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Taheri R, Mokhtari Y, Yousefi AM, Bashash D. The PI3K/Akt signaling axis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): From mechanistic insights into possible therapeutic targets. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:1049-1068. [PMID: 38812089 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an immensely debilitating chronic disease that progressively undermines the well-being of various bodily organs and, indeed, most patients succumb to the disease due to post-T2DM complications. Although there is evidence supporting the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway by insulin, which is essential in regulating glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, the significance of this pathway in T2DM has only been explored in a few studies. The current review aims to unravel the mechanisms by which different classes of PI3Ks control the metabolism of glucose; and also to discuss the original data obtained from international research laboratories on this topic. We also summarized the role of the PI3K/Akt signaling axis in target tissues spanning from the skeletal muscle to the adipose tissue and liver. Furthermore, inquiries regarding the impact of disrupting this axis on insulin function and the development of insulin resistance have been addressed. We also provide a general overview of the association of impaired PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of the most prevalent diabetes-related complications. The last section provides a special focus on the therapeutic potential of this axis by outlining the latest advances in active compounds that alleviate diabetes via modulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Finally, we comment on the future research aspects in which the field of T2DM therapies using PI3K modulators might be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Taheri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yazdan Mokhtari
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Mohammad Yousefi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Lim JJ, Sequeira-Bisson IR, Yip WCY, Lu LW, Miles-Chan JL, Poppitt SD. Intra-pancreatic fat is associated with high circulating glucagon and GLP-1 concentrations following whey protein ingestion in overweight women with impaired fasting glucose: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2024; 207:111084. [PMID: 38154534 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.111084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM Intra-pancreatic fat deposition (IPFD) while hypothesised to impair beta-cell function, its impact on alpha-cells remains unclear. We evaluated the association between IPFD and markers of pancreatic cells function using whey protein. METHODS Twenty overweight women with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and low or high IPFD (<4.66% vs ≥4.66%) consumed 3 beverage treatments: 0 g (water control), 12.5 g (low-dose) and 50.0 g (high-dose) whey protein, after an overnight fast, in randomised order. Blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, gastric-inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and amylin were analysed postprandially over 4 h. Incremental area-under-the-curve (iAUC), incremental maximum concentration (iCmax), and time to maximum concentration (Tmax) for these were compared between IPFD groups using repeated measures linear mixed models, also controlled for age (pcov). RESULTS iAUC and iCmax glucose and insulin while similar between the two IPFD groups, high IPFD and ageing contributed to higher postprandial glucagon (iAUC: p = 0.012; pcov = 0.004; iCmax: p = 0.069; pcov = 0.021) and GLP-1 (iAUC: p = 0.006; pcov = 0.064; iCmax: p = 0.011; pcov = 0.122) concentrations. CONCLUSION In our cohort, there was no evidence that IPFD impaired protein-induced insulin secretion. Conversely, IPFD may be associated with increased protein-induced glucagon secretion, a novel observation which warrants further investigation into its relevance in the pathogenesis of dysglycaemia and type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jiet Lim
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Ivana R Sequeira-Bisson
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wilson C Y Yip
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Louise W Lu
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer L Miles-Chan
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Lee J, Jeon S, Lee M, Yoon M. Fenofibrate alleviates insulin resistance by reducing tissue inflammation in obese ovariectomized mice. Nutr Diabetes 2023; 13:19. [PMID: 37935669 PMCID: PMC10630285 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-023-00249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fenofibrate is a hypolipidemic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist used clinically to reduce hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of fenofibrate on insulin resistance and tissue inflammation in a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed ovariectomized (OVX) C57BL/6J mice, a mouse model of obese postmenopausal women. METHODS Female OVX mice were randomly divided into 3 groups and received a low-fat diet, an HFD, or an HFD supplemented with 0.05% (w/w) fenofibrate for 9 weeks. Parameters of insulin resistance and tissue inflammation were measured using blood analysis, histological analysis, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS When fenofibrate was administered to HFD-fed OVX mice for 9 weeks, we observed reductions in body weight gain, adipose tissue mass, and the size of visceral adipocytes without the change of food intake. Fenofibrate improved mild hyperglycemia, severe hyperinsulinemia, and glucose tolerance in these mice. It also reduced pancreatic islet size and insulin-positive β-cell area to levels similar to those in OVX mice fed a low-fat diet. Concomitantly, administration of fenofibrate not only suppressed pancreatic lipid accumulation but also decreased CD68-positive macrophages in both the pancreas and visceral adipose tissue. Treatment with fenofibrate reduced tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) mRNA levels in adipose tissue and lowered serum TNFα levels. CONCLUSION These results suggest that fenofibrate treatment attenuates insulin resistance in part by reducing tissue inflammation and TNFα expression in HFD-fed OVX mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungu Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mokwon University, Daejeon, 35349, Korea
| | - Suyeon Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mokwon University, Daejeon, 35349, Korea
| | - Mijeong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mokwon University, Daejeon, 35349, Korea
| | - Michung Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mokwon University, Daejeon, 35349, Korea.
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Yang X, Hu R, Wang Z, Hou Y, Song G. Associations Between Serum Folate Level and HOMA-IR in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:1481-1491. [PMID: 37229352 PMCID: PMC10204713 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s409291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adequate intake of folic acid (FA) has been proven essential for metabolism, cellular homeostasis, and antioxidant effects in diabetic patients. Our aim was to evaluate the association between serum folate levels and the risk of insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to provide new ideas and approaches for reducing the risk of T2DM. Methods This was a case-control study involving 412 participants (206 with T2DM). Anthropometric parameters, islet function, biochemical parameters and body composition of T2DM group and control group were determined. Correlation analysis and logistic regression were used to evaluate the risk factors associated with the onset of insulin resistance in T2DM. Results The folate levels in type 2 diabetic patients with insulin resistance were significantly lower than those in patients without insulin resistance. Logistic regression showed that FA and high-density lipoprotein were independent influencing factors for insulin resistance in diabetic patients (P < 0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors, the degree of insulin resistance in diabetic patients was in a significant inverse relationship with folate levels (P< 0.05). We also found that below the serum FA threshold of 7.09 ng/mL insulin resistance was significantly more elevated. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the risk of insulin resistance increases with the decrease in serum FA levels in T2DM patients. Monitoring folate levels in these patients and FA supplementation are warranted preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yilin Hou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangyao Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People’s Republic of China
- Endocrinology Department, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People’s Republic of China
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Harris C, Czaja K. Can Circadian Eating Pattern Adjustments Reduce Risk or Prevent Development of T2D? Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071762. [PMID: 37049602 PMCID: PMC10096926 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic condition that occurs in insulin-resistant people with reduced glucose uptake. It is contributed to and exacerbated by a poor diet that results in accumulation of adipose tissue, high blood sugar, and other metabolic issues. Because humans have undergone food scarcity throughout history, our species has adapted a fat reserve genotype. This adaptation is no longer beneficial, as eating at a higher frequency than that of our ancestors has had a significant effect on T2D development. Eating at high frequencies disrupts the circadian clock, the circadian rhythm, and the composition of the gut microbiome, as well as hormone secretion and sensitivity. The current literature suggests an improved diet requires meal consistency, avoiding late-night eating, low meal frequency, and fasting to increase metabolic health. In addition, fasting as a treatment for T2D must be used correctly for beneficial results. Early time-restricted eating (TRE) provides many benefits such as improving insulin resistance, cognitive function, and glycemic control. Alternate-day fasting (ADF), 5:2 fasting, and long-term fasting all have benefits; however, they may be less advantageous than early TRE. Therefore, eating pattern adjustments can be used to reduce T2D if used correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlee Harris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Krzysztof Czaja
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Meloni A, Cadeddu C, Cugusi L, Donataccio MP, Deidda M, Sciomer S, Gallina S, Vassalle C, Moscucci F, Mercuro G, Maffei S. Gender Differences and Cardiometabolic Risk: The Importance of the Risk Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021588. [PMID: 36675097 PMCID: PMC9864423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (Mets) is a clinical condition characterized by a cluster of major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes: proatherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, dysglycemia, and abdominal obesity. Each risk factor has an independent effect, but, when aggregated, they become synergistic, doubling the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and causing a 1.5-fold increase in all-cause mortality. We will highlight gender differences in the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical expression of the aforementioned Mets components. Moreover, we will discuss gender differences in new biochemical markers of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Meloni
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Christian Cadeddu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lucia Cugusi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Martino Deidda
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Susanna Sciomer
- Department of Clinical and Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Policlinico Umberto I, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Sabina Gallina
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Cristina Vassalle
- Medicina di Laboratorio, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Moscucci
- Department of Clinical and Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Policlinico Umberto I, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mercuro
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Silvia Maffei
- Endocrinologia Cardiovascolare Ginecologica ed Osteoporosi, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-315-2216
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Hossain MA, Al Ashik SA, Mahin MR, Al Amin M, Rahman MH, Khan MA, Emran AA. Systems biology and in silico-based analysis of PCOS revealed the risk of metabolic disorders. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12480. [PMID: 36619413 PMCID: PMC9816984 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition of hyperandrogenism, chronic ovulation, and polycystic ovaries in females during the reproduction and maturation of the ovum. Although PCOS has been associated with metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity (OBE), and cardiovascular disease (CVD), Causal connection and molecular features are still unknown. Purpose Therefore, we investigated the shared common differentially expressed genes (DEGs), pathways, and networks of associated proteins in PCOS and metabolic diseases with therapeutic intervention. Methods We have used a bioinformatics pipeline to analyze transcriptome data for the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity (OBE), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in female patients. Then we employed gene-disease association network, gene ontology (GO) and signaling pathway analysis, selection of hub genes from protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, molecular docking, and gold benchmarking approach to screen potential hub proteins. Result We discovered 2225 DEGs in PCOS patients relative to healthy controls and 34, 91, and 205 significant DEGs with T2D, Obesity, and CVD, respectively. Gene Ontology analysis revealed several significant shared and metabolic pathways from signaling pathway analysis. Furthermore, we identified ten potential hub proteins from PPI analysis that may serve as a therapeutic intervention in the future. Finally, we targeted one significant hub protein, IGF2R (PDB ID: 2V5O), out of ten hub proteins based on the Maximal clique centrality (MCC) algorithm and literature review for molecular docking study. Enzastaurin (-12.5), Kaempferol (-9.1), Quercetin (-9.0), and Coumestrol (-8.9) kcal/mol showed higher binding affinity in the molecular docking approach than 19 drug compounds. We have also found that the selected four compounds displayed favorable ADMET properties compared to the native ligand. Conclusion Our in-silico research findings identified a shared molecular etiology between PCOS and metabolic diseases that may suggest new therapeutic targets and warrants future experimental validation of the key targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Arju Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1092, Bangladesh
| | - Sheikh Abdullah Al Ashik
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1092, Bangladesh
| | - Moshiur Rahman Mahin
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1092, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Al Amin
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1092, Bangladesh
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Arif Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1092, Bangladesh,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, 4/4B, Block A, Lalmatia, Dhaka, 1209, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Emran
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1092, Bangladesh,Corresponding author.
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Song Q, diFlorio‐Alexander RM, Patel SD, Sieberg RT, Margron MJ, Ansari SM, Karagas MR, Mackenzie TA, Hassanpour S. Association between fat-infiltrated axillary lymph nodes on screening mammography and cardiometabolic disease. Obes Sci Pract 2022; 8:757-766. [PMID: 36483128 PMCID: PMC9722459 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Ectopic fat deposition within and around organs is a stronger predictor of cardiometabolic disease status than body mass index (BMI). Fat deposition within the lymphatic system is poorly understood. This study examined the association between the prevalence of cardiometabolic disease and ectopic fat deposition within axillary lymph nodes (LNs) visualized on screening mammograms. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 834 women presenting for full-field digital screening mammography. The status of fat-infiltrated LNs was assessed based on the size and morphology of axillary LNs from screening mammograms. The prevalence of cardiometabolic disease was retrieved from the electronic medical records, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, dyslipidemia, high blood glucose, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Results Fat-infiltrated axillary LNs were associated with a high prevalence of T2DM among all women (adjusted odds ratio: 3.92, 95% CI: [2.40, 6.60], p-value < 0.001) and in subgroups of women with and without obesity. Utilizing the status of fatty LNs improved the classification of T2DM status in addition to age and BMI (1.4% improvement in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve). Conclusion Fat-infiltrated axillary LNs visualized on screening mammograms were associated with the prevalence of T2DM. If further validated, fat-infiltrated axillary LNs may represent a novel imaging biomarker of T2DM in women undergoing screening mammography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Song
- Department of Biomedical Data ScienceDartmouth CollegeLebanonNew HampshireUSA
| | | | - Sohum D. Patel
- Department of RadiologyDartmouth‐Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanonNew HampshireUSA
| | - Ryan T. Sieberg
- Department of RadiologyDartmouth‐Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanonNew HampshireUSA
| | - Michael J. Margron
- Department of RadiologyDartmouth‐Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanonNew HampshireUSA
| | - Saif M. Ansari
- Department of RadiologyDartmouth‐Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanonNew HampshireUSA
| | | | - Todd A. Mackenzie
- Department of Biomedical Data ScienceDartmouth CollegeLebanonNew HampshireUSA
| | - Saeed Hassanpour
- Department of Biomedical Data ScienceDartmouth CollegeLebanonNew HampshireUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyDartmouth CollegeLebanonNew HampshireUSA
- Department of Computer ScienceDartmouth CollegeHanoverNew HampshireUSA
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Khajebishak Y, Faghfouri AH, Soleimani A, Madani S, Payahoo L. Exploration of meteorin-like peptide (metrnl) predictors in type 2 diabetic patients: the potential role of irisin, and other biochemical parameters. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2022:hmbci-2022-0037. [PMID: 36181729 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2022-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Meteorin-like peptide (Metrnl), the newly discovered adipokines involves in glucose and lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to explore the potential predictors of Metrnl by emphasizing the Irisin, glycemic indices, and lipid profile biomarkers in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS This cross-sectional study was carried out on 32 obese types 2 diabetic patients, 31 healthy obese, and 30 healthy normal weight people between August 2020 and March 2021. Serum Metrnl and Irisin, fasting blood glucose (FBS), fasting insulin (FI), fasting insulin (FI), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), HbA1c and eAG levels were measured in a standard manner. To assay insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity, the homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and quantitative check index (QUICKI) model were used. Quantile regression analysis with the backward elimination method was used to explore predictors. The significant level was defined as p<0.05. RESULTS Between variables entered into the model, only the group item showed to be the main predictor of Metrnl in type 2 diabetic patients. Besides, the serum level of Irisin was lower in diabetic patients, and a significant difference was detected between obese diabetic patients and the normal weight group (p=0.024). CONCLUSIONS Given the multi-causality of diabetes and also the possible therapeutic role of Metrnl in the management of type 2 diabetic patients' abnormalities, designing future studies are needed to discover other predictors of Metrnl and the related mechanisms of Metrnl in the management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Khajebishak
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Faghfouri
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Maternal and Childhood Obesity Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Soleimani
- Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Sadra Madani
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Laleh Payahoo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
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Mocciaro G, Gastaldelli A. Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance: The Central Role of Adipose Tissue Dysfunction. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 274:145-164. [PMID: 35192055 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a key player in the onset and progression of insulin resistance (IR), a state by which insulin-sensitive cells fail to adequately respond to insulin action. IR is a reversible condition, but if untreated leads to type 2 diabetes alongside increasing cardiovascular risk. The link between obesity and IR has been widely investigated; however, some aspects are still not fully characterized.In this chapter, we introduce key aspects of the pathophysiology of IR and its intimate connection with obesity. Specifically, we focus on the role of adipose tissue dysfunction (quantity, quality, and distribution) as a driver of whole-body IR. Furthermore, we discuss the obesity-related lipidomic remodeling occurring in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle. Key mechanisms linking lipotoxicity to IR in different tissues and metabolic alterations (i.e., fatty liver and diabetes) and the effect of weight loss on IR are also reported while highlighting knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Mocciaro
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.
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11
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Chiti H, Peyrovi P, Ramazani A, Mazloomzadeh S, Parsamanesh N. Positive association of -420C > G single nucleotide polymorphism in resistin gene promoter with insulin resistance indices in diabetic type 2 patients. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Parra-Peralbo E, Talamillo A, Barrio R. Origin and Development of the Adipose Tissue, a Key Organ in Physiology and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:786129. [PMID: 34993199 PMCID: PMC8724577 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.786129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a dynamic organ, well known for its function in energy storage and mobilization according to nutrient availability and body needs, in charge of keeping the energetic balance of the organism. During the last decades, adipose tissue has emerged as the largest endocrine organ in the human body, being able to secrete hormones as well as inflammatory molecules and having an important impact in multiple processes such as adipogenesis, metabolism and chronic inflammation. However, the cellular progenitors, development, homeostasis and metabolism of the different types of adipose tissue are not fully known. During the last decade, Drosophila melanogaster has demonstrated to be an excellent model to tackle some of the open questions in the field of metabolism and development of endocrine/metabolic organs. Discoveries ranged from new hormones regulating obesity to subcellular mechanisms that regulate lipogenesis and lipolysis. Here, we review the available evidences on the development, types and functions of adipose tissue in Drosophila and identify some gaps for future research. This may help to understand the cellular and molecular mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of this fascinating key tissue, contributing to establish this organ as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Talamillo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Rosa Barrio
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
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Hussain SA, Aziz TA, Mahwi TO, Ahmed ZA. Gingko biloba extract improves the lipid profile, inflammatory markers, leptin level and the antioxidant status of T2DM patients poorly responding to metformin: A double- blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e19516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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14
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Wu X, Wang Y, Jia Y, Liu J, Wang G. Risk Factors for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Different Insulin Resistance in a Nonobese Chinese Population. J Diabetes Res 2022; 2022:9060405. [PMID: 36568964 PMCID: PMC9771661 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9060405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSES The aim of this study is to identify the risk factors of nonobese nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) individuals under different insulin resistance status. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Medical Center of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University. NAFLD was diagnosed based upon ultrasonographic findings consistent with fatty liver disease. RESULTS A total of 1257 nonobese adults (625 non-NAFLD and 632 nonobese NAFLD) with body mass index (BMI) 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 were enrolled in the study. And all patients were divided into homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA - IR) > 1 group and HOMA - IR ≤ 1 group. When all the variables were adjusted in both the HOMA - IR > 1 group and HOMA - IR ≤ 1 group, older age (>50 years), higher BMI (23.0-24.9 kg/m2), higher AST (>18 U/L), higher TG (>0.9 mmol/L), higher GLU (>5.25 mmol/L), and higher HbA1C (>5.5%) were associated with higher risks of nonobese NAFLD. In patients with HOMA - IR > 1, lower homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) (<47.1%) (OR, 7.460, 95% CI, 3.051-18.238, P < 0.001) was associated with higher risks of nonobese NAFLD. CONCLUSION s. Metabolic profiles (i.e., higher BMI, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and higher glycosylated hemoglobin) are risk factors of nonobese NAFLD, regardless of insulin resistance status. Decreased function of pancreatic β-cells may be the risk factor of nonobese NAFLD with insulin resistance, who should pay attention to further development of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Medical Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yumei Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China
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15
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Zahoor I, Singh S, Behl T, Sharma N, Naved T, Subramaniyan V, Fuloria S, Fuloria NK, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Aleya L, Wani SN, Vargas-De-La-Cruz C, Bungau S. Emergence of microneedles as a potential therapeutics in diabetes mellitus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:3302-3322. [PMID: 34755300 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a severe condition in which the pancreas produces inadequate insulin or the insulin generated is ineffective for utilisation by the body; as a result, insulin therapy is required for control blood sugar levels in patients having type 1 diabetes and is widely recommended in advanced type 2 diabetes patients with uncontrolled diabetes despite dual oral therapy, while subcutaneous insulin administration using hypodermic injection or pump-mediated infusion is the traditional route of insulin delivery and causes discomfort, needle phobia, reduced adherence, and risk of infection. Therefore, transdermal insulin delivery has been extensively explored as an appealing alternative to subcutaneous approaches for diabetes management which not only is non-invasive and easy, but also avoids first-pass metabolism and prevents gastrointestinal degradation. Microneedles have been commonly investigated in human subjects for transdermal insulin administration because they are minimally invasive and painless. The different types of microneedles developed for the transdermal delivery of anti-diabetic drugs are discussed in this review, including solid, dissolving, hydrogel, coated, and hollow microneedles. Numerous microneedle products have entered the market in recent years. But, before the microneedles can be effectively launched into the market, a significant amount of investigation is required to address the numerous challenges. In conclusion, the use of microneedles in the transdermal system is an area worth investigating because of its significant benefits over the oral route in the delivery of anti-diabetic medications and biosensing of blood sugar levels to assure improved clinical outcomes in diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishrat Zahoor
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tanveer Naved
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India
| | | | | | | | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | | | - Celia Vargas-De-La-Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Academic Department of Pharmacology, Bromatology and Toxicology, Centro Latinoamericano de Ensenanza E Investigacion en Bacteriologia Alimentaria, Universidad Nacinol Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
- E-Health Research Center, Universidad de Ciencias Y Humanidades, Lima, Peru
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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16
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Liu ZH, Li B. Chlorogenic acid and β-glucan from highland barley grain ameliorate β-cell dysfunction via inhibiting apoptosis and improving cell proliferation. Food Funct 2021; 12:10040-10052. [PMID: 34515712 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01532j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that highland barley as a whole grain diet has anti-hyperglycemic effects, however little information is available about the active compounds that ameliorate pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and the related mechanisms. In this study, chlorogenic acid (CA) and β-glucan (BG) were identified as the active compounds that ameliorated β-cell dysfunction. CA ameliorated β-cell dysfunction by inhibiting cell apoptosis and improving glucose-stimulated insulin secretion via targeting G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) and regulating the phospholipase C β (PLCβ) pathway. BG ameliorated β-cell dysfunction by improving cell proliferation via targeting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and regulating the protein kinase B (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) pathway. Furthermore, CA and BG improved β-cell sensitivity and pancreatic insulin secretion, and inhibited β-cell apoptosis in impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) mice. Notably, CA restored homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-β values and Ca2+-ATP and K+-ATP levels back to normal levels, and BG at 300 mg per kg BW restored β-cell insulin contents back to normal levels in IGT mice. Additionally, the combination of CA and BG had an additive effect on ameliorating β-cell dysfunction. These results help develop whole highland barley grain as a functional food for preventing type 2 diabetes by ameliorating pancreatic β-cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Bo Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China. .,Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
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17
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Jeon J, Kim J. Dipstick proteinuria and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a nationwide population-based cohort study. J Transl Med 2021; 19:271. [PMID: 34174896 PMCID: PMC8235563 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02934-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proteinuria has been recognized as a marker of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction associated with insulin resistance and β-cell impairment, which can contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it is unknown whether the dipstick proteinuria test has a predictive value for new-onset T2DM. Methods This retrospective cohort study analyzed 239,287 non-diabetic participants who participated in the Korean nationwide health screening program in 2009–2010. Proteinuria was determined by the urine dipstick test at the baseline health screening. We performed multivariate Cox proportional regression analyses for the development of new-onset T2DM. Follow-up was performed until December 2015. Results During the mean follow-up period of 5.73 years, 22,215 participants were diagnosed with new-onset T2DM. The presence of proteinuria was significantly associated with an increased risk of T2DM (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.19, 95% confidence interval: 1.10, 1.29). There was a positive dose–response relationship between the degree of dipstick proteinuria and T2DM risk. This significant association between proteinuria and T2DM risk was consistent regardless of the fasting glucose level at baseline. Conclusions Dipstick proteinuria is a significant risk factor for new-onset T2DM. Therefore, proteinuria might be a useful biomarker to identify those at a high risk for developing T2DM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02934-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 363, Dongbaekjukjeon-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin, 16995, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkwon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 363, Dongbaekjukjeon-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin, 16995, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Elsayed AK, Vimalraj S, Nandakumar M, Abdelalim EM. Insulin resistance in diabetes: The promise of using induced pluripotent stem cell technology. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:221-235. [PMID: 33815671 PMCID: PMC8006014 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i3.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is associated with several metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). The development of IR in insulin target tissues involves genetic and acquired factors. Persons at genetic risk for T2D tend to develop IR several years before glucose intolerance. Several rodent models for both IR and T2D are being used to study the disease pathogenesis; however, these models cannot recapitulate all the aspects of this complex disorder as seen in each individual. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can overcome the hurdles faced with the classical mouse models for studying IR. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can be generated from the somatic cells of the patients without the need to destroy a human embryo. Therefore, patient-specific hiPSCs can generate cells genetically identical to IR individuals, which can help in distinguishing between genetic and acquired defects in insulin sensitivity. Combining the technologies of genome editing and hiPSCs may provide important information about the genetic factors underlying the development of different forms of IR. Further studies are required to fill the gaps in understanding the pathogenesis of IR and diabetes. In this review, we summarize the factors involved in the development of IR in the insulin-target tissues leading to diabetes. Also, we highlight the use of hPSCs to understand the mechanisms underlying the development of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K Elsayed
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 34110, Qatar
| | | | - Manjula Nandakumar
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 34110, Qatar
| | - Essam M Abdelalim
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 34110, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 34110, Qatar
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19
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Hu W, Wang R, Sun B. Meteorin-Like Ameliorates β Cell Function by Inhibiting β Cell Apoptosis of and Promoting β Cell Proliferation via Activating the WNT/β-Catenin Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:627147. [PMID: 33815109 PMCID: PMC8010136 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.627147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Meteorin-like (Metrnl) is a newly discovered myokine. Plasma Metrnl is decreased in subjects with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D) and correlated with insulin resistance. This study aims to determine the effects of Metrnl on the apoptosis and proliferation of β cell. Mouse insulinoma MIN6 cells were divided into six groups: normal control, low glucose, high glucose, Vehicle, Metrnl, and Dickkopf 1 (DKK1) groups. MIN6 cells in Metrnl group were transfected with recombinant pCDH-Metrnl vector. WNT/β-catenin pathway was inhibited using DKK1. Then the apoptosis of MIN6 cells was detected using flow cytometry and TUNEL labeling. Immunofluorescence of Ki67 or Edu-594 was used to determine the β cell proliferation. db/db mice were confirmed as T2D group. Lentivirus-Metrnl was injected from the caudal vein of db/db mice once every two weeks for two times. High glucose induced the apoptosis of MIN6 cells and elevated expression of caspase 3. In addition, high glucose resulted in reduced β cell proliferation, cell viability, insulin secretion as well as decreased expression of β-catenin and TCF4. Metrnl ameliorated the above effects of high glucose. And the protecting role of Metrnl was inhibited by DKK1. T2D mice showed higher body weight and blood glucose compared with the controls. The β cell apoptosis was increased while the β cell proliferation and WNT/β-catenin pathway were inhibited in T2D mice. Metrnl treatment partly reversed the above changes in T2D mice. Metrnl ameliorates β cell function by inhibiting β cell apoptosis of and promoting β cell proliferation via activating the WNT/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bei Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China
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20
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Li T, Quan H, Zhang H, Lin L, Lin L, Ou Q, Chen K. Type 2 diabetes is more predictable in women than men by multiple anthropometric and biochemical measures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6062. [PMID: 33723361 PMCID: PMC7960723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Men and women are sexually dimorphic but whether common anthropometric and biochemical parameters predict type 2 diabetes (T2D) in different ways has not been well studied. Here we recruit 1579 participants in Hainan Province, China, and group them by sex. We compared the prediction power of common parameters of T2D in two sexes by association, regression, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. HbA1c is associated with FPG stronger in women than in men and the regression coefficient is higher, consistent with higher prediction power for T2D. Age, waist circumference, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride levels, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, fasting insulin, and proinsulin levels all predict T2D better in women. Except for diastolic blood pressure, all parameters associate or tend to associate with FPG stronger in women than in men. Except for diastolic blood pressure and fasting proinsulin, all parameters associate or tend to associate with HbA1c stronger in women than in men. Except for fasting proinsulin and HDL, the regression coefficients of all parameters with FPG and HbA1c were higher in women than in men. Together, by the above anthropometric and biochemical measures, T2D is more readily predicted in women than men, suggesting the importance of sex-based subgroup analysis in T2D research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangying Li
- Department of Health Care Centre, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Huibiao Quan
- Department of Endocrinology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, No.19 Xiuhua Road, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China.
