the potential to improve nutrient absorption in some bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Ray
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box SURG, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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13
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Abstract
The Na(+)-dependent glucose transporter SGLT1 and the facilitated fructose transporter GLUT5 absorb sugars from the intestinal lumen across the brush-border membrane into the cells. The activity of these transport systems is known to be regulated primarily by diet and development. The cloning of these transporters has led to a surge of studies on cellular mechanisms regulating intestinal sugar transport. However, the small intestine can be a difficult organ to study, because its cells are continuously differentiating along the villus, and because the function of absorptive cells depends on both their state of maturity and their location along the villus axis. In this review, I describe the typical patterns of regulation of transport activity by dietary carbohydrate, Na(+) and fibre, how these patterns are influenced by circadian rhythms, and how they vary in different species and during development. I then describe the molecular mechanisms underlying these regulatory patterns. The expression of these transporters is tightly linked to the villus architecture; hence, I also review the regulatory processes occurring along the crypt-villus axis. Regulation of glucose transport by diet may involve increased transcription of SGLT1 mainly in crypt cells. As cells migrate to the villus, the mRNA is degraded, and transporter proteins are then inserted into the membrane, leading to increases in glucose transport about a day after an increase in carbohydrate levels. In the SGLT1 model, transport activity in villus cells cannot be modulated by diet. In contrast, GLUT5 regulation by the diet seems to involve de novo synthesis of GLUT5 mRNA synthesis and protein in cells lining the villus, leading to increases in fructose transport a few hours after consumption of diets containing fructose. In the GLUT5 model, transport activity can be reprogrammed in mature enterocytes lining the villus column. Innovative experimental approaches are needed to increase our understanding of sugar transport regulation in the small intestine. I close by suggesting specific areas of research that may yield important information about this interesting, but difficult, topic.
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14
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Abstract
The Na(+)-dependent glucose transporter SGLT1 and the facilitated fructose transporter GLUT5 absorb sugars from the intestinal lumen across the brush-border membrane into the cells. The activity of these transport systems is known to be regulated primarily by diet and development. The cloning of these transporters has led to a surge of studies on cellular mechanisms regulating intestinal sugar transport. However, the small intestine can be a difficult organ to study, because its cells are continuously differentiating along the villus, and because the function of absorptive cells depends on both their state of maturity and their location along the villus axis. In this review, I describe the typical patterns of regulation of transport activity by dietary carbohydrate, Na(+) and fibre, how these patterns are influenced by circadian rhythms, and how they vary in different species and during development. I then describe the molecular mechanisms underlying these regulatory patterns. The expression of these transporters is tightly linked to the villus architecture; hence, I also review the regulatory processes occurring along the crypt-villus axis. Regulation of glucose transport by diet may involve increased transcription of SGLT1 mainly in crypt cells. As cells migrate to the villus, the mRNA is degraded, and transporter proteins are then inserted into the membrane, leading to increases in glucose transport about a day after an increase in carbohydrate levels. In the SGLT1 model, transport activity in villus cells cannot be modulated by diet. In contrast, GLUT5 regulation by the diet seems to involve de novo synthesis of GLUT5 mRNA synthesis and protein in cells lining the villus, leading to increases in fructose transport a few hours after consumption of diets containing fructose. In the GLUT5 model, transport activity can be reprogrammed in mature enterocytes lining the villus column. Innovative experimental approaches are needed to increase our understanding of sugar transport regulation in the small intestine. I close by suggesting specific areas of research that may yield important information about this interesting, but difficult, topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 S. Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103-2714, USA.
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15
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Jiang L, Lawsky H, Coloso RM, Dudley MA, Ferraris RP. Intestinal perfusion induces rapid activation of immediate-early genes in weaning rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281:R1274-82. [PMID: 11557636 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.4.r1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
C-fos and c-jun are immediate-early genes (IEGs) that are rapidly expressed after a variety of stimuli. Products of these genes subsequently bind to DNA regulatory elements of target genes to modulate their transcription. In rat small intestine, IEG mRNA expression increases dramatically after refeeding following a 48-h fast. We used an in vivo intestinal perfusion model to test the hypothesis that metabolism of absorbed nutrients stimulates the expression of IEGs. Compared with those of unperfused intestines, IEG mRNA levels increased up to 11 times after intestinal perfusion for 0.3-4 h with Ringer solutions containing high (100 mM) fructose (HF), glucose (HG), or mannitol (HM). Abundance of mRNA returned to preperfusion levels after 8 h. Levels of c-fos and c-jun mRNA and proteins were modest and evenly distributed among enterocytes lining the villi of unperfused intestines. HF and HM perfusion markedly enhanced IEG mRNA expression along the entire villus axis. The perfusion-induced increase in IEG expression was inhibited by actinomycin-D. Luminal perfusion induces transient but dramatic increases in c-fos and c-jun expression in villus enterocytes. Induction does not require metabolizable or absorbable nutrients but may involve de novo gene transcription in cells along the villus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jiang
- Graduate School of the Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103-2714, USA
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16
