Antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of ascorbic acid and gallic acid

Extrusion of plant proteins: A review of lipid and protein oxidation and their impact on functional properties

Extrusion processing can improve the functional and nutritional value of plant proteins, making them a sustainable source for various applications. During both low- and high-moisture extrusion, raw materials are subjected to harsh process conditions, leading to lipid and protein oxidation. In general, oxidation products are associated with adverse effects on product properties and human health. The oxidation rates are influenced by a number of factors, including temperature, water, oil content, and protein source, with lipid-protein interactions playing a significant role in oxidation dynamics and measurement accuracy. Higher extrusion temperatures and water content promote oxidation, yet are also necessary for fiber formation. Mild protein oxidation can improve functional properties and digestibility, while extensive oxidation tends to reduce both. Therefore, adjusting extrusion parameters is critical for controlling oxidation. In addition, natural antioxidants may reduce oxidation during extrusion, but their impact on functional properties requires further investigation.

Effects of polyphenols in combination with L-cysteine/L-ascorbic acid: Myoglobin redox state, color and quality of refrigerated longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol) slices

Effects of phenolic compounds in conjunction with L-cysteine/l-ascorbic acid on the redox state of myoglobin (Mb) and their efficacy to maintain the color and quality of refrigerated longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol) slices were investigated. Purified metmyoglobin (metMb) and oxymyoglobin (oxyMb) samples were added with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) or quercetin individually or in combination with L-cysteine (CT) or L-ascorbic acid (AA) at 4 °C. EGCG in combination with AA (EGCG+AA) and AA alone significantly reduced metMb and increased oxyMb levels (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the slices of tuna were treated with EGCG+AA (200 and 200 mg/kg, respectively) exhibited superior color retention (high a* value and a*/b*) and reduced lipid and protein oxidation more potentially, compared to other treated slices. AA alone was less effective in preserving color and quality of slices. Therefore, EGCG+AA effectively maintained the color and quality of tuna slices stored at 4 °C.

A Review of the Biotechnological Potential of Cave Fungi: A Toolbox for the Future

The study of the intersection between biodiversity and biotechnology has revealed a rich source of innovations. Fungi, with their vast range of morphologies and lifestyles, thrive in various habitats, including caves. With impressive metabolic characteristics, they play a key role in producing essential biotechnological compounds for various economic sectors. This paper aims to consolidate evidence on the biotechnological potential of fungi isolated from caves, highlighting the urgency of conserving and exploring these ecosystems. For this purpose, we conducted a comprehensive literature search using scientific databases (SciELO, Medline Complete, Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus (Elsevier), and Google Scholar). We adopted an interdisciplinary approach by collecting information from 22 papers published between 2013 and 2024. Based on these data, our survey revealed broad potential, including antimicrobial compounds, antioxidants, antitumor agents, enzymes, and organic acids. We emphasize that accurately identifying and depositing fungal isolates in reference collections are crucial for reliable research and effective industrial applications, driving metabolic bioactivity and the production of substances with the potential to inhibit pathogens. Conserving and protecting the cave environment is imperative, considering its continuous potential for discovery and contribution to scientific advancement.

Ascorbate-loaded MgFe layered double hydroxide for osteomyelitis treatment

Bacterial infections evoke considerable apprehension in orthopedics. Traditional antibiotic treatments exhibit cytotoxic effects and foster bacterial resistance, thereby presenting an ongoing and formidable obstacle in the realm of therapeutic interventions. Achieving bacterial eradication and osteogenesis are critical requirements for bone infection treatment. Herein, we design and fabricate a nanoenzyme-mimicking drug through the co-precipitation process, integrating MgFe layered double hydroxide with ascorbic acid (AA@LDH), to facilitate the simultaneous presence of these two unique functionalities. Within a bacterial acidic milieu, the degradation of the AA@LDH nanosystem prompts ascorbic acid to undergo a pro-oxidative transformation, generating an abundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS overwhelm bacterial cellular processes, including nucleic acid replication, cell wall construction, virulence factor production, biosynthetic pathways, and energy generation. This disruption culminates in substantial bacterial mortality, as substantiated by RNA sequencing data. Hence, the AA@LDH nano system exhibits an in vitro antibacterial rate of approximately 100 % and 99 %, against S.aureus and E. coli, respectivaly. Additionally, the AA@LDH could directly accelerate osteogenic differentiation in vitro, evidenced by a 50 % increase in alkaline phosphatase activity and a 270 % improvement in extracellular matrix mineralization capability. Moreover, it enhances osteointegration process in vivo by favorably reshaping the osteogenic immune microenvironment. This innovative nanosystem for delivery offers new strategies that concurrently combat bacterial infections, mitigate inflammation, and induce tissue regeneration, marking a significant advancement in the realm of advanced materials and its applications.

Phytochemicals, Organic Acid, and Vitamins in Red Rhapsody Strawberry-Content and Storage Stability

Strawberries are highly perishable fruits harvested at full ripeness, and their nutritional quality together with their phytochemical composition can be significantly affected by storage duration and temperature. This study investigated the changes in key bioactive compounds, including folate, vitamin C, anthocyanins, quercetin-3-glucoside, ellagic acid, and organic acids, in "Red Rhapsody" strawberries stored at two typical household temperatures (4 °C and 23 °C). While storage duration and temperature did not have a significant impact (p > 0.05) on folate content, significant changes in other phytochemicals were observed. The total anthocyanin content increased significantly (p < 0.05), from 30.0 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW) at Day 0 to 84.4 mg/100 g FW at Day 7 at 23 °C, a 2.8-fold increase. Conversely, the vitamin C content was significantly reduced (p < 0.05), from 54.1 mg/100 g FW at Day 0 to 28.4 mg/100 g FW at Day 7 at 23 °C, while it remained stable at 4 °C. Additionally, the concentrations of quercetin-3-glucoside, ellagic acid, and organic acids underwent significant changes during the storage period. The total folate content fluctuated between 73.2 and 81.6 μg/100 g FW at both temperatures. These results suggest that storage temperature and duration influence the individual phytochemicals and nutrients of strawberries differently, with potential implications for their nutritional value and bioactive compound content.

Phytochemical Characterization, Prooxidant, Antiproliferative and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Meyna spinosa Roxb. Ex Link Ripe Fruit

This study highlights the prooxidant, antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory potential of ripe Meyna spinosa Roxb. Ex Link fruit extracts. Chemical analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry and AAS identified compounds like ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, lupeol, betulin, scopoletin, phloroglucinol and secoxyloganin and micro-elements like iron, copper, zinc and manganese. Antioxidant assays (DPPH, FRAP, metal chelation, reaction oxygen species) revealed that the M. spinosa ethyl acetate extract (MSEA) had higher phenolic (37.83 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoid (60.22 mg QE/g DW) content, showing strong antioxidant activity (IC50 of 7.5 µg/mL), while the M. spinosa methanolic extract (MSM) exhibited higher FRAP activity (39.666 µg AAE/g DW). Prooxidant activity was demonstrated through Trolox and NADH oxidation. Both extracts exhibited antiproliferative effects in A549 and MCF7 cancer cells with an increase in concentration and time. Anti-inflammatory effects were observed by reductions in nitric oxide, COX-2, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in lipopolysaccharides-stimulated RAW 264.7 and THP-1 cells. Nitrite levels reduced from 23.778 to 5.222 µM, COX-2 levels from 51.136 to 9.581 µg/mL, IL-6 levels from 62.728 ng/mL to 13.463 pg/mL and TNF-α level from 474.890 to 143.115 pg/mL. In vivo, MSEA reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema by 23.45%.

