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Donlon J, Kumari P, Varghese SP, Bai M, Florentin OD, Frost ED, Banks J, Vadlapatla N, Kam O, Shad MU, Rahman S, Abulseoud OA, Stone TW, Koola MM. Integrative Pharmacology in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders. J Dual Diagn 2024; 20:132-177. [PMID: 38117676 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2023.2293854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental physical, mental, and socioeconomic effects of substance use disorders (SUDs) have been apparent to the medical community for decades. However, it has become increasingly urgent in recent years to develop novel pharmacotherapies to treat SUDs. Currently, practitioners typically rely on monotherapy. Monotherapy has been shown to be superior to no treatment at all for most substance classes. However, many randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have revealed that monotherapy leads to poorer outcomes when compared with combination treatment in all specialties of medicine. The results of RCTs suggest that monotherapy frequently fails since multiple dysregulated pathways, enzymes, neurotransmitters, and receptors are involved in the pathophysiology of SUDs. As such, research is urgently needed to determine how various neurobiological mechanisms can be targeted by novel combination treatments to create increasingly specific yet exceedingly comprehensive approaches to SUD treatment. This article aims to review the neurobiology that integrates many pathophysiologic mechanisms and discuss integrative pharmacology developments that may ultimately improve clinical outcomes for patients with SUDs. Many neurobiological mechanisms are known to be involved in SUDs including dopaminergic, nicotinic, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), and kynurenic acid (KYNA) mechanisms. Emerging evidence indicates that KYNA, a tryptophan metabolite, modulates all these major pathophysiologic mechanisms. Therefore, achieving KYNA homeostasis by harmonizing integrative pathophysiology and pharmacology could prove to be a better therapeutic approach for SUDs. We propose KYNA-NMDA-α7nAChRcentric pathophysiology, the "conductor of the orchestra," as a novel approach to treat many SUDs concurrently. KYNA-NMDA-α7nAChR pathophysiology may be the "command center" of neuropsychiatry. To date, extant RCTs have shown equivocal findings across comparison conditions, possibly because investigators targeted single pathophysiologic mechanisms, hit wrong targets in underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms, and tested inadequate monotherapy treatment. We provide examples of potential combination treatments that simultaneously target multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms in addition to KYNA. Kynurenine pathway metabolism demonstrates the greatest potential as a target for neuropsychiatric diseases. The investigational medications with the most evidence include memantine, galantamine, and N-acetylcysteine. Future RCTs are warranted with novel combination treatments for SUDs. Multicenter RCTs with integrative pharmacology offer a promising, potentially fruitful avenue to develop novel therapeutics for the treatment of SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Donlon
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pooja Kumari
- Community Living Trent Highlands, Peterborough, Canada
| | - Sajoy P Varghese
- Addiction Recovery Treatment Services, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Michael Bai
- Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ori David Florentin
- Department of Psychiatry, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Emma D Frost
- Department of Neurology, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - John Banks
- Talkiatry Mental Health Clinic, New York, New York, USA
| | - Niyathi Vadlapatla
- Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| | - Olivia Kam
- Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Mujeeb U Shad
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Shafiqur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Osama A Abulseoud
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Alix School of Medicine at Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Trevor W Stone
- Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maju Mathew Koola
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Cooper University Health Care, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
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Ivanov I, Krone B, Schulz K, Shaik RB, Parvaz MA, Newcorn JH. Effects of Stimulant Treatment on Changes in Brain Activation During Reward Notifications in Drug Naïve Youth With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:847-860. [PMID: 38293912 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231219762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research examining the potential effects of stimulant exposure in childhood on subsequent development of substance use disorder (SUD) have focused on differences in the brain reward system as a function of risk. METHODS 18 drug naïve children ages 7 to 12 years (11 High Risk [ADHD + ODD/CD]; 7 Low Risk [ADHD only]), underwent fMRI scans before and after treatment with mixed amphetamine salts, extended release (MAS-XR). We examined correlations between clinical ratings and fMRI activation at baseline and following treatment as a function of risk status. RESULTS High Risk children had higher activation than Low Risk children at baseline during both the Reward and Surprising Non-Reward conditions. Treatment produced strong differential effects on brain activation pertinent to group and reward outcome. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the hypothesized role of reward mechanisms in SUD risk, and suggest that stimulant treatment may have differential effects on reward processing in relation to SUD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliyan Ivanov
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beth Krone
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kurt Schulz
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Riaz B Shaik
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Charkhat Gorgich EA, Rigi MG, Fanaei H, Parsaei H, Ghanbarzehi A. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor serum levels as a candidate biomarker for withdrawal in crack heroin dependence. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2024; 19:9. [PMID: 38245698 PMCID: PMC10800061 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-024-00591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crack heroin is a novel opiate derivative with highly addictive properties and unfamiliar health consequences. It causes a variety of brain dysfunctions that are mediated by neurochemical alterations and abnormal neuroplasticity. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a widely recognized biological marker implicated in the neuropathology of substance use during substance use disorder and withdrawal. Its involvement can significantly contribute to the severity of withdrawal symptoms. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate BDNF levels in crack heroin users before and after withdrawal. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 148 male participants were recruited and divided into two groups: persons with crack heroin use disorder (n = 74) and the controls (n = 74). The BDNF serum levels were measured in both crack heroin users and control groups upon hospitalization and again after twenty-one days of withdrawal using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The results demonstrated that BDNF levels in persons with crack heroin use disorder upon admission were significantly lower than the levels observed upon discharge and in the control group (p < 0.05). Additionally, a significant difference in BDNF levels was found between persons with crack heroin use disorder at admission and discharge (p = 0.038). Furthermore, BDNF levels showed an inverse correlation with the daily dose of substance use (r= -0.420, p = 0.03) and the duration of crack heroin use (r= -0.235, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A progressive increment in BDNF levels during early detoxification is associated with the daily amount of substance use and the duration of substance use. Our findings suggest that changes in BDNF serum levels during crack heroin use disorder and withdrawal could serve as potential biomarkers for assessing the intensity of withdrawal symptoms and substance use-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hamed Fanaei
- Pregnancy Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Houman Parsaei
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abdolhakim Ghanbarzehi
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran.
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Delage C, Morel A, de Witt P, Jauffret-Roustide M, Bloch V, Noble F, Vorspan F, Marie N. Behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants and opioids: What is known in rodents and what still needs to be explored in humans? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 127:110824. [PMID: 37479108 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to substances of abuse results in an increase in some behavioral responses. This phenomenon, called behavioral sensitization (BS), is well described in preclinical models. However, its existence in humans is still a matter of debate. After a review of preclinical evidence of BS and its mechanisms in animal models, we reviewed the evidence supporting the existence of BS in humans, despite the limited research available in this regard. We focused our review on opioids and psychostimulants, since they share the ability to promote addictive behaviors. Further, they induce BS despite their distinct sedative and stimulant properties. Moreover, we proposed future research perspectives in this review to address the remaining unsolved questions, especially regarding BS in humans using a harm reduction approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Delage
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, UMRS-1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, F-75006 Paris, France; Service Pharmacie, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Alix Morel
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Pauline de Witt
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Marie Jauffret-Roustide
- École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Inserm U 1276, CNRS UMR 8044, Centre d'étude des mouvements sociaux, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Bloch
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, UMRS-1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, F-75006 Paris, France; Service Pharmacie, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Florence Noble
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMR-S1124, CNRS EMR 3649, "Pharmacologie et thérapies des addictions", Paris, France
| | - Florence Vorspan
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, UMRS-1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, F-75006 Paris, France; Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Marie
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMR-S1124, CNRS EMR 3649, "Pharmacologie et thérapies des addictions", Paris, France.
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Kimble L, Twiddy JS, Berger JM, Forderhase AG, McCarty GS, Meitzen J, Sombers LA. Simultaneous, Real-Time Detection of Glutamate and Dopamine in Rat Striatum Using Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4091-4100. [PMID: 37962541 PMCID: PMC10683757 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate and dopamine (DA) represent two key contributors to striatal functioning, a region of the brain that is essential to motor coordination and motivated behavior. While electroanalytical techniques can be utilized for rapid, spatially resolved detection of DA in the interferent-rich brain environment, glutamate, a nonelectroactive analyte, cannot be directly detected using electroanalytical techniques. However, it can be probed using enzyme-based sensors, which generate an electroactive reporter in the presence of glutamate. The vast majority of glutamate biosensors have relied on amperometric sensing, which is an inherently nonselective detection technique. This approach necessitates the use of complex and performance-limiting modifications to ensure the desired single-analyte specificity. Here, we present a novel glutamate microbiosensor fabricated on a carbon-fiber microelectrode substrate and coupled with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) to enable the simultaneous quantification of glutamate and DA at single recording sites in the brain, which is impossible when using typical amperometric approaches. The glutamate microbiosensors were characterized for sensitivity, stability, and selectivity by using a voltammetric waveform optimized for the simultaneous detection of both species. The applicability of these sensors for the investigation of neural circuits was validated in the rat ventral striatum. Electrically evoked glutamate and DA release were recorded at single-micrometer-scale locations before and after pharmacological manipulation of glutamatergic signaling. Our novel glutamate microbiosensor advances the state of the art by providing a powerful tool for probing coordination between these two species in a way that has previously not been possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laney
C. Kimble
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jack S. Twiddy
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Joint
Department of Biomedical Engineering, North
Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jenna M. Berger
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Alexandra G. Forderhase
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Gregory S. McCarty
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - John Meitzen
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Leslie A. Sombers
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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6
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Petrie J, Kowallis LR, Kamhout S, Bills KB, Adams D, Fleming DE, Brown BL, Steffensen SC. Gender-Specific Interactions in a Visual Object Recognition Task in Persons with Opioid Use Disorder. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2460. [PMID: 37760905 PMCID: PMC10525754 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD)-associated overdose deaths have reached epidemic proportions worldwide over the past two decades, with death rates for men reported at twice the rate for women. Using a controlled, cross-sectional, age-matched (18-56 y) design to better understand the cognitive neuroscience of OUD, we evaluated the electroencephalographic (EEG) responses of male and female participants with OUD vs. age- and gender-matched non-OUD controls during a simple visual object recognition Go/No-Go task. Overall, women had significantly slower reaction times (RTs) than men. In addition, EEG N200 and P300 event-related potential (ERP) amplitudes for non-OUD controls were significantly larger for men, while their latencies were significantly shorter than for women. However, while N200 and P300 amplitudes were not significantly affected by OUD for either men or women in this task, latencies were also affected differentially in men vs. women with OUD. Accordingly, for both N200 and P300, male OUD participants exhibited longer latencies while female OUD participants exhibited shorter ones than in non-OUD controls. Additionally, robust oscillations were found in all participants during a feedback message associated with performance in the task. Although alpha and beta power during the feedback message were significantly greater for men than women overall, both alpha and beta oscillations exhibited significantly lower power in all participants with OUD. Taken together, these findings suggest important gender by OUD differences in cognitive processing and reflection of performance in this simple visual task.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn Petrie
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (J.P.); (K.B.B.)
