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Aleer E, Alam K, Rashid A. A Systematic Literature Review of Substance-Use Prevention Programs Amongst Refugee Youth. Community Ment Health J 2024; 60:1151-1170. [PMID: 38592351 PMCID: PMC11199307 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-024-01267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
This paper aims at exploring existing literature on substance use prevention programs, focusing on refugee youth. A comprehensive search for relevant articles was conducted on Scopus, PubMed, and EBSCOhost Megafile databases including Academic Search Ultimate, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL with Full Text, E-Journals, Humanities Source Ultimate, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, and Sociology Source Ultimate. Initially, a total of 485 studies were retrieved; nine papers were retained for quality assessment after removing duplicates. Of the nine studies that met the inclusion criteria, only three are found to partially addressed substance use prevention programs. The two substance use prevention programs that emerge from the study are Adelante Social and Marketing Campaign (ASMC), and Screening and Brief Intervention (SBI). Six others explored protective factors and strategies for preventing substance use. The study findings show that refugee youth held negative attitudes toward institutions that provide substance use prevention programs. This review concluded that refugee youth often experience persistent substance use as they are not aware of prevention programs that may reduce the prevalence and/or severity of such misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Aleer
- Faculty of Business, Education, Law and Arts, School of Business, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Khorshed Alam
- Faculty of Business, Education, Law and Arts, School of Business, Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Afzalur Rashid
- Faculty of Business, Education, Law and Arts, School of Business, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia.
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Baral A, Hanna F, Chimoriya R, Rana K. Cannabis Use and Its Impact on Mental Health in Youth in Australia and the United States: A Scoping Review. EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2024; 5:106-121. [PMID: 38534804 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia5010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is a widely used substance among the youth population, with an estimated 2.8% currently smoking cannabis. Its popularity is growing due to the perception of its harmless nature and lack of dependence. However, this increase in use has been linked to mental health issues, especially since its partial decriminalisation in some part of the United States and Australia. The objective of this scoping review was to investigate the mental health impact of cannabis use among young people in Australia and the United States. A scoping review was conducted according to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) protocol, and articles were searched from ProQuest Central and EBSCO Host (MEDLINE and CINAHL databases). A total of 24 articles were analysed, including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and cohort, longitudinal, and cross-sectional studies. The findings indicate that cannabis use is associated with depression, psychosis, suicide, cannabis use disorder, dependence, decline in cognitive function, and the development of externalising behaviour, particularly attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, the relationship between cannabis use and anxiety is equivocal. Mental health issues were more prevalent with increased frequency, duration, intensity, and type of use. Female, minority, LGBTQI, African American, Aboriginal, and Torres Strait Islander youth and the age of onset of cannabis use were significant factors for the development of mental health problems. The increasing prevalence of cannabis use among high school and college students suggests the need for intervention by teachers, parents, and community health professionals to make them aware of its potential negative mental health outcomes. Moreover, policy-level interventions by the government are required to discourage young people from using cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayush Baral
- Public Health Program, Department of Health and Education, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Philanthropy Nepal (Paropakari Nepal) Research Collaboration, Auburn, NSW 2144, Australia
| | - Fahad Hanna
- Public Health Program, Department of Health and Education, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ritesh Chimoriya
- Philanthropy Nepal (Paropakari Nepal) Research Collaboration, Auburn, NSW 2144, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- Concord Institute of Academic Surgery, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Kritika Rana
- Philanthropy Nepal (Paropakari Nepal) Research Collaboration, Auburn, NSW 2144, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
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Machado do Vale TC, da Silva Chagas L, de Souza Pereira H, Giestal-de-Araujo E, Arévalo A, Oliveira-Silva Bomfim P. Neuroscience Outside the Box: From the Laboratory to Discussing Drug Abuse at Schools. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:782205. [PMID: 35634202 PMCID: PMC9133440 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.782205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the effects of the current COVID-19 pandemic is that low-income countries were pushed further into extreme poverty, exacerbating social inequalities and increasing susceptibility to drug use/abuse in people of all ages. The risks of drug abuse may not be fully understood by all members of society, partly because of the taboo nature of the subject, and partly because of the considerable gap between scientific production/understanding and communication of such knowledge to the public at large. Drug use is a major challenge to social development and a leading cause of school dropout rates worldwide. Some public policies adopted in several countries in recent decades failed to prevent drug use, especially because they focused on imposing combative or coercive measures, investing little or nothing in education and prevention. Here we highlight the role of neuroscience education as a valid approach in drug use education and prevention. We propose building a bridge between schools and scientists by promoting information, student engagement and honest dialogue, and show evidence that public policy regulators should be persuaded to support such science-based education programs in their efforts to effect important positive changes in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thereza Cristina Machado do Vale