Effects of Dietary Gallic Acid on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Antioxidant Capacity, and Muscle Fiber Type-Related Gene Expression in Broiler Chickens Challenged with Lipopolysaccharide

In this study, broilers were selected as the research object to investigate the effects and mechanisms of dietary gallic acid (GA) supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, antioxidant capacity, and muscle fiber-related gene expression. A total of 750 one-day-old healthy 817 male crossbred broiler chickens were divided into five treatment groups, with six replicates per group. Birds in the control (CON) group and LPS-challenged treatment (LPS) group were fed a basal diet, and birds in the other three treatment groups received the basal diet with 150, 300, or 450 mg/kg added GA (GA150, GA300, GA450). On days 14, 17, and 20, chickens in the LPS, GA150, GA300, and GA450 groups received intramuscular injections of LPS, while chickens in the CON group received saline. The results showed that the addition of GA to the diet could effectively increase the average daily gain (ADG) of broilers from 1 to 50 days of age, and had a trend (p = 0.078) of increasing the average daily feed intake (ADFI). Adding 450 mg/kg GA to the diet significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the drip loss and pH value of pectoral muscles 45 min after slaughter, and significantly increased (p < 0.05) the lightness value of pectoral muscles 45 min post-slaughter. With an increase in GA level, the content of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) in pectoral muscles decreased linearly (p < 0.05), and the concentration of C22:6n-3 increased linearly (p < 0.05). GA effectively improved (p < 0.05) the antioxidant capacity of muscles and significantly increased (p < 0.05) the activity of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) in pectoral muscles after LPS stimulation, exhibiting linear and quadratic changes (p < 0.05). It also significantly increased (p < 0.05) the activity of hydrogen peroxide and decreased the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), while it linearly decreased (p < 0.05) the content of malondialdehyde (MDA). In addition, the dietary supplementation of GA significantly increased (p < 0.05) the expression levels of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) I and MyHC IIa in pectoral muscles and significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the expression level of MyHC IIx. In summary, the dietary addition of GA can alleviate the effect of the stress response on the growth performance of broiler chickens and improve antioxidant capacity and meat quality. The appropriate amount of dietary GA at each stage was 300 mg/kg.

Effect of organic selenium on performance and gill transcriptome of whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei

BACKGROUND

Shrimp gill health is an indicator of their overall health and environmental stress, as gills are in direct contact with the external environment. Organic selenium (OS), known for its high bioavailability and antioxidant properties, potentially enhances shrimp growth, survival, and immune responses. This study investigated the physiological features through comprehensive gill gene expression profiling and growth parameters by incorporating OS into Penaeus vannamei diets.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Two OS-containing products, AlkoSel (AS) and SelPlex (SL), were supplied to the diet of P. vannamei (0.90 ± 0.05 g body weight, 4.54 ± 0.5 cm length) at a dose of 0.4 mg Se kg- 1 ration in the final feed. Three groups were organized: an AS-fed group, an SL-fed group, and a control (C) group without additives. After a one-month feeding trial, performance indices (PI) were assessed and RNA-Seq analysis was conducted. The PI revealed that both OS products had similar growth-stimulating effects, with no significant differences between the two groups. However, both groups showed significant improvement compared to the C-group. The P. vannamei gill transcriptome was strongly impacted by the two OS products, with several KEGG pathways implicated in their metabolic mechanisms. Pathways related to energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, non-specific immunity, and antioxidative responses were significant in regulating the addition of AS and SL to P. vannamei diets.

CONCLUSIONS

While SL had some higher additive effects on the gene expression profile than AS, OS from either product is an essential micronutrient that promotes growth, normal metabolic activities, and good gill health in P. vannamei during the early feeding period.

Antigenotoxic and cosmetic potential of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) extract: protection against oxidative DNA damage

The integrity of the genome is under constant threat from both endogenous and exogenous factors that induce oxidative stress and accelerate ageing. The demand for natural and organic cosmetics is rising due to the harmful effects of synthetic genotoxic agents on human health and the environment. Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.), a fruit rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, has demonstrated significant antioxidant properties. This study aimed to evaluate elderberry extract's chemical characterization and biological activities in peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to streptonigrin and H2O2, both known for causing DNA damage. The antigenotoxic evaluation and antioxidant assays (ABTS and DPPH) were conducted to assess its biological properties. Using the Comet assay enhanced with formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg) to detect oxidized purines, we found that elderberry extract significantly reduced DNA damage. These findings suggest that elderberry has potential as a natural alternative to synthetic ingredients in cosmetics, offering protective benefits against DNA damage and contributing to anti-ageing and skin health.

Electrochemically-assisted intensification of As(III) removal through integrated alkalization and oxidation process

In response to the need for trace arsenic removal and detoxification, an electro-assisted self-alkalization and oxidant-free processes (ESOP) cell was developed and investigated. It was found that the ESOP removed 90.3 % of arsenic and reduced the As(III) concentration from 150 µg L-1 to less than 5 µg L-1 in its cathode chamber. The As removal involved migration of As(III) and As(V) from the cathode to the anode driven by electrical current. In the ESOP cathode, As(III) was dissociated to As(III) oxyanions via alkalization and then oxidized into As(V) by H2O2. Nearly 80 % of As(III) migration could be attributed to the oxidation by H2O2 and approximately 20 % dissociation by pH alkalization. The voltage-controlled conditions (1.2 -1.5 V) achieved a peak cumulative H2O2 concentration of 10.9 mg L-1. The ESOP demonstrated a high As(III) oxidation to As(V) conversion efficiency of 97.0 % as well as a low energy cost of 0.013 kWh m-3 at 1.2 V. The migrated arsenic was stabilized onto the anode electrode through in-situ electro-oxidation of As(III) and electrosorption of As(III, V); this would help with the post-treatment waste disposal. Those results have provided important insights into an electrochemical approach for highly efficient arsenic detoxification.

The Potential Health Benefits of Gallic Acid: Therapeutic and Food Applications

Gallic acid (GA), a phenolic acid found in fruits and vegetables, has been consumed by humans for centuries. Its extensive health benefits, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties, have been well-documented. GA's potent antioxidant capabilities enable it to neutralize free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and protect cells from damage. Additionally, GA exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, making it a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases. It also demonstrates anticancer properties by inhibiting cancer cell growth and promoting apoptosis. Furthermore, GA offers cardiovascular benefits, such as lowering blood pressure, decreasing cholesterol, and enhancing endothelial function, which may aid in the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases. This review covers the chemical structure, sources, identification and quantification methods, and biological and therapeutic properties of GA, along with its applications in food. As research progresses, the future for GA appears promising, with potential uses in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals aimed at improving overall health and preventing disease. However, ongoing research and innovation are necessary to fully understand its functional benefits, address current challenges, and establish GA as a mainstay in therapeutic and nutritional interventions.

Silica nanoparticle conjugation with gallic acid towards enhanced free radical scavenging capacity and activity on osteosarcoma cells in vitro

Gallic acid (GA), derived from land plants, possesses diverse physiological benefits, including anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects, making it valuable for biomedical applications. In this study, GA was used to modify the surface of dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSNs) via carbamate (DMSN-NCO-GA) or amide (DMSN-NH-GA) bonds, using a post-grafting technique. To explore GA-conjugated materials' potential in modulating cancer cell redox status, three variants of osteosarcoma cells (U2-OS) were used. These variants comprised the wild-type cells (NEO), the cells overexpressing the wild-type human Golgi anti-apoptotic protein (hGAAP), and the null mutant of hGAAP (Ct-mut), as this protein was previously demonstrated to play a role in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and cell migration. In the absence of external ROS triggers, non-modified DMSNs increased intracellular ROS in Ct-mut and NEO cells, while GA-conjugated materials, particularly DMSN-NH-GA, significantly reduced ROS levels, especially pronounced with higher GA concentrations and notably in hGAAP cells with inherently higher ROS levels. Additionaly, NH-GA conjugates were less cytotoxic, more effective in reducing cell migration, and had higher ROS buffering capacity compared to DMSN-NCO-GA materials. However, in the presence of the external stressor tert-butyl-hydroperoxide (TBHP), NCO-GA conjugates showed more efficient reduction of intracellular ROS. These findings suggest that varying chemical decoration strategies of nanomaterials, along with the accessibility of functional groups to the cellular environment, significantly influence the biological response in osteosarcoma cells. Highlighting this, GA-conjugation is a promising method for implementing antioxidant properties and inhibiting cancer cell migration, warranting further research in anticancer treatment and drug development.