| | - Logan R. Kowallis
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (J.P.); (K.B.B.)
| | - Sarah Kamhout
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (J.P.); (K.B.B.)
| | - Kyle B. Bills
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (J.P.); (K.B.B.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, Provo, UT 84606, USA
| | - Daniel Adams
- PhotoPharmics, Inc., 947 So, 500 E, Suite 100, American Fork, UT 84003, USA
| | - Donovan E. Fleming
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (J.P.); (K.B.B.)
| | - Bruce L. Brown
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (J.P.); (K.B.B.)
| | - Scott C. Steffensen
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (J.P.); (K.B.B.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, Provo, UT 84606, USA
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7
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Goud TJ. Epigenetic and Long-Term Effects of Nicotine on Biology, Behavior, and Health. Pharmacol Res 2023; 192:106741. [PMID: 37149116 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco and nicotine use are associated with disease susceptibility and progression. Health challenges associated with nicotine and smoking include developmental delays, addiction, mental health and behavioral changes, lung disease, cardiovascular disease, endocrine disorders, diabetes, immune system changes, and cancer. Increasing evidence suggests that nicotine-associated epigenetic changes may mediate or moderate the development and progression of a myriad of negative health outcomes. In addition, nicotine exposure may confer increased lifelong susceptibility to disease and mental health challenges through alteration of epigenetic signaling. This review examines the relationship between nicotine exposure (and smoking), epigenetic changes, and maladaptive outcomes that include developmental disorders, addiction, mental health challenges, pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, endocrine disorders, diabetes, immune system changes, and cancer. Overall, findings support the contention that nicotine (or smoking) associated altered epigenetic signaling is a contributing factor to disease and health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Goud
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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8
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Sensitization-based risk for substance abuse in vulnerable individuals with ADHD: Review and re-examination of evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104575. [PMID: 35151770 PMCID: PMC9893468 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Evidence of sensitization following stimulants administration in humans is just emerging, which prevents reaching more definitive conclusions in favor or against a purported protective role of stimulant treatments for ADHD for the development of substance use disorders. Existing evidence from both animal and human research suggest that stimulants produce neurophysiological changes in the brain reward system, some of which could be persistent. This could be relevant in choosing optimal treatments for young patients with ADHD who have additional clinical risk factors for substance abuse (e.g. conduct disorder (CD) and/or familial addictions). Here we stipulate that, while the majority of youth with ADHD greatly benefit from treatments with stimulants, there might be a subpopulation of individuals whose neurobiological profiles may confer risk for heightened vulnerability to the effects of stimulants on the responsiveness of the brain reward system. We propose that focused human research is needed to elucidate the unknown effects of prolonged stimulant exposure on the neurophysiology of the brain reward system in young patients with ADHD.
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Wahba MEK, El Wasseef D, El Sherbiny D. Studying the suitability of hybrid micelle liquid chromatography for estimating the lipophilicity of some partial dopamine agonists used to attain the reward circuit. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:202371. [PMID: 34084546 PMCID: PMC8150020 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.202371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three micellar-based mobile phases were developed and optimized for the simultaneous determination of certain partial dopamine agonists that are used to overcome the withdrawal symptoms of abused drugs, namely aripiprazole, pramipexole and piribedil. The studied drugs were separated using micellar liquid chromatography, hybrid micellar liquid chromatography (HMLC) and microemulsion liquid chromatography (MELC). The three developed mobile phases were studied to estimate their suitability for the measurement of log p-values of the studied drugs. Experimental determination of log Pm/w values using the three mobile phases demonstrates that HMLC is the mobile phase of choice since the obtained practical log Pm/w values were in accordance with the reported log P values, and calculated log P and log D values. An explanation of the obtained results was presented based on the separation retention mechanism for each chromatographic technique. Furthermore, the effect of the pH and the column temperature in HMLC on the practical log Pm/w values was studied. To verify its suitability for experimental measurement of log Pm/w , HMLC was subjected to full validation according to the United States Pharmacopeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. E. K. Wahba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, 35712 Gamasa, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - D. El Wasseef
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, 35712 Gamasa, Egypt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - D. El Sherbiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, 35712 Gamasa, Egypt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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10
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Wang H, Cao D, Gillespie JC, Mendez RE, Selley DE, Liu-Chen LY, Zhang Y. Exploring the putative mechanism of allosteric modulations by mixed-action kappa/mu opioid receptor bitopic modulators. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:551-573. [PMID: 33590767 PMCID: PMC8027703 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation and selectivity mechanisms of seven mixed-action kappa opioid receptor (KOR)/mu opioid receptor (MOR) bitopic modulators were explored. Molecular modeling results indicated that the 'message' moiety of seven bitopic modulators shared the same binding mode with the orthosteric site of the KOR and MOR, whereas the 'address' moiety bound with different subdomains of the allosteric site of the KOR and MOR. The 'address' moiety of seven bitopic modulators bound to different subdomains of the allosteric site of the KOR and MOR may exhibit distinguishable allosteric modulations to the binding affinity and/or efficacy of the 'message' moiety. Moreover, the 3-hydroxy group on the phenolic moiety of the seven bitopic modulators induced selectivity to the KOR over the MOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Danni Cao
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - James C Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Rolando E Mendez
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Dana E Selley
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Lee-Yuan Liu-Chen
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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11
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Goud NS, Bhattacharya A, Joshi RK, Nagaraj C, Bharath RD, Kumar P. Carbon-11: Radiochemistry and Target-Based PET Molecular Imaging Applications in Oncology, Cardiology, and Neurology. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1223-1259. [PMID: 33499603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging technique has gained its universal value as a remarkable tool for medical diagnosis and biomedical research. Carbon-11 is one of the promising radiotracers that can report target-specific information related to its pharmacology and physiology to understand the disease status. Currently, many of the available carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min) PET radiotracers are heterocyclic derivatives that have been synthesized using carbon-11 inserted different functional groups obtained from primary and secondary carbon-11 precursors. A spectrum of carbon-11 PET radiotracers has been developed against many of the upregulated and emerging targets for the diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, and therapy in the fields of oncology, cardiology, and neurology. This review focuses on the carbon-11 radiochemistry and various target-specific PET molecular imaging agents used in tumor, heart, brain, and neuroinflammatory disease imaging along with its associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerella Sridhar Goud
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Ahana Bhattacharya
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Raman Kumar Joshi
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Chandana Nagaraj
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Pardeep Kumar
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
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12
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Li J, Zhu L, Su H, Liu D, Yan Z, Ni T, Wei H, Goh EL, Chen T. Regulation of miR-128 in the nucleus accumbens affects methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization by modulating proteins involved in neuroplasticity. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12881. [PMID: 32058631 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) -induced behavioral sensitization depends on long-term neuroplasticity in the mesolimbic dopamine system, especially in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). miR-128, a brain enriched miRNA, was found to have abilities in regulating neuronal excitability and formation of fear-extinction memory. Here, we aim to identify the role of miR-128 on METH-induced locomotor sensitization of male mice. We identified a significant increase of miR-128 in the NAc of mice upon repeated-intermittent METH exposure but not acute METH administration. Microinjection of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-miR-128 over-expression and inhibition constructs into the NAc of mice resulted in enhanced METH-induced locomotor sensitization and attenuated effects of METH respectively. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) technology and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) were carried out to uncover the potential molecular mechanisms underlying miR-128-regulated METH sensitization. Differentially expressed proteins, including 25 potential targets for miR-128 were annotated in regulatory pathways that modulate dendritic spines, synaptic transmission and neuritogenesis. Of which, Arf6, Cpeb3 and Nlgn1, were found to be participating in miR-128-regulated METH sensitization. Consistently, METH-induced abnormal changes of Arf6, Cpeb3 and Nlgn1 in the NAc of mice were also detected by qPCR and validated by western blot analysis. Thus, miR-128 may contribute to METH sensitization through controlling neuroplasticity. Our study suggested miR-128 was an important regulator of METH- induced sensitization and also provided the potential molecular networks of miR-128 in regulating METH-induced sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- College of Forensic Medicine Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
- The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Li Zhu
- College of Forensic Medicine Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
- The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Hang Su
- College of Forensic Medicine Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
- The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Forensic Medicine Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
- The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Zhilan Yan
- College of Forensic Medicine Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
- The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Tong Ni
- College of Forensic Medicine Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
- The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Han Wei
- College of Forensic Medicine Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