- NuPEDEN, Nucleus for Research, Education, Dissemination and Neurosciences Popularization, Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Luana da Silva Chagas
- NuPEDEN, Nucleus for Research, Education, Dissemination and Neurosciences Popularization, Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Helena de Souza Pereira
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Giestal-de-Araujo
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Analía Arévalo
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Oliveira-Silva Bomfim
- NuPEDEN, Nucleus for Research, Education, Dissemination and Neurosciences Popularization, Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Priscilla Oliveira-Silva Bomfim,
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Rothman EF, Paruk J, Cuevas CA, Temple JR, Gonzales K. The Development of the Measure of Adolescent Relationship Harassment and Abuse (MARSHA): Input From Black and Multiracial, Latinx, Native American, and LGBTQ+ Youth. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:2126-2149. [PMID: 32627640 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520936367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This formative research study was designed to collect opinion data from adolescents historically underrepresented in adolescent dating abuse (ADA) research measure development. Eight in-person focus groups and 7 telephone-based one-on-one interviews were conducted with U.S. youth aged from 11 to 20 years (N=48). We conducted two focus groups with Black, Multiracial, Latinx, Native American, and LGBTQ+ youth. Seven LGBTQ+ youth participated in one-on-one telephone-based interviews. Focus group participants and interview subjects were asked the same 11 questions from a semi-structured focus group question guide. Five questions were on the topic of dating behaviors in general. In addition, six questions were asked for reactions to a paper-based list of 75 abusive acts. Youth generated ideas for 10 new possible cyber-ADA items and 14 emotionally abusive items for inclusion on the ADA measurement instrument. They did not generate any new physical or sexual ADA items. Youth identified 14 acts that they felt should not be on the measure, either because the acts were not abusive and too common, because they could not understand the item, or because it seemed unrealistic as an act of ADA. The study faced several limitations and was a good first step toward enriching the cultural inclusivity of ADA measurement instrument. Continued attention to inclusionary research that seeks to understand the cultural milieux of diverse participants is essential for violence prevention scholarship and subsequent health programming and policy that derive from it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Violence and Justice Research Laboratory, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kelly Gonzales
- Oregon Health Science University - Portland State University, School of Public Health, OR, USA
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Scalese M, Cerrai S, Biagioni S, Benedetti E, Bastiani L, Potente R, Cutilli A, Molinaro S. Trends in energy drink and combined alcohol and energy drinks consumption among Italian high school students, 2008-2019. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 228:109061. [PMID: 34601280 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy Drinks (ED) are caffeinated beverages marketed as attention and endurance enhancers. The main purpose of this study is to provide national estimates of the prevalence of alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) and ED use among school-aged adolescents. A secondary objective is to examine the differences in the prevalence of AmED and ED consumption by gender. METHODS For this study, we used data from twelve consecutive years, from ESPAD-Italia®2008 to ESPAD-Italia®2019. RESULTS From 2008-2019, the prevalence of lifetime consumption of energy drinks increased significantly for male (64.5-75.7%, p < 0.001) and female (46.8-61.8%, p < 0.001). We also observed an increase in both genders for last year prevalence (male: 51.6-63.4%, p < 0.001; female: 32.5-38.3%, p < 0.001), instead prevalence in last month showed an increase only in males (males: 37.5-45.4%, p = <0.001; females: 19.9-20.3%, p = 0.426). Finally, frequent use showed a fluctuating trend, particularly in females (males: 3.2-4.3%, p = 0.422; females: 0.8-0.8%, p = 0.643). From 2013-2019, the prevalence of AmED consumption did not show relevant changes among adolescents. A clear gender gap is evident for both ED and AmED usage prevalence, in all the years considered for lifetime, last year, last month and frequent use. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the prevalence of ED consumption among Italian high school students is very high and has grown substantially over the past 12 years. Differently the prevalence of AmED use, although widespread, did not increase overall since 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scalese
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sonia Cerrai
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Biagioni
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Benedetti
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Bastiani
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Potente
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Arianna Cutilli
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Molinaro
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy.