Gallic acid supplementation partially ameliorates reproductive aging in rooster breeders by improving semen quality, sperm kinetics, hormones, and antioxidant status

Aging leads to decreased fertility in roosters, which is likely due to increased oxidative stress. This study evaluated the antioxidant effects of gallic acid (GA) supplementation on sperm quality and fertility of aged roosters. This study evaluated whether GA supplementation can mitigate age-related fertility decline. Roosters were randomly assigned to: control, 100 mg/kg GA, or 200 mg/kg GA. Semen parameters, sperm kinetics, hormone levels, fertility rate, and hatchability were assessed. GA increased semen concentration, membrane integrity and viability while decreasing defects versus control (P < 0.01). Testosterone was higher in GA groups (P<0.01) without affecting gonadotropins. Furthermore, 200 mg/kg GA optimized motility, velocity, linearity, and beat cross frequency versus control and 100 mg/kg GA (P < 0.01). Fertility and hatchability were higher in both GA groups. In conclusion, GA supplementation in aged roosters improves sperm quality, antioxidant status, testosterone, and fertility outcomes, likely by mitigating oxidative stress. The 200 mg/kg dose elicited optimal effects on motion parameters.

Genotoxic and antiproliferative properties of Endopleura uchi bark aqueous extract

The bark extract from Endopleura uchi has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat gynecological-related disorders, diabetes, and dyslipidemias albeit without scientific proof. In addition, E. uchi bark extract safety, especially regarding mutagenic activities, is not known. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, antitumor, and toxicological parameters attributed to an E. uchi bark aqueous extract. The phytochemical constitution was assessed by colorimetric and chromatographic analyzes. The antiproliferative effect was determined using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay using 4 cancer cell lines. Cytotoxic and genotoxic activities were assessed utilizing MTT and comet assays, respectively, while mutagenicity was determined through micronucleus and Salmonella/microsome assays. The chromatographic analysis detected predominantly the presence of gallic acid and isoquercitrin. The antiproliferative effect was more pronounced in human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. In the MTT assay, the extract presented an IC50 = 39.1 µg/ml and exhibited genotoxic (comet assay) and mutagenic (micronucleus test) activities at 20 and 40 µg/ml in mouse fibroblast cell line (L929) and mutagenicity in the TA102 and TA97a strains in the absence of S9 mix. Data demonstrated that E. uchi bark possesses bioactive compounds which exert cytotoxic and genotoxic effects that might be associated with its antitumor potential. Therefore, E. uchi bark aqueous extract consumption needs to be approached with caution in therapeutic applications.

Effects of dietary addition of ellagic acid on rumen metabolism, nutrient apparent digestibility, and growth performance in Kazakh sheep

Plant extracts have shown promise as natural feed additives to improve animal health and growth. Ellagic acid (EA), widely present in various plant tissues, offers diverse biological benefits. However, limited research has explored its effects on ruminants. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary addition EA on rumen metabolism, apparent digestibility of nutrients, and growth performance in Kazakh sheep. Ten 5-month-old Kazakh sheep with similar body weight (BW), fitted with rumen fistulas, were randomly assigned to two groups: the CON group (basal diet) and the EA group (basal diet + 30 mg/kg BW EA). The experiment lasted 30 days, and individual growth performance was assessed under identical feeding and management conditions. During the experimental period, rumen fluid, fecal, and blood samples were collected for analysis. The results indicated a trend toward increased average daily gain in the EA group compared to the CON group (p = 0.094). Compared with the CON group, the rumen contents of acetic acid and propionic acid were significantly increased in the EA group and reached the highest value at 2 h to 4 h after feeding (p < 0.05). Moreover, the relative abundances of specific rumen microbiota (Ruminococcaceae, uncultured_rumen_bacterium, unclassified_Prevotella, Bacteroidales, Bacteroidota, Bacteroidia, unclassified_Rikenellaceae, and Prevotella_spBP1_145) at the family and genus levels were significantly higher in the EA group (p < 0.05) compared to the CON group. The EA group exhibited significantly higher dry matter intake (p < 0.05) and increased the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and ether extract when compared with the CON group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the plasma activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were significantly higher, while malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was significantly lower in the EA group compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 30 mg/kg BW EA in 5-month-old Kazakh sheep increased the dry matter intakQ16e, apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, and ether extract, as well as the contents of acetic acid and propionic acid in rumen fluid. Moreover, EA supplementation regulated the ruminal microbiota, enhanced antioxidant capacity, and improved daily weight gain.

Dose-dependent effect of spent coffee grounds on intake, apparent digestibility, fermentation pattern, methane emissions, microbial protein supply, and antioxidant status in Latxa sheep

Spent coffee grounds (SCG), a byproduct rich in polyphenols, can form part of enteric CH4 mitigation strategies while promoting the circular economy. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 3 levels of SCG inclusion in the concentrate on enteric CH4 production, feed intake, apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation pattern, microbial protein supply, and gene expression of immune and antioxidant markers in peripheral blood of dry dairy ewes. In a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, 8 nonproductive Latxa ewes were assigned to a concentrate that differed in the level of SCG: Control (0 g/kg DM), SCG100 (100 g/kg DM), SCG150 (150 g/kg DM) and SCG200 (200 g/kg DM). In each period, 14 d of adaptation were allowed, followed by 7 d in individual metabolic cages, and 3 d in respiratory chambers. To avoid a carry-over effect a minimum of 7 d were allotted between periods in which ewes consumed control concentrate and grass hay. Total organic matter intake (OMI) and CH4 emissions (g/d) presented a quadratic response (P = 0.008 and P < 0.001, respectively) to increasing levels of SCG in the feed. However, when CH4 emissions were corrected for OMI, a linear decrease was observed with increasing levels of SCG in the concentrate (P = 0.009). This reduction in CH4 emissions (g/kg OMI) could be explained by the linear decrease (P = 0.034) observed in the apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM), particularly in crude protein (CP) and starch (P = 0.002 and P = 0.003, respectively), with increasing levels of SCG in the concentrate. No significant response was found on CH4 emissions corrected for digestible OM and on ruminal fermentation pattern. Regarding microbial protein supply, a linear increase in microbial protein supply efficiency (P = 0.008) was observed with increasing levels of SCG in the concentrate. Moreover, SCG inclusion linearly reduced interleukin 10 (P = 0.031), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (P = 0.007), nuclear factor kappa β (P = 0.014), superoxide dismutase 1 (P = 0.015) gene expression and tended to linearly reduce those of tumor necrosis factor-α (P = 0.074) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (P = 0.082). In conclusion, inclusion of SCG up to 200 g/kg in the concentrate did not modify ruminal fermentation pattern, but linearly reduced CH4 emissions per kg of OMI, due to a linear decrease in the apparent digestibility of CP and starch. Moreover, linearly increased the efficiency of microbial supply and improved sheep's blood antioxidant-immune status.

Protective Roles and Therapeutic Effects of Gallic Acid in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: Current Trends and Future Directions

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are serious life-threatening illnesses and significant problematic issues for public health having a heavy economic burden on all society worldwide. The high incidence of these diseases as well as high mortality rates make them the leading causes of death and disability. Therefore, finding novel and more effective therapeutic methods is urgently required. Gallic acid, an herbal medicine with numerous biological properties, has been utilized in the treatment of various diseases for thousands of years. It has been demonstrated that gallic acid possesses pharmacological potential in regulating several molecular and cellular processes such as apoptosis and autophagy. Moreover, gallic acid has been investigated in the treatment of CVDs both in vivo and in vitro. Herein, we aimed to review the available evidence on the therapeutic application of gallic acid for CVDs including myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and infarction, drug-induced cardiotoxicity, hypertension, cardiac fibrosis, and heart failure, with a focus on underlying mechanisms.