- The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Eyleen L.K. Goh
- Department of Research National Neuroscience Institute Singapore 308433
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Faculty, Lee Kong China School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore 308232
| | - Teng Chen
- College of Forensic Medicine Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
- The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi 710061 China
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13
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Chen W, Huang P, Zeng H, Lin J, Shi Z, Yao X. Cocaine-induced structural and functional impairments of the glymphatic pathway in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:97-104. [PMID: 32335199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The glymphatic system plays a central role in the clearance of extracellular wastes from the brain. Cocaine exposure can lead to pathologies that affect the entire brain, resulting in addictive disorders involving motivational and cognitive impairment. However, it remains unknown whether cocaine exposure impairs glymphatic function. In the present study, using a mouse model of noncontingent cocaine exposure, we evaluated glymphatic function including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-interstitial fluid (ISF) exchange and solute clearance during repeated exposures and withdrawal. We found that cocaine treatment, both during repeated exposure and withdrawal, significantly induced widespread astrogliosis and reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebrovascular pulsatility, and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) polarity. Glymphatic function was greatly impaired in mice after cocaine treatment, as evidenced by reduced CSF influx from paravascular pathways into the brain parenchyma and decreased efflux of interstitial molecules out of the parenchyma. These findings provide evidence that cocaine exposure impairs the clearance of wastes from the brain, which may contribute to the development of neurocognitive disorders in patients with drug addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weineng Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Pian Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haitao Zeng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jianing Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhe Shi
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoli Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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14
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Rosa HZ, Segat HJ, Barcelos RCS, Roversi K, Rossato DR, de Brum GF, Burger ME. Involvement of the endogenous opioid system in the beneficial influence of physical exercise on amphetamine-induced addiction parameters. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 197:173000. [PMID: 32702398 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulant drugs addiction is a chronic public health problem and individuals remain susceptible to relapses increasing public expenses even after withdrawal and treatment. Our research group has focused on finding new therapies to be employed in drug addiction treatment, suggesting the physical exercise as a promising tool. This way, it is necessary to know the mechanisms involved in the beneficial influences of physical exercise observing the pathway that could be explored in drug addiction treatment. Male Wistar rats were conditioned with amphetamine (AMPH) following the conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol and subsequently submitted to swimming for 5 weeks (1 h per day, 5 days per week). Half of the animals were injected with Naloxone (0.3 mg/mL/kg body weight, i.p.) 5 min prior each physical exercise day. After AMPH-CPP re-exposure, our outcomes showed that physical exercise, in addition to minimizing the relapse behavior in the CPP, it increased D1R, D2R and DAT in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA), but not in the Nucleus accumbens (NAc). Interestingly, while naloxone inhibited the partial beneficial influence of the exercise on drug-relapse behavior, exercise-induced changes in the dopaminergic system were not observed in the group administered with naloxone as well. Based on these evidences, besides reinforcing the beneficial influence of the physical exercise on AMPH-induced drug addiction, we propose the involvement of endogenous opioid system activation, not as a single one, but as a possible mechanism of action resulting from the physical activity practice, thus characterizing an important therapeutic approach, which may contribute to drug withdrawal consequently preventing relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Z Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - H J Segat
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - R C S Barcelos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Kr Roversi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - D R Rossato
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - G F de Brum
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - M E Burger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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15
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Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptors Modulate Glutamate and GABA Neurotransmission onto Ventral Tegmental Dopamine Neurons during Cocaine Sensitization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030790. [PMID: 31991781 PMCID: PMC7036981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) plays an important role in the reward and motivational processes that facilitate the development of drug addiction. Presynaptic α1-AR activation modulates glutamate and Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release. This work elucidates the role of VTA presynaptic α1-ARs and their modulation on glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission during cocaine sensitization. Excitatory and inhibitory currents (EPSCs and IPSCs) measured by a whole cell voltage clamp show that α1-ARs activation increases EPSCs amplitude after 1 day of cocaine treatment but not after 5 days of cocaine injections. The absence of a pharmacological response to an α1-ARs agonist highlights the desensitization of the receptor after repeated cocaine administration. The desensitization of α1-ARs persists after a 7-day withdrawal period. In contrast, the modulation of α1-ARs on GABA neurotransmission, shown by decreases in IPSCs' amplitude, is not affected by acute or chronic cocaine injections. Taken together, these data suggest that α1-ARs may enhance DA neuronal excitability after repeated cocaine administration through the reduction of GABA inhibition onto VTA dopamine (DA) neurons even in the absence of α1-ARs' function on glutamate release and protein kinase C (PKC) activation. α1-AR modulatory changes in cocaine sensitization increase our knowledge of the role of the noradrenergic system in cocaine addiction and may provide possible avenues for therapeutics.
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Tran HQ, Shin EJ, Saito K, Tran TV, Phan DH, Sharma N, Kim DW, Choi SY, Jeong JH, Jang CG, Cheong JH, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 is a molecular target for the protective activity of mood stabilizers against mania-like behavior induced by d-amphetamine. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 136:110986. [PMID: 31760073 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
It is recognized that d-amphetamine (AMPH)-induced hyperactivity is thought to be a valid animal model of mania. In the present study, we investigated whether a proinflammatory oxidative gene indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is involved in AMPH-induced mitochondrial burden, and whether mood stabilizers (i.e., lithium and valproate) modulate IDO to protect against AMPH-induced mania-like behaviors. AMPH-induced IDO-1 expression was significantly greater than IDO-2 expression in the prefrontal cortex of wild type mice. IDO-1 expression was more pronounced in the mitochondria than in the cytosol. AMPH treatment activated intra-mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation and mitochondrial oxidative burden, while inhibited mitochondrial membrane potential and activity of the mitochondrial complex (I > II), mitochondrial glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, indicating that mitochondrial burden might be contributable to mania-like behaviors induced by AMPH. The behaviors were significantly attenuated by lithium, valproate, or IDO-1 knockout, but not in IDO-2 knockout mice. Lithium, valproate administration, or IDO-1 knockout significantly attenuated mitochondrial burden. Neither lithium nor valproate produced additive effects above the protective effects observed in IDO-1 KO in mice. Collectively, our results suggest that mood stabilizers attenuate AMPH-induced mania-like behaviors via attenuation of IDO-1-dependent mitochondrial stress, highlighting IDO-1 as a novel molecular target for the protective potential of mood stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Quyen Tran
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Japan.
| | - The-Vinh Tran
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dieu-Hien Phan
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 25457, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
: Alprazolam is one of the most widely prescribed benzodiazepines for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. Its clinical use has been a point of contention as most addiction specialists consider it to be highly addictive, given its unique psychodynamic properties which limit its clinical usefulness, whereas many primary care physicians continue to prescribe it for longer periods than recommended. Clinical research data has not fully shed light on its "abuse liability," yet it is one of the most frequently prescribed benzodiazepines. "Abuse liability" is the degree to which a psychoactive drug has properties that facilitate people misusing it, or becoming addicted to it, and is commonly used in the literature. We have replaced it in our manuscript with "misuse liability" as it reflects a more updated terminology consistent with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). In this paper, we have reviewed alprazolam's indications for use, its effect on pregnant women, misuse liability, withdrawal syndrome, pharmacodynamic properties, and suggest better clinical prescription practice of alprazolam by presenting an indepth theory of its clinical effects with use and withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassima Ait-Daoud
- University of Virginia, Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences. Charlottesville, VA (NA-D, SS, DB); Sentara RMH Medical Center: 2010 Health Campus Drive, Harrisonburg, VA (ASH)
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18
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Solinas M, Belujon P, Fernagut PO, Jaber M, Thiriet N. Dopamine and addiction: what have we learned from 40 years of research. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 126:481-516. [PMID: 30569209 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1957-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Among the neurotransmitters involved in addiction, dopamine (DA) is clearly the best known. The critical role of DA in addiction is supported by converging evidence that has been accumulated in the last 40 years. In the present review, first we describe the dopaminergic system in terms of connectivity, functioning and involvement in reward processes. Second, we describe the functional, structural, and molecular changes induced by drugs within the DA system in terms of neuronal activity, synaptic plasticity and transcriptional and molecular adaptations. Third, we describe how genetic mouse models have helped characterizing the role of DA in addiction. Fourth, we describe the involvement of the DA system in the vulnerability to addiction and the interesting case of addiction DA replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease. Finally, we describe how the DA system has been targeted to treat patients suffering from addiction and the result obtained in clinical settings and we discuss how these different lines of evidence have been instrumental in shaping our understanding of the physiopathology of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Solinas
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France.