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Rogers CJ, Forster M, Grigsby TJ, Albers L, Morales C, Unger JB. The impact of childhood trauma on substance use trajectories from adolescence to adulthood: Findings from a longitudinal Hispanic cohort study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 120:105200. [PMID: 34252647 PMCID: PMC8384665 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) are associated with substance use in adolescence and adulthood. However, there is a lack of longitudinal research examining the effect of ACE on substance use trajectories from adolescence through emerging adulthood. OBJECTIVE This study examined the role of ACE in substance use trajectories among Hispanic emerging adults. PARTICIPANTS We surveyed a cohort of Hispanic adolescents (n = 1399) in Southern California across eight survey waves (beginning in 9th grade and continuing through emerging adulthood). METHODS Growth curve models were used to examine the effect of ACE on past 30-day cigarette, marijuana, and alcohol use over seven time points, and an interaction term of ACE ∗ time was included to investigate the cross-level effect of ACE. RESULTS ACE was a significant predictor at 9th grade across all substances. Every additional ACE was associated with significantly higher past 30-day cigarette use (β = 0.05, 95%CI = 0.01, 0.10), marijuana use, (β = 0.15, 95%CI = 0.06, 0.25) and alcohol use (β = 0.14, 95%CI = 0.06, 0.21). Across all models, cross level interactions between ACE and time indicated that young adults exposed to more ACE experience significantly steeper inclining trajectories of 30-day cigarette use (β = 0.05, 95%CI = 0.02, 0.68), marijuana use (β = 0.07, 95%CI = 0.03, 0.11), and alcohol use (β = 0.02, 95%CI = 0.02, 0.68) than young adults with fewer ACE. CONCLUSION ACE continue to have an impact on substance use trends through emerging adulthood. Results highlight the graded effect of ACE on substance use during and beyond adolescence and illustrate that ACE exposure is linked to an escalation of substance use frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Rogers
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States of America.
| | - Myriam Forster
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA, United States of America
| | - Timothy J Grigsby
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, United States of America
| | - Larisa Albers
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA, United States of America
| | - Celina Morales
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States of America
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Sekulic D, Maric D, Versic S, Zevrnja A, Terzic A, Zenic N. Familial and Parental Predictors of Physical Activity in Late Adolescence: Prospective Analysis over a Two-Year Period. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9020132. [PMID: 33572769 PMCID: PMC7912008 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Children’s health behaviors are highly influenced by their parents and family. This study aimed to prospectively evaluate the parental/familial factors associated with physical activity levels (PALs) among older adolescents. The participants were 766 adolescents, who were prospectively observed at baseline (when they were 16 years of age), at first follow-up measurement (FU1; 17 years of age), and second follow-up measurement (FU2; 18 years of age). Sociodemographic factors (age, gender, socioeconomic status, and sport participation) and parental/familial variables were evaluated at baseline. PALs (evidenced by the Physical-Activity Questionnaire-for-Adolescents) were prospectively evidenced at baseline, FU1, and FU2. Factorial analysis of variance for repeated measurements showed a significant decrease in PALs during the study course (F = 83.05, p < 0.001). Sport participation and male gender were significant predictors of PALs at baseline, FU1, and FU2. Logistic regression, controlled for sport participation and male gender, evidenced paternal education as a significant predictor of baseline PALs. Parental conflict was a significant predictor of PALs in all three testing waves. The significant influence of paternal education on the children’s PALs existed from younger adolescence until the age of 17 years. The association between parental conflict and PALs developed in older adolescence. These results should be used in the development of specific and targeted interventions aimed at the improvement of PALs and a reduction of sedentarism in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (D.S.); (S.V.)