Exploring the Antioxidant and Genoprotective Potential of Salicornia ramosissima Incorporation in the Diet of the European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

The identification of novel feed materials as a source of functional ingredients is a topical priority in the finfish aquaculture sector. Due to the agrotechnical practices associated and phytochemical profiling, halophytes emerge as a new source of feedstuff for aquafeeds, with the potential to boost productivity and environmental sustainability. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the potential of Salicornia ramosissima incorporation (2.5, 5, and 10%), for 2 months, in the diet of juvenile European seabass, seeking antioxidant (in the liver, gills, and blood) and genoprotective (DNA and chromosomal integrity in blood) benefits. Halophyte inclusion showed no impairments on growth performance. Moreover, a tissue-specific antioxidant improvement was apparent, namely through the GSH-related defense subsystem, but revealing multiple and complex mechanisms. A genotoxic trigger (regarded as a pro-genoprotective mechanism) was identified in the first month of supplementation. A clear protection of DNA integrity was detected in the second month, for all the supplementation levels (and the most prominent melioration at 10%). Overall, these results pointed out a functionality of S. ramosissima-supplemented diets and a promising way to improve aquaculture practices, also unraveling a complementary novel, low-value raw material, and a path to its valorization.

Widely targeted metabolomics analysis reveals the formation of nonvolatile flavor qualities during oolong tea manufacturing: a case study of Jinguanyin

Background

The manufacturing processes of oolong tea significantly impact its nonvolatile components, leading to the emergence of distinct flavor attributes. Understanding the dynamic changes in nonvolatile components during the manufacturing stages of the Jinguanyin (JGY) cultivar is crucial for unraveling the potential mechanism behind flavor formation.

Methods

Comprehensive metabolomics and sensomics analyses were conducted to investigate the dynamic changes in nonvolatile components throughout various phases of oolong tea processing, focusing on the JGY cultivar.

Results

A total of 1,005 nonvolatile metabolites were detected, with 562 recognized as significant differential metabolites during various phases of oolong tea processing. Notably, the third turning-over, third setting, and high-temperature treatments exhibited the most significant effects on the nonvolatile metabolites of oolong tea. JGY finished tea demonstrated a characteristic flavor profile, marked by mellowness, sweetness in aftertaste, and a significant Yin rhyme. This flavor profile was collectively promoted by the accumulation of amino acids and organic acids, the decrease in flavonols (3-O-glycosides) and sugar substances, the alteration of phenolic acids, and the stabilization of caffeine.

Conclusion

This study contribute to the understanding of the formation of oolong tea flavor qualities. The dynamic changes observed in various types of nonvolatile compounds during oolong tea processing shed light on the intricate interplay of metabolites and their influence on the final flavor characteristics.

Chia Oil Microencapsulation Using Tannic Acid and Soy Protein Isolate as Wall Materials

The use of proteins to produce oil-containing microcapsules has been previously analyzed; however, their chemical modification, in order to improve their performance as wall materials, is a strategy that has not been widely developed yet. This study aimed to analyze the chemical modification of the proteins through cross-linking reactions with tannic acid and to evaluate their performance as wall materials to the microencapsulation of oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The cross-linking reaction of isolated soy protein and tannic acid was carried out at pH 10-11 and 60 °C. Subsequently, emulsions were made with a high-speed homogenizer and microcapsules were obtained by spray drying. Microcapsules were characterized by particle size, morphology (SEM), total pore area and % porosity (mercury intrusion methodology), superficial properties (contact angle), and size distribution of oil droplets (by laser diffraction). Additionally, encapsulation efficiency was determined as a function of total and surface oil. Oil chemical stability and quality were studied by Rancimat, hydroperoxide values, and fatty acid profiles. In addition, a storage test was performed for 180 days, and released oil and polyphenols were determined by in vitro gastric digestion. Moreover, the fatty acid composition of the oil and the total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of polyphenols were analyzed. The results showed that spray-dried microcapsules had an encapsulation efficiency between 54 and 78%. The oxidative stability exhibited a positive correlation between the amount of polyphenols used and the induction time, with a maximum of 27 h. The storage assay showed that the peroxide value was lower for those cross-linked microcapsules concerning control after 180 days. After the storage time, the omega-3 content was reduced by 49% for soy protein samples, while cross-linked microcapsules maintained the initial concentration. The in-vitro digestion assay showed a decrease in the amount of oil released from the cross-linked microcapsules and an increase in the amount of polyphenols and a higher antioxidant capacity for all samples (for example, 238.10 mgGAE/g and 554.22 mg TE/g for undigested microcapsules with TA 40% versus 322.09 mgGAE/g and 663.61 mg TE/g for digested samples). The microcapsules showed a high degree of protection of the encapsulated oil, providing a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAS) and polyphenols even in prolonged storage times.

Simultaneously Determined Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Activity of Randomly Selected Plant Secondary Metabolites and Plant Extracts

Oxidative stress is a well-known phenomenon arising from physiological and nonphysiological factors, defined by the balance between antioxidants and pro-oxidants. While the presence and uptake of antioxidants are crucial, the pro-oxidant effects have not received sufficient research attention. Several methods for assessing pro-oxidant activity, utilizing various mechanisms, have been published. In this paper, we introduce a methodology for the simultaneous determination of antioxidant and pro-oxidant activity on a single microplate in situ, assuming that the FRAP method can measure both antioxidant and pro-oxidant activity due to the generation of pro-oxidant Fe2+ ions in the Fenton reaction. Systematic research using this rapid screening method may help to distinguish between compounds with dominant antioxidant efficacy and those with dominant pro-oxidant effects. Our preliminary study has revealed a dominant pro-oxidant effect for compounds with a higher number of oxygen heteroatoms, especially sp2 hybridized compounds (such as those containing keto groups), such as flavonoids and plant extracts rich in these structural types. Conversely, catechins, carotenoids, and surprisingly, extracts from birch leaves and chestnut leaves have demonstrated dominant antioxidant activity over pro-oxidant. These initial findings have sparked significant interest in the systematic evaluation of a more extensive collection of compounds and plant extracts using the developed method.

Exploring the potential immunomodulatory effects of gallic acid on milk phagocytes in bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus

Bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus may exacerbate by resulting in significant economic losses and impacting milk quality. To date, the use of gallic acid, a phenolic compound naturally occurring in various plants, holds promise due to its potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in many pieces of literature, thus, making it a subject of interest in bovine innate immunity research. Here we used gallic acid to assess its potential immunomodulation on milk phagocytes in vitro challenges with mastitis-causing bacteria. Our findings indicated that cells exposed to gallic acid showed no harm to cell viability but might maintain the longevity of cells during the bacterial infection. Gallic acid-treated cells displayed reduced cell migration, phagocytosis, and bacterial killing ability, while showing an increase in ROS production, all of which are undoubtedly linked to the intracellular killing abilities of the cells. Nonetheless, the extracellular structure called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) was significantly released after receiving gallic acid, representing extracellular killing. We also reported that gallic acid neutralizes inflammation by regulating specific pro-inflammatory genes (IL1B, IL6, TNF) and ROS-generating genes (CYBA, LAMP1, RAC1), subsequently preventing tissue damage. Regarding apoptosis-related genes and proteins, the increased production of caspase-3 and Bcl-2 family proteins could potentially promote the longevity of cells, implicated in the mechanism of combating bacterial invasion during udder inflammation and infection. The novel role of gallic acid on milk phagocytes highlights its potential immunomodulatory properties and contributes to our understanding of its effects on bacterial-host interactions, and provides valuable molecular insights.