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Jiang L, David ES, Espina N, Ferraris RP. GLUT-5 expression in neonatal rats: crypt-villus location and age-dependent regulation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281:G666-74. [PMID: 11518678 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.3.g666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The rat fructose transporter normally appears after completion of weaning but can be precociously induced by early feeding of a high-fructose diet. In this study, the crypt-villus site, the metabolic nature of the signal, and the age dependence of induction were determined. In weaning rats fed high-glucose pellets, GLUT-5 mRNA expression was modest, localized mainly in the upper three-fourths of the villus, and there was little expression in the villus base. When fed high-fructose pellets, GLUT-5 mRNA expression was two to three times greater in all regions except the villus base. Intestinal perfusion in vivo of a nonmetabolizable fructose analog, 3-O-methylfructose, tended to increase fructose uptake rate and moderately increased GLUT-5 mRNA abundance but had no effect on glucose uptake rates and SGLT1 mRNA abundance. Gavage feeding of high-fructose, but not high-glucose, solutions enhanced fructose uptake only in pups > or =14 days, suggesting that GLUT-5 regulation is markedly age dependent. Fructose or its metabolites upregulate GLUT-5 expression in all enterocytes, except those in the crypt and villus base and in pups <14 days old.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Biological Transport/drug effects
- Biological Transport/physiology
- Dietary Carbohydrates/pharmacology
- Fructose/analogs & derivatives
- Fructose/metabolism
- Fructose/pharmacokinetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Glucose/metabolism
- Glucose Transporter Type 5
- In Vitro Techniques
- Intestine, Small/cytology
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intubation, Gastrointestinal
- Monosaccharide Transport Proteins/biosynthesis
- Monosaccharide Transport Proteins/genetics
- Perfusion
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jiang
- Graduate School of the Biomedical Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey 07103-2714, USA
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17
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Jiang L, Ferraris RP. Developmental reprogramming of rat GLUT-5 requires de novo mRNA and protein synthesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280:G113-20. [PMID: 11123204 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.1.g113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fructose transporter (GLUT-5) expression is low in mid-weaning rat small intestine, increases normally after weaning is completed, and can be precociously induced by premature consumption of a high-fructose (HF) diet. In this study, an in vivo perfusion model was used to determine the mechanisms regulating this substrate-induced reprogramming of GLUT-5 development. HF (100 mM) but not high-glucose (HG) perfusion increased GLUT-5 activity and mRNA abundance. In contrast, HF and HG perfusion had no effect on Na(+)-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT-1) expression but increased c-fos and c-jun expression. Intraperitoneal injection of actinomycin D before intestinal perfusion blocked the HF-induced increase in fructose uptake rate and GLUT-5 mRNA abundance. Actinomycin D also prevented the perfusion-induced increase in c-fos and c-jun mRNA abundance but did not affect glucose uptake rate and SGLT-1 mRNA abundance. Cycloheximide blocked the HF-induced increase in fructose uptake rate but not the increase in GLUT-5 mRNA abundance and had no effect on glucose uptake rate and SGLT-1 mRNA abundance. In neonatal rats, the substrate-induced reprogramming of intestinal fructose transport is likely to involve transcription and translation of the GLUT-5 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jiang
- Graduate School of the Biomedical Sciences, Newark, New Jersey 07103-2714, USA
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18
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Ashmore JF, Géléoc GS, Harbott L. Molecular mechanisms of sound amplification in the mammalian cochlea. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:11759-64. [PMID: 11050206 PMCID: PMC34346 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.22.11759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian hearing depends on the enhanced mechanical properties of the basilar membrane within the cochlear duct. The enhancement arises through the action of outer hair cells that act like force generators within the organ of Corti. Simple considerations show that underlying mechanism of somatic motility depends on local area changes within the lateral membrane of the cell. The molecular basis for this phenomenon is a dense array of particles that are inserted into the basolateral membrane and that are capable of sensing membrane potential field. We show here that outer hair cells selectively take up fructose, at rates high enough to suggest that a sugar transporter may be part of the motor complex. The relation of these findings to a recent candidate for the molecular motor is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Ashmore
- Department of Physiology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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19
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Chapter 4 Genetic regulation of expression of intestinal biomembrane transport proteins in response to dietary protein, carbohydrate, and lipid. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(00)50006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Kishi K, Tanaka T, Igawa M, Takase S, Goda T. Sucrase-isomaltase and hexose transporter gene expressions are coordinately enhanced by dietary fructose in rat jejunum. J Nutr 1999; 129:953-6. [PMID: 10222385 DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.5.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the levels of mRNAs of both sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and sodium/D-glucose transporter (SGLT1) are modulated by dietary sucrose in the rat jejunum. In the present study, we investigated whether the transcription of the gene coding SI is regulated by certain types of monosaccharides. Force-feeding a fructose and sucrose diet, (40% energy as fructose or sucrose) gave rise to parallel increases in the transcripts of SI and intestinal hexose transporters (SGLT1, GLUT5, and GLUT2) within 12 h. Force-feeding a glycerol-containing diet also caused an enhancement of SI, SGLT1, and GLUT2 mRNA levels. However, feeding the diet containing glucose or alpha-methylglucoside generally did not increase the transcript levels of SI or the intestinal hexose transporters. Nuclear run-on assays revealed that fructose as well as sucrose increased the transcription of both SI and GLUT5 genes and that the transcription rates of these genes were unaffected by glucose. These results suggest that fructose (or a metabolite) is capable of increasing the mRNA levels of SI and hexose transporters in the small intestine and that transcriptional regulation might play a pivotal role in the carbohydrate-induced coordinate enhancement of SI and fructose transporter gene expression
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kishi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Shizuoka, Japan
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Corpe
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois, USA
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