| | - Pauline Belujon
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Pierre Olivier Fernagut
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Mohamed Jaber
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
- CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie Thiriet
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
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19
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Walker DM, Cates HM, Loh YHE, Purushothaman I, Ramakrishnan A, Cahill KM, Lardner CK, Godino A, Kronman HG, Rabkin J, Lorsch ZS, Mews P, Doyle MA, Feng J, Labonté B, Koo JW, Bagot RC, Logan RW, Seney ML, Calipari ES, Shen L, Nestler EJ. Cocaine Self-administration Alters Transcriptome-wide Responses in the Brain's Reward Circuitry. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:867-880. [PMID: 29861096 PMCID: PMC6202276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global changes in gene expression underlying circuit and behavioral dysregulation associated with cocaine addiction remain incompletely understood. Here, we show how a history of cocaine self-administration (SA) reprograms transcriptome-wide responses throughout the brain's reward circuitry at baseline and in response to context and/or cocaine re-exposure after prolonged withdrawal (WD). METHODS We assigned male mice to one of six groups: saline/cocaine SA + 24-hour WD or saline/cocaine SA + 30-day WD + an acute saline/cocaine challenge within the previous drug-paired context. RNA sequencing was conducted on six interconnected brain reward regions. Using pattern analysis of gene expression and factor analysis of behavior, we identified genes that are strongly associated with addiction-related behaviors and uniquely altered by a history of cocaine SA. We then identified potential upstream regulators of these genes. RESULTS We focused on three patterns of gene expression that reflect responses to 1) acute cocaine, 2) context re-exposure, and 3) drug + context re-exposure. These patterns revealed region-specific regulation of gene expression. Further analysis revealed that each of these gene expression patterns correlated with an addiction index-a composite score of several addiction-like behaviors during cocaine SA-in a region-specific manner. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein and nuclear receptor families were identified as key upstream regulators of genes associated with such behaviors. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive picture of transcriptome-wide regulation in the brain's reward circuitry by cocaine SA and prolonged WD provides new insight into the molecular basis of cocaine addiction, which will guide future studies of the key molecular pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena M Walker
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Hannah M Cates
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Yong-Hwee E Loh
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Immanuel Purushothaman
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Aarthi Ramakrishnan
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kelly M Cahill
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Casey K Lardner
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Arthur Godino
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Hope G Kronman
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jacqui Rabkin
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Zachary S Lorsch
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Philipp Mews
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Marie A Doyle
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jian Feng
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Benoit Labonté
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ja Wook Koo
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Rosemary C Bagot
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ryan W Logan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Marianne L Seney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Erin S Calipari
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - Li Shen
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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20
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O'Brien MA, Weston RM, Sheth NU, Bradley S, Bigbee J, Pandey A, Williams RW, Wolstenholme JT, Miles MF. Ethanol-Induced Behavioral Sensitization Alters the Synaptic Transcriptome and Exon Utilization in DBA/2J Mice. Front Genet 2018; 9:402. [PMID: 30319688 PMCID: PMC6166094 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholism is a complex behavioral disorder characterized by loss of control in limiting intake, and progressive compulsion to seek and consume ethanol. Prior studies have suggested that the characteristic behaviors associated with escalation of drug use are caused, at least in part, by ethanol-evoked changes in gene expression affecting synaptic plasticity. Implicit in this hypothesis is a dependence on new protein synthesis and remodeling at the synapse. It is well established that mRNA can be transported to distal dendritic processes, where it can undergo localized translation. It is unknown whether such modulation of the synaptic transcriptome might contribute to ethanol-induced synaptic plasticity. Using ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization as a model of neuroplasticity, we investigated whether repeated exposure to ethanol altered the synaptic transcriptome, contributing to mechanisms underlying subsequent increases in ethanol-evoked locomotor activity. RNAseq profiling of DBA/2J mice subjected to acute ethanol or ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization was performed on frontal pole synaptoneurosomes to enrich for synaptic mRNA. Genomic profiling showed distinct functional classes of mRNA enriched in the synaptic vs. cytosolic fractions, consistent with their role in synaptic function. Ethanol sensitization regulated more than twice the number of synaptic localized genes compared to acute ethanol exposure. Synaptic biological processes selectively perturbed by ethanol sensitization included protein folding and modification as well as and mitochondrial respiratory function, suggesting repeated ethanol exposure alters synaptic energy production and the processing of newly translated proteins. Additionally, marked differential exon usage followed ethanol sensitization in both synaptic and non-synaptic cellular fractions, with little to no perturbation following acute ethanol exposure. Altered synaptic exon usage following ethanol sensitization strongly affected genes related to RNA processing and stability, translational regulation, and synaptic function. These genes were also enriched for targets of the FMRP RNA-binding protein and contained consensus sequence motifs related to other known RNA binding proteins, suggesting that ethanol sensitization altered selective mRNA trafficking mechanisms. This study provides a foundation for investigating the role of ethanol in modifying the synaptic transcriptome and inducing changes in synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A O'Brien
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Rory M Weston
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Nihar U Sheth
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Steven Bradley
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - John Bigbee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jennifer T Wolstenholme
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.,VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Michael F Miles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.,VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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Francis TC, Gantz SC, Moussawi K, Bonci A. Synaptic and intrinsic plasticity in the ventral tegmental area after chronic cocaine. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 54:66-72. [PMID: 30237117 PMCID: PMC10131346 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine exposure induces persistent changes in synaptic transmission and intrinsic properties of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons. Despite significant progress in understanding cocaine-induced plasticity, an effective treatment of cocaine addiction is lacking. Chronic cocaine potentiates excitatory and alters inhibitory transmission to dopamine neurons, induces dopamine neuron hyperexcitability, and reduces dopamine release in projection areas. Understanding how intrinsic and synaptic plasticity interact to control dopamine neuron firing and dopamine release could prove useful in the development of new therapeutics. In this review, we examine recent literature discussing cocaine-induced plasticity in the VTA and highlight potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner Chase Francis
- Intramural Research Program, Synaptic Plasticity Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Stephanie C Gantz
- Intramural Research Program, Synaptic Plasticity Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Khaled Moussawi
- Intramural Research Program, Synaptic Plasticity Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Antonello Bonci
- Intramural Research Program, Synaptic Plasticity Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Caprioli D, Justinova Z, Venniro M, Shaham Y. Effect of Novel Allosteric Modulators of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors on Drug Self-administration and Relapse: A Review of Preclinical Studies and Their Clinical Implications. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:180-192. [PMID: 29102027 PMCID: PMC5837933 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Results from preclinical rodent studies during the last 20 years implicated glutamate neurotransmission in different brain regions in drug self-administration and rodent models of relapse. These results, along with evidence for drug-induced neuroadaptations in glutamatergic neurons and receptors, suggested that addiction might be treatable by medications that inhibit glutamatergic responses to drugs of abuse, drug-associated cues, and stressors. This idea is supported by findings in rodent and primate models that drug self-administration and relapse are reduced by systemic injections of antagonists of ionotropic glutamate receptors or metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) or orthosteric agonists of mGluR2/3. However, these compounds have not advanced to clinical use because of potential side effects and other factors. This state of affairs has led to the development of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) and negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of mGluRs. PAMs and NAMs of mGluRs, either of which can inhibit evoked glutamate release, may be suitable for testing in humans. We reviewed results from recent studies of systemically injected PAMs and NAMs of mGluRs in rodents and monkeys, focusing on whether they reduce drug self-administration, reinstatement of drug seeking, and incubation of drug craving. We also review results from rat studies in which PAMs or NAMs of mGluRs were injected intracranially to reduce drug self-administration and reinstatement. We conclude that PAMs and NAMs of mGluRs should be considered for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Caprioli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Zuzana Justinova
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marco Venniro
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Hypocretin receptor 1 involvement in cocaine-associated behavior: Therapeutic potential and novel mechanistic insights. Brain Res 2018; 1731:145894. [PMID: 30071195 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1998, the hypocretin/orexin system has been identified as a critical modulator of behavior. Through interactions with dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area, this system is poised to regulate motivation for drug rewards by impacting dopamine neurotransmission in target structures including the nucleus accumbens. Across numerous experiments, we and others have identified a critical influence of hypocretin receptor 1 in mediating the behavioral and physiological effects of cocaine which positions this receptor as a potential target for the treatment of cocaine addiction. Here we discuss evidence for hypocretin receptor 1 involvement in driving cocaine-associated behavior and how hypocretin receptor 1 in the ventral tegmental area are critical for supporting dopamine neuron activity and dopamine neurotransmission. We then present new data supporting the novel hypothesis that in addition to exerting acute actions on dopamine systems, pharmacological hypocretin manipulations also produce lasting adaptations to dopamine terminals that impact sensitivity to cocaine, and ultimately, future behavior.