| | - Dora Maric
- PhD in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Sime Versic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (D.S.); (S.V.)
| | - Ante Zevrnja
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
- Clinical Hospital Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Admir Terzic
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Tuzla, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Natasa Zenic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (D.S.); (S.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Kim Y, Evans BE, Hagquist C. Towards explaining time trends in adolescents' alcohol use: a multilevel analysis of Swedish data from 1988 to 2011. Eur J Public Health 2020; 29:729-735. [PMID: 30859200 PMCID: PMC6660113 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use has decreased among Swedish adolescents in the past few decades. We examined peer and parent factors (i.e. time spent with peers, time spent with parents and parental monitoring) that could contribute to explaining this trend by investigating their main effects and interaction effects with investigation years on alcohol use. We furthermore examined whether municipality-level socioeconomic conditions could contribute to explaining the trend. METHODS We used data from a repeated cross-sectional study that took place eight times between 1988 and 2011. The study targeted all ninth grade students (15-16 years old) in Värmland County, Sweden. Adolescents (N = 22 257) reported their monthly alcohol use, time spent with peers and parents and parental monitoring. Municipality-level socioeconomic conditions were based on parent education levels. RESULTS Logistic multilevel regression analyses showed that peer and parent factors and municipality-level socioeconomic conditions were associated with alcohol use among adolescents. The interaction effects between peer and parent factors and investigation years were not significant. The decreased trend in time spent with peers was associated with the decreased trend in frequency of alcohol use over time. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the current study provide an indication that the decreased trend in alcohol use that has been observed in Swedish adolescents over the past few decades may be related to changes in adolescents' social interactions with peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhwan Kim
- Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Brittany E Evans
- Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Curt Hagquist
- Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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Evans BE, Kim Y, Hagquist C. A latent class analysis of changes in adolescent substance use between 1988 and 2011 in Sweden: associations with sex and psychosomatic problems. Addiction 2020; 115:1932-1941. [PMID: 32149444 DOI: 10.1111/add.15040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize changes in patterns of adolescent substance use in Sweden between 1988 and 2011, and to assess whether sex and psychosomatic problems were associated with substance use and whether these associations changed over time. DESIGN Secondary analysis of repeated cross-sectional survey data. Survey data were collected eight times and analyzed as four cohorts (1988-91, 1995-98, 2002-05 and 2008-11). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The sample included all 15-16-year-olds in Värmland County, Sweden (n = 20 057). MEASUREMENTS Binary-coded substance use measures included life-time use of alcohol and tobacco, getting drunk and past school year use of inhalants. An eight-item scale was used to assess psychosomatic problems. FINDINGS A three-class model fitted the data best (i.e. non/low use, mainly alcohol use and polysubstance use). The patterns of substance use were different among cohorts; most notably, adolescents in the last cohort had lower odds of being included in the alcohol and polysubstance use classes rather than the non/low use class than in the earlier cohorts (all Ps < 0.001). Males had higher odds than females of being in the polysubstance use class rather than the non/low use class among the first three cohorts (all Ps < 0.001) but not the last. Sex was not associated with inclusion in the alcohol use class rather than the non/low use class. Adolescents who reported more psychosomatic problems had higher odds of being included in the alcohol and polysubstance use classes rather than the non/low use class (all Ps < 0.001). The associations of sex and psychosomatic problems with class inclusion did not change during the study period. CONCLUSIONS Between 1988 and 2011, patterns of substance use among adolescents in Sweden shifted away from polysubstance use and alcohol use to non-use or low use. Associations between patterns of substance use and sex and psychosomatic problems remained largely consistent across the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Evans
- Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Yunhwan Kim
- Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Curt Hagquist
- Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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Mbachu CNP, Ebenebe JC, Mbachu II, Ndukwu CI, Elo-Ilo JC, Azubuike CM, Ofora VC, Uwakwe R. Sociodemographic profile of psychoactive substance use among selected secondary school students in rural Nigeria. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2020; 34:275-280. [PMID: 32887185 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2020-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Use of Psychoactive substances by young people poses an important public health threat despite mass campaigns and education. There have been documentations of rise in prevalence and use of psychoactive substances by Nigerian adolescents in urban areas of Nigeria. Few reports exist on in-school adolescents in rural areas, and differences in their sociodemographic profile such as public/private school attendance, day/boarding status and socioeconomic status of students. The study determined the rate and sociodemographic profile of psychoactive substance use among secondary school students in selected rural communities in Anambra state, Nigeria. Methods This was a cross-sectional study in which multistage sampling was used to select 494 students from selected secondary schools in Anambra state. Data on age, gender, socioeconomic status, student status, school category, alcohol, tobacco and intravenous drug use were obtained using pretested semi-structured questionnaires. Analysis of data was done using IBM SPSS statistics software version 20.0, frequency, percentages and means were calculated, with cross-tabulation done for variables (Chi-square and Fishers exact test where applicable). Level of significance for tests of association set at 5%. Results A total of 494 participants were studied of which 48.8% (n=241) were males. The mean age was 14.5 ± 1.8 years. The prevalence of lifetime use of psychoactive substance was 22.5%. Prevalence for individual substances were 21.9% (n=108), 1.8% (n=9) and 0.8% (n=4) respectively for alcohol, tobacco and illicit intravenous drugs. Neither gender {6 males (2.5%), 3 females (1.2%), p=0.890}, age {10-13 years (1.3%), 14-16 years (2.1%), >16 years (1.7%), p=0.329}, student status {day (2.6%), boarding (1.2%), p=0.320}, social class {upper (0.9%), middle (0.6%), lower (3.1%), p=0.208 } nor school category {private (1.5%), public (2.1%), p=0.742} of students was significantly associated with smoking and respectively. More males (73/241=30.3%, p<0.001) took alcohol than females (35/253 = 13.8%) and this was statistically significant. Participants from the lower socioeconomic class (30.3%, p<0.001) had a significantly higher rate of alcohol consumption than those from the upper (11.8%) and middle classes (16.7%) respectively. Higher rate was noted among those who attended public schools (30.8%, p<0.001) compared to those who attended private schools (13.8%). Day students (30.2%, p<0.001) indulged more in alcohol than boarding students (14.3%). There was no association between either the class (junior=22.5%, senior=21.3%, p=0.759) or age of participants (10-13 years=20.7%, 14-16 years=20.1%, >16 years=33.3%, p=0.071) and alcohol consumption. No association was found between age (0.7%, 1.1%, p=1.000), gender (male=1.2%, female=0.4%, p=0.362), social class (lower=1.3%, upper=0.9%, p=0.443), student status (day=0.9%, boarding=0.8%, p=1.000), school category (junior=0.8%, senior=0.8%, p=1.000) and intravenous drug use. Conclusions The rate of about 22% alcohol use by secondary school students in rural south eastern Nigeria, which is strongly associated with male gender, low socioeconomic status, day student status and public school attendance is high.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joy C Ebenebe
- Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Ikechukwu I Mbachu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Chizalu I Ndukwu
- Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | | | - Chimaobi M Azubuike
- Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Victoria C Ofora
- Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Richard Uwakwe
- Department of Mental Health, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
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Spillane NS, Schick MR, Kirk-Provencher KT, Hill DC, Wyatt J, Jackson KM. Structured and Unstructured Activities and Alcohol and Marijuana Use in Middle School: The Role of Availability and Engagement. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1765-1773. [PMID: 32423269 PMCID: PMC8409240 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1762652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: Behavioral Theories of Choice applied to substance use suggests that use depends on availability of substances and alternative activities. Applying this theory to younger adolescents offers the possibility of investigating potentially malleable prevention and intervention targets. Objectives: The current study examines the role of perceived availability and engagement in structured and unstructured activities on adolescent alcohol and marijuana use controlling for substance availability. Methods: Data were collected as part of a longitudinal study of 6th-8th graders (N = 1023; 52% female; 76% White; Mage = 12.23 years). Multiple logistic regressions analyzed the impact of availability and engagement in structured and unstructured activities at Wave 1 on heavy drinking and marijuana use by study end in both unadjusted and adjusted models. Results: Availability of unstructured activities was associated with increased likelihood of both marijuana use (b* = .06, p = .04) and heavy drinking (OR = 1.20, p < .001), while availability of structured activities was not significantly associated with likelihood of either marijuana use (b* = -.10, p = .07) or heavy drinking (OR = 0.86, p = .16). Engagement in unstructured activities was significantly associated with increased likelihood of both marijuana use (b* = .06, p = .03) and heavy drinking (OR = 1.11, p = .003), while engagement in structured activities was significantly associated with decreased likelihood of both marijuana use (b* = -.25, p < .001) and heavy drinking (OR = 0.85, p = .046). Conclusions: Perceived availability of and engagement in unstructured activities may present a risk, while perceived availability of and engagement in structured activities may serve as a protective factor for youth substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Melissa R Schick
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Danielle C Hill
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Janan Wyatt
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kristina M Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Correlates of nonmedical use of prescription opioids among a cohort of adolescents in Ontario, Canada. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 120:175-184. [PMID: 31706075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mortality and morbidity rates related to prescription opioid analgesics have been rising in North America and may be a gateway to the nonmedical use of prescription opioids (NUPO). The purpose of this study was to explore correlates of NUPO in the adolescent population given the scarce literature in this area. METHODS Cross-sectional data from 10,163 middle- and high-school students (15.1 ± 1.8 years old; 57.0% female; 55.6% White ethnic background) in Ontario were derived from the 2017 Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey. Potential correlates of NUPO in the past year included sociodemographic, behavioral, parental, and school characteristics. RESULTS Overall prevalence of NUPO was 10.7%. In the final multivariable model, NUPO was significantly associated with 8 of the 21 correlates examined. Students who used prescription opioids nonmedically were of black, South Asian, and "other" ethnic backgrounds (OR 2.83, OR 1.77, and OR 1.67, respectively); reported a lower subjective socioeconomic status (OR 0.92), lower parental support (OR 0.90), and lower academic performance (OR 0.86); met physical activity recommendations (OR 1.48); consumed energy drinks (OR 1.42); smoked tobacco cigarettes (OR 2.33); and used cannabis (OR 1.84). CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study show a wide variety of correlates of NUPO among Canadian adolescents, and highlight the need for further research and the value in targeted prevention and multi-level intervention programs for NUPO in this population.
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Strømmen M, Bakken IJ, Klöckner C, Sandvik J, Kulseng B, Holen A. Diagnoses related to abuse of alcohol and addictive substances after gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: a nation-wide registry study from Norway. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2019; 16:464-470. [PMID: 31980380 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) patients are at higher risk of alcohol problems. In recent years, sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has become a common procedure, but the incidence rates (IRs) of alcohol abuse after SG are unexplored. OBJECTIVES To compare IRs of diagnoses indicating problems with alcohol or other substances between patients having undergone SG or RYGB with a minimum of 6-month follow-up. SETTING All government funded hospitals in Norway providing bariatric surgery. METHODS A retrospective population-based cohort study based on data from the Norwegian Patient Registry. The outcomes were ICD-10 of Diseases and Related Health Problems diagnoses relating to alcohol (F10) and other substances (F11-F19). RESULTS The registry provided data on 10,208 patients who underwent either RYGB or SG during the years 2008 to 2014 with a total postoperative observation time of 33,352 person-years. This corresponds to 8196 patients with RYGB (27,846 person-yr, average 3.4 yr) and 2012 patients with SG (5506 person-yr; average 2.7 yr). The IR for the diagnoses related to alcohol problems after RYGB was 6.36 (95% confidence interval: 5.45-7.36) per 1000 person-years and 4.54 (2.94-6.70) after SG. When controlling for age and sex, adjusted hazard ratio was .75 (.49-1.14) for SG compared with RYGB. When combining both bariatric procedures, women <