Mechanistic Insights into Myofibrillar Protein Oxidation by Fenton Chemistry Regulated by Gallic Acid

Gallic acid (GA, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a widely used natural food additive of interest to food chemistry researchers, especially regarding its effects on myofibrillar protein (MP) oxidation. However, existing studies regarding MP oxidation by GA-combined with Fenton reagents are inconsistent, and the detailed mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This work validated hydroxyl radical (HO·) as the primary oxidant for MP carbonylation; in addition, it revealed three functions of GA in the Fenton oxidation of MP. By coordination with Fe(III), GA reduces Fe(III) to generate Fe(II), which is the critical reagent for HO· generation; meanwhile, the coordination improves the availability and reactivity of Fe(III) under weakly acidic and near-neutral pH, i.e., pH 4-6. Second, the intermediates formed during GA oxidation, including semiquinone and quinone, promoted Fenton reactivity by accelerating Fe catalytic cycling. Finally, GA can scavenge HO· radicals, thus exhibiting a certain degree of antioxidant property. All three functions contribute to MP oxidation as observed in GA-containing meat.

Effects of Key Components on the Antioxidant Activity of Black Tea

Many components (such as tea polyphenols, catechins, theaflavins, theasinensins, thearubigins, flavonoids, gallic acid, etc.) in black tea have antioxidant activities. However, it is not clear which components have a greater influence on the antioxidant activity of black tea. In this study, the antioxidant activity and contents of tea polyphenols, catechins, theaflavins, thearubigins, theabrownins, TSA, total flavonoids, amino acids, caffeine, and total soluble sugar were analyzed in 51 black teas. Principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA), and the correlation analysis method were used for data analysis. The results showed that catechins in tea polyphenols were the most important components that determine the antioxidant activity of black tea. Among them, epicatechin gallate (ECG), epi-gallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin (EC), and epi-gallocatechin (EGC) were significantly positively correlated with the antioxidant activity of black tea, and theabrownin was negatively correlated with the antioxidant activity of black tea. Furthermore, this study analyzed the correlation between the changes in catechin and its oxidized polymers with antioxidant activity during black tea fermentation; it verified that catechins were significantly positively correlated with the antioxidant activity of black tea, and theabrownin showed a negative correlation. And the antioxidant activity of catechins and their oxidation products in vitro and their correlation in black tea processing were used as validation. This study provides a comparison method for comparing the antioxidant activity of black tea.

Gallic-Acid-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles: A Promising Transdermal Drug Delivery System with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents

The objective of this study was to develop an innovative gallic-acid (GA) drug delivery system that could be administered transdermally, resulting in enhanced therapeutic benefits and minimal negative consequences. The method employed involved the preparation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with GA through nanoprecipitation-denoted GA@PLGANPs. The results reveal that this strategy led to perfectly spherical, homogeneous, and negatively charged particles, which are suitable for administration via skin patches or ointments. A further analysis indicates that these GA@PLGANPs exhibit remarkable antioxidant activity as well as potent antibacterial effects against a diverse range of microorganisms, making them ideal candidates for numerous applications. Additionally, it has been observed that these nanoparticles can effectively mitigate oxidative stress while also significantly inhibiting microbial growth by exerting detrimental effects on bacterial cell walls or membranes. In conclusion, on the basis of the findings presented in this study, there is strong evidence supporting the potential use of GA@PLGANPs as an effective therapy option with reduced side effects compared to conventional drug delivery methods.

Pharmacokinetic and toxicological overview of propyl gallate food additive

The progressive use of food additives in "ultra-processed" food has increased attention to them. Propyl gallate (PG) is an essential synthetic preservative that commonly used in food, cosmetics, and pharmacies as an antioxidant. This study aimed to outline the existing evidence on the toxicological studies of PG including its physicochemical properties, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics effects. The methods include updated searches for the relevant databases. The EFSA has evaluated the use of PG in food industry. It establishes an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.5 mg/kg bw per day. Based on exposure assessment, it can be concluded that at the current level of use, PG is not of safety concern.

Designing artificial pathways for improving chemical production

Metabolic engineering exploits manipulation of catalytic and regulatory elements to improve a specific function of the host cell, often the synthesis of interesting chemicals. Although naturally occurring pathways are significant resources for metabolic engineering, these pathways are frequently inefficient and suffer from a series of inherent drawbacks. Designing artificial pathways in a rational manner provides a promising alternative for chemicals production. However, the entry barrier of designing artificial pathway is relatively high, which requires researchers a comprehensive and deep understanding of physical, chemical and biological principles. On the other hand, the designed artificial pathways frequently suffer from low efficiencies, which impair their further applications in host cells. Here, we illustrate the concept and basic workflow of retrobiosynthesis in designing artificial pathways, as well as the most currently used methods including the knowledge- and computer-based approaches. Then, we discuss how to obtain desired enzymes for novel biochemistries, and how to trim the initially designed artificial pathways for further improving their functionalities. Finally, we summarize the current applications of artificial pathways from feedstocks utilization to various products synthesis, as well as our future perspectives on designing artificial pathways.

Advances in the Application of Phytogenic Extracts as Antioxidants and Their Potential Mechanisms in Ruminants

Under current breeding conditions, multiple stressors are important challenges facing animal husbandry in achieving animal wellbeing. For many years, the use of antibiotics has been a social concern in the livestock industry. With the implementation of the non-antibiotics policy, there is an urgent need to find relevant technologies and products to replace antibiotics and to solve the problem of disease prevention during animal growth. Phytogenic extracts have the unique advantages of being natural and extensive sources, having a low residue, and being pollution-free and renewable. They can relieve the various stresses, including oxidative stress, on animals and even control their inflammation by regulating the signaling pathways of proinflammatory cytokines, improving animal immunity, and improving the structure of microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby becoming the priority choice for improving animal health. In this study, we reviewed the types of antioxidants commonly used in the livestock industry and their applicable effects on ruminants, as well as the recent research progress on their potential mechanisms of action. This review may provide a reference for further research and for the application of other phytogenic extracts and the elucidation of their precise mechanisms of action.

Inhibitory and antioxidative capacity of nutmeg extracts on reduction of lipid oxidation and heterocyclic amines in pan-roasted beef patties

Identification and inhibition of mutagenic and carcinogenic heterocyclic amines (HCAs) from pan-roasted beef patties were performed by adding (0.02%) tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) and (0.05%) ethanol-extracted nutmeg (ENE) using HPLC and principal component analysis. Ten HCAs, including six polar and four non-polar, were assessed. The addition of (0.05%) ENE significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the cooking loss and shrinkage of patties during cooking and reduced the total formation HCAs by 73.97%, which proved the significant (P < 0.05) inhibitory effect as a natural antioxidant against lipid oxidation and HCA formation compared to TBHQ. The DPPH radical-scavenging activity, total phenolic content, and available active metabolites of ENE were estimated. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between pH, level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and HCA formation in both the groups. TBHQ and ENE were significant HCAs inhibitors (P < 0.001), but ENE showed resilient oxidative stability during refrigeration storage. Therefore, ENE can be used to reduce HCAs formation in pan-roasted beef patties.

A Comparison of the Sensing Behavior for Pt-Mo/C-, Pt-Zr/C-, Pt-Fe-Ir/C-, and Pt/C-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes for the Oxidation of Ascorbic Acid and Dopamine

This study compares the sensing performance for platinum-molybdenum-, platinum-zirconium-, platinum-iron-iridium-, and platinum-modified electrodes in terms of the amperometric detection of ascorbic acid (AA) and dopamine (DA). The Pt, Pt-Mo, Pt-Zr, and Pt-Fe-Ir electrocatalysts are fabricated by chemical reduction on a carbon black support (XC-72) and are further modified on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as sensing electrodes. The Pt-Mo/C/GCE exhibits better electrocatalytic activity toward AA and DA than the Pt/C/GCE, Pt-Zr/C/GCE, and Pt-Fe-Ir/C/GCE. The Pt-Mo/C/GCE exhibits a sensitivity of 31.29 µA mM−1 to AA at 0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl and a sensitivity of 72.24 µA mM−1 to DA at 0.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl and is reproducible and stable. This electrode has a respective limit of detection of 7.69 and 6.14 µM for AA and DA. Sucrose, citric acid, tartaric acid, and uric acid do not interfere with AA and DA detection. The diffusion coefficient and kinetic parameters, such as the catalytic rate constant and the heterogeneous rate constant for AA and DA, are determined using electrochemical approaches.