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Hirsch GE, Jaskulski M, Hamerski HM, Porto FG, da Silva B, Aita CAM, Kroker K, de Bem Silveira G, Silveira PCL, Santos GT, Klafke JZ, Viecili PRN. Evaluation of oxidative stress and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels related to crack-use detoxification. Neurosci Lett 2018; 670:62-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mongi-Bragato B, Avalos MP, Guzmán AS, Bollati FA, Cancela LM. Enkephalin as a Pivotal Player in Neuroadaptations Related to Psychostimulant Addiction. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:222. [PMID: 29892236 PMCID: PMC5985699 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enkephalin expression is high in mesocorticolimbic areas associated with psychostimulant-induced behavioral and neurobiological effects, and may also modulate local neurotransmission in this circuit network. Psychostimulant drugs, like amphetamine and cocaine, significantly increase the content of enkephalin in these brain structures, but we do not yet understand the specific significance of this drug-induced adaptation. In this review, we summarize the neurochemical and molecular mechanism of psychostimulant-induced enkephalin activation in mesocorticolimbic brain areas, and the contribution of this opioid peptide in the pivotal neuroadaptations and long-term behavioral changes underlying psychostimulant addiction. There is evidence suggesting that adaptive changes in enkephalin content in the mesocorticolimbic circuit, induced by acute and chronic psychostimulant administration, may represent a key initial step in the long-term behavioral and neuronal plasticity induced by these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethania Mongi-Bragato
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María P Avalos
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea S Guzmán
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Flavia A Bollati
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Liliana M Cancela
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Urbano FJ, Bisagno V, Garcia-Rill E. Arousal and drug abuse. Behav Brain Res 2017; 333:276-281. [PMID: 28729115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The reticular activating system (RAS) is not an amorphous region but distinct nuclei with specific membrane properties that dictate their firing during waking and sleep. The locus coeruleus and raphe nucleus fire during waking and slow wave sleep, with the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) firing during both waking and REM sleep, the states manifesting arousal-related EEG activity. Two important discoveries in the PPN in the last 10 years are, 1) that some PPN cells are electrically coupled, and 2) every PPN cell manifests high threshold calcium channels that allow them to oscillate at beta/gamma band frequencies. The role of arousal in drug abuse is considered here in terms of the effects of drugs of abuse on these two mechanisms. Drug abuse and the perception of withdrawal/relapse are mediated by neurobiological processes that occur only when we are awake, not when we are asleep. These relationships focus on the potential role of arousal, more specifically of RAS electrical coupling and gamma band activity, in the addictive process as well as the relapse to drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verónica Bisagno
- IFIBYNE-CONICET, ININFA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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Rocha A, Hart N, Trujillo KA. Differences between adolescents and adults in the acute effects of PCP and ketamine and in sensitization following intermittent administration. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 157:24-34. [PMID: 28442368 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a phase of development during which many physiological and behavioral changes occur, including increased novelty seeking and risk taking. In humans, this is reflected in experimentation with drugs. Research demonstrates that drug use that begins during adolescence is more likely to lead to addiction than drug use that begins later in life. Despite this, relatively little is known of the effects of drugs in adolescence, and differences in response between adolescents and adults. PCP and ketamine are popular club drugs, both possessing rewarding properties that could lead to escalating use. Drug sensitization (or reverse tolerance), which refers to an increase in an effect of a drug following repeated use, has been linked with the development of drug cravings that is a hallmark of addiction. The current work investigated the acute response and the development of sensitization to PCP and ketamine in adolescent and adult rats. Periadolescent Sprague-Dawley rats (30days or 38days of age), and young adults (60days of age) received PCP (6mg/kg IP) or ketamine (20mg/kg IP) once every three days, for a total of five drug injections. Adolescents and adults showed a stimulant response to the first injection of either drug, however the response was considerably greater in the youngest adolescents and lowest in the adults. With repeated administration, adults showed a robust escalation in activity that was indicative of the development of sensitization. Adolescents showed a flatter trajectory, with similar high levels of activity following an acute treatment and after five drug treatments. The results demonstrate important distinctions between adolescents and adults in the acute and repeated effects of PCP and ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Rocha
- Office for Training Research, and Education in the Sciences, California State University San Marcos, CA 92096, USA
| | - Nigel Hart
- Office for Training Research, and Education in the Sciences, California State University San Marcos, CA 92096, USA
| | - Keith A Trujillo
- Office for Training Research, and Education in the Sciences, California State University San Marcos, CA 92096, USA; Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, CA 92096, USA.
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Fonteneau M, Filliol D, Anglard P, Befort K, Romieu P, Zwiller J. Inhibition of DNA methyltransferases regulates cocaine self-administration by rats: a genome-wide DNA methylation study. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 16:313-327. [PMID: 27762100 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a major epigenetic process which regulates the accessibility of genes to the transcriptional machinery. In the present study, we investigated whether modifying the global DNA methylation pattern in the brain would alter cocaine intake by rats, using the cocaine self-administration test. The data indicate that treatment of rats with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitors 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (dAZA) and zebularine enhanced the reinforcing properties of cocaine. To obtain some insights about the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, a genome-wide methylation analysis was undertaken in the prefrontal cortex of rats self-administering cocaine and treated with or without dAZA. The study identified nearly 189 000 differentially methylated regions (DMRs), about half of them were located inside gene bodies, while only 9% of DMRs were found in the promoter regions of genes. About 99% of methylation changes occurred outside CpG islands. Gene expression studies confirmed the inverse correlation usually observed between increased methylation and transcriptional activation when methylation occurs in the gene promoter. This inverse correlation was not observed when methylation took place inside gene bodies. Using the literature-based Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, we explored how the differentially methylated genes were related. The analysis showed that increase in cocaine intake by rats in response to DNA methyltransferase inhibitors underlies plasticity mechanisms which mainly concern axonal growth and synaptogenesis as well as spine remodeling. Together with the Akt/PI3K pathway, the Rho-GTPase family was found to be involved in the plasticity underlying the effect of dAZA on the observed behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fonteneau
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - D Filliol
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - P Anglard
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - K Befort
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - P Romieu
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - J Zwiller
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Yoon HS, Cai WT, Lee YH, Park KT, Lee YS, Kim JH. The expression of methiopropamine-induced locomotor sensitization requires dopamine D2, but not D1, receptor activation in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2016; 311:403-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Voyer D, Lévesque D, Rompré PP. Repeated ventral midbrain neurotensin injections sensitize to amphetamine-induced locomotion and ERK activation: A role for NMDA receptors. Neuropharmacology 2016; 112:150-163. [PMID: 27267684 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that activation of ventral midbrain NMDA receptors is required to initiate sensitization by amphetamine. In view of the recent evidence that neurotensin modulates ventral midbrain glutamate neurotransmission, we tested the hypothesis that neurotensin is acting upstream to glutamate to initiate sensitization to the behavioral and neurochemical effects of amphetamine. During a first testing phase, adult male rats implanted with bilateral ventral midbrain cannulae were injected every second day for three days with D-[Tyr11]neurotensin (1.5 nmol/side), the preferred NMDA GluN2A/B antagonist, CPP (40 or 120 pmol/side), the selective GluN2B antagonist, Ro04-5595 (200 or 1200 pmol/side), CPP (40 or 120 pmol/side) + D-[Tyr11]neurotensin (1.5 nmol/side) or Ro04-5595 (200 or 1200 pmol/side) + D-[Tyr11]neurotensin (1.5 nmol/side) and locomotor activity was measured immediately after the injection. Five days after the last central injection, the locomotor response or the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (pERK1/2) in neurons of different limbic nuclei was measured following a systemic injection of amphetamine sulfate (0.75 mg/kg, i.p.). Results show that amphetamine induced significantly stronger locomotor activity and pERK1/2 expression in the nucleus accumbens shell and infralimbic cortex in neurotensin pre-exposed animals than in controls (vehicle pre-exposed). These sensitization effects initiated by neurotensin were prevented by CPP, but not Ro04-5595. These results support the hypothesis that neurotensin is stimulating glutamate neurotransmission to initiate neural changes that sub-serve amphetamine sensitization and that glutamate is acting on NMDA receptors that are mostly likely composed of GluN2A, but not GluN2B, subunits. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Ionotropic glutamate receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Voyer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Lévesque
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Paul Rompré
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; FRQ-S Research Group in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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Silverman NS, Popp S, Astafurov K, Vialou V, Nestler EJ, Dow-Edwards D. Effects of gaboxadol on the expression of cocaine sensitization in rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 24:131-41. [PMID: 26901591 PMCID: PMC5088787 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants is associated with changes in dopamine (DA), glutamate, and GABA within the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal DA systems. Because GABAA receptors are highly expressed within these systems, we examined the role of these receptors containing a δ subunit in cocaine behavioral sensitization. Experiment 1 examined the effects of Gaboxadol (GBX, also known as THIP [4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-isoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol]), a selective δ-GABAA receptor agonist, on the locomotor responses to acute cocaine. GBX at 1.25 mg/kg produced locomotor depression in female rats alone. We then examined the effects of GBX on the expression of cocaine-induced locomotion and stereotypy in female and male rats treated with 5 days of cocaine (15 mg/kg) followed by cocaine challenge 7 days later. We administered systemic (Experiment 2) or intranucleus accumbens (intra-NAC; Experiment 3) injections of GBX (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg subcutaneously, or 1 μmol/L or 1 mM intra-NAC, respectively) prior to cocaine challenge (10 mg/kg). In our experiments females were robustly sensitized to cocaine at low dose whereas males did not show such sensitization-limiting comparisons between the 2 sexes. Sensitized females showed a biphasic response to low (1.25 mg/kg and 1 μmol/L) and high (10 mg/kg and 1 mM) dose GBX whereas nonsensitized males showed this pattern only following intra-NAC injection. Immunohistochemical analysis of the NAC revealed that females have more δ-containing GABAA receptors than do males and that following chronic cocaine injections this difference persisted (Experiment 4). Together, our results support the notion of the key role of extrasynaptic GABAA δ-subunit containing receptors in cocaine sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanna Popp