| | - Huachuan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology Laboratory, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Leweihua Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, No.19 Xiuhua Road, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Lu Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, No.19 Xiuhua Road, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Qianying Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, No.19 Xiuhua Road, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Kaining Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, No.19 Xiuhua Road, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
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21
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Svegliati-Baroni G, Gaggini M, Carli F, Barbieri C, Cucco M, Youne R, Rosso C, Bugianesi E, Gastaldelli A. Mechanisms for increased risk of diabetes in chronic liver diseases. Liver Int 2020; 40:2489-2499. [PMID: 32515880 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), both non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and chronic hepatitis C (CHC), are at high risk of diabetes (T2D), but mechanisms are still unknown. Muscle/liver insulin resistance (IR) and pancreatic dysfunction are the major metabolic defects leading to T2D. However, if the risk of T2D in CLD patients is because of reduced insulin response and/or to IR, and the impact of liver histology has not been investigated. DESIGN We studied 220 non-T2D patients with chronic liver disease (129 NAFLD, BMI = 27.3 kg/m2 ; 91 CHC, BMI = 25.0 kg/m2 ) that received a 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with the measurement of glucose and insulin concentrations for 2 hours, glucose tolerance (NGT vs IGT) and liver biopsy. The results were compared to 26 controls (CT-NGT, BMI = 25.6 kg/m2 ). We evaluated peripheral insulin sensitivity (OGIS), OGTT-insulin response (ΔAUC-I/ΔAUC-G) and disposition-index (DI = OGIS∙ΔAUC-I/ΔAUC-G) for the risk to develop T2D. RESULTS NAFLD had increased muscle IR (associated to NASH, steatosis and fibrosis), higher than in CHC or CT-NGT (OGIS = 8.9 vs 11.3 and 10.5 mL/min kg, P < .0001). In NAFLD, OGTT-insulin response (ΔAUC-I/ΔAUC-G) was the highest while it was significantly decreased in CHC (2.2 vs 1.1 and 1.6, NAFLD vs. CHC and CT-NGT, P < .005). The highest T2D risk (low DI) was observed in CHC-IGT (7.5), CHC-NGT (13.5) and NAFLD-IGT (10.8) vs CT-NGT (14.9, all P < .0001), but not in NAFL-NGT or NASH-NGT. CONCLUSION We observed an increased T2D risk in NAFLD-IGT, CHC-IGT and CHC-NGT mainly because of reduced OGTT-insulin response, while insulin response in NAFLD-NGT compensates the IR thus maintaining normal glycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Svegliati-Baroni
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.,Liver Injury and Transplant Unit, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy.,Obesity Center, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Monica Cucco
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ramy Youne
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Rosso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bugianesi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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22
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FIB-4 index is a marker for a subsequent decrease in insulin secretion in a non-diabetic Japanese population. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15814. [PMID: 32978491 PMCID: PMC7519131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72894-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with a high risk of type 2 diabetes (DM), therefore, early diagnosis of NAFLD is important to prevent incident DM. FIB-4 index, a biomarker, often used to evaluate severity of NAFLD, may be useful to evaluate risk for incident DM in ordinary clinical setting. Here, we determined the association of FIB-4 index with changes in indices representing glucose metabolism with aging in a non-diabetic population. From among the participants of the population-based Iwaki study of Japanese people conducted during 2014-2017, 1,268 non-diabetic individuals with complete data sets (age: 51.4 ± 15.9 years; men/women: 485/773) were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. In addition, of the participants, 439 who attended consecutive appointments between 2014 and 2017 were enrolled in a longitudinal study that aimed to evaluate the changes in insulin secretion and resistance with aging (age: 53.1 ± 13.7 years; men/women: 178/261). The cross-sectional study showed significant correlations of FIB-4 index with homeostasis model of assessment (HOMA) indices, even after adjustment for multiple factors (HOMA-β: β = - 0.254, p < 0.001; HOMA-R: β = - 0.247, p < 0.001). The longitudinal study showed a significant association between FIB-4 index and the change in HOMA-β (p < 0.001) but not HOMA-R (p = 0.639) during the 3-year study period. Use of the optimal cut-off value of the FIB-4 index for the prediction of decreased insulin secretion (HOMA-β < 30), determined using receiver operating characteristic analysis (1.592), showed that individuals at risk had a hazard ratio of 2.22 (confidence interval 1.17-4.06) for decreased insulin secretion, after adjustment for confounders. FIB-4 index may represent a useful predictor of a subsequent decrease in insulin secretion, at least in a non-diabetic Japanese population.
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23
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Berberine Inhibits Gluconeogenesis in Skeletal Muscles and Adipose Tissues in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats via LKB1-AMPK-TORC2 Signaling Pathway. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:530-538. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Wang R, Hu W. Asprosin promotes β-cell apoptosis by inhibiting the autophagy of β-cell via AMPK-mTOR pathway. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:215-221. [PMID: 32557691 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Asprosin is a newly discovered adipokine. A recent study showed that asprosin promoted the β-cell apoptosis of MIN6 cells. This study aims to determine whether asprosin induces the apoptosis in β-cell via regulating autophagy. Mouse insulinoma MIN6 cells were divided into the following four groups: control, vehicle, high glucose, and asprosin groups. MIN6 cells in the asprosin group were transfected with recombinant asprosin-T2A-GFP vector. MIN6 cells in the vehicle group were transfected with vector only. Then the apoptosis of MIN6 cells was detected using flow cytometry. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to determine the expression of caspase 3, LC3-I, LC3-II, beclin 1, P62, AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). AMPK pathway was enhanced using AMPK agonist AICAR. High glucose and asprosin induced the apoptosis of MIN6 cells and elevated expression of caspase 3. In addition, high glucose and asprosin resulted in reduced expression of LC3-II/LC3-I, beclin 1, and increased expression of P62. p-AMPK expression was decreased and p-mTOR expression was increased after high glucose and asprosin treatment. AMPK agonist AICAR was used to activate the AMPK pathway. Treatment with AICAR significantly partly restored decreased autophagy and increased apoptosis of β-cell, which was induced by asprosin. Asprosin promotes the apoptosis of β-cell by inhibiting the autophagy of β-cell via AMPK-mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenchao Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Li T, Quan H, Zhang H, Lin L, Lin L, Ou Q, Chen K. Subgroup analysis of proinsulin and insulin levels reveals novel correlations to metabolic indicators of type 2 diabetes. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:10715-10735. [PMID: 32532930 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Proinsulin, insulin and proinsulin/insulin (P/I) ratio have been reported to be correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in whole population study therefore sensitive predictors of T2D progression. However, by analyzing data collected from 2018-2019 from a cohort of 1579 East Asian individuals from Hainan Province of China, we find that the associations of proinsulin, insulin and P/I ratio with diabetic indicators have distinct, sometimes opposite regression patterns in normal, prediabetic and diabetic subgroups. The strength of the associations are generally weak in normal and prediabetic groups, and only moderate in diabetic group between postprandial proinsulin and HbA1c, between postprandial insulin and FPG or HbA1c, and between postprandial P/I ratio and FPG or HbA1c. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis shows these parameters are weaker than age in predicting diabetes development, with P/I ratio being the weakest. Proinsulin and insulin levels are tightly associated with insulin sensitivity across all subgroups, as measured by Matsuda index. Together, our results suggest that proinsulin, insulin or P/I ratio are weak predictors of diabetes development in the whole population, urging the need for stratifying strategies and novel perspectives in evaluating and predicting hyperglycemia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangying Li
- Department of Health Care Centre, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Huibiao Quan
- Department of Endocrinology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Huachuan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology Laboratory, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Leweihua Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Lu Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Qianying Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Kaining Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China
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CYC31, A Natural Bromophenol PTP1B Inhibitor, Activates Insulin Signaling and Improves Long Chain-Fatty Acid Oxidation in C2C12 Myotubes. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18050267. [PMID: 32438641 PMCID: PMC7281472 DOI: 10.3390/md18050267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
3-bromo-4,5-Bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-1,2-benzenediol (CYC31) is a bromophenol protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitor isolated from the red alga Rhodomela confervoides. Here, the effect of CYC31 on the insulin signaling and fatty-acid-induced disorders in C2C12 myotubes was investigated. Molecular docking assay showed that CYC31 was embedded into the catalytic pocket of PTP1B. A cellular study found that CYC31 increased the activity of insulin signaling and promoted 2-NBDG uptake through GLUT4 translocation in C2C12 myotubes. Further studies showed that CYC31 ameliorated palmitate-induced insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes. Moreover, CYC31 treatment significantly increased the mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B (CPT-1B) and fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3), which was tightly linked with fatty acid oxidation. These findings suggested that CYC31 could prevent palmitate-induce insulin resistance and could improve fatty acid oxidation through PTP1B inhibition.
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Su Z, Nie Y, Huang X, Zhu Y, Feng B, Tang L, Zheng G. Mitophagy in Hepatic Insulin Resistance: Therapeutic Potential and Concerns. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1193. [PMID: 31649547 PMCID: PMC6795753 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome, characterized by central obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, increases the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and other metabolic diseases. It is well known that insulin resistance, especially hepatic insulin resistance, is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome. Current research has shown that hepatic fatty acid accumulation can cause hepatic insulin resistance through increased gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and impaired insulin signal pathway. Mitochondria are the major sites of fatty acid β-oxidation, which is the major degradation mechanism of fatty acids. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to be involved in the development of hepatic fatty acid–induced hepatic insulin resistance. Mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), a catabolic process, selectively degrades damaged mitochondria to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction and preserve mitochondrial dynamics and function. Therefore, mitophagy can promote mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation to inhibit hepatic fatty acid accumulation and improve hepatic insulin resistance. Here, we review advances in our understanding of the relationship between mitophagy and hepatic insulin resistance. Additionally, we also highlight the potential value of mitophagy in the treatment of hepatic insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuqing Su
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yutong Nie
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiufang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lipeng Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangjuan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Gastaldelli A, Cusi K. From NASH to diabetes and from diabetes to NASH: Mechanisms and treatment options. JHEP Rep 2019; 1:312-328. [PMID: 32039382 PMCID: PMC7001557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is estimated to have reached 25% or more in adults. NAFLD is prevalent in obese individuals, but may also affect non-obese insulin-resistant individuals. NAFLD is associated with a 2- to 3-fold increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), which may be higher in patients with more severe liver disease - fibrosis increases this risk. In NAFLD, not only the close association with obesity, but also the impairment of many metabolic pathways, including decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion, increase the risk of developing T2D and related comorbidities. Conversely, patients with diabetes have a higher prevalence of steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis and end-stage liver disease. Genetics and mechanisms involving dysfunctional adipose tissue, lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity appear to play a role. In this review, we discuss the altered pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the development of T2D in NAFLD and vice versa. Although there is no approved therapy for the treatment of NASH, we discuss pharmacological agents currently available to treat T2D that could potentially be useful for the management of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Gastaldelli
- Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Kenneth Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Florida, and Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
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Fu J, Liu J, Xu Y, Yang N, Yang W, Wang G. Comparison of therapeutic effects of acarbose and metformin under different β-cell function status in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocr J 2019; 66:443-450. [PMID: 30944269 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej18-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MARCH study suggested that acarbose had similar therapeutic effect on glycated hemoglobin reduction compared to metformin in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients as initial therapy in China. We aimed to investigate whether the efficacy of acarbose was still similar to metformin under different β-cell function status. According to the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-β level, 670 patients were divided into better β-cell function group, medium β-cell function group and poor β-cell function group. Patients received acarbose 300 mg/d or metformin 1,500 mg/d for 48 weeks. We found both acarbose and metformin could decrease glycated hemoglobin to similar levels after 48 weeks treatment in all groups. In medium β-cell function group, the decrease of fasting blood glucose after metformin treatment was more significant compared to acarbose (p = 0.040); however, the decrease of post-challenge blood glucose after acarbose treatment was more significant compared to metformin (p = 0.020). Moreover, in poor β-cell function group, the decrease of body weight and body mass index after acarbose treatment were significant compared to metformin (p = 0.004 and p = 0.031, respectively). Therefore, acarbose contributed a similar therapeutic effect to plasma glucose control compared to metformin treatment, even under different β-cell function status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P. R. of China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P. R. of China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P. R. of China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P. R. of China
| | - Wenying Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P. R. of China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P. R. of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Huai-Rou Hospital, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101400, P. R. of China
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Rastegari A, Mottaghitalab F, Dinarvand R, Amini M, Arefian E, Gholami M, Atyabi F. Inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis by chitosan lactate nanoparticles containing CRTC2 siRNA targeted by poly(ethylene glycol)-glycyrrhetinic acid. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2019; 9:694-706. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-019-00618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Wang B, Li F, Guo J, Wang C, Xu D, Li C. Effects of liver function, insulin resistance and inflammatory factors on vascular endothelial dilation function and prognosis of coronary heart disease patients complicated with NAFLD. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:1306-1311. [PMID: 30680007 PMCID: PMC6327639 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.7043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of liver function, insulin resistance (IR) and inflammatory factors on vascular endothelial dilation function and prognosis of coronary heart disease (CHD) patients complicated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were investigated. A total of 80 patients with CHD treated in Jinan Central Hospital from October 2016 to July 2017 were randomly enrolled and divided into the NAFLD group (n=41) and the simple CHD group (n=39). The IR, the vascular endothelial dilation function and the related inflammatory factors were also detected, followed by statistical analysis. The level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), serum total bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and body mass index in the NAFLD group was decreased and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α was increased compared with that in the simple CHD group (P<0.05). There was a linearly positive correlation between ALT and brachial artery diameter in the NAFLD group (r=0.311, P<0.05). There was a correlation between homeostasis model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) and HOMA-β indexes and brachial artery diameter, hs-CRP and brachial artery diameter in both groups (r=−0.128, r=0.219, P<0.05). The HOMA indexes in the NAFLD group were increased compared with those in the simple CHD group (P<0.01). There were significant differences in the intima-media thickness, number of carotid plaques and detection rate of carotid plaques (P<0.05). The risk of cardiovascular events within 10 years in the NAFLD group was increased compared with that in the simple CHD group. The differences of incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD)s were statistically significant (P<0.05). Therefore, The changes in liver function indexes, IR and related inflammatory factors in CHD patients complicated with NAFLD significantly affect the vascular endothelial dilation function, which also have some effects on the occurrence of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Changmei Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Dashuai Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Congcong Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
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Palacios OM, Kramer M, Maki KC. Diet and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: beyond weight loss and exercise. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2019; 14:1-12. [PMID: 30521416 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2019.1554430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insulin resistance (IR) and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction are core pathophysiologic features of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Select lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions, including weight loss, physical activity, a Mediterranean diet intervention, and hypoglycemic agents, have been shown to prevent or delay T2DM. However, dietary factors other than weight loss may also impact risk, mainly through effects to enhance insulin sensitivity, although some may also directly or indirectly impact pancreatic beta-cell function. AREAS COVERED A literature review of observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted, and the research indicates dietary factors showing promise for reducing T2DM risk include higher intakes of cereal fibers, unsaturated fatty acids, magnesium, and polyphenols (e.g. anthocyanins), while reducing dietary glycemic load, added sugars, and high-sugar beverages. EXPERT COMMENTARY While these dietary factors are mainly supported by evidence from observational studies and RCTs of surrogate markers for T2DM, they are consistent with current recommendations to emphasize consumption of whole grains, nuts, seeds, legumes, seafood, fruits, and vegetables, while limiting intakes of saturated fatty acids, refined carbohydrates, and processed meats. Additional dietary intervention RCTs are needed to assess the efficacy of these promising dietary interventions for delaying or preventing the onset of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya M Palacios
- a Midwest Biomedical Research/Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health , Glen Ellyn , IL , USA
| | | | - Kevin C Maki
- a Midwest Biomedical Research/Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health , Glen Ellyn , IL , USA
- b MB Clinical Research , Boca Raton , FL , USA
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Hypoglycemic effect of whole grain diet in C57BL/KsJ- db/db mice by activating PI3K/Akt and AMPK pathways. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 28:895-905. [PMID: 31093448 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0533-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), characterized by abnormal blood glucose level, is a metabolic disease caused by pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Previous studies have reported that whole grain intake alleviated various metabolic syndromes. Here, the hypoglycemic effect of whole grain diet (WGD) on type II diabetes was investigated in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. WGD improved the regulation of fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels and reduced weight gain and lipid accumulation. On the molecular level, WGD up-regulated the glucose transporter type 4 and stimulated the insulin receptor substrate 1/phosphoinositide 3-kinase ((PI3K)/Akt) pathway. WGD stimulated the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/p38/Acetyl-CoA carboxylate pathway related to lipid metabolism and glucose uptake, and down-regulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Taken together, whole grains can be employed as functional food ingredients to alleviate T2DM by enhancing the PI3K/Akt and AMPK pathways.
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Salazar J, Bermúdez V, Olivar LC, Torres W, Palmar J, Añez R, Ordoñez MG, Rivas JR, Martínez MS, Hernández JD, Graterol M, Rojas J. Insulin resistance indices and coronary risk in adults from Maracaibo city, Venezuela: A cross sectional study. F1000Res 2018; 7:44. [PMID: 30210784 PMCID: PMC6107995 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13610.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is a metabolic disorder related to atherosclerosis. Its measurement is of great importance not only as a marker of diabetes but also for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this research study was to evaluate the relationship between various IR indices and coronary risk in an adult population from Maracaibo city, Venezuela. Methods: The Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with random and multi-stage sampling. In this sub study, 1272 individuals of both genders were selected with the measurement of basal insulin and coronary risk according to the Framingham-Wilson formula calibrated for our population. The insulin resistance indices evaluated were HOMA2-IR, triglycerides and glucose index (TyG) and triglycerides/HDL ratio (TG/HDL). The predictive capacity and association between each index and the coronary risk event in 10 years were determined. Results: Of the evaluated population, 55.2% were female, 34.8% had a coronary risk ≥5% in 10 years, with the TG/HDL and TyG indices showing the highest AUC 0.712 (0.681-0.743) and 0.707 (0.675-0.739), respectively; compared to HOMA2-IR. Both were also the indices most associated with increased coronary risk, especially TG/HDL ≥3 with a higher association [OR = 2.83 (1.74-4.61); p<0.01] after multivariable adjustment. Conclusions: TyG (≥4.5) and TG/HDL (≥3) indices showed a great predictive capacity of higher coronary risk, with being TG/HDL more associated even after adjusting for abdominal obesity and hs-CRP. Therefore, these represent useful tools for determining IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cucuta, Colombia
| | - Luis Carlos Olivar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Wheeler Torres
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Jim Palmar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Roberto Añez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Maria Gratzia Ordoñez
- Centro de Salud San Marcos, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Provincia de Santa Elena, Ecuador
| | - José Ramón Rivas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - María Sofía Martínez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Juan Diego Hernández
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cucuta, Colombia
| | - Modesto Graterol
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cucuta, Colombia
| | - Joselyn Rojas
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Department, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Salazar J, Bermúdez V, Olivar LC, Torres W, Palmar J, Añez R, Ordoñez MG, Rivas JR, Martínez MS, Hernández JD, Graterol M, Rojas J. Insulin resistance indices and coronary risk in adults from Maracaibo city, Venezuela: A cross sectional study. F1000Res 2018; 7:44. [PMID: 30210784 PMCID: PMC6107995 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13610.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is a metabolic disorder related to atherosclerosis. Its measurement is of great importance not only as a marker of diabetes but also for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this research study was to evaluate the relationship between various IR indices and coronary risk in an adult population from Maracaibo city, Venezuela. Methods: The Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with random and multi-stage sampling. In this sub study, 1272 individuals of both genders were selected with the measurement of basal insulin and coronary risk according to the Framingham-Wilson formula calibrated for our population. The insulin resistance indices evaluated were HOMA2-IR, triglycerides and glucose index (TyG) and triglycerides/HDL ratio (TG/HDL). The predictive capacity and association between each index and the coronary risk event in 10 years were determined. Results: Of the evaluated population, 55.2% were female, 34.8% had a coronary risk ≥5% in 10 years, with the TG/HDL and TyG indices showing the highest AUC 0.712 (0.681-0.743) and 0.707 (0.675-0.739), respectively; compared to HOMA2-IR. Both were also the indices most associated with increased coronary risk, especially TG/HDL ≥3 with a higher association [OR = 2.83 (1.74-4.61); p<0.01] after multivariable adjustment. Conclusions: TyG (≥4.5) and TG/HDL (≥3) indices showed a great predictive capacity of higher coronary risk, with being TG/HDL more associated even after adjusting for abdominal obesity and hs-CRP. Therefore, these represent useful tools for determining IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cucuta, Colombia
| | - Luis Carlos Olivar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Wheeler Torres
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Jim Palmar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Roberto Añez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Maria Gratzia Ordoñez
- Centro de Salud San Marcos, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Provincia de Santa Elena, Ecuador
| | - José Ramón Rivas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - María Sofía Martínez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Juan Diego Hernández
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cucuta, Colombia
| | - Modesto Graterol
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cucuta, Colombia
| | - Joselyn Rojas
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Department, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Kang SH, Lee HS, Lee S, Cho JH, Kim JC. Comparison of Muscle Mass Indices Using Computed Tomography or Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry for Predicting Physical Performance in Hemodialysis Patients. Kidney Blood Press Res 2017; 42:1119-1127. [PMID: 29224021 DOI: 10.1159/000485779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Our study aims to evaluate the association between thigh muscle cross-sectional area (TMA) using computed tomography (CT), or appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and physical performance levels in hemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS Patients were included if they were on HD for ≥6 months (n = 84). ASM and TMA were adjusted to body weight (BW, kg) or height2 (Ht2, m2). Each participant performed a short physical performance battery test (SPPB), a sit-to-stand for 30 second test (STS30), a 6-minute walk test (6-MWT), a timed up and go test (TUG), and hand grip strength (HGS) test. RESULTS Correlation coefficients for SPPB, GS, 5STS, STS30, 6-MWT, and TUG were highest in TMA/BW. Results from partial correlation or linear regression analyses displayed similar trends to those derived from Pearson's correlation analyses. An increase in TMA/BW or TMA/Ht2 was associated with a decreased odds ratio of low SPPB, GS, or HGS in multivariate analyses. Indices using DEXA were associated with a decreased odds ratio of a low HGS only in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION TMA indices using CT may be more valuable in predicting physical performance or strength in HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hui Kang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Lee
- Department of Radiology, CHA Gumi Medical Center, CHA University, Gumi-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukyung Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Semyung Christianity Hospital, Pohang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyung Cho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Gumi Medical Center, CHA University, Gumi-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Chul Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Gumi Medical Center, CHA University, Gumi-si, Republic of Korea
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Mohammed A, Gbonjubola VA, Koorbanally NA, Islam MS. Inhibition of key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes by compounds isolated from Aframomum melegueta fruit. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1010-1016. [PMID: 28176546 PMCID: PMC6130490 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1286358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The use of Aframomum melegueta K. Schum. (Zingiberaceae) fruit for treatment of diabetes has recently been established in Nigeria. However, compounds responsible for the antidiabetic action have not been identified. OBJECTIVE The present study carried out the bioassay-guided isolation of possible bioactive compounds responsible for the antidiabetic action of A. melegueta fruit. MATERIALS AND METHODS The A. melegueta fruit was sequentially extracted using ethyl acetate (EtOAc), ethanol and water, and the most active extract (EtOAc) was subjected to column chromatography on a silica gel column using solvent gradient systems of hexane (HEX):EtOAc and EtOAc:MeOH and the isolation of compounds was guided by α-glycosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities at various concentrations (30-240 μg/mL). RESULTS According to the results, 3 arylalkanes, 6-paradol (1), 6-shogaol (2) and 6-gingerol (3) and a pentacyclic triterpene, oleanolic acid (4) were isolated from A. melegueta fruit. All the compounds exhibited inhibitory effects against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. 6-Gingerol (3) and oleanolic acid (4) showed higher inhibitory activity against α-amylase (IC50: 6-gingerol: 81.78 ± 7.79 μM; oleanolic acid: 91.72 ± 1.63 μM) and α-glucosidase (IC50: 6-gingerol: 21.55 ± 0.45 μM; oleanolic acid: 17.35 ± 0.88 μM) compared to the standard drug, acarbose and other isolated compounds. The kinetics of the enzyme action of the compounds showed a noncompetitive mode of inhibition. CONCLUSION The data of this study suggest that the 6-gingerol (3) and oleanolic acid (4) showed higher α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory action and therefore could be responsible for the antidiabetic activity of A. melegueta fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminu Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Neil Anthony Koorbanally
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Md. Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Isokuortti E, Zhou Y, Peltonen M, Bugianesi E, Clement K, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Lacorte JM, Gastaldelli A, Schuppan D, Schattenberg JM, Hakkarainen A, Lundbom N, Jousilahti P, Männistö S, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Saltevo J, Anstee QM, Yki-Järvinen H. Use of HOMA-IR to diagnose non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based and inter-laboratory study. Diabetologia 2017; 60:1873-1882. [PMID: 28660493 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Recent European guidelines for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) call for reference values for HOMA-IR. In this study, we aimed to determine: (1) the upper limit of normal HOMA-IR in two population-based cohorts; (2) the HOMA-IR corresponding to NAFLD; (3) the effect of sex and PNPLA3 genotype at rs738409 on HOMA-IR; and (4) inter-laboratory variations in HOMA-IR. METHODS We identified healthy individuals in two population-based cohorts (FINRISK 2007 [n = 5024] and the Programme for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Finland [FIN-D2D; n = 2849]) to define the upper 95th percentile of HOMA-IR. Non-obese individuals with normal fasting glucose levels, no excessive alcohol use, no known diseases and no use of any drugs were considered healthy. The optimal HOMA-IR cut-off for NAFLD (liver fat ≥5.56%, based on the Dallas Heart Study) was determined in 368 non-diabetic individuals (35% with NAFLD), whose liver fat was measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Samples from ten individuals were simultaneously analysed for HOMA-IR in seven European laboratories. RESULTS The upper 95th percentiles of HOMA-IR were 1.9 and 2.0 in healthy individuals in the FINRISK (n = 1167) and FIN-D2D (n = 459) cohorts. Sex or PNPLA3 genotype did not influence these values. The optimal HOMA-IR cut-off for NAFLD was 1.9 (sensitivity 87%, specificity 79%). A HOMA-IR of 2.0 corresponded to normal liver fat (<5.56% on 1H-MRS) in linear regression analysis. The 2.0 HOMA-IR measured in Helsinki corresponded to 1.3, 1.6, 1.8, 1.8, 2.0 and 2.1 in six other laboratories. The inter-laboratory CV% of HOMA-IR was 25% due to inter-assay variation in insulin (25%) rather than glucose (5%) measurements. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The upper limit of HOMA-IR in population-based cohorts closely corresponds to that of normal liver fat. Standardisation of insulin assays would be the first step towards definition of normal values for HOMA-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Isokuortti
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum Helsinki 2 U, Tukholmankatu 8, FIN - 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - You Zhou
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Markku Peltonen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabetta Bugianesi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Karine Clement
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bonnefont-Rousselot
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix University Hospital (AP-HP), Paris, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR8258 - Inserm U1022, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Lacorte
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, Inserm, Paris, France
- Department of Endocrine and Oncological Biochemistry, La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix University Hospital (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Cardiometabolic Risk Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Research Center of Immune Therapy, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Antti Hakkarainen
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Lundbom
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Juha Saltevo
- Department of Medicine, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Quentin M Anstee
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Liver Unit, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hannele Yki-Järvinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum Helsinki 2 U, Tukholmankatu 8, FIN - 00290, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Gaggini M, Carli F, Gastaldelli A. The color of fat and its central role in the development and progression of metabolic diseases. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 31:hmbci-2017-0060. [PMID: 28942436 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Excess caloric intake does not always translate to an expansion of the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and increase in fat mass. It is now recognized that adipocyte type (white, WAT, or brown, BAT), size (large vs. small) and metabolism are important factors for the development of cardiometabolic diseases. When the subcutaneous adipose tissue is not able to expand in response to increased energy intake the excess substrate is stored as visceral adipose tissue or as ectopic fat in tissues as muscle, liver and pancreas. Moreover, adipocytes become dysfunctional (adiposopathy, or sick fat), adipokines secretion is increased, fat accumulates in ectopic sites like muscle and liver and alters insulin signaling, increasing the demand for insulin secretion. Thus, there are some subjects that despite having normal weight have the metabolic characteristics of the obese (NWMO), while some obese expand their SAT and remain metabolically healthy (MHO). In this paper we have reviewed the recent findings that relate the metabolism of adipose tissue and its composition to metabolic diseases. In particular, we have discussed the possible role of dysfunctional adipocytes and adipose tissue resistance to the antilipolytic effect of insulin on the development of impaired glucose metabolism. Finally we have reviewed the possible role of BAT vs. WAT in the alteration of lipid and glucose metabolism and the recent studies that have tried to stimulate browning in human adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Gaggini
- Cardiometabolic Risk Group, Institute of Clinical Physiology - CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Carli
- Cardiometabolic Risk Group, Institute of Clinical Physiology - CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Head of Cardiometabolic Risk Group and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Physiology - CNR, via Moruzzi 1 56100, Pisa, Italy, Phone: +39 050 3152679/80, Fax: +39 050 3152166
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40
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Protective effects of a G. lucidum proteoglycan on INS-1 cells against IAPP-induced apoptosis via attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress and modulating CHOP/JNK pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 106:893-900. [PMID: 28893685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fudan-Yueyang-G. lucidum (FYGL) is a water-soluble macromolecular proteoglycan extracted from Ganoderma lucidum which has been used for health promotion for a long time in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of FYGL on INS-1 rat insulinoma beta cells against IAPP-induced cell apoptosis, as well as the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that apoptotic cells were significantly increased when incubated with islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). However, cytotoxicity of IAPP was significantly attenuated by co-incubation of the cells with FYGL. The results of RT-PCR showed that mRNA expression of caspase-3, caspase-12 and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in IAPP-treated cells were inhibited by FYGL. Moreover, FYGL significantly prevented the IAPP-induced abnormal expression of inositol-requiring protein-1α (IRE1α), protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), as well as suppressed the activation of CHOP and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Taken together, our results suggest that FYGL protects INS-1 pancreatic beta cells against IAPP-induced apoptosis through attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and modulating CHOP/JNK pathways.
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Comparative pharmacokinetics of six major bioactive components in normal and type 2 diabetic rats after oral administration of Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction extracts by UPLC-TQ MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1061-1062:248-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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42
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Salazar J, Bermúdez V, Calvo M, Olivar LC, Luzardo E, Navarro C, Mencia H, Martínez M, Rivas-Ríos J, Wilches-Durán S, Cerda M, Graterol M, Graterol R, Garicano C, Hernández J, Rojas J. Optimal cutoff for the evaluation of insulin resistance through triglyceride-glucose index: A cross-sectional study in a Venezuelan population. F1000Res 2017; 6:1337. [PMID: 29375810 PMCID: PMC5760971 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12170.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Insulin resistance (IR) evaluation is a fundamental goal in clinical and epidemiological research. However, the most widely used methods are difficult to apply to populations with low incomes. The triglyceride-glucose index (TGI) emerges as an alternative to use in daily clinical practice. Therefore the objective of this study was to determine an optimal cutoff point for the TGI in an adult population from Maracaibo, Venezuela. Methods: This is a sub-study of Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study, a descriptive, cross-sectional study with random and multi-stage sampling. For this analysis, 2004 individuals of both genders ≥18 years old with basal insulin determination and triglycerides < 500 mg/dl were evaluated.. A reference population was selected according to clinical and metabolic criteria to plot ROC Curves specific for gender and age groups to determine the optimal cutoff point according to sensitivity and specificity.The TGI was calculated according to the equation: ln [Fasting triglyceride (mg / dl) x Fasting glucose (mg / dl)] / 2. Results: The TGI in the general population was 4.6±0.3 (male: 4.66±0.34 vs. female: 4.56±0.33, p=8.93x10
-10). The optimal cutoff point was 4.49, with a sensitivity of 82.6% and specificity of 82.1% (AUC=0.889, 95% CI: 0.854-0.924). There were no significant differences in the predictive capacity of the index when evaluated according to gender and age groups. Those individuals with TGI≥4.5 had higher HOMA2-IR averages than those with TGI <4.5 (2.48 vs 1.74, respectively, p<0.001). Conclusions: The TGI is a measure of interest to identify IR in the general population. We propose a single cutoff point of 4.5 to classify individuals with IR. Future studies should evaluate the predictive capacity of this index to determine atypical metabolic phenotypes, type 2 diabetes mellitus and even cardiovascular risk in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Salazar
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.,Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - María Calvo
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Luis Carlos Olivar
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Eliana Luzardo
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Carla Navarro
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Heysa Mencia
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - María Martínez
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - José Rivas-Ríos
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Sandra Wilches-Durán
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Marcos Cerda
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Modesto Graterol
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Rosemily Graterol
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Carlos Garicano
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Juan Hernández
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Joselyn Rojas
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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43
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Salazar J, Bermúdez V, Calvo M, Olivar LC, Luzardo E, Navarro C, Mencia H, Martínez M, Rivas-Ríos J, Wilches-Durán S, Cerda M, Graterol M, Graterol R, Garicano C, Hernández J, Rojas J. Optimal cutoff for the evaluation of insulin resistance through triglyceride-glucose index: A cross-sectional study in a Venezuelan population. F1000Res 2017; 6:1337. [PMID: 29375810 PMCID: PMC5760971 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12170.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Insulin resistance (IR) evaluation is a fundamental goal in clinical and epidemiological research. However, the most widely used methods are difficult to apply to populations with low incomes. The triglyceride-glucose index (TGI) emerges as an alternative to use in daily clinical practice. Therefore the objective of this study was to determine an optimal cutoff point for the TGI in an adult population from Maracaibo, Venezuela. Methods: This is a sub-study of Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study, a descriptive, cross-sectional study with random and multi-stage sampling. For this analysis, 2004 individuals of both genders ≥18 years old with basal insulin determination and triglycerides < 500 mg/dl were evaluated.. A reference population was selected according to clinical and metabolic criteria to plot ROC Curves specific for gender and age groups to determine the optimal cutoff point according to sensitivity and specificity.The TGI was calculated according to the equation: ln [Fasting triglyceride (mg / dl) x Fasting glucose (mg / dl)] / 2. Results: The TGI in the general population was 4.6±0.3 (male: 4.66±0.34 vs. female: 4.56±0.33, p=8.93x10 -10). The optimal cutoff point was 4.49, with a sensitivity of 82.6% and specificity of 82.1% (AUC=0.889, 95% CI: 0.854-0.924). There were no significant differences in the predictive capacity of the index when evaluated according to gender and age groups. Those individuals with TGI≥4.5 had higher HOMA2-IR averages than those with TGI <4.5 (2.48 vs 1.74, respectively, p<0.001). Conclusions: The TGI is a measure of interest to identify IR in the general population. We propose a single cutoff point of 4.5 to classify individuals with IR. Future studies should evaluate the predictive capacity of this index to determine atypical metabolic phenotypes, type 2 diabetes mellitus and even cardiovascular risk in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Salazar
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - María Calvo
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Luis Carlos Olivar
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Eliana Luzardo
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Carla Navarro
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Heysa Mencia
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - María Martínez
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - José Rivas-Ríos
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Sandra Wilches-Durán
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Marcos Cerda
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Modesto Graterol
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Rosemily Graterol
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Carlos Garicano
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Juan Hernández
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Joselyn Rojas
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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44
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Salazar J, Bermúdez V, Calvo M, Olivar LC, Luzardo E, Navarro C, Mencia H, Martínez M, Rivas-Ríos J, Wilches-Durán S, Cerda M, Graterol M, Graterol R, Garicano C, Hernández J, Rojas J. Optimal cutoff for the evaluation of insulin resistance through triglyceride-glucose index: A cross-sectional study in a Venezuelan population. F1000Res 2017; 6:1337. [PMID: 29375810 PMCID: PMC5760971 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12170.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Insulin resistance (IR) evaluation is a fundamental goal in clinical and epidemiological research. However, the most widely used methods are difficult to apply to populations with low incomes. The triglyceride-glucose index (TGI) emerges as an alternative to use in daily clinical practice. Therefore the objective of this study was to determine an optimal cutoff point for the TGI in an adult population from Maracaibo, Venezuela. Methods: This is a sub-study of Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study, a descriptive, cross-sectional study with random and multi-stage sampling. For this analysis, 2004 individuals of both genders ≥18 years old with basal insulin determination and triglycerides < 500 mg/dl were evaluated.. A reference population was selected according to clinical and metabolic criteria to plot ROC Curves specific for gender and age groups to determine the optimal cutoff point according to sensitivity and specificity.The TGI was calculated according to the equation: ln [Fasting triglyceride (mg / dl) x Fasting glucose (mg / dl)] / 2. Results: The TGI in the general population was 4.6±0.3 (male: 4.66±0.34 vs. female: 4.56±0.33, p=8.93x10 -10). The optimal cutoff point was 4.49, with a sensitivity of 82.6% and specificity of 82.1% (AUC=0.889, 95% CI: 0.854-0.924). There were no significant differences in the predictive capacity of the index when evaluated according to gender and age groups. Those individuals with TGI≥4.5 had higher HOMA2-IR averages than those with TGI <4.5 (2.48 vs 1.74, respectively, p<0.001). Conclusions: The TGI is a measure of interest to identify IR in the general population. We propose a single cutoff point of 4.5 to classify individuals with IR. Future studies should evaluate the predictive capacity of this index to determine atypical metabolic phenotypes, type 2 diabetes mellitus and even cardiovascular risk in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Salazar
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - María Calvo
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Luis Carlos Olivar
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Eliana Luzardo
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Carla Navarro
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Heysa Mencia
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - María Martínez
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - José Rivas-Ríos
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Sandra Wilches-Durán
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Marcos Cerda
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Modesto Graterol
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Rosemily Graterol
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Carlos Garicano
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Juan Hernández
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Joselyn Rojas
- Endocrine-Metabolic Research Center, , University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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A high-fat, high-glycaemic index, low-fibre dietary pattern is prospectively associated with type 2 diabetes in a British birth cohort. Br J Nutr 2017; 115:1632-42. [PMID: 27245103 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516000672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The combined association of dietary fat, glycaemic index (GI) and fibre with type 2 diabetes has rarely been investigated. The objective was to examine the relationship between a high-fat, high-GI, low-fibre dietary pattern across adult life and type 2 diabetes risk using reduced rank regression. Data were from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development. Repeated measures of dietary intake estimated using 5-d diet diaries were available at the age of 36, 43 and 53 years for 1180 study members. Associations between dietary pattern scores at each age, as well as longitudinal changes in dietary pattern z-scores, and type 2 diabetes incidence (n 106) from 53 to 60-64 years were analysed. The high-fat, high-GI, low-fibre dietary pattern was characterised by low intakes of fruit, vegetables, low-fat dairy products and whole-grain cereals, and high intakes of white bread, fried potatoes, processed meat and animal fats. There was an increasing trend in OR for type 2 diabetes with increasing quintile of dietary pattern z-scores at the age of 43 years among women but not among men. Women in the highest z-score quintile at the age of 43 years had an OR for type 2 diabetes of 5·45 (95 % CI 2·01, 14·79). Long-term increases in this dietary pattern, independently of BMI and waist circumference, were also detrimental among women: for each 1 sd unit increase in dietary pattern z-score between 36 and 53 years, the OR for type 2 diabetes was 1·67 (95 % CI 1·20, 2·43) independently of changes in BMI and waist circumference in the same periods. A high-fat, high-GI, low-fibre dietary pattern was associated with increased type 2 diabetes risk in middle-aged British women but not in men.
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Kalra J, Dhar A. Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase signalling and paradigms of cardiometabolic syndrome. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2017; 31:265-279. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kalra
- Department of Pharmacy; Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad Campus; Jawahar Nagar Shameerpet, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 500078 India
| | - Arti Dhar
- Department of Pharmacy; Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad Campus; Jawahar Nagar Shameerpet, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 500078 India
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Valenti L, Bugianesi E, Pajvani U, Targher G. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: cause or consequence of type 2 diabetes? Liver Int 2016; 36:1563-1579. [PMID: 27276701 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Growing epidemiological evidence suggests that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an early predictor of and determinant for the development of type 2 diabetes and other features of the metabolic syndrome. This finding may have important clinical implications for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes and its chronic complications. However, given the complex and bi-directional relationships between NAFLD, insulin resistance and chronic hyperglycaemia, it is extremely difficult to distinguish whether NAFLD is a cause or a consequence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Indeed, at the molecular level, hepatic lipogenesis and hepatic glucose production depend on differentially regulated branches of the insulin signalling pathway. Furthermore, genetic studies suggest that excess hepatic fat is associated with progressive liver disease, but does not always increase the risk of incident type 2 diabetes. Here, we will briefly review the epidemiological, pathophysiological and molecular evidence linking NAFLD to the development of type 2 diabetes. We will also discuss some recent genetic and therapeutic advances that seem to challenge a causal role of NAFLD in the pathogenesis type 2 diabetes, and propose a working hypothesis to explain this apparent conundrum. In conclusion, progressive liver disease and type 2 diabetes are divergent though inter-related consequences of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Valenti
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy. .,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Bugianesi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Utpal Pajvani
- Division of Endocrinology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Fat tissues, the brite and the dark sides. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:1803-1807. [PMID: 27704210 PMCID: PMC5138267 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1884-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fat tissue is well known for its capacity to store energy and its detrimental role in obesity and metaflammation. However, humans possess different types of fat that have different functions in physiology and metabolic diseases. Apart from white adipose tissue (WAT), the body's main energy storage, there is also brown adipose tissue (BAT) that dissipates energy as a defense against cold and maintains energy balance for the whole body. BAT is present not only in newborns but also in adult humans and its mass correlates with leanness. Moreover, "brown-like" adipocytes have been detected in human WAT. These "brown-in-white" (brite) or beige cells can be induced by cold and a broad spectrum of pharmacological substances and, therefore, they are also known as "inducible brown adipocytes." Activation of brown and/or brite adipocytes reduces metabolic diseases, at least in murine models of obesity. Thus, brown/brite adipocytes represent the "brite" side of fat and are potential targets for novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of obesity and obesity-associated diseases.
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Kurinami N, Sugiyama S, Yoshida A, Hieshima K, Miyamoto F, Kajiwara K, Jinnouchi T, Jinnouchi H. Correlation of body muscle/fat ratio with insulin sensitivity using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in treatment-naïve type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 120:65-72. [PMID: 27522035 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Fat deposition and obesity are crucial pathological components of diabetes mellitus (DM). In clinical practice, assessment of insulin resistance is important. We hypothesized that body muscle and fat composition might be a key factor for insulin resistance in patients with type 2 DM. METHODS Subjects included 61 untreated DM patients. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp examination was performed to calculate the M/I value as the insulin resistance reference indicator. Elementary body composition was measured by impedance analysis using InBody770. RESULTS Simple regression analysis showed that total muscle quantity/total fat quantity ratio (muscle/fat) was significantly correlated with M/I value (B=0.806, P<0.001). The regression equation was M/I value=3.6934×(muscle/fat ratio)+0.0347 (R(2)=0.6503, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that muscle/fat ratio was independently and significantly associated with insulin resistance, defined by M/I value <9 (odds ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.80-0.99, P=0.04). With receiver operating curve analysis, the cutoff value of muscle/fat ratio for insulin resistance was 2.40 and area under the curve was 0.87 (sensitivity 91% and specificity 76%, P<0.001), indicating that muscle/fat ratio was significantly effective for predicting insulin resistance in treatment-naïve DM. The result could provide a possible estimation of the M/I value using the regression equation M/I value=2.5438×(muscle/fat ratio)+48.6194×QUICKI-13.6522 (R(2)=0.7012). CONCLUSION In treatment-naïve DM, the muscle/fat ratio, assessed by InBody770 is clinically useful for evaluating the presence of insulin resistance in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seigo Sugiyama
- Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshida
- Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kunio Hieshima
- Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Fumio Miyamoto
- Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keizo Kajiwara
- Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a progressive disorder characterized by increasing hyperglycemia and the need to gradually intensify therapy in order to achieve and maintain glycemic control. Early initiation of combination therapy has been proposed as an approach to achieve glycemic goals earlier and delay the deterioration of glycemic control and with possible better preservation of β-cell function. We discuss in this article the pros and cons of this approach, focusing on individuals with HbA1c at diagnosis of 7.5-9.0%, where difference of opinion still exists on management. Initial combination therapy is proposed to lead to better and faster achievement of glycemic targets versus monotherapy and to impede clinical inertia and may possibly slow the deterioration of β-cell function. However, treating patients with sequential therapy is proposed to allow one to fully assess the efficacy and risk-to-benefit ratio of each drug as it is added. Furthermore, there is no evidence to support that rapid addition and titration of medications according to the glycemic profile achieved are inferior to initial combination therapy if glycemic targets are attained in a timely manner. Initial combination therapy is argued to postpone clinical inertia to the next decision point but does not eliminate it. Additionally, it may have been the agents chosen and not the timing of their initiation that led to improved β-cell function in the studies of initial combination therapy, and there are no data currently comparing use of the same drugs initiated simultaneously or sequentially. Heightened awareness of providers, individualization of therapy and setting, and reaching glycemic targets remain the mainstays of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avivit Cahn
- Diabetes Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - William T Cefalu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
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