Effect of sumac powder on clinical symptoms, hyperandrogenism, inflammation, blood glucose, lipid profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A double-blind randomized clinical trial

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders associated with a high risk of diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sumac powder on clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters in women with PCOS. The double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 88 women with PCOS randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. The intervention group received three capsules each containing 1 g of sumac powder for 12 weeks. All data and serum levels of sex hormone, hs-CRP, glucose, and lipid profiles were measured at the baseline and at the end of the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 software. The ANCOVA test results showed that hs-CRP level was significantly reduced in the intervention group (p = .008). Blood glucose and lipid profiles in the intervention group were significantly reduced compared to the placebo group (p < .05). Insulin sensitivity and HDL levels were increased significantly in the Sumac group after the intervention (p < .05). Sumac powder can reduce the inflammatory effects, and glycemic status and lipid profile of polycystic ovaries in affected women, but has no significant effect on anthropometric parameters and sex hormones.

Ultra-High Hydrostatic Pressure Pretreatment on White Que Zui Tea: Chemical Constituents, Antioxidant, Cytoprotective, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

Herbal tea has numerous biological activities and exhibits broad benefits for human health. In China, the flower buds of Lyonia ovalifolia are traditionally processed as herbal tea, namely White Que Zui tea (WQT). This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of ultra-high hydrostatic pressure (UHHP) pretreatment on the chemical constituents and biological activities of free, esterified, and insoluble-bound phenolic fractions from WQT. A total of 327 chemical constituents were identified by a quasi-targeted metabolomics analysis. UHHP pretreatment extremely inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell apoptosis in H2O2-induced HepG2 cells, and it increased the activities of intracellular antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) and GSH content in different phenolic fractions from WQT. In addition, after UHHP pretreatment, the anti-inflammatory effects of different phenolic fractions from WQT were improved by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Thus, the UHHP method might be a potential pretreatment strategy for improving the bioavailability of phytochemicals from natural plants.

A Concise Profile of Gallic Acid-From Its Natural Sources through Biological Properties and Chemical Methods of Determination

Nature is a valuable source of anti-oxidants that have a health-promoting effect by inhibiting various undesirable changes leading to cell degradation and, consequently, potential disease ailments. One of them is gallic acid which has been used as a healing agent since ancient times. Currently, due to various beneficial properties, this compound is considered to be one of the main phenolic acids of great importance in numerous industries. It is commonly used as a substance protecting against the harmful effects of UV radiation, an astringent in cosmetic preparations, and a preservative in food products. Therefore, gallic acid is now deemed essential for both human health and industry. Increasingly better methods of its isolation and analysis are being developed, and new solutions are being sought to increase its production. This review, presenting a concise characterization of gallic acid, updates the knowledge about its various biological activities and methods used for its isolation and determination, including chromatographic and non-chromatographic methods.

Protective Effects of Arbutus unedo L. Honey in the Alleviation of Irinotecan-Induced Cytogenetic Damage in Human Lymphocytes-An In Vitro Study

Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) honey (STH) has been used since ancient times as a folk medicine remedy, especially in certain Mediterranean countries. This honey, rich in phenolic content, is well recognized for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, and is used for the treatment of skin lesions as well as gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. This study investigated whether STH alleviates genome damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes produced by the cytotoxic drug irinotecan. The phenolic profile of STH was previously estimated by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a linear ion trap-Orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer. The effects of STH were evaluated at three concentrations (1×, 5×, and 10×), based on the daily consumption of the honey by an adult person. After 2 h of in vitro exposure, standard lymphocyte cultures for the analysis of chromosome aberrations and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay were established. Our results demonstrate that STH offered remarkable geno- and cytoprotection when administered with irinotecan. These findings are relevant for drawing preliminary conclusions regarding the in vitro safety of the tested honey. However, further studies are needed with the application of more complex experimental models.

Impact of Phenolic Acid Derivatives on the Oxidative Stability of β-Lactoglobulin-Stabilized Emulsions

Proteins, such as β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg), are often used to stabilize oil-water-emulsions. By using an additional implementation of phenolic compounds (PC) that might interact with the proteins, the oxidative stability can be further improved. Whether PC have a certain pro-oxidant effect on oxidation processes, while interacting non-covalently (pH-6) or covalently (pH.9) with the interfacial protein-film, is not known. This study aimed to characterize the impact of phenolic acid derivatives (PCDs) on the antioxidant efficacy of the interfacial β-Lg-film, depending on their structural properties and pH-value. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analyses were performed to assess the radical scavenging in the aqueous and oil phases of the emulsion, and the complexation of transition metals: these are well known to act as pro-oxidants. Finally, in a model linseed oil emulsion, lipid oxidation products were analyzed over storage time in order to characterize the antioxidant efficacy of the interfacial protein-film. The results showed that, at pH.6, PCDs can scavenge hydrophilic radicals and partially scavenge hydrophobic radicals, as well as reduce transition metals. As expected, transition metals are complexed to only a slight degree, leading to an increased lipid oxidation through non-complexed reduced transition metals. At pH.9, there is a strong complexation between PCDs and the transition metals and, therefore, a decreased ability to reduce the transition metals; these do not promote lipid oxidation in the emulsion anymore.

An insight into the neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects and mechanisms of Moringa oleifera

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are sporadic maladies that affect patients' lives with progressive neurological disabilities and reduced quality of life. Neuroinflammation and oxidative reaction are among the pivotal factors for neurodegenerative conditions, contributing to the progression of NDs, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and Huntington's disease (HD). Management of NDs is still less than optimum due to its wide range of causative factors and influences, such as lifestyle, genetic variants, and environmental aspects. The neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory activities of Moringa oleifera have been documented in numerous studies due to its richness of phytochemicals with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review highlights up-to-date research findings on the anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of M. oleifera, including mechanisms against NDs. The information was gathered from databases, which include Scopus, Science Direct, Ovid-MEDLINE, Springer, and Elsevier. Neuroprotective effects of M. oleifera were mainly assessed by using the crude extracts in vitro and in vivo experiments. Isolated compounds from M. oleifera such as moringin, astragalin, and isoquercitrin, and identified compounds of M. oleifera such as phenolic acids and flavonoids (chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, (-)-epicatechin, and isoquercitrin) have been reported to have neuropharmacological activities. Therefore, these compounds may potentially contribute to the neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects. More in-depth studies using in vivo animal models of neurological-related disorders and extensive preclinical investigations, such as pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and bioavailability studies are necessary before clinical trials can be carried out to develop M. oleifera constituents into neuroprotective agents.

Theoretical study on the radical scavenging activity of gallic acid

The global descriptors of the chemical activity: ionization potential IP, electron affinity EA, chemical potential μ, absolute electronegativity χ, molecular hardness η and softness S, electrophilicity index ω, electro-donating ω^-, electro-accepting ω⁺ powers as well as Ra and Rd indexes for gallic acid (GA) in the gas phase and water medium have been determined. To this aim, the HOMO and LUMO energies were calculated using the DFT method at the B3LYP, M06-2X, LC-ωPBE, BHandLYP, ωB97XD/cc-pVQZ theory levels using C-PCM, IEF-PCM and SMD solvation models, enabling more accurate descriptor calculations than those carried out so far. Quantum-chemical computations were also applied to investigate the GA structure and thermodynamic parameters characterizing its radical scavenging properties. To this aim, the full optimization of the neutral GA and its radical, cationic and anionic forms in vacuum and water medium has been performed, and then the bond dissociation enthalpy BDE, adiabatic ionization potential AIP, proton dissociation enthalpy PDE, proton affinity PA, electron transfer enthalpy ETE, gas phase acidity H_acidity and free Gibbs acidity G_acidity in water have been determined. The calculations revealed that GA in vacuum scavenges free radicals via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), whereas in water (polar) medium by sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET). Analysis of the global activity descriptors of GA indicates that only B3LYP method combined with different solvation models satisfactory reproduces LUMO-HOMO energies and provides the smallest value of the total electron energy of GA. Among the parameters of chemical activity, the indexes Ra and Rd are the most independent of the computational method and the solvation model used. They can be recommended as a reliable source of information on the antioxidant activity of chemical compounds.