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
| | | | - Vincent Vialou
- INSERM, U952, CNRS, UMR 7224, Université Pierre et Marie Curie
| | - Eric J. Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Diana Dow-Edwards
- Neural and Behavioral Science and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
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Marchese NA, Artur de laVillarmois E, Basmadjian OM, Perez MF, Baiardi G, Bregonzio C. Brain Angiotensin II AT1 receptors are involved in the acute and long-term amphetamine-induced neurocognitive alterations. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:795-807. [PMID: 26613735 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Angiotensin II, by activation of its brain AT1-receptors, plays an active role as neuromodulator in dopaminergic transmission. These receptors participate in the development of amphetamine-induced behavioral and dopamine release sensitization. Dopamine is involved in cognitive processes and provides connectivity between brain areas related to these processes. Amphetamine by its mimetic activity over dopamine neurotransmission elicits differential responses after acute administration or after re-exposure following long-term withdrawal periods in different cognitive processes. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the AT1-receptor involvement in the acute and long-term amphetamine-induced alterations in long-term memory and in cellular-related events. METHODS Male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were used in this study. Acute effects: Amphetamine (0.5/2.5 mg/kg i.p.) was administered after post-training in the inhibitory avoidance (IA) response. The AT1-receptor blocker Losartan was administered i.c.v. before a single dose of amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg i.p.). Long-term effects: The AT1-receptors blocker Candesartan (3 mg/kg p.o.) was administered for 5 days followed by 5 consecutive days of amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg/day, i.p.). The neuroadaptive changes were evidenced after 1 week of withdrawal by an amphetamine challenge (0.5 mg/kg i.p.). The IA response, the neuronal activation pattern, and the hippocampal synaptic transmission were evaluated. RESULTS The impairing effect in the IA response of post-training acute amphetamine was partially prevented by Losartan. The long-term changes induced by repeated amphetamine (resistance to acute amphetamine interference in the IA response, neurochemical altered response, and increased hippocampal synaptic transmission) were prevented by AT1-receptors blockade. CONCLUSIONS AT1-receptors are involved in the acute alterations and in the neuroadaptations induced by repeated amphetamine associated with neurocognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Andrea Marchese
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET) Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Emilce Artur de laVillarmois
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET) Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Martin Basmadjian
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET) Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariela Fernanda Perez
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET) Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Gustavo Baiardi
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, (IIBYT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Bregonzio
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET) Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Urbano FJ, Bisagno V, González B, Celeste Rivero-Echeto M, Muñiz JA, Luster B, D'Onofrio S, Mahaffey S, Garcia-Rill E. Pedunculopontine arousal system physiology-Effects of psychostimulant abuse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:162-8. [PMID: 26779323 PMCID: PMC4688579 DOI: 10.1016/j.slsci.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the interactions between the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the thalamocortical system. Experiments using modulators of cholinergic receptors in the PPN clarified its role on psychostimulant-induced locomotion. PPN activation was found to be involved in the animal’s voluntary search for psychostimulants. Every PPN neuron is known to generate gamma band oscillations. Voltage-gated calcium channels are key elements in the generation and maintenance of gamma band activity of PPN neurons. Calcium channels are also key elements mediating psychostimulant-induced alterations in the thalamic targets of PPN output. Thus, the PPN is a key substrate for maintaining arousal and REM sleep, but also in modulating psychostimulant self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Urbano
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Verónica Bisagno
- IFIBYNE-CONICET, ININFA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Betina González
- IFIBYNE-CONICET, ININFA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Javier A Muñiz
- IFIBYNE-CONICET, ININFA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Brennon Luster
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Stasia D'Onofrio
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Susan Mahaffey
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Casarsa BS, Marinzalda MÁ, Marchese NA, Paz MC, Vivas L, Baiardi G, Bregonzio C. A previous history of repeated amphetamine exposure modifies brain angiotensin II AT1 receptor functionality. Neuroscience 2015; 307:1-13. [PMID: 26299338 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous results from our laboratory showed that angiotensin II AT1 receptors (AT1-R) are involved in the neuroadaptative changes induced by amphetamine. The aim of the present work was to study functional and neurochemical responses to angiotensin II (ANG II) mediated by AT1-R activation in animals previously exposed to amphetamine. For this purpose male Wistar rats (250-320 g) were treated with amphetamine (2.5mg/kg/day intraperitoneal) or saline for 5 days and implanted with intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) cannulae. Seven days after the last amphetamine administration the animals received ANG II (400 pmol) i.c.v. One group was tested in a free choice paradigm for sodium (2% NaCl) and water intake and sacrificed for Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) determinations. In a second group of rats, urine and plasma samples were collected for electrolytes and plasma renin activity determination and then they were sacrificed for Fos-IR determination in Oxytocinergic neurons (Fos-OT-IR). RESULTS Repeated amphetamine exposure (a) prevented the increase in sodium intake and Fos-IR cells in caudate-putamen and accumbens nucleus induced by ANG II i.c.v. (b) potentiated urinary sodium excretion and Fos-OT-IR in hypothalamus and (c) increased the inhibitory response in plasma renin activity, in response to ANG II i.c.v. Our results indicate a possible functional desensitisation of AT1-R in response to ANG II, induced by repeated amphetamine exposure. This functional AT1-R desensitisation allows to unmask the effects of ANG II i.c.v. mediated by oxytocin. We conclude that the long lasting changes in brain AT1-R functionality should be considered among the psychostimulant-induced neuroadaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Casarsa
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Á Marinzalda
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - N A Marchese
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M C Paz
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - L Vivas
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - G Baiardi
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - C Bregonzio
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Yager LM, Garcia AF, Wunsch AM, Ferguson SM. The ins and outs of the striatum: role in drug addiction. Neuroscience 2015; 301:529-41. [PMID: 26116518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by the loss of control over drug intake, high motivation to obtain the drug, and a persistent craving for the drug. Accumulating evidence implicates cellular and molecular alterations within cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuitry in the development and persistence of this disease. The striatum is a heterogeneous structure that sits at the interface of this circuit, receiving input from a variety of brain regions (e.g., prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area) to guide behavioral output, including motor planning, decision-making, motivation and reward. However, the vast interconnectivity of this circuit has made it difficult to isolate how individual projections and cellular subtypes within this circuit modulate each of the facets of addiction. Here, we review the use of new technologies, including optogenetics and DREADDs (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs), in unraveling the role of the striatum in addiction. In particular, we focus on the role of striatal cell populations (i.e., direct and indirect pathway medium spiny neurons) and striatal dopaminergic and glutamatergic afferents in addiction-related plasticity and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Yager
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - A F Garcia
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - A M Wunsch
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - S M Ferguson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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Andres MA, Cooke IM, Bellinger FP, Berry MJ, Zaporteza MM, Rueli RH, Barayuga SM, Chang L. Methamphetamine acutely inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels but chronically up-regulates L-type channels. J Neurochem 2015; 134:56-65. [PMID: 25807982 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In neurons, calcium (Ca(2+) ) channels regulate a wide variety of functions ranging from synaptic transmission to gene expression. They also induce neuroplastic changes that alter gene expression following psychostimulant administration. Ca(2+) channel blockers have been considered as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of methamphetamine (METH) dependence because of their ability to reduce drug craving among METH users. Here, we studied the effects of METH exposure on voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels using SH-SY5Y cells as a model of dopaminergic neurons. We found that METH has different short- and long-term effects. A short-term effect involves immediate (< 5 min) direct inhibition of Ca(2+) ion movements through Ca(2+) channels. Longer exposure to METH (20 min or 48 h) selectively up-regulates the expression of only the CACNA1C gene, thus increasing the number of L-type Ca(2+) channels. This up-regulation of CACNA1C is associated with the expression of the cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), a known regulator of CACNA1C gene expression, and the MYC gene, which encodes a transcription factor that putatively binds to a site proximal to the CACNA1C gene transcription initiation site. The short-term inhibition of Ca(2+) ion movement and later, the up-regulation of Ca(2+) channel gene expression together suggest the operation of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein- and C-MYC-mediated mechanisms to compensate for Ca(2+) channel inhibition by METH. Increased Ca(2+) current density and subsequent increased intracellular Ca(2+) may contribute to the neurodegeneration accompanying chronic METH abuse. Methamphetamine (METH) exposure has both short- and long-term effects. Acutely, methamphetamine directly inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels. Chronically, neurons compensate by up-regulating the L-type Ca(2+) channel gene, CACNA1C. This compensatory mechanism is mediated by transcription factors C-MYC and CREB, in which CREB is linked to the dopamine D1 receptor signaling pathway. These findings suggest Ca(2+) -mediated neurotoxicity owing to over-expression of calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilou A Andres
- Bekesy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Ian M Cooke
- Bekesy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Frederick P Bellinger
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Marla J Berry
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Maribel M Zaporteza
- Bekesy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Rachel H Rueli
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Stephanie M Barayuga
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Linda Chang
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Abstract
Exposure to drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, leads to plastic changes in the activity of brain circuits, and a prevailing view is that these changes play a part in drug addiction. Notably, there has been intense focus on drug-induced changes in synaptic excitability and much less attention on intrinsic excitability factors (that is, excitability factors that are remote from the synapse). Accumulating evidence now suggests that intrinsic factors such as K+ channels are not only altered by cocaine but may also contribute to the shaping of the addiction phenotype.
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Haleem DJ, Inam QUA, Haleem MA. Effects of clinically relevant doses of methyphenidate on spatial memory, behavioral sensitization and open field habituation: A time related study. Behav Brain Res 2015; 281:208-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Mannangatti P, NarasimhaNaidu K, Damaj MI, Ramamoorthy S, Jayanthi LD. A Role for p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase-mediated Threonine 30-dependent Norepinephrine Transporter Regulation in Cocaine Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10814-27. [PMID: 25724654 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The noradrenergic and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) systems are implicated in cocaine-elicited behaviors. Previously, we demonstrated a role for p38 MAPK-mediated norepinephrine transporter (NET) Thr(30) phosphorylation in cocaine-induced NET up-regulation (Mannangatti, P., Arapulisamy, O., Shippenberg, T. S., Ramamoorthy, S., and Jayanthi, L. D. (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286, 20239-20250). The present study explored the functional interaction between p38 MAPK-mediated NET regulation and cocaine-induced behaviors. In vitro cocaine treatment of mouse prefrontal cortex synaptosomes resulted in enhanced NET function, surface expression, and phosphorylation. Pretreatment with PD169316, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, completely blocked cocaine-mediated NET up-regulation and phosphorylation. In mice, in vivo administration of p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 completely blocked cocaine-induced NET up-regulation and p38 MAPK activation in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. When tested for cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference (CPP), mice receiving SB203580 on cocaine challenge day or on postconditioning test day exhibited significantly reduced cocaine sensitization and CPP. A transactivator of transcription (TAT) peptide strategy was utilized to test the involvement of the NET-Thr(30) motif. In vitro treatment of synaptosomes with TAT-NET-Thr(30) (wild-type peptide) completely blocked cocaine-mediated NET up-regulation and phosphorylation. In vivo administration of TAT-NET-Thr(30) peptide but not TAT-NET-T30A (mutant peptide) completely blocked cocaine-mediated NET up-regulation and phosphorylation. In the cocaine CPP paradigm, mice receiving TAT-NET-Thr(30) but not TAT-NET-T30A on postconditioning test day exhibited significantly reduced cocaine CPP. Following extinction, TAT-NET-Thr(30) when given prior to cocaine challenge significantly reduced reinstatement of cocaine CPP. These results demonstrate that the direct inhibition of p38 MAPK or the manipulation of NET-Thr(30) motif/phosphorylation via a TAT peptide strategy prevents cocaine-induced NET up-regulation, locomotor sensitization, and CPP, suggesting a role for Thr(30)-linked NET regulation in cocaine-elicited behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanabhan Mannangatti
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | | | - Mohamad Imad Damaj
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Sammanda Ramamoorthy
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
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40
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Li J, Zhang L, Chen Z, Xie M, Huang L, Xue J, Liu Y, Liu N, Guo F, Zheng Y, Kong J, Zhang L, Zhang L. Cocaine activates Rac1 to control structural and behavioral plasticity in caudate putamen. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 75:159-76. [PMID: 25595128 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated exposure to cocaine was previously found to cause sensitized behavioral responses and structural remodeling on medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and caudate putamen (CPu). Rac1 has emerged as a key integrator of environmental cues that regulates dendritic cytoskeletons. In this study, we investigated the role of Rac1 in cocaine-induced dendritic and behavioral plasticity in the CPu. We found that Rac1 activation was reduced in the NAc but increased in the CPu following repeated cocaine treatment. Inhibition of Rac1 activity by a Rac1-specific inhibitor NSC23766, overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of Rac1 (T17N-Rac1) or local knockout of Rac1 attenuated the cocaine-induced increase in dendrites and spine density in the CPu, whereas overexpression of a constitutively active Rac1 exert the opposite effect. Moreover, NSC23766 reversed the increased number of asymmetric spine synapses in the CPu following chronic cocaine exposure. Downregulation of Rac1 activity likewise attenuates behavioral reward responses to cocaine exposure, with activation of Rac1 producing the opposite effect. Thus, Rac1 signaling is differentially regulated in the NAc and CPu after repeated cocaine treatment, and induction of Rac1 activation in the CPu is important for cocaine exposure-induced dendritic remodeling and behavioral plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhenzhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Minjuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jinhua Xue
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Nuyun Liu
- Elderly Health Services Research Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fukun Guo
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jiming Kong
- Southern Medical University-University of Manitoba Geriatric Medicine Joint Laboratory, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Elderly Health Services Research Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Southern Medical University-University of Manitoba Geriatric Medicine Joint Laboratory, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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41
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Kufahl PR, Peartree NA, Heintzelman KL, Chung M, Neisewander JL. Region-specific effects of isoflurane anesthesia on Fos immunoreactivity in response to intravenous cocaine challenge in rats with a history of repeated cocaine administration. Brain Res 2015; 1594:256-66. [PMID: 25451087 PMCID: PMC4805112 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that acute intravenous (i.v.) administration of cocaine increases Fos immunoreactivity in rats under isoflurane anesthesia. Given that Fos expression is a marker of neural activation, the results suggested that isoflurane is appropriate for imaging cocaine effects under anesthesia. However, most imaging research in this area utilizes subjects with a history of repeated cocaine exposure and this drug history may interact with anesthetic use differently from acute cocaine exposure. Thus, this study further examined Fos expression under isoflurane in rats with a history of repeated i.v. cocaine administration. Rats received daily injections of either saline or cocaine (2mg/kg, i.v.) across 7 consecutive days, followed by 5 days of no drug exposure. On the test day, rats were either nonanesthetized or anesthetized under isoflurane and were given an acute challenge of cocaine (2mg/kg, i.v.). Additional saline-exposed controls received a saline challenge. Ninety min after the drug challenge, the rats were perfused under isoflurane anesthesia and their brains were processed for Fos protein immunohistochemistry. We found that challenge injections of cocaine following a regimen of repeated cocaine exposure resulted in Fos expression in the prefrontal cortex and striatum roughly equivalent to that found in rats who had received the cocaine challenge after a history of vehicle injections. Additionally, isoflurane anesthesia resulted in a heterogeneous attenuation of cocaine-induced Fos expression, with the most robust effect in the orbital cortex but no effect in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC). These results indicate that cocaine-induced Fos is preserved in the NAcC under isoflurane, suggesting that isoflurane can be used in imaging studies involving cocaine effects in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Kufahl
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, United States.
| | - Natalie A Peartree
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, United States
| | - Krista L Heintzelman
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, United States
| | - Maggie Chung
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, United States
| | - Janet L Neisewander
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, United States
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Sun WL, Eisenstein SA, Zelek-Molik A, McGinty JF. A single brain-derived neurotrophic factor infusion into the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex attenuates cocaine self-administration-induced phosphorylation of synapsin in the nucleus accumbens during early withdrawal. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu049. [PMID: 25522393 PMCID: PMC4368877 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation in the prefrontal cortex-nucleus accumbens pathway has been implicated in cocaine addiction. We have previously demonstrated that one intra-dorsomedial prefrontal cortex brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) infusion immediately following the last cocaine self-administration session caused a long-lasting inhibition of cocaine-seeking and normalized the cocaine-induced disturbance of glutamate transmission in the nucleus accumbens after extinction and a cocaine prime. However, the molecular mechanism mediating the brain-derived neurotrophic factor effect on cocaine-induced alterations in extracellular glutamate levels is unknown. METHODS In the present study, we determined the effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on cocaine-induced changes in the phosphorylation of synapsin (p-synapsin), a family of presynaptic proteins that mediate synaptic vesicle mobilization, in the nucleus accumbens during early withdrawal. RESULTS Two hours after cocaine self-administration, p-synapsin Ser9 and p-synapsin Ser62/67, but not p-synapsin Ser603, were increased in the nucleus accumbens. At 22 hours, only p-synapsin Ser9 was still elevated. Elevations at both time points were attenuated by an intra-dorsomedial prefrontal cortex brain-derived neurotrophic factor infusion immediately after the end of cocaine self-administration. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor also reduced cocaine self-administration withdrawal-induced phosphorylation of the protein phosphatase 2A C-subunit, suggesting that brain-derived neurotrophic factor disinhibits protein phosphatase 2A C-subunit, consistent with p-synapsin Ser9 dephosphorylation. Further, co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated that protein phosphatase 2A C-subunit and synapsin are associated in a protein-protein complex that was reduced after 2 hours of withdrawal from cocaine self-administration and reversed by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings demonstrate that brain-derived neurotrophic factor normalizes the cocaine self-administration-induced elevation of p-synapsin in nucleus accumbens that may underlie a disturbance in the probability of neurotransmitter release or represent a compensatory neuroadaptation in response to the hypofunction within the prefrontal cortex-nucleus accumbens pathway during cocaine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Sun
- Department of Neurosciences and Neurobiology of Addiction Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, (Drs Sun and McGinty); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, MO (Dr Eisenstein); Department of Brain Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland (Dr Zelek-Molik)
| | - Sarah A Eisenstein
- Department of Neurosciences and Neurobiology of Addiction Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, (Drs Sun and McGinty); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, MO (Dr Eisenstein); Department of Brain Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland (Dr Zelek-Molik)
| | - Agnieszka Zelek-Molik
- Department of Neurosciences and Neurobiology of Addiction Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, (Drs Sun and McGinty); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, MO (Dr Eisenstein); Department of Brain Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland (Dr Zelek-Molik)
| | - Jacqueline F McGinty
- Department of Neurosciences and Neurobiology of Addiction Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, (Drs Sun and McGinty); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, MO (Dr Eisenstein); Department of Brain Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland (Dr Zelek-Molik).
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Kayyal S, Trinh T, Dafny N. Adolescent and Adult Circadian Rhythm Activity Modulated Differently Following Chronic Methylphenidate Administration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2015.52005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cruz FC, Javier Rubio F, Hope BT. Using c-fos to study neuronal ensembles in corticostriatal circuitry of addiction. Brain Res 2014; 1628:157-73. [PMID: 25446457 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Learned associations between drugs and environment play an important role in addiction and are thought to be encoded within specific patterns of sparsely distributed neurons called neuronal ensembles. This hypothesis is supported by correlational data from in vivo electrophysiology and cellular imaging studies in relapse models in rodents. In particular, cellular imaging with the immediate early gene c-fos and its protein product Fos has been used to identify sparsely distributed neurons that were strongly activated during conditioned drug behaviors such as drug self-administration and context- and cue-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. Here we review how Fos and the c-fos promoter have been employed to demonstrate causal roles for Fos-expressing neuronal ensembles in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens in conditioned drug behaviors. This work has allowed identification of unique molecular and electrophysiological alterations within Fos-expressing neuronal ensembles that may contribute to the development and expression of learned associations in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio C Cruz
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - F Javier Rubio
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Bruce T Hope
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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Kaizaki A, Tanaka S, Numazawa S. New recreational drug 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone (alpha-PVP) activates central nervous system via dopaminergic neuron. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:1-6. [PMID: 24418703 DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone (α-PVP) is a new designer drug of the cathinone type. People who have taken drugs containing α-PVP or other synthetic cathinone reportedly lose consciousness, develop difficulty breathing, and at worst case, die. However, the mechanism underlying α-PVP-induced neurotoxicity is unknown. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of α-PVP on the central nervous system (CNS) and compare its neurotoxicity with that of methamphetamine (METH) in mice. Balb/c male mice (8 weeks old) were orally administered α-PVP (25 mg/kg) or METH (5 mg/kg). α-PVP induced a significant increase in locomotor activity, which occurred earlier than locomotor activity induced by METH. This increase was inhibited by the D1 receptor antagonist SCH23990 (50 µg/kg, i.p.) and the D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride (50 mg/kg, i.m.). The extracellular concentration of dopamine (DA) in the striatum, determined by in vivo microdialysis increased immediately after α-PVP administration. These results suggest that α-PVP stimulates DA release, causing an increase in locomotor activity, and that this stimulatory effect of α-PVP on CNS is mediated, at least in part, by the D1 and D2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Kaizaki
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy
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46
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Kim TS, Kondo DG, Kim N, Renshaw PF. Altitude may contribute to regional variation in methamphetamine use in the United States: a population database study. Psychiatry Investig 2014; 11:430-6. [PMID: 25395974 PMCID: PMC4225207 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2014.11.4.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methamphetamine (MA) use rates in the United States (US) have consistently demonstrated geographical variation and have been higher in the West and Midwest. This uneven pattern of use could be explained by regional differences in MA manufacturing and distribution, but may also result from differences in altitude. The hypobaric hypoxia found at high altitude alters neurotransmitter synthesis in the brain, which may contribute to MA use. The present study investigated the relationship between mean altitude and MA use rate in the 48 contiguous US states and the District of Columbia. METHODS State-level estimates of past year MA use were extracted from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health report. The mean altitude of each state was calculated using the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission altitude data set. RESULTS There was a significant positive correlation between mean state altitude and MA use rate (r=0.66, p<0.0001). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that altitude remained a significant predictor for MA use rate (β=0.36, p=0.02), after adjusting for age, ethnicity, education, socioeconomic level, employment, MA laboratory incidents, subpopulations, and other substance use. CONCLUSION Altitude appears to a possible contributing factor for regional variation of MA use in the US. Further studies will be required to determine biological changes in neurotransmission resulting from chronic mild hypoxia at high altitude in MA users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Suk Kim
- The Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Douglas G Kondo
- The Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- VISN 19 MIRECC, Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Namkug Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Perry F Renshaw
- The Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- VISN 19 MIRECC, Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Bustamante JC, Barrós-Loscertales A, Costumero V, Fuentes-Claramonte P, Rosell-Negre P, Ventura-Campos N, Llopis JJ, Ávila C. Abstinence duration modulates striatal functioning during monetary reward processing in cocaine patients. Addict Biol 2014; 19:885-94. [PMID: 23445167 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pre-clinical and clinical studies in cocaine addiction highlight alterations in the striatal dopaminergic reward system that subserve maintenance of cocaine use. Using an instrumental conditioning paradigm with monetary reinforcement, we studied striatal functional alterations in long-term abstinent cocaine-dependent patients and striatal functioning as a function of abstinence and treatment duration. Eighteen patients and 20 controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a Monetary Incentive Delay task. Region of interest analyses based on masks of the dorsal and ventral striatum were conducted to test between-group differences and the functional effects in the cocaine group of time (in months) with no more than two lapses from the first time patients visited the clinical service to seek treatment at the scanning time (duration of treatment), and the functional effects of the number of months with no lapses or relapses at the scanning session time (length of abstinence). We applied a voxel-wise and a cluster-wise FWE-corrected level (pFWE) at a threshold of P < 0.05. The patient group showed lower activation in the right caudate during reward anticipation than the control group. The regression analyses in the patients group revealed a positive correlation between duration of treatment and brain activity in the left caudate during reward anticipation. Likewise, length of abstinence negatively correlated with brain activity in the bilateral nucleus accumbens during monetary outcome processing. In conclusion, caudate and nucleus accumbens show a different brain response pattern to non-drug rewards during cocaine addiction, which can be modulated by treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Bustamante
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology; Universitat Jaume I; Spain
| | | | - Víctor Costumero
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology; Universitat Jaume I; Spain
| | - Paola Fuentes-Claramonte
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology; Universitat Jaume I; Spain
| | - Patricia Rosell-Negre
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology; Universitat Jaume I; Spain
| | - Noelia Ventura-Campos
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology; Universitat Jaume I; Spain
| | - Juan-José Llopis
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology; Universitat Jaume I; Spain
- Addictive Behaviors Unit San Agustín; Spain
| | - César Ávila
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology; Universitat Jaume I; Spain
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48
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Lai CC, Lee LJ, Yin HS. Behavioral and Neurochemical Changes Induced by Repetitive Combined Treatments of Ketamine and Amphetamine in Mice. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2180-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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49
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Sprow GM, Rinker JA, Thiele TE. Histone acetylation in the nucleus accumbens shell modulates ethanol-induced locomotor activity in DBA/2J mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:2377-86. [PMID: 25130590 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of literature suggests that epigenetic mechanisms, including histone acetylation, may play key roles in drug abuse and the development of addiction. Experiments in this study were designed to investigate the role of histone acetylation in ethanol (EtOH)-induced locomotor sensitization. METHODS Immunohistochemical, Western blotting, and site-directed pharmacological techniques were used to explore the roles of histone acetylation at histone H3 (acH3K9) in both the expression of and acquisition of EtOH-induced locomotor sensitization. A commonly used sensitization protocol, in which animals were exposed to repeated injections of a low dose of EtOH while in their home cage, was used to examine this behavioral phenomenon. Additionally, site-directed administration of the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) Trichostatin A (TSA), in the absence of repeated EtOH injections, was used to examine the role of hyperacetylation in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) shell in EtOH-induced locomotor sensitization. RESULTS Sensitized mice displayed elevated acH3K9 immunoreactivity (IR) localized to the shell of the NAC. This augmentation in acH3K9 IR was confirmed, in a separate experiment, using Western blot analyses. Next, repeated intra-accumbal infusions of TSA, in the absence of repeated EtOH injections, were sufficient to induce an augmented locomotor response to a later injection of a low dose (2.0 g/kg, intraperitoneally) of EtOH, indicative of cross-sensitization to this locomotor stimulation between TSA and EtOH. Finally, a local infusion of TSA into the shell of the accumbens was also associated with a significant increase in acH3K9 IR within this region. CONCLUSIONS Together, the present observations suggest that histone acetylation, particularly within the shell of the NAC, is important for the development and expression of EtOH-induced locomotor sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen M Sprow
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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50
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Marinelli M, McCutcheon JE. Heterogeneity of dopamine neuron activity across traits and states. Neuroscience 2014; 282:176-97. [PMID: 25084048 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine neurons fire irregularly, with interspersed clusters of high-frequency spikes, commonly called 'bursts'. In this review we examine such heterogeneity in activity, and provide insight into how it can participate in psychiatric conditions such as drug addiction. We first describe several techniques used to evaluate dopamine neuron activity, and comment on the different measures that each provides. We next describe the activity of dopamine neurons in 'basal' conditions. Specifically, we discuss how the use of anesthesia and reduced preparations may alter aspects of dopamine cell activity, and how there is heterogeneity across species and regions. We also describe how dopamine cell firing changes throughout the peri-adolescent period and how dopamine neuron activity differs across the population. In the final section, we discuss how dopamine neuron activity changes in response to life events. First, we focus attention on drugs of abuse. Drugs themselves change firing activity through a variety of mechanisms, with effects on firing while drug is present differing from those seen after drug discontinuation. We then review how stimuli that are rewarding, aversive, or salient can evoke changes in firing rate and discharge pattern of dopamine neurons, and provide behavioral relevance of dopamine signaling. Finally, we discuss how stress can modulate dopamine neuron firing and how this may contribute to the role that stressful experiences play in psychiatric disorders such as addiction and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marinelli
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, C0875, BME 6.114A, Austin, TX 78756, USA.
| | - J E McCutcheon
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Medical Sciences Building, University Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
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