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Mendes EP, Ianzer D, Peruchetti DB, Santos RAS, Vieira MAR. Interaction of Angiotensin-(1-7) with kinins in the kidney circulation: Role of B 1 receptors. Peptides 2024; 179:171246. [PMID: 38821119 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Changes in renal hemodynamics impact renal function during physiological and pathological conditions. In this context, renal vascular resistance (RVR) is regulated by components of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) and the Kallikrein-Kinin System (KKS). However, the interaction between these vasoactive peptides on RVR is still poorly understood. Here, we studied the crosstalk between angiotensin-(1-7) and kinins on RVR. The right kidneys of Wistar rats were isolated and perfused in a closed-circuit system. The perfusion pressure and renal perfusate flow were continuously monitored. Ang-(1-7) (1.0-25.0 nM) caused a sustained, dose-dependent reduction of relative RVR (rRVR). This phenomenon was sensitive to 10 nM A-779, a specific Mas receptor (MasR) antagonist. Bradykinin (BK) promoted a sustained and transient reduction in rRVR at 1.25 nM and 125 nM, respectively. The transient effect was abolished by 4 μM des-Arg9-Leu8-bradykinin (DALBK), a specific kinin B1 receptor (B1R) antagonist. Accordingly, des-Arg9-bradykinin (DABK) 1 μM (a B1R agonist) increased rRVR. Interestingly, pre-perfusion of Ang-(1-7) changed the sustained reduction of rRVR triggered by 1.25 nM BK into a transient effect. On the other hand, pre-perfusion of Ang-(1-7) primed and potentiated the DABK response, this mechanism being sensitive to A-779 and DALBK. Binding studies performed with CHO cells stably transfected with MasR, B1R, and kinin B2 receptor (B2R) showed no direct interaction between Ang-(1-7) with B1R or B2R. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Ang-(1-7) differentially modulates kinin's effect on RVR in isolated rat kidneys. These results help to expand the current knowledge regarding the crosstalk between the RAS and KKS complex network in RVR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle Ianzer
- Department of Physiological Sciences, ICB, UFG, Goiania, GO, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, INCT-Nanobiofar, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Diogo Barros Peruchetti
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, INCT-Nanobiofar, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, INCT-Nanobiofar, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Li S, Liu H, Li D, Chen F. Female reproductive health during the COVID-19 pandemic: latest evidence and understanding. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2023; 308:1691-1696. [PMID: 36856820 PMCID: PMC9976669 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-06976-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has imposed a heavy burden on medical systems. In addition to the respiratory system, the virus also causes injuries to other organs and systems such as the gastroenteric system, kidneys, and reproductive system. Female reproductive health requires more attention in this context. METHODS We have performed a thorough review of the relevant literature that addresses the impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination on the female reproductive system. RESULTS Most evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 does not infect the female reproductive system. However, the virus may indirectly influence sex hormone concentrations through inflammation associated with cytokine storms and nervous system damage. Menstrual disorders in women infected with SARS-CoV-2 may be caused by down-regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, abnormal hormone levels, medications, and stress. There is no significant difference in ovarian follicle quality and in vitro fertilization parameters between the pre- and post-COVID-19 vaccination groups. In addition, most symptoms due to side effects of vaccination could recover within a short period of time. CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 infection affects female reproductive system function through multiple mechanisms. It is recommended that women of childbearing age be vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Li
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Hongxin Liu
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Di Li
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, China.
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Vesce F, Battisti C, Crudo M. The Inflammatory Cytokine Imbalance for Miscarriage, Pregnancy Loss and COVID-19 Pneumonia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:861245. [PMID: 35359975 PMCID: PMC8961687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.861245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy can be defined a vascular event upon endocrine control. In the human hemo-chorial placentation the chorionic villi penetrate the wall of the uterine spiral arteries, to provide increasing amounts of nutrients and oxygen for optimal fetal growth. In any physiological pregnancy the natural maternal response is of a Th1 inflammatory type, aimed at avoiding blood loss through the arteriolar wall openings. The control of the vascular function, during gestation as in any other condition, is achieved through the action of two main types of prostanoids: prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane on the one hand (for vasoconstriction and coagulation), prostacyclin on the other (for vasodilation and blood fluidification). The control of the maternal immune response is upon the responsibility of the fetus itself. Indeed, the chorionic villi are able to counteract the natural maternal response, thus changing the inflammatory Th1 type into the anti-inflammatory Th2. Clinical and experimental research in the past half century address to inflammation as the leading cause of abortion, pregnancy loss, premature delivery and related pulmonary, cerebral, intestinal fetal syndromes. Increased level of Interleukin 6, Interleukin 1-beta, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alfa, Interferon-gamma, are some among the well-known markers of gestational inflammation. On the other side, COVID-19 pneumonia is a result of extensive inflammation induced by viral replication within the cells of the respiratory tract. As it may happen in the uterine arteries in the absence of an effective fetal control, viral pneumonia triggers pulmonary vascular coagulation. The cytokines involved in the process are the same as those in gestational inflammation. As the fetus breathes throughout the placenta, fetal death from placental thrombosis is similar to adult death from pulmonary thrombosis. Preventing and counteracting inflammation is mandatory in both conditions. The most relevant literature dealing with the above-mentioned concepts is reviewed in the present article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortunato Vesce
- OB & Gyn Complex Unit, Arcispedale Sant’Anna – Ferrara University, Ferrara, Italy
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4
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Crosstalk between the renin-angiotensin, complement and kallikrein-kinin systems in inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 22:411-428. [PMID: 34759348 PMCID: PMC8579187 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00634-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During severe inflammatory and infectious diseases, various mediators modulate the equilibrium of vascular tone, inflammation, coagulation and thrombosis. This Review describes the interactive roles of the renin–angiotensin system, the complement system, and the closely linked kallikrein–kinin and contact systems in cell biological functions such as vascular tone and leakage, inflammation, chemotaxis, thrombosis and cell proliferation. Specific attention is given to the role of these systems in systemic inflammation in the vasculature and tissues during hereditary angioedema, cardiovascular and renal glomerular disease, vasculitides and COVID-19. Moreover, we discuss the therapeutic implications of these complex interactions, given that modulation of one system may affect the other systems, with beneficial or deleterious consequences. The renin–angiotensin, complement and kallikrein–kinin systems comprise a multitude of mediators that modulate physiological responses during inflammatory and infectious diseases. This Review investigates the complex interactions between these systems and how these are dysregulated in various conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and COVID-19, as well as their therapeutic implications.
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5
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Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious respiratory disease mediated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The worldwide spread of COVID-19 has caused millions of confirmed cases and morbidity, and the crisis has greatly affected global economy and daily life and changed our attitudes towards life. The reproductive system, as a potential target, is at a high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and females are more vulnerable to viral infection compared with males. Therefore, female fertility and associated reproductive health care in the COVID-19 era need more attention. This review summarises the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the female reproductive system and discusses the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on female fertility. Studies have proven that COVID-19 might affect female fertility and interfere with assisted reproductive technology procedures. The side effects of vaccines against the virus on ovarian reserve and pregnancy have not yet been well investigated. In the future, the female fertility after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination needs more attention because of the uncertainty of COVID-19.
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Gunarathne LS, Rajapaksha H, Shackel N, Angus PW, Herath CB. Cirrhotic portal hypertension: From pathophysiology to novel therapeutics. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:6111-6140. [PMID: 33177789 PMCID: PMC7596642 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i40.6111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Portal hypertension and bleeding from gastroesophageal varices is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Portal hypertension is initiated by increased intrahepatic vascular resistance and a hyperdynamic circulatory state. The latter is characterized by a high cardiac output, increased total blood volume and splanchnic vasodilatation, resulting in increased mesenteric blood flow. Pharmacological manipulation of cirrhotic portal hypertension targets both the splanchnic and hepatic vascular beds. Drugs such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type receptor 1 blockers, which target the components of the classical renin angiotensin system (RAS), are expected to reduce intrahepatic vascular tone by reducing extracellular matrix deposition and vasoactivity of contractile cells and thereby improve portal hypertension. However, these drugs have been shown to produce significant off-target effects such as systemic hypotension and renal failure. Therefore, the current pharmacological mainstay in clinical practice to prevent variceal bleeding and improving patient survival by reducing portal pressure is non-selective -blockers (NSBBs). These NSBBs work by reducing cardiac output and splanchnic vasodilatation but most patients do not achieve an optimal therapeutic response and a significant proportion of patients are unable to tolerate these drugs. Although statins, used alone or in combination with NSBBs, have been shown to improve portal pressure and overall mortality in cirrhotic patients, further randomized clinical trials are warranted involving larger patient populations with clear clinical end points. On the other hand, recent findings from studies that have investigated the potential use of the blockers of the components of the alternate RAS provided compelling evidence that could lead to the development of drugs targeting the splanchnic vascular bed to inhibit splanchnic vasodilatation in portal hypertension. This review outlines the mechanisms related to the pathogenesis of portal hypertension and attempts to provide an update on currently available therapeutic approaches in the management of portal hypertension with special emphasis on how the alternate RAS could be manipulated in our search for development of safe, specific and effective novel therapies to treat portal hypertension in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmie S Gunarathne
- Department of Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Harinda Rajapaksha
- School of Molecular Science, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | | | - Peter W Angus
- Department of Gastroenterology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Chandana B Herath
- Department of Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell Street, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
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Kenarkoohi A, Maleki M, Safari T, Kafashian M, Saljoughi F, Sohrabipour S. Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 roles in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Curr Hypertens Rev 2020; 17:207-216. [PMID: 32778033 DOI: 10.2174/1573402116666200810134702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The new pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes a wide range of clinical consequences, from asymptomatic infection to acute respiratory failure and it is very heterogeneous. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is well recognized as a key regulating system in circulatory homeostasis that play prominent roles in pathophysiological processes in abnormal activation for instance renal and cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and stroke. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2(ACE2) as a component of the RAS system. However, unlike the ACE, its activity is not inhibited by the ACE inhibitors. The major product of ACE2 is Ang1-7, known as a vasodilator peptide and part of the depressant arm of the RAS. There are two form of ACE2. Coronavirus cover with some proteins in order to help viral attachment to the cell membrane ACE2 as a receptor and then fuse and enter the cells. ACE2 was expressed in oral Cavity, salivary glands of the mouth, esophagus, myocardial cells, kidney, and enterocytes, along all the respiratory tract, intestine, and blood vessels. In this article, we explain the renin-angiotensin system and its components. Also, we shortly explain the organs involved in COVID-19 disease and we will talk about the possible causes of damage to these organs. We also reviewed the probable mechanism of using ACE2 in viral attachment and the probable treatment processes will also be discussed based on the surface proteins of the virus and ACE2. In addition, we briefly discuss the anti-angiotensin drugs and why patients with chronic disease are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection and show worse progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Kenarkoohi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam. Iran
| | - Maryam Maleki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam. Iran
| | - Tahereh Safari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan. Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Kafashian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam. Iran
| | - Fateme Saljoughi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas. Iran
| | - Shahla Sohrabipour
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas. Iran
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Jing Y, Run-Qian L, Hao-Ran W, Hao-Ran C, Ya-Bin L, Yang G, Fei C. Potential influence of COVID-19/ACE2 on the female reproductive system. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 26:367-373. [PMID: 32365180 PMCID: PMC7239105 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) appeared in December 2019 and then spread throughout the world rapidly. The virus invades the target cell by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 and modulates the expression of ACE2 in host cells. ACE2, a pivotal component of the renin-angiotensin system, exerts its physiological functions by modulating the levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) and Ang-(1-7). We reviewed the literature that reported the distribution and function of ACE2 in the female reproductive system, hoping to clarify the potential harm of 2019-nCoV to female fertility. The available evidence suggests that ACE2 is widely expressed in the ovary, uterus, vagina and placenta. Therefore, we believe that apart from droplets and contact transmission, the possibility of mother-to-child and sexual transmission also exists. Ang II, ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) regulate follicle development and ovulation, modulate luteal angiogenesis and degeneration, and also influence the regular changes in endometrial tissue and embryo development. Taking these functions into account, 2019-nCoV may disturb the female reproductive functions through regulating ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jing
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Li Run-Qian
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Wang Hao-Ran
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Chen Hao-Ran
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Liu Ya-Bin
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Gao Yang
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Chen Fei
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
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9
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Benítez-Cardoza CG, Vique-Sánchez JL. Potential inhibitors of the interaction between ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 (RBD), to develop a drug. Life Sci 2020; 256:117970. [PMID: 32553928 PMCID: PMC7294299 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has become a pandemic and there are no effective treatments that reduce the contagion. It is urgent to propose new treatment options, which are more effective in the interaction between viruses and cells. In this study was to develop a search for new pharmacological compounds against the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), to inhibit the interaction with SARS-CoV-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Docking, virtual screening using almost 500,000 compounds directed to interact in the region between the residues (Gln24, Asp30, His34, Tyr41, Gln42, Met82, Lys353, and Arg357) in ACE2. The average of ΔGbinding, the standard deviation value and the theoretical toxicity from compounds were analyzed. KEY FINDINGS 20 best compounds directed to interact in ACE2 with a high probability to be safe in humans, validated by web servers of prediction of ADME and toxicity (ProTox-II and PreADMET), to difficult the interaction between ACE2 and region binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. SIGNIFICANCE In this study, 20 compounds were determined by docking focused on the region of interaction between ACE2 and RBD of SARS-CoV-2 was carried out. The compounds are publicly available to validate the effect in in vitro tests.
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10
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Stimulation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis in hypertensive pregnant rats attenuates cardiovascular dysfunction in adult male offspring. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:1883-1893. [PMID: 31506648 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0321-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether treatment with diminazene aceturate (DIZE), a putative ACE2 activator, or with angiotensin-(1-7) during pregnancy could attenuate the development of cardiovascular dysfunction in the adult offspring of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). For this, pregnant SHRs received DIZE or Ang-(1-7) throughout gestation. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured in the male offspring from the 6th to16th weeks of age by tail-cuff plethysmography. Thereafter, the left ventricular contractile function and coronary reactivity were evaluated by the Langendorff technique. Samples of the left ventricles (LVs) and kidneys were collected for histology and western blot assay in another batch of adult rat offspring. Maternal treatment with DIZE or Ang-(1-7) during pregnancy attenuated the increase in SBP in adult offspring. In addition, both DIZE and Ang-(1-7) treatments reduced the cardiomyocyte diameter and fibrosis deposition in the LV, and treatment with Ang-(1-7) also reduced the fibrosis deposition in the kidneys. Maternal treatment with DIZE, as well as Ang-(1-7), improved the coronary vasodilation induced by bradykinin in isolated hearts from adult offspring. However, no difference was observed in the contractile function of the LVs of these animals. The expression levels of AT1 and Mas receptors, ACE, ACE2, SOD, and catalase in the LV were not modified by maternal treatment with Ang-(1-7), but this treatment elicited a reduction in AT2 expression. These data show that treatment with DIZE or Ang-(1-7) during gestation promoted beneficial effects of attenuating hypertension and cardiac remodeling in adult offspring.
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11
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O’Connor AT, Clark MA. Astrocytes and the Renin Angiotensin System: Relevance in Disease Pathogenesis. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1297-1307. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Regoli D, Gobeil F. Kallikrein-kinin system as the dominant mechanism to counteract hyperactive renin-angiotensin system. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1117-1124. [PMID: 28384411 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) generates, maintains, and makes worse hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) through its biologically active component angiotensin II (Ang II), that causes vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and structural alterations of the heart and the arteries. A few endogenous vasodilators, kinins, natriuretic peptides, and possibly angiotensin (1-7), exert opposite actions and may provide useful therapeutic agents. As endothelial autacoids, the kinins are potent vasodilators, active natriuretics, and protectors of the endothelium. Indeed, the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) is considered the dominant mechanism for counteracting the detrimental effects of the hyperactive RAS. The 2 systems, RAS and KKS, are controlled by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) that generates Ang II and inactivates the kinins. Inhibitors of ACE can reduce the impact of Ang II and potentiate the kinins, thus contributing to restore the cardiovascular homeostasis. In the last 20 years, ACE-inhibitors (ACE-Is) have become the drugs of first choice for the treatments of the major CVDs. ACE-Is not only reduce blood pressure, as sartans also do, but by protecting and potentiating the kinins, they can reduce morbidity and mortality and improve the quality of life for patients with CVDs. This paper provides a brief review of the literature on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Regoli
- a Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernand Gobeil
- b Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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Siltari A, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. Bradykinin -induced vasodilatation: Role of age, ACE1-inhibitory peptide, mas- and bradykinin receptors. Peptides 2016; 85:46-55. [PMID: 27628189 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bradykinin exerts its vascular actions via two types of receptors, the non-constitutively expressed bradykinin receptor type 1 (BR1) and the constitutive type 2 receptor (BR2). Bradykinin-induced vasorelaxation is age-dependent, a phenomenon related to the varying amounts of BR1 and BR2 in the vasculature. Isoleucine-proline-proline (Ile-Pro-Pro), a bioactive tripeptide, lowers elevated blood pressure and improves impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in hypertensive rats. It inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme 1 (ACE1). Other mechanisms of action have also been postulated. The aims of the study were to clarify the underlying mechanisms of the age-dependency of bradykinin-induced vasodilatation such as the roles of the two bradykinin receptors, the mas-receptor and synergism with Ile-Pro-Pro. The vascular response studies were conducted using mesenteric artery and aorta rings from normotensive 6 wk. (young) and 22 wk. (old) Wistar rats. Cumulative dosing of acetylcholine, bradykinin and angiotensin(1-7) (Ang(1-7))were tested in phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction with or without 10min pre-incubation with antagonists against BR1-, BR2- or mas-receptors, Ang(1-7) or ACE1-inhibitors captopril and Ile-Pro-Pro. The bradykinin-induced vasorelaxation in vitro was age-dependent and it was improved by pre-incubation with Ile-Pro-Pro, especially in old rats with endothelial dysfunction. The mas-receptor antagonist, D-Pro7-Ang(1-7) abolished bradykinin-induced relaxation totally. Interestingly, BR1 and BR2 antagonists only slightly reduced bradykinin-induced vasorelaxation, as an evidence for the involvement of other mechanisms in addition to receptor activation. In conclusion, bradykinin-induced vasorelaxation was age-dependent and Ile-Pro-Pro improved it. Mas receptor antagonist abolished relaxation while bradykinin receptor antagonist only slightly reduced it, suggesting that bradykinin-induced vasorelaxation is regulated also by other mechanisms than the classical BR1/BR2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Siltari
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - R Korpela
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Vapaatalo
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Raffai G, Lombard JH. Angiotensin-(1-7) Selectively Induces Relaxation and Modulates Endothelium-Dependent Dilation in Mesenteric Arteries of Salt-Fed Rats. J Vasc Res 2016; 53:105-118. [PMID: 27676088 DOI: 10.1159/000448714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the acute effects of angiotensin-(1-7) and AVE0991 on active tone and vasodilator responses to bradykinin and acetylcholine in isolated mesenteric arteries from Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-salt (HS; 4% NaCl) versus a normal salt (NS; 0.4% NaCl) diet. Angiotensin-(1-7) and AVE0991 elicited relaxation, and angiotensin-(1-7) unmasked vasodilator responses to bradykinin in arteries from HS-fed rats. These effects of angiotensin-(1-7) and AVE0991 were inhibited by endothelium removal, A779, PD123319, HOE140 and L-NAME. Angiotensin-(1-7) also restored the acetylcholine-induced relaxation that was suppressed by the HS diet. Vasodilator responses to bradykinin and acetylcholine in the presence of angiotensin-(1-7) were mimicked by captopril and the AT2 receptor agonist CGP42112 in arteries from HS-fed rats. Thus, in contrast to salt-induced impairment of vascular relaxation in response to vasodilator stimuli, angiotensin-(1-7) induces endothelium-dependent and NO-mediated relaxation, unmasks bradykinin responses via activation of mas and AT2 receptors, and restores acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in HS-fed rats. AT2 receptor activation and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition shared the ability of angiotensin-(1-7) to enhance bradykinin and acetylcholine responses in HS-fed rats. These findings suggest a therapeutic potential for mas and/or AT2 receptor activation and ACE inhibition in restoring endothelial function impaired by elevated dietary salt intake or other pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Raffai
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wis., USA
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Role of Mas Receptor Antagonist A799 in Renal Blood Flow Response to Ang 1-7 after Bradykinin Administration in Ovariectomized Estradiol-Treated Rats. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2015; 2015:801053. [PMID: 26421009 PMCID: PMC4573425 DOI: 10.1155/2015/801053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The accompanied role of Mas receptor (MasR), bradykinin (BK), and female sex hormone on renal blood flow (RBF) response to angiotensin 1-7 is not well defined. We investigated the role of MasR antagonist (A779) and BK on RBF response to Ang 1-7 infusion in ovariectomized estradiol-treated rats. Methods. Ovariectomized Wistar rats received estradiol (OVE) or vehicle (OV) for two weeks. Catheterized animals were subjected to BK and A799 infusion and mean arterial pressure (MAP), RBF, and renal vascular resistance (RVR) responses to Ang 1-7 (0, 100, and 300 ng kg−1 min−1) were determined. Results. Percentage change of RBF (%RBF) in response to Ang1-7 infusion increased in a dose-dependent manner. In the presence of BK, when MasR was not blocked, %RBF response to Ang 1-7 in OVE group was greater than OV group significantly (P < 0.05). Infusion of 300 ng kg−1 min−1 Ang 1-7 increased RBF by 6.9 ± 1.9% in OVE group versus 0.9 ± 1.8% in OV group. However when MasR was blocked, %RBF response to Ang 1-7 in OV group was greater than OVE group insignificantly. Conclusion. Coadministration of BK and A779 compared to BK alone increased RBF response to Ang 1-7 in vehicle treated rats. Such observation was not seen in estradiol treated rats.
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Mendoza-Torres E, Oyarzún A, Mondaca-Ruff D, Azocar A, Castro PF, Jalil JE, Chiong M, Lavandero S, Ocaranza MP. ACE2 and vasoactive peptides: novel players in cardiovascular/renal remodeling and hypertension. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 9:217-37. [PMID: 26275770 DOI: 10.1177/1753944715597623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key component of cardiovascular physiology and homeostasis due to its influence on the regulation of electrolyte balance, blood pressure, vascular tone and cardiovascular remodeling. Deregulation of this system contributes significantly to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Numerous studies have generated new perspectives about a noncanonical and protective RAS pathway that counteracts the proliferative and hypertensive effects of the classical angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/angiotensin (Ang) II/angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) axis. The key components of this pathway are ACE2 and its products, Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(1-9). These two vasoactive peptides act through the Mas receptor (MasR) and AT2R, respectively. The ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR and ACE2/Ang-(1-9)/AT2R axes have opposite effects to those of the ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis, such as decreased proliferation and cardiovascular remodeling, increased production of nitric oxide and vasodilation. A novel peptide from the noncanonical pathway, alamandine, was recently identified in rats, mice and humans. This heptapeptide is generated by catalytic action of ACE2 on Ang A or through a decarboxylation reaction on Ang-(1-7). Alamandine produces the same effects as Ang-(1-7), such as vasodilation and prevention of fibrosis, by interacting with Mas-related GPCR, member D (MrgD). In this article, we review the key roles of ACE2 and the vasoactive peptides Ang-(1-7), Ang-(1-9) and alamandine as counter-regulators of the ACE-Ang II axis as well as the biological properties that allow them to regulate blood pressure and cardiovascular and renal remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Mendoza-Torres
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Oyarzún
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Mondaca-Ruff
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Azocar
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo F Castro
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile Division Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge E Jalil
- Division Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - María Paz Ocaranza
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases(ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, PontificiaUniversidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.Division Enfermedades Cardiovasculares,Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia UniversidadCatólica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Angiotensin-(1-7) augments endothelium-dependent relaxations of porcine coronary arteries to bradykinin by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme 1. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014; 63:453-60. [PMID: 24390175 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) converts angiotensin II to angiotensin-(1-7) that activates Mas receptors, inhibits ACE1, and modulates bradykinin receptor sensitivity. This in vitro study compared the direct and indirect effects of angiotensin-(1-7), the ACE1 inhibitor captopril, and diminazene aceturate (DIZE) an alleged ACE2 activator in rings of porcine coronary arteries, by measuring changes of isometric tension. Angiotensin-(1-7), captopril, and DIZE did not cause significant changes in tension before or after desensitization of bradykinin receptors in preparations contracted with U46619. Bradykinin caused concentration-dependent and endothelium-dependent relaxations that were not affected by DIZE but were potentiated to a similar extent by angiotensin-(1-7) and captopril, given alone or in combination. Bradykinin responses potentiated by angiotensin-(1-7) and captopril were not affected by the BK1 antagonist SSR240612 and remained augmented in the presence of either N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride plus indomethacin or TRAM-34 plus UCL-1684. ACE2 was identified in the coronary endothelium by immunofluorescence, but its basal activity was not influenced by DIZE. These results suggest that in coronary arteries, angiotensin-(1-7) and captopril both improves NO bioavailability and enhances endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization to bradykinin solely by ACE1 inhibition. Endothelial ACE2 activity cannot be increased by DIZE to produce local adequate amounts of angiotensin-(1-7) to influence vascular tone.
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Wittmer VL, Waichert ÉJ, Gava PL, Pereira FEL, Guimarães MCC, de Figueiredo SG, Mauad H. Effects of captopril on cardiovascular reflexes and respiratory mechanisms in rats submitted to monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2014; 30:57-65. [PMID: 25460515 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a disease associated with increased arteriolar resistance in the lungs. Due to hypoxemia, some physiological mechanisms can be posteriorly affected, including respiratory and cardiovascular reflexes, but this has not yet been fully investigated. This study aimed to evaluate how these mechanisms were affected by monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH and the possible therapeutic role of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi), captopril, in reversing this remodeling process. METHODS AND RESULTS Groups of Wistar rats received MCT injections (60 mg kg(-1)). Three weeks later, they received captopril (CPT, 100 mg kg(-1)) in their drinking water (MCT + CPT) or water alone (MCT) for 2 weeks. As control, saline-treated animals received captopril in their drinking water (CPT) or water alone (CON), also for 2 weeks. Results showed that PAH was fully induced in the MCT group, evidenced by a high pulmonary index. Gasometrical and respiratory analyses showed hypoxemia and compensatory hyperventilation. CPT treatment brought these parameters to similar values to those observed in the CON group. We observed that autonomic dysfunction in the MCT group was suppressed by CPT. Finally, cardiovascular reflexes analysis showed increased chemoreflex responses in the MCT group, while baroreflex sensibility was decreased. Surprisingly, CPT normalized these reflex responses to values similar to the CON group. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that MCT-induced PAH induces compensatory respiratory responses, dysautonomia, and baroreflex dysfunction and increases chemoreflex responses. The data also indicate that CPT was effective in reversing these cardio-respiratory disorders, suggesting that ACEi could be a potential therapeutic target for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verônica Lourenço Wittmer
- Department of Integrated Health Education, Center of Health Science, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Health Science, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Élio Junior Waichert
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Health Science, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Pablo Lúcio Gava
- Department of Integrated Health Education, Center of Health Science, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Health Science, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | | | - Suely Gomes de Figueiredo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Health Science, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Hélder Mauad
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Health Science, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
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Grace JA, Klein S, Herath CB, Granzow M, Schierwagen R, Masing N, Walther T, Sauerbruch T, Burrell LM, Angus PW, Trebicka J. Activation of the MAS receptor by angiotensin-(1-7) in the renin-angiotensin system mediates mesenteric vasodilatation in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:874-884.e5. [PMID: 23796456 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Splanchnic vascular hypocontractility with subsequent increased portal venous inflow leads to portal hypertension. Although the renin-angiotensin system contributes to fibrogenesis and increased hepatic resistance in patients with cirrhosis, little is known about its effects in the splanchnic vasculature, particularly those of the alternate system in which angiotensin (Ang) II is cleaved by the Ang-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) to Ang-(1-7), which activates the G-protein-coupled Mas receptor (MasR). We investigated whether this system contributes to splanchnic vasodilatation and portal hypertension in cirrhosis. METHODS We measured levels of renin-angiotensin system messenger RNA and proteins in splanchnic vessels from patients and rats with cirrhosis. Production of Ang-(1-7) and splanchnic vascular reactivity to Ang-(1-7) was measured in perfused mesenteric vascular beds from rats after bile-duct ligation. Ang-(1-7) and MasR were blocked in rats with cirrhosis to examine splanchnic vascular hemodynamics and portal pressure response. RESULTS Levels of ACE2 and MasR were increased in splanchnic vessels from cirrhotic patients and rats compared with healthy controls. We also observed an ACE2-dependent increase in Ang-(1-7) production. Ang-(1-7) mediated splanchnic vascular hypocontractility in ex vivo splanchnic vessels from rats with cirrhosis (but not control rats) via MasR stimulation. Identical effects were observed in the splanchnic circulation in vivo. MasR blockade reduced portal pressure, indicating that activation of this receptor in splanchnic vasculature promotes portal inflow to contribute to development of portal hypertension. In addition, the splanchnic effects of MasR required nitric oxide. Interestingly, Ang-(1-7) also decreased hepatic resistance. CONCLUSIONS In the splanchnic vessels of patients and rats with cirrhosis, increased levels of ACE2 appear to increase production of Ang-(1-7), which leads to activation of MasR and splanchnic vasodilatation in rats. This mechanism could cause vascular hypocontractility in patients with cirrhosis, and might be a therapeutic target for portal hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine A Grace
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Austin Health, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Magierowski M, Jasnos K, Pawlik M, Krzysiek-Maczka G, Ptak-Belowska A, Olszanecki R, Kwiecien S, Korbut R, Brzozowski T. Role of angiotensin-(1-7) in gastroprotection against stress-induced ulcerogenesis. The involvement of mas receptor, nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and sensory neuropeptides. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:717-26. [PMID: 24049058 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.207233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is a major vasoactive metabolite of angiotensin I (Ang I), both being important components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Ang-(1-7) acting via Mas receptor was documented in kidneys, heart, brain, and gastrointestinal (GI)-tract. We studied the gastroprotective activity of exogenous Ang-(1-7) in rats exposed to water immersion and restraint stress (WRS) without or with A-779 [d-Ala7-Ang-(1-7), an antagonist of Ang-(1-7) Mas receptors], AVE 0991 (5-formyl-4-methoxy-2-phenyl-1[[4-[2-(ethylaminocarbonylsulfonamido)-5-isobutyl-3-thienyl]-phenyl]-methyl]-imidazole), the agonist of Ang-(1-7) receptor, as well as the inhibition of nitric-oxide (NO) synthase, the suppression of cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-1 (indomethacin, SC-560 [5-(4-chloro-phenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-pyrazole]), the activity COX-2 (rofecoxib), and denervation with capsaicin. The mRNA expression of constitutively expressed nitric-oxide synthase (cNOS), inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The WRS lesions were dose-dependently reduced by pretreatment with Ang-(1-7), which also caused an increase in gastric blood flow (GBF) and luminal content of NO. COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors or L-NNA (N5-[imino(nitroamino)methyl]-L-ornithine) reversed the reduction in lesion number and the rise in GBF evoked by Ang-(1-7). Ang II augmented the WRS lesions, decreased GBF and increased the plasma IL-1β and TNF-α levels. Capsaicin denervation attenuated the reduction of Ang-(1-7)-induced gastric lesions and the rise in GBF; these effects were restored by supplementation with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The cNOS mRNA was upregulated while iNOS, IL-1β and TNF-α mRNAs were downregulated in Ang-(1-7)-pretreated rats. We conclude that Ang-(1-7), in contrast to Ang II, which worsened WRS ulcerogenesis, affords potent gastroprotection against WRS ulcerogenesis via an increase in GBF mediated by NO, endogenous prostaglandins, sensory neuropeptides, and anti-inflammatory action involving the inhibition of proinflammatory markers iNOS, IL-1β, and TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Magierowski
- Department of Physiology (M.M., K.J., M.P., G.K-M., A.P-B., S.K., T.B.) and Department of Pharmacology (R.O., R.K.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
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Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade restores angiotensin-(1–7)-induced coronary vasodilation in hypertrophic rat hearts. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 125:449-59. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20120519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the coronary effects of Ang-(1–7) [angiotensin-(1–7)] in hypertrophic rat hearts. Heart hypertrophy was induced by abdominal aorta CoA (coarctation). Ang-(1–7) and AVE 0991, a non-peptide Mas-receptor agonist, at picomolar concentration, induced a significant vasodilation in hearts from sham-operated rats. These effects were blocked by the Mas receptor antagonist A-779. Pre-treatment with L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) or ODQ (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinozalin-1-one) [NOS (NO synthase) and soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitors respectively] also abolished the effect of Ang-(1–7) in control hearts. The coronary vasodilation produced by Ang-(1–7) and AVE 0991 was completely blunted in hypertrophic hearts. Chronic oral administration of losartan in CoA rats restored the coronary vasodilation effect of Ang-(1–7). This effect was blocked by A-779 and AT2 receptor (angiotensin II type 2 receptor) antagonist PD123319. Acute pre-incubation with losartan also restored the Ang-(1–7)-induced, but not BK (bradykinin)-induced, coronary vasodilation in hypertrophic hearts. This effect was inhibited by A-779, PD123319 and L-NAME. Chronic treatment with losartan did not change the protein expression of Mas and AT2 receptor and ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) and ACE2 in coronary arteries from CoA rats, but induced a slight increase in AT2 receptor in aorta of these animals. Ang-(1–7)-induced relaxation in aortas from sham-operated rats was absent in aortas from CoA rats. In vitro pre-treatment with losartan restored the Ang-(1–7)-induced relaxation in aortic rings of CoA rats, which was blocked by the Mas antagonist A-779 and L-NAME. These data demonstrate that Mas is strongly involved in coronary vasodilation and that AT1 receptor (angiotensin II type 1 receptor) blockade potentiates the vasodilatory effects of Ang-(1–7) in the coronary beds of pressure-overloaded rat hearts through NO-related AT2- and Mas-receptor-dependent mechanisms. These data suggest the association of Ang-(1–7) and AT1 receptor antagonists as a potential therapeutic avenue for coronary artery diseases.
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Jarajapu YP, Bhatwadekar AD, Caballero S, Hazra S, Shenoy V, Medina R, Kent D, Stitt AW, Thut C, Finney EM, Raizada MK, Grant MB. Activation of the ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis enhances the reparative function of dysfunctional diabetic endothelial progenitors. Diabetes 2013; 62:1258-69. [PMID: 23230080 PMCID: PMC3609564 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that activation of the protective arm of the renin angiotensin system, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)]/Mas receptor axis, corrects the vasoreparative dysfunction typically seen in the CD34(+) cells isolated from diabetic individuals. Peripheral blood CD34(+) cells from patients with diabetes were compared with those of nondiabetic controls. Ang-(1-7) restored impaired migration and nitric oxide bioavailability/cGMP in response to stromal cell-derived factor and resulted in a decrease in NADPH oxidase activity. The survival and proliferation of CD34(+) cells from diabetic individuals were enhanced by Ang-(1-7) in a Mas/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt-dependent manner. ACE2 expression was lower, and ACE2 activators xanthenone and diminazine aceturate were less effective in inducing the migration in cells from patients with diabetes compared with controls. Ang-(1-7) overexpression by lentiviral gene modification restored both the in vitro vasoreparative functions of diabetic cells and the in vivo homing efficiency to areas of ischemia. A cohort of patients who remained free of microvascular complications despite having a history of longstanding inadequate glycemic control had higher expression of ACE2/Mas mRNA than patients with diabetes with microvascular complications matched for age, sex, and glycemic control. Thus, ACE2/Ang-(1-7)\Mas pathway activation corrects existing diabetes-induced CD34(+) cell dysfunction and also confers protection from development of this dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagna P.R. Jarajapu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ashay D. Bhatwadekar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sergio Caballero
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sugata Hazra
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Vinayak Shenoy
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Reinhold Medina
- Center for Vision Science, Queen’s University, Belfast, Ireland
| | | | - Alan W. Stitt
- Center for Vision Science, Queen’s University, Belfast, Ireland
| | - Catherine Thut
- Molecular Profiling and Research Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Eva M. Finney
- Molecular Profiling and Research Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Mohan K. Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Corresponding author: Maria B. Grant, , or Mohan K. Raizada,
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Corresponding author: Maria B. Grant, , or Mohan K. Raizada,
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Botelho-Santos GA, Bader M, Alenina N, Santos RAS. Altered regional blood flow distribution in Mas-deficient mice. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 6:201-11. [PMID: 23045193 DOI: 10.1177/1753944712461164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently shown that the acute infusion of angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] or chronic increase in plasma Ang-(1-7) produces important changes in regional blood flow in rats. METHODS To further assess whether these changes are related to Mas, in this study hemodynamic measurements were performed in Ang-(1-7) receptor Mas knockout C57BL/6 (Mas-KO) mice and age-matched wild type (WT) control mice, using fluorescent microspheres. RESULTS Mean arterial pressure in urethane-anesthetized Mas-KO mice (12-16 weeks old) did not differ from that in WT mice (79 ± 2 and 80 ± 2 mmHg respectively). However, pronounced differences were observed in other hemodynamic measurements. Mas-KO mice exhibited a significant decrease in stroke volume (0.03 ± 0.01 versus 0.05 ± 0.01 ml/beat in WT) and decreased cardiac index (0.81 ± 0.08 versus 1.24 ± 0.24 ml/min/g in WT). Strikingly, Mas-KO mice exhibited a marked increase in vascular resistance and a decrease in blood flow in the kidney, lung, adrenal gland, mesentery, spleen and brown fat tissue. The decrease in blood flow ranged from 34% (spleen) to 55% (brown fat tissue). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis plays an important role in regional and systemic hemodynamic adjustments in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarla Aparecida Botelho-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, ICBUFMG, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Sykes SD, Pringle KG, Zhou A, Dekker GA, Roberts CT, Lumbers ER. The balance between human maternal plasma angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7 levels in early gestation pregnancy is influenced by fetal sex. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 15:523-31. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320313477174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shane D Sykes
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Australia
- Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kirsty G Pringle
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Australia
| | - Ang Zhou
- Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gustaaf A Dekker
- Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Australia
- Women’s and Children’s Division, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Australia
| | | | - Eugenie R Lumbers
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Australia
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Update on new aspects of the renin-angiotensin system in liver disease: clinical implications and new therapeutic options. Clin Sci (Lond) 2012; 123:225-39. [PMID: 22548407 DOI: 10.1042/cs20120030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The RAS (renin-angiotensin system) is now recognized as an important regulator of liver fibrosis and portal pressure. Liver injury stimulates the hepatic expression of components of the RAS, such as ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) and the AT(1) receptor [AngII (angiotensin II) type 1 receptor], which play an active role in promoting inflammation and deposition of extracellular matrix. In addition, the more recently recognized structural homologue of ACE, ACE2, is also up-regulated. ACE2 catalyses the conversion of AngII into Ang-(1-7) [angiotensin-(1-7)], and there is accumulating evidence that this 'alternative axis' of the RAS has anti-fibrotic, vasodilatory and anti-proliferative effects, thus counterbalancing the effects of AngII in the liver. The RAS is also emerging as an important contributor to the pathophysiology of portal hypertension in cirrhosis. Although the intrahepatic circulation in cirrhosis is hypercontractile in response to AngII, resulting in increased hepatic resistance, the splanchnic vasculature is hyporesponsive, promoting the development of the hyperdynamic circulation that characterizes portal hypertension. Both liver fibrosis and portal hypertension represent important therapeutic challenges for the clinician, and there is accumulating evidence that RAS blockade may be beneficial in these circumstances. The present review outlines new aspects of the RAS and explores its role in the pathogenesis and treatment of liver fibrosis and portal hypertension.
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New cardiovascular and pulmonary therapeutic strategies based on the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-(1-7)/mas receptor axis. Int J Hypertens 2012; 2012:147825. [PMID: 22319643 PMCID: PMC3272817 DOI: 10.1155/2012/147825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang)-(1–7) is now recognized as a biologically active component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The discovery of the angiotensin-converting enzyme homologue ACE2 revealed important metabolic pathways involved in the Ang-(1–7) synthesis. This enzyme can form Ang-(1–7) from Ang II or less efficiently through hydrolysis of Ang I to Ang-(1–9) with subsequent Ang-(1–7) formation. Additionally, it is well established that the G protein-coupled receptor Mas is a functional ligand site for Ang-(1–7). The axis formed by ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas represents an endogenous counter regulatory pathway within the RAS whose actions are opposite to the vasoconstrictor/proliferative arm of the RAS constituted by ACE/Ang II/AT1 receptor. In this review we will discuss recent findings concerning the biological role of the ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas arm in the cardiovascular and pulmonary system. Also, we will highlight the initiatives to develop potential therapeutic strategies based on this axis.
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Isa K, Arnold AC, Westwood BM, Chappell MC, Diz DI. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, but not AT(1) receptor blockade, in the solitary tract nucleus improves baroreflex sensitivity in anesthetized transgenic hypertensive (mRen2)27 rats. Hypertens Res 2011; 34:1257-62. [PMID: 21937997 PMCID: PMC4160904 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2011.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic hypertensive (mRen2)27 rats overexpress the murine Ren2 gene and have impaired baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) for control of the heart rate. Removal of endogenous angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) tone using a receptor blocker does not further lower BRS. Therefore, we assessed whether blockade of Ang II with a receptor antagonist or combined reduction in Ang II and restoration of endogenous Ang-(1-7) levels with Ang-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition will improve BRS in these animals. Bilateral solitary tract nucleus (nTS) microinjections of the AT(1) receptor blocker, candesartan (CAN, 24 pmol in 120 nl, n=9), or a peptidic ACE inhibitor, bradykinin (BK) potentiating nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro; BPP9α, 9 nmol in 60 nl, n=12), in anesthetized male (mRen2)27 rats (15-25 weeks of age) show that AT(1) receptor blockade had no significant effect on BRS, whereas microinjection of BPP9α improved BRS over 60-120 min. To determine whether Ang-(1-7) or BK contribute to the increase in BRS, separate experiments using the Ang-(1-7) receptor antagonist D-Ala(7)-Ang-(1-7) or the BK antagonist HOE-140 showed that only the Ang-(1-7) receptor blocker completely reversed the BRS improvement. Thus, acute AT(1) blockade is unable to reverse the effects of long-term Ang II overexpression on BRS, whereas ACE inhibition restores BRS over this same time frame. As the BPP9α potentiation of BK actions is a rapid phenomenon, the likely mechanism for the observed delayed increase in BRS is through ACE inhibition and elevation of endogenous Ang-(1-7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Isa
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1032, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Previous concepts regarding the pathways involved in the generation of angiotensin II (Ang II) have been challenged by studies showing the existence of a peptide acting as an endogenous antagonist of Ang II. The discovery that angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] opposes the pressor, proliferative, profibrotic, and prothrombotic actions mediated by Ang II has contributed to the realization that the renin-angiotensin system is composed of two opposing arms: the pressor arm constituted by the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), Ang II as the product, and the Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor as the main protein mediating the biological actions of Ang II; the second arm is composed of the monocarboxypeptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Ang-(1-7) produced through hydrolysis of Ang II, and the Mas receptor as the protein conveying the vasodilator, antiproliferative, antifibrotic, and antithrombotic effects of Ang-(1-7). RECENT FINDINGS Experimental and clinical studies demonstrate a role for the Ang-(1-7)/ACE2/Mas axis in the evolution of hypertension, the regulation of renal function, and the progression of renal disease including diabetic nephropathy. Additional evidence suggests that a reduction in the expression and activity of this vasodepressor component may be a critical factor in mediating the progression of cardiovascular disease. SUMMARY Further research on the contribution of the Ang-(1-7)/ACE2/Mas axis to cardiovascular pathology will lead to the development of new pharmacological approaches resulting in the design of molecular or genetic means to increase the expression of ACE2, allow for increased tissue levels of Ang-(1-7), or both.
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Ehlers PI, Nurmi L, Turpeinen AM, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. Casein-derived tripeptide Ile-Pro-Pro improves angiotensin-(1-7)- and bradykinin-induced rat mesenteric artery relaxation. Life Sci 2010; 88:206-11. [PMID: 21056585 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Milk casein-derived bioactive tripeptides isoleucine-proline-proline (Ile-Pro-Pro) and valine-proline-proline (Val-Pro-Pro) lower blood pressure in animal models of hypertension and humans. In some studies, their angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory effect has been demonstrated. Besides classical ACE-angiotensin II-AT(1)-receptor pathway (ACE-Ang II- AT(1)), the significance of ACE2-angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas-receptor (ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas) axis in the blood pressure regulation has now been acknowledged. The present study was aimed to further evaluate the renin-angiotensin system (RAS)-related vascular effects of Ile-Pro-Pro in vitro using rat mesenteric arteries. MAIN METHODS Superior mesenteric arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) were isolated, cut into rings and mounted in standard organ bath chambers. Endothelium-intact arterial rings were incubated in Krebs solution either with Ile-Pro-Pro, proline-proline (Pro-Pro), isoleucine (Ile), proline (Pro) or captopril for 6h at +37°C and vascular reactivity was measured. KEY FINDINGS In the presence of AT(1)-antagonist valsartan, Ang II induced vasodilatation, which was more pronounced in the arteries incubated with Ile-Pro-Pro (P<0.05) compared to the other compounds. Ang-(1-7)-induced vasodilatation was augmented by Ile-Pro-Pro or Pro (P<0.001 vs. control). Mas-receptor antagonist A-779 did not alter the responses. Ile-Pro-Pro and Pro augmented also bradykinin-induced relaxations (P<0.001 vs. control). Control arteries and arteries incubated with captopril showed only slight relaxations at higher bradykinin concentrations. SIGNIFICANCE Casein-derived tripeptide Ile-Pro-Pro and amino acid Pro enhance the vasodilatory effect of Ang-(1-7) and bradykinin. The role of ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas axis in the modulation of vascular tone by these compounds seems probable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauliina I Ehlers
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Colucci JA, Yuri Arita D, Sousa Cunha T, Seno Di Marco G, Vio CP, Pacheco-Silva A, Casarini DE. Renin-angiotensin system may trigger kidney damage in NOD mice. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2010; 12:15-22. [PMID: 20627940 DOI: 10.1177/1470320310375456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a complication of diabetes and one of the main causes of end-stage renal disease. A possible causal link between renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) and diabetes is widely recognized but the mechanisms by which the RAAS may lead to this complication remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) activity and expression in numerous tissues, especially kidney, of non-obese diabetic mouse. Kidney, lung, pancreas, heart, liver and adrenal tissues from diabetic and control female NOD mice were homogenized for measurement of ACE activity, SDS-PAGE and Western blotting for ACE and ACE2, immunohistochemistry for ACE and angiotensins I, II and 1-7 and bradykinin quantification. ACE activity was higher in kidney, lung and adrenal tissue of diabetic mice compared with control mice. In pancreas, activity was decreased in the diabetic group. Western blotting analysis indicated that both groups presented ACE isoforms with molecular weights of 142 and 69 kDa and a decrease in ACE2 protein expression. Angiotensin concentrations were not altered within groups, although bradykinin levels were higher in diabetic mice. The immunohistochemical study in kidney showed an increase in tubular ACE expression. Our results show that the RAAS is affected by diabetes and the elevated ACE/ACE2 ratio may contribute to renal damage.
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Ferrario CM, Ahmad S, Joyner J, Varagic J. Advances in the renin angiotensin system focus on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin-(1-7). ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2010; 59:197-233. [PMID: 20933203 PMCID: PMC5863743 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(10)59007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of the renin angiotensin system to physiology and pathology is undergoing a rapid reconsideration of its mechanisms from emerging new concepts implicating angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin-(1-7) as new elements negatively influencing the vasoconstrictor, trophic, and pro-inflammatory actions of angiotensin II. This component of the system acts to oppose the vasoconstrictor and proliferative effects on angiotensin II through signaling mechanisms mediated by the mas receptor. In addition, a reduced expression of the vasodepressor axis composed by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin-(1-7) may contribute to the expression of essential hypertension, the remodeling of heart and renal function associated with this disease, and even the physiology of pregnancy and the development of eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ferrario
- Hypertension and Vascular Disease Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Bindom SM, Lazartigues E. The sweeter side of ACE2: physiological evidence for a role in diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 302:193-202. [PMID: 18948167 PMCID: PMC2676688 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a growing problem in all parts of the world. Both clinical trials and animal models of type I and type II diabetes have shown that hyperactivity of angiotensin-II (Ang-II) signaling pathways contribute to the development of diabetes and diabetic complications. Of clinical relevance, blockade of the renin-angiotensin system prevents new-onset diabetes and reduces the risk of diabetic complications. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 is a recently discovered mono-carboxypeptidase and the first homolog of ACE. It is thought to inhibit Ang-II signaling cascades mostly by cleaving Ang-II to generate Ang-(1-7), which effects oppose Ang-II and are mediated by the Mas receptor. The enzyme is present in the kidney, liver, adipose tissue and pancreas. Its expression is elevated in the endocrine pancreas in diabetes and in the early phase during diabetic nephropathy. ACE2 is hypothesized to act in a compensatory manner in both diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. Recently, we have shown the presence of the Mas receptor in the mouse pancreas and observed a reduction in Mas receptor immuno-reactivity as well as higher fasting blood glucose levels in ACE2 knockout mice, indicating that these mice may be a new model to study the role of ACE2 in diabetes. In this review we will examine the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the physiopathology and treatment of diabetes and highlight the potential benefits of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis, focusing on recent data about ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharell M. Bindom
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Ognibene DT, Oliveira PRB, Marins de Carvalho LCR, Costa CA, Espinoza LA, Criddle DN, Tano T, Soares de Moura R, Resende AC. ANGIOTENSIN II-MEDIATED VASODILATION IS REDUCED IN ADULT SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS DESPITE ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF AT2RECEPTORS. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 36:12-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.05054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Calderone V. An update on hybrid drugs in cardiovascular drug research. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3:1397-408. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440802564845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Soler MJ, Lloveras J, Batlle D. [Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and its emerging role in the regulation of the renin angiotensin system]. Med Clin (Barc) 2008; 131:230-6. [PMID: 18674503 PMCID: PMC7094457 DOI: 10.1157/13124619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a key role in the regulation of cardiovascular and renal function. Thus, RAS blockade with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and/or angiotensin receptor blocker decreases blood pressure, cardiovascular events, and delays the progression of kidney disease. The discovery of ACE2, a homologue of ACE, capable of degrading angiotensin II to angiotensin 1-7, may offer new insights into the RAS. In this review we discuss the possible protective role of ACE2 in different organs, namely heart, lungs and kidneys. The role of this enzyme is inferred from recent studies performed using genetically manipulated mice that lack the ACE2 gene and also mice treated with pharmacological ACE2 inhibitors. These results suggest that ACE2 might be a new therapeutic target within the RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Soler
- Departamento de Nefrología, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
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Varagic J, Trask AJ, Jessup JA, Chappell MC, Ferrario CM. New angiotensins. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:663-71. [PMID: 18437333 PMCID: PMC2713173 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of a large body of evidence during the past two decades testifies to the complexity of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). The incorporation of novel enzymatic pathways, resulting peptides, and their corresponding receptors into the biochemical cascade of the RAS provides a better understanding of its role in the regulation of cardiovascular and renal function. Hence, in recent years, it became apparent that the balance between the two opposing effector peptides, angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7), may have a pivotal role in determining different cardiovascular pathophysiologies. Furthermore, our recent studies provide evidence for the functional relevance of a newly discovered rat peptide, containing two additional amino acid residues compared to angiotensin I, first defined as proangiotensin-12 [angiotensin-(1-12)]. This review focuses on angiotensin-(1-7) and its important contribution to cardiovascular function and growth, while introducing angiotensin-(1-12) as a potential novel angiotensin precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Varagic
- The Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Joyner J, Neves LAA, Stovall K, Ferrario CM, Brosnihan KB. Angiotensin-(1-7) serves as an aquaretic by increasing water intake and diuresis in association with downregulation of aquaporin-1 during pregnancy in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 294:R1073-80. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00572.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that kidney and urine levels of angiotensin-(1-7) [ANG-(1-7)] were increased in pregnancy. To explore the role of ANG-(1-7) on fluid and electrolyte homeostasis during pregnancy, we evaluated the effect of the ANG-(1-7) antagonist d-alanine-[ANG-(1-7)] (A-779) on kidney function. Virgin and pregnant rats received infusion of vehicle or A-779 (48 μg·kg−1·h−1) for 8 days by osmotic minipumps. Metabolic studies were done on treatment day 7–8. Virgin and pregnant rats at day 15 and 19 were killed, and blood and kidneys were collected. Kidneys were prepared for Western blot analysis for aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and aquaporin-2. In virgin female rats, A-779 increased urine volume and decreased urinary osmolality and AQP1 with no change in water intake. In 19-day pregnant rats, A-779 significantly decreased water intake and urine volume and increased urinary osmolality and kidney AQP1 expression. Only in late gestation did A-779 treatment decrease the difference between intake and output (balance). A-779 treatment increased plasma vasopressin in late gestation but did not change vasopressin in virgins. In virgin and pregnant animals, A-779 administration had no effect on blood pressure, plasma volume, blood volume, or urinary electrolytes. These results suggest that ANG-(1-7) produces antidiuresis associated with upregulation of AQP1 in virgin rats, whereas ANG-(1-7) produces diuresis in late gestation with downregulation of AQP1. ANG-(1-7) contributes to the enhanced water intake during pregnancy, allowing maintenance of the normal volume-expanded state despite diuresis produced in part by decreased AVP and AQP1.
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Rastelli VMF, Oliveira MA, dos Santos R, de Cássia Tostes Passaglia R, Nigro D, de Carvalho MHC, Fortes ZB. Enalapril treatment corrects the reduced response to bradykinin in diabetes increasing the B2 protein expression. Peptides 2008; 29:404-11. [PMID: 18190998 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Considering the growing importance of the interaction between components of kallikrein-kinin and renin-angiotensin systems in physiological and pathological processes, particularly in diabetes mellitus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of enalapril on the reduced response of bradykinin and on the interaction between angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) and bradykinin (BK), important components of these systems, in an insulin-resistance model of diabetes. For the above purpose, the response of mesenteric arterioles of anesthetized neonatal streptozotocin-induced (n-STZ) diabetic and control rats was evaluated using intravital microscopy. In n-STZ diabetic rats, enalapril treatment restored the reduced response to BK but not the potentiation of BK by Ang-(1-7) present in non-diabetic rats. The restorative effect of enalapril was observed at a dose that did not correct the altered parameters induced by diabetes such as hyperglycemia, glicosuria, insulin resistance but did reduce the high blood pressure levels of n-SZT diabetic rats. There was no difference in mRNA and protein expressions of B1 and B2 kinin receptor subtypes between n-STZ diabetic and control rats. Enalapril treatment increased the B2 kinin receptor expression. From our data, we conclude that in diabetes enalapril corrects the impaired BK response probably by increasing the expression of B2 receptors. The lack of potentiation of BK by Ang-(1-7) is not corrected by this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviani Milan Ferreira Rastelli
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lula I, Denadai AL, Resende JM, de Sousa FB, de Lima GF, Pilo-Veloso D, Heine T, Duarte HA, Santos RAS, Sinisterra RD. Study of angiotensin-(1-7) vasoactive peptide and its beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: complete sequence-specific NMR assignments and structural studies. Peptides 2007; 28:2199-210. [PMID: 17904691 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2007] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the complete sequence-specific hydrogen NMR assignments of vasoactive peptide angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)). Assignments of the majority of the resonances were accomplished by COSY, TOCSY, and ROESY peak coordinates at 400MHz and 600MHz. Long-side-chain amino acid spin system identification was facilitated by long-range coherence transfer experiments (TOCSY). Problems with overlapped resonance signals were solved by analysis of heteronuclear 2D experiments (HSQC and HMBC). Nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE) results were used to probe peptide conformation. We show that the inclusion of the angiotensin-(1-7) tyrosine residue is favored in inclusion complexes with beta-cyclodextrin. QM/MM simulations at the DFTB/UFF level confirm the experimental NMR findings and provide detailed structural information on these compounds in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Lula
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Neves LAA, Stovall K, Joyner J, Valdés G, Gallagher PE, Ferrario CM, Merrill DC, Brosnihan KB. ACE2 and ANG-(1-7) in the rat uterus during early and late gestation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 294:R151-61. [PMID: 17977916 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00514.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine ANG peptide content [ANG I, ANG II, ANG-(1-7)], ACE2 mRNA, and the immunocytochemical distribution of ANG-(1-7) and ACE2 in the uteroembryonic unit during early and late gestation in Sprague-Dawley rats and in a rat model of pregnancy-induced hypertension, the reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) model. At early pregnancy ANG-(1-7) and ACE2 staining were localized in the primary and secondary decidual zone and luminal and glandular epithelial cells. During late gestation, ANG-(1-7) and ACE2 staining was visualized in the labyrinth placenta and amniotic and yolk sac epithelium. Uterine ANG II concentration at early pregnancy was significantly decreased by 21-55% in the implantation and interimplantation sites compared with virgin rats, whereas ANG-(1-7) levels were maintained at prepregnancy levels. At late gestation, uterine concentrations of ANG I and ANG II were significantly increased (30% and 25%, respectively). In RUPP animals, ANG-(1-7) concentration is significantly reduced in the uterus (181 +/- 16 vs. 372 +/- 74 fmol/g of tissue) and placenta (143 +/- 26 vs. 197 +/- 20 fmol/g of tissue). ACE2 mRNA increased in the uterus of early pregnant compared with virgin rats, yet within the implantation site it was downregulated. At late pregnancy, ACE2 mRNA is elevated by 58% in the uterus and decreased by 59% in RUPP animals. The regulation of ANG-(1-7) and ACE2 in early and late pregnancy supports the hypothesis that ANG-(1-7) and ACE2 may act as a local autocrine/paracrine regulator throughout pregnancy, participating in the early (angiogenesis, apoptosis, and growth) and late (uteroplacental blood flow) events of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liomar A A Neves
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1032, USA
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Carvalho MBL, Duarte FV, Faria-Silva R, Fauler B, da Mata Machado LT, de Paula RD, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Santos RAS. Evidence for Mas-Mediated Bradykinin Potentiation by the Angiotensin-(1-7) Nonpeptide Mimic AVE 0991 in Normotensive Rats. Hypertension 2007; 50:762-7. [PMID: 17664388 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.094987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of the nonpeptide mimic of angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7), AVE 0991, on the hypotensive effect of bradykinin (BK). Increasing doses of intra-arterial or intravenous BK were administered before and 30 minutes after the beginning of AVE 0991 infusion. The effect of AVE 0991 on plasma Ang-converting enzyme activity was tested using Hip-His-Leu as the substrate. The interaction of AVE 0991 with Ang-converting enzyme in vivo was tested by determining its effect on the pressor action of Ang I or Ang II. AVE 0991 produced a significant and similar potentiation of intra-arterial or intravenous bradykinin. AVE 0991 did not inhibit plasma Ang-converting enzyme activity in vitro or the pressor effect of Ang I in vivo.
N
W
-nitro-
l
-arginine methyl ester or D-Ala
7
-Ang-(1-7) administration abolished the BK potentiating effect of AVE 0991. We further examined the BK-potentiating effect of AVE 0991, evaluating its effect on NO production in rabbit endothelial cells. The NO release was measured using the 4-amino-5-methylamino-2′-7′-difluorofluorescein diacetate. A synergistic effect of AVE 0991 and BK on NO release was observed. These results suggest that AVE 0991 potentiates bradykinin through an Ang-converting enzyme–independent, NO-dependent receptor Mas-mediated mechanism. This effect may contribute to the improvement of endothelial function by AVE 0991 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B L Carvalho
- Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Soler MJ, Wysocki J, Ye M, Lloveras J, Kanwar Y, Batlle D. ACE2 inhibition worsens glomerular injury in association with increased ACE expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Kidney Int 2007; 72:614-23. [PMID: 17579661 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is localized to the glomerular epithelial cells. Since ACE2 promotes the degradation of angiotensin II, a decrease in ACE2 activity could lead to the development of glomerular injury. We gave a specific ACE2 inhibitor, MLN-4760, for 4 weeks to mice rendered diabetic with streptozotocin. The urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was increased along with expansion of the glomerular matrix in diabetic mice treated with the inhibitor compared to the vehicle-treated mice. Glomerular staining of ACE was increased in the diabetic group and was further significantly increased in the diabetic group treated with MLN-4760. In renal vessels, ACE expression was also increased in the diabetic mice and, again, further increased in those diabetic mice treated with the ACE2 inhibitor. Our study shows that chronic pharmacologic ACE2 inhibition worsens glomerular injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice in association with increased ACE expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Soler
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Dimitropoulou C, Chatterjee A, McCloud L, Yetik-Anacak G, Catravas JD. Angiotensin, bradykinin and the endothelium. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2007:255-94. [PMID: 16999222 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-32967-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensins and kinins are endogenous peptides with diverse biological actions; as such, they represent current and future targets of therapeutic intervention. The field of angiotensin biology has changed significantly over the last 50 years. Our original understanding of the crucial role of angiotensin II in the regulation of vascular tone and electrolyte homeostasis has been expanded to include the discovery of new angiotensins, their important role in cardiovascular inflammation and the development of clinically useful synthesis inhibitors and receptor antagonists. While less applied progress has been achieved in the kinin field, there are continuous discoveries in bradykinin physiology and in the complexity of kinin interactions with other proteins. The present review focuses on mechanisms and interactions of angiotensins and kinins that deal specifically with vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dimitropoulou
- Vascular Biology Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-2500, USA
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Rajendran S, Chirkov YY, Horowitz JD. Potentiation of platelet responsiveness to nitric oxide by angiotensin-(1-7) is associated with suppression of superoxide release. Platelets 2007; 18:158-64. [PMID: 17365865 DOI: 10.1080/09537100600936158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently we showed that angiotensin (Ang) II potentiates platelet aggregation, while Ang-(1-7) potentiates the anti-aggregatory action of the nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and may therefore counteract platelet NO resistance that accompanies cardiovascular disease and is associated with increased levels of superoxide (O(2)(-)). In the current study, we investigated whether the effect of Ang-(1-7) on platelet NO responsiveness is associated with the modulation of O(2)(-) release and is mediated by a specific Ang-(1-7) receptor. In whole blood, SNP (10 micromol/L) inhibited ADP (2.5 micromol/L)-induced platelet aggregation by 21 +/- 8% (p < 0.02), measured via extent of aggregation. Ang-(1-7) did not directly affect platelet aggregation, but potentiated the inhibitory action of SNP. This effect of Ang-(1-7) was bimodal, with maximal increase in SNP-induced inhibition of aggregation by incremental 18 +/- 2% (2-fold, on average; p<0.01) at 10-100 nmol/L Ang-(1-7) (Cmax), and was abolished at higher concentrations of Ang-(1-7). The Ang-(1-7) receptor antagonist D-ala7-Ang-(1-7) (1 micromol/L) completely eliminated the potentiating effects of Ang-(1-7). Platelet aggregation was accompanied by O(2)(-) release (assessed via lucigenin-derived chemiluminescence). SNP suppressed this O(2)(-) release, and Ang-(1-7) at Cmax augmented (by incremental 23 +/- 8%, p<0.03) the effect of SNP. In order to examine possible association of Ang-(1-7) receptor with platelets, we performed aggregation experiments in platelet-rich plasma. However, in these experiments Ang-(1-7) did not potentiate the anti-aggregatory action of SNP. Furthermore, in isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), a major cellular source of O(2)(-) in blood, Ang-(1-7) did not modify O(2)(-) release (after stimulation with fMLP, PMA or ADP), either in the absence or presence of SNP. Hence, Ang-(1-7) effects occurred only in whole blood. In conclusion, Ang-(1-7) potentiates the anti-aggregatory effects of NO donor, presumably via a specific Ang-(1-7) receptor. This potentiation is associated with the suppression of O(2)(-) release during aggregation and arises via an interaction between platelets and PMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmalar Rajendran
- Cardiology Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Rastelli VMF, Oliveira MA, dos Santos R, de Cássia Tostes Passaglia R, Nigro D, de Carvalho MHC, Fortes ZB. Lack of potentiation of bradykinin by angiotensin-(1-7) in a type 2 diabetes model: role of insulin. Peptides 2007; 28:1040-9. [PMID: 17408806 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Considering the growing importance of the interaction between components of kallikrein-kinin and renin-angiotensin systems in physiological and pathological processes, particularly in diabetes mellitus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the interaction between angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) and bradykinin (BK), important components of these systems in an insulin resistance model of diabetes, and the effect of insulin on it. For this the response of mesenteric arterioles of anesthetized neonatal streptozotocin-induced (n-STZ) diabetic and control rats was evaluated using intravital microscopy. Though capable of potentiating BK in non-diabetic rats, Ang-(1-7) did not potentiate BK in n-STZ rats. Chronic but not acute insulin treatment restored the potentiation. This restorative effect of insulin was abolished by a K+ channel blocker (tetraethylammonium), by nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) and by a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin). On the other hand, Na(+)-,K(+)-ATPase inhibition (by ouabain) did not abolish the effect of insulin. There was no difference in mRNA and protein expression of B1 and B2 kinin receptor subtypes between n-STZ diabetic and control rats. Insulin treatment did not alter the kinin receptor expression. Our data allow us to conclude that diabetes impaired the interaction between BK and Ang-(1-7) and that insulin restores it. The restoring effect of insulin depends on membrane hyperpolarization, nitric oxide release and cyclooxygenease metabolites but not Na+K+-ATPase. Alteration of kinin receptor expression might not be involved in the restoring effect of insulin on the potentiation of BK by Ang-(1-7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviani Milan Ferreira Rastelli
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo. Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, Cidade Universitária, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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46
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Greco AJ, Master RG, Fokin A, Baber SR, Kadowitz PJ. Angiotensin-(1-7) potentiates responses to bradykinin but does not change responses to angiotensin I. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 84:1163-75. [PMID: 17218981 DOI: 10.1139/y06-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)), a bioactive peptide in the renin-angiotensin system, has counterregulatory actions to angiotensin II (Ang II). However, the mechanism by which Ang-(1-7) enhances vasodepressor responses to bradykinin (BK) is not well understood. In the present study, the effects of Ang-(1-7) on responses to BK, BK analogs, angiotensin I (Ang I), and Ang II were investigated in the anesthetized rat. The infusion of Ang-(1-7) (55 pmol/min i.v.) enhanced decreases in systemic arterial pressure in response to i.v. injections of BK and the BK analogs [Hyp3, Tyr(Me)8]-bradykinin (HT-BK) and [Phe8psi (CH2-NH) Arg9]-bradykinin (PA-BK) without altering pressor responses to Ang I or II, or depressor responses to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside. The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor enalaprilat enhanced responses to BK and the BK analog HT-BK without altering responses to PA-BK and inhibited responses to Ang I. The potentiating effects of Ang-(1-7) and enalaprilat on responses to BK were not attenuated by the Ang-(1-7) receptor antagonist A-779. Ang-(1-7)- and ACE inhibitor-potentiated responses to BK were attenuated by the BK B2 receptor antagonist Hoe 140. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor sodium meclofenamate had no significant effect on responses to BK or Ang-(1-7)-potentiated BK responses. These results suggest that Ang-(1-7) potentiates responses to BK by a selective B2 receptor mechanism that is independent of an effect on Ang-(1-7) receptors, ACE, or cyclooxygenase product formation. These data suggest that ACE inhibitor-potentiated responses to BK are not mediated by an A-779-sensitive mechanism and are consistent with the hypothesis that enalaprilat-induced BK potentiation is due to decreased BK inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Joel Greco
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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47
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Dharmani M, Mustafa MR, Achike FI, Sim MK. Effects of angiotensin 1-7 on the actions of angiotensin II in the renal and mesenteric vasculature of hypertensive and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 561:144-50. [PMID: 17320855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin 1-7, a heptapeptide derived from metabolism of either angiotensin I or angiotensin II, is a biologically active peptide of the renin-angiotensin system. The present study investigated the effect of angiotensin 1-7 on the vasopressor action of angiotensin II in the renal and mesenteric vasculature of Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Angiotensin II-induced dose-dependent vasoconstrictions in the renal vasculature. The pressor response was enhanced in the SHR and reduced in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat compared to WKY rats. Angiotensin 1-7 attenuated the angiotensin II pressor responses in the renal vasculature of WKY and SHR rats. However, the ability to reduce angiotensin II response was diminished in diabetic-induced rat kidneys. The effect of angiotensin 1-7 was not inhibited by 1-[(4-(Dimethylamino)-3-methylphenyl] methyl]-5-(diphenylacetyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-6-carboxylic acid ditrifluoroacetate (PD123319), an angiotensin AT(2) receptor antagonist. (D-ALA(7))-Angiotensin I/II (1-7) (D-ALA) (an angiotensin 1-7 receptor antagonist), indomethacin (a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor), and N(omega)-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME)(a nitric oxide synthetase inhibitor) abolished the attenuation by angiotensin 1-7 in both WKY rats and SHR, indicating that its action is mediated by angiotensin 1-7 receptor that is either coupled to the release of prostaglandins and/or nitric oxide. The vasopressor responses to angiotensin II in mesenteric vasculature bed was also dose-dependent but smaller in magnitude compared to the renal vasculature. The responses to angiotensin II were relatively smaller in SHR but no significant difference was observed between WKY and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Angiotensin 1-7 attenuated the angiotensin II pressor responses in WKY, SHR and diabetic-induced mesenteric bed. The attenuation was observed at the lower concentrations of angiotensin II in WKY and diabetic-induced rats but at higher concentrations in SHR. Similar observation as in the renal vasculature was seen with PD123319, D-ALA, and L-NAME. Indomethacin reversed the attenuation by angiotensin 1-7 only in the SHR mesenteric vascular bed. The present findings support the regulatory role of angiotensin 1-7 in the renal and mesenteric vasculature, which is differentially altered in hypertension and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Dharmani
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Botelho-Santos GA, Sampaio WO, Reudelhuber TL, Bader M, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Souza dos Santos RA. Expression of an angiotensin-(1-7)-producing fusion protein in rats induced marked changes in regional vascular resistance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 292:H2485-90. [PMID: 17208987 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01245.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have described a transgenic rat line that expresses an angiotensin-(1-7)-producing fusion protein, the TGR(A1-7)3292. In these rats, testis acts as an angiotensin-(1-7) biological pump, increasing its plasma concentration 2.5-fold. In this study, we performed hemodynamic measurements in TGR(A1-7)3292 and age-matched Hannover Sprague-Dawley (SD) control rats, using fluorescent microspheres. Urethane-anesthetized transgenic rats had similar levels of baseline blood pressure (99 +/- 3 mmHg) as did SD rats (101 +/- 3 mmHg). However, pronounced differences were observed in other hemodynamic measurements. TGR(A1-7)3292 rats presented a significant increase in stroke volume (0.29 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.25 +/- 0.01 ml in SD), increased cardiac index (24.6 +/- 0.91 vs. 21.9 +/- 0.65 ml.min(-1).kg) and decreased total peripheral resistance (3.9 +/- 0.13 vs. 4.5 +/- 0.13 mmHg.ml(-1).min.100 g). The increase in stroke volume in transgenic rats may be partially explained by the small decrease in heart rate (326 +/- 7.0 vs. 359 +/- 6.0 beats/min in SD). Strikingly, TGR(A1-7)3292 rats presented a substantial decrease in the vascular resistance in lung, spleen, kidney, adrenals, brain, testis and brown fat tissue with no significant differences in the left ventricle, mesentery, skin, gastrocnemius muscle and white fat tissue. These results corroborate and extend previous results observed after acute angiotensin-(1-7) infusion, showing that chronic increase in circulating angiotensin-(1-7) produces sustained and important changes in regional and systemic hemodynamics. Moreover, our data suggest a physiological role for angiotensin-(1-7) in the tonic control of regional blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarla A Botelho-Santos
- Laboratório de Hipertensão, Dept. de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627-ICB, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Marangoni RA, Carmona AK, Passaglia RCAT, Nigro D, Fortes ZB, de Carvalho MHC. Role of the kallikrein-kinin system in Ang-(1-7)-induced vasodilation in mesenteric arterioles of Wistar rats studied in vivo-in situ. Peptides 2006; 27:1770-5. [PMID: 16595159 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], exerts a variety of actions in the cardiovascular system, with an important effect being vasodilation. In this work, we investigated the relationship between the vasodilatory activity of Ang-(1-7) and the kallikrein-kinin system. Intravital microscopy was used to study the vasodilation caused by Ang-(1-7) in the mesenteric vascular bed of anesthetized Wistar rats. The topical application of Ang-(1-7) caused vasodilation of mesenteric arterioles that was reduced by A-779, JE 049 and peptidase inhibitors (aprotinin, SBTI, PKSI 527, E-64, PMSF). These results indicated that the vasodilation induced by Ang-(1-7) in the mesenteric arterioles of Wistar rats was heavily dependent on the activation of kallikrein and subsequent kinin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Anderson Marangoni
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, Cidade Universitária, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Gurzu B, Costuleanu M, Slatineanu SM, Ciobanu A, Petrescu G. Are multiple angiotensin receptor types involved in angiotensin (1-7) actions on isolated rat portal vein. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2006; 6:90-5. [PMID: 16470488 DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2005.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin (1-7) [Ang (1-7)] is a bioactive component of the renin angiotensin system. Ang (1-7) may interact with angiotensin type 1 (AT1) or type 2 (AT2) receptors and with Ang (1-7) - specific receptors. We examined the interactions between different doses of Ang (1-7) (1 nM-1 microM) and angiotensin II (Ang II) (10 and 100 nM) on isolated rat portal vein. In endothelium-denuded portal vein rings, Ang (1-7) inhibited contractile effects induced by Ang II. The effects of Ang (1-7) were modified by indomethacin, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), (D-Ala7)-Angiotensin (1-7) (H-2888) and losartan. Our results suggest that on rat isolated portal vein rings without endothelium, Ang (1-7) reduces Ang II-induced contractions by acting mostly on Ang (1-7) specific receptors, and this effect is mediated by vasodilatatory prostaglandins. At high concentrations, Ang (1-7) effects are mediated by AT1-receptors, though to a lesser extent than by Ang (1-7) specific receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Gurzu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Gr. T. Popa", Iasi, RO-700115, Romania
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