Novel neurolisteriosis therapy using SPION as a drivable nanocarrier in gallic acid delivery to CNS

Neurolisteriosis is an infectious disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with a high mortality rate caused by Listeria monocytogenes. The CNS disorders suffer from inadequacy of drugs accessibility. An experimental in vivo model of neurolisteriosis was developed by oral administration of the bacteria in Wistar rats. It's speculated the capability of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) in ferrying gallic acid (GA), as a natural antimicrobial agent, through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with the assistance of an external magnetic field (EMF). The capability of the formulated nanodrug in traversing through the BBB was approved by detecting blue spots in the Perls' Prussian staining of the brain tissue sections and by an increased iron content of the brain determined by the inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. The GA release pattern and the nanodrug toxicity assay were promising. Anti-listeriosis effect of the formulated nanodrug was evaluated by molecular quantification of the relative abundance of survived bacteria in brain tissue samples. Besides, the relative expression of the listeriolysin O-encoding hly gene, the prominent virulence factor of L. monocytogenes, was determined using the rplD gene as a reference gene. The nanodrug-received rats showed a significantly less viable bacteria (13.2 ± 7.6%) and a 4.4-fold reduction in the relative expression of the hly gene in comparison to the sham group. Magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized by co-precipitation method, functionalized with GA, and finally coated with Tween 80. The physicochemical properties of the bare and surface modified materials were investigated using different techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Zeta Potential analyses, and vibrating sample magnetometry. In conclusion, MNPs displayed a considerable potential for drug delivery intentions to various target sites such as the CNS. Gallic acid exhibited a binary anti-listerial effect, the destruction of L. monocytogenes bacteria in addition to reducing the expression of the hly gene, which in turn causes reduced survivability of the bacteria in the CNS.

Therapeutic Role of Phytophenol Gallic Acid for the Cure of COVID-19 Pathogenesis

The SARS CoV-2 virus, the causative agent of COVID-19 uses the ACE-2 receptor of the host to penetrate and infect the cell, mainly in the pulmonary, renal, and cardiac tissues. The earlier reported Delta and the recent Omicron are the variants of concern. The mutations in the RBD region of spike protein are associated with increased RBD-ACE-2 receptor interaction. This binding affinity between spike protein and the receptor is greater in Omicron than in the Delta variant. Moreover, the Omicron variant has numerous hydrophobic amino acids in the RBD region of the spike protein, which maintain its structural integrity. Gallic acid is a phytophenol and shows high binding affinity toward the ACE-2 receptors, which may be helpful for better outcomes in the treatment of COVID-19 pathogenesis. In the present study, significant data were collected from different databases i.e., PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science by using keywords like anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of gallic acid, in addition to receptor-based host cell interaction of SARS CoV-2 virus. The finding shows that gallic acid can reduce inflammation by attenuating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways to suppress the release of ICAM-1, a cell surface glycoprotein; various pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL 1-β, IL-6, IL-10, and chemokines like CCL-2,5, CXCL-8 along with tissue infiltration by immune cells. The purpose of this review is to highlight the therapeutic potential of gallic acid in COVID-19 pathogenesis based on its strong anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti- microbial properties.

Protective Role of Natural Compounds under Radiation-Induced Injury

In recent years, evidence has shown the potential therapeutic effects of different natural compounds for the prevention and treatment of radiotherapy-induced mucositis (RIOM). RIOM represents one of the most frequent side effects associated with anti-neoplastic treatments affecting patients' quality of life and treatment response due to radiation therapy discontinuation. The innate radio-protective ability of natural products obtained from plants is in part due to the numerous antioxidants possessed as a part of their normal secondary metabolic processes. However, oxygen presence is a key point for radiation efficacy on cancer cells. The aim of this review is to describe the most recent evidence on radiation-induced injury and the emerging protective role of natural compounds in preventing and treating this specific damage without compromising treatment efficacy.

A high-throughput visual screening method for p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase to increase phenolic compounds biosynthesis

Background

Gallic acid (GA) and pyrogallol are phenolic hydroxyl compounds and have diverse biological activities. Microbial-based biosynthesis, as an ecofriendly method, has been used for GA and pyrogallol production. In GA and pyrogallol biosynthetic pathways, the low hydroxylation activity of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase (PobA) towards 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHBA) limited the high-level biosynthesis of GA and pyrogallol.

Results

This work reported a high activity PobA mutant (Y385F/T294A/V349A PobA) towards 3,4-DHBA. This mutant was screened out from a PobA random mutagenesis library through a novel naked eye visual screening method. In vitro enzyme assay showed this mutant has a k_cat/K_m of 0.059 μM⁻¹ s⁻¹ towards 3,4-DHBA, which was 4.92-fold higher than the reported mutant (Y385F/T294A PobA). Molecular docking simulation provided the possible catalytic mechanism explanation of the high activity mutant. Expression of this mutant in E. coli BW25113 (Fʹ) can generate 840 ± 23 mg/L GA from 1000 mg/L 3,4-DHBA. After that, this mutant was assembled into a de novo GA biosynthetic pathway. Subsequently, this pathway was introduced into a 3,4-DHBA-producing strain (E. coli BW25113 (Fʹ)ΔaroE) to achieve 301 ± 15 mg/L GA production from simple carbon sources. Similarly, assembling this mutant into a de novo pyrogallol biosynthetic pathway enabled 129 ± 15 mg/L pyrogallol production.

Conclusions

This work established an efficient screening method and generated a high activity PobA mutant. Assembling this mutant into de novo GA and pyrogallol biosynthetic pathways achieved the production of these two compounds from glucose. Besides, this mutant has great potential for the production of GA or pyrogallol derivatives. The screening method could be used for other GA biosynthesis-related enzymes.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13068-022-02142-w.

Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ascorbic Acid

Ascorbic acid, as a one of the basic exogenous vitamins, occurs in the body in the form of ascorbate, known for its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The presented review shows not only the importance of ascorbate as a free radical scavenger but also summarizes its antioxidant action based on other mechanisms, including the activation of intracellular antioxidant systems and its effect on the NFκB/TNFα pathway and apoptosis. Ascorbate interacts with small-molecule antioxidants, including tocopherol, glutathione, and thioredoxin; it can also stimulate biosynthesis and the activation of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, or glutathione peroxidase. Moreover, ascorbate promotes the activity of transcription factors (Nrf2, Ref-1, AP-1), which enables the expression of genes encoding antioxidant proteins. Additionally, it supports the action of other exogenous antioxidants, mainly polyphenols. In this regard, both DNA, proteins, and lipids are protected against oxidation, leading to an inflammatory reaction and even cell death. Although ascorbate has strong antioxidant properties, it can also have pro-oxidant effects in the presence of free transition metals. However, its role in the prevention of DNA mutation, inflammation, and cell apoptosis, especially in relation to cancer cells, is controversial.

In vitro assessment of multipotential therapeutic importance of Hericium erinaceus mushroom extracts using different solvents

Infectious disease is one of the major threats to humans and it is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Edible mushrooms have many nutritional and medicinal values to human health. The medicinal properties of edible mushroom extract in inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms had advantages over the use of chemically synthetic antimicrobial compounds due to less unwanted side effects and can combat microbial resistance. This study hypothesized that the polarity affects the extraction quality of Hericium erinaceus fruiting bodies which was prepared and subsequently affects its activity as an antimicrobial against six tested microorganisms, including MRSA, and Streptococcus mutans, Enterobacter cloaca, Salmonella typhimurium, and Candida lipolytica; antiviral against Hepatitis A virus (HAV) virus; antioxidant using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay; and anti-inflammatory potential. So, the mushroom was quantitatively evaluated to assess its content of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, protein, nitrogen, and oil. The current research clarified here that aquatic extract has a significant activity as an antioxidant (IC50 = 53.7 µg/mL) and antiviral (IC50 = 24.97 µg/mL), while ethyl acetate extract showed a reasonable antimicrobial activity rather than all tested extract against tested microorganisms. Unfortunately, all extracts under investigation possess low anti-inflammatory action according to the adopting protocol. The superior results of both water and ethyl acetate extracts were later investigated by HPTLC and GC-MS for preliminary prediction of the chemical constitution of those extracts. H. erinaceus mushroom succeeded to establish promising antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant activities while it has low anti-inflammatory activity. Both HPTLC and GC-MS could identify the chemical constituents of the mushroom crude extract.

Formulations of selected Energy beverages promote pro-oxidant effects of ascorbic acid and long-term stability of hydrogen peroxide

Recently, autoxidation mediated by ascorbic acid (AA) and other ingredients, has been implicated in generation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in so-called Energy beverages. Here, we report the use of cyclic voltammetry and the FOX assay to monitor at short and long incubation times, respectively, the production and stability of H₂O₂ generated by AA and redox-active ingredients. Levels of H₂O₂ in Energy drinks (36.5 ± 4.0 µM at 4 °C and 64.2 ± 7.6 µM at 20 °C) were found to be stable or increased (p < 0.05) upon vessel opening. A predictive model for the production of H₂O₂ as a function of AA concentration, temperature and incubation time, and depending on ingredients present, indicated that H₂O₂ peaked at 91-726 µM after 1 day and declined to ∼ 42-60 µM (4 °C) or zero after ∼10 days. The research supports that levels of H₂O₂ in beverages containing anti-oxidant mixtures and dissolved oxygen should be monitored and formulations modified to avoid AA autoxidation.

Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae) Susceptibility and Response to Different Experimental Formulations of a Sodium Ascorbate Toxic Sugar Bait

Attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSBs) require target insects to locate, orient toward, and feed on an insecticidal sugar solution to control populations. Formulating these baits with different attractants and phagostimulants can increase their efficacy by causing insects to choose the ATSB over competing natural sugar sources, and to ingest more of the bait solution. We tested formulations of a 20% sodium ascorbate (SA) ATSB solution using different sugars, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), gallic acid, and six plant volatile compounds to determine their effect on adult Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles stephensi Liston mortality. Baits formulated with fructose or sucrose had no effect on either species, neither did the addition of ATP. Gallic acid increased the survival of Ae. aegypti. Four of the six volatile compounds increased mortality in at least one species. We also examined An. stephensi response to baits formulated with each of the six volatile compounds. Anisaldehyde significantly increased the number of mosquitoes responding toward the SA-ATSB, but increasing the amount had no effect. Addition of anisaldehyde also significantly increased An. stephensi feeding rates on the SA-ATSB, though mosquitoes will avoid the toxic bait if a nontoxic sugar source is available. Formulation of SA-ATSBs with synthetic blends of attractive compounds can increase bait efficacy and consistency, though further research is needed to assess their performance in the field in the presence of natural sugar sources.

Antioxidant Activity of Fucoidan Modified with Gallic Acid Using the Redox Method

Antioxidant compounds decrease the amount of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, consequently, reduce the deleterious effects of ROS in osteoblasts. Here, we modified a 21 kDa fucoidan (FucA) with gallic acid (GA) using the redox method, to potentiate its antioxidant/protective capacity on pre-osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3) against oxidative stress. The 20 kDa FucA-GA contains 37 ± 3.0 mg GA per gram of FucA. FucA-GA was the most efficient antioxidant agent in terms of total antioxidant capacity (2.5 times), reducing power (five times), copper chelation (three times), and superoxide radical scavenging (2 times). Exposure of MC3T3 cells to H2O2 increased ROS levels and activated caspase-3 along with caspase-9. In addition, the cell viability decreased approximately 80%. FucA-GA also provided the most effective protection against oxidative damage caused by H2O2. Treatment with FucA-GA (1.0 mg/mL) increased cell viability (~80%) and decreased intracellular ROS (100%) and caspase activation (~80%). In addition, Fuc-GA (0.1 mg/mL) abolished H2O2-induced oxidative stress in zebra fish embryos. Overall, FucA-GA protected MC3T3 cells from oxidative stress and could represent a possible adjuvant for the treatment of bone fragility by counteracting oxidative phenomena.

Evaluation of Genetic Damage and Antigenotoxic Effect of Ascorbic Acid in Erythrocytes of Orochromis niloticus and Ambystoma mexicanum Using Migration Groups as a Parameter

The comet assay system is an efficient method used to assess DNA damage and repair; however, it currently provides the average result and, unfortunately, the heterogeneity of DNA damage loses relevance. To take advantage of this heterogeneity, migration groups (MGs) of cell comets can be formed. In this study, genetic damage was quantified in erythrocytes of Oreochromis niloticus and Ambystoma mexicanum exposed to ethyl methanesulfonate (ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) 2.5, 5, and 10 mM over two hours) and ultraviolet C radiation (UV-C) for 5, 10, and 15 min using the tail length, tail moment, and migration group parameters. Additionally, blood cells were exposed to UV-C radiation for 5 min and treated post-treatment at 5, 10, and 15 mM ascorbic acid (AA) for two hours. With the MG parameter, it was possible to observe variations in the magnitude of genetic damage. Our data indicate that MGs help to detect basal and induced genetic damage or damage reduction with approximately the same efficiency of the tail length and tail moment parameters. MGs can be a complementary parameter used to assess DNA integrity in species exposed to mutagens.

Brewing by-product valorisation: trub debittered for nutritional and quality improvement of pasta

Trub, a brewing by-product, can be used as alternative ingredient for foods nutritional enrichment after its bitter compounds extraction. Study presents the optimisation of bitter compounds extraction from trub by Box-Behnken design, and use of debittered trub (DT) as new ingredient to enrich pasta. Bitterness extraction process was evaluated at different pH levels, time and extraction steps, and physical-chemical properties of DT (obtained under optimal conditions) were evaluated. Pasta was enriched with DT (5%, 10% and 15%) and its physical-chemical and quality properties were evaluated. Protein structure and chemical composition of trub were altered after process, also modifying its technological properties. Pasta with 10% DT increased in 33.51% protein content. Interaction of DT and wheat proteins resulted in a more compact structure, and DT water absorption capacity provided pasta texture changes. DT use improved pasta nutritional and quality properties, enabling trub valorisation and its use as vegetable proteins alternative source.

Cellulosic textile/clove nanocomposite as an antimicrobial wound dressing: In vitro and in vivo study

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is one of the useful herbal medicine to prevent the bacteria infection. This herbal medicine plant shows high antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammation activities because the essential oil and extract of this herb contains a rich source of phenolic compounds. The important phenolic compound of the herb is eugenol. In this study, we endeavored to develop the flexible cellulosic textile nanocomposite by dipping the cellulosic textile in a nano emulsion containing clove herbal medicine (32%wt). This nanocomposite was subjected to detail analyzes using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The mean size of this nano emulsion as measured by electron microscopy is between 100 and 300 nm. The presence of eugenol in this nano emulsion has been confirmed by GC-MS. The wound dressing shows high antimicrobial activity against E. coli (3 ± 0.11 mm), P. aeruginosa (2.8 ± 0.06 mm), S. epidemidis (2.9 ± 0.09 mm), and S. aureus (2.6 ± 0.07 mm). This nano composite showed significant improvement in in vivo wound healing and in vitro cellular compatibility. Nearly 85% of the operation wound was healed during14 days. Accordingly, cellulosic textile/clove wound dressing can be a potential candidate for biomedical application and pre-clinical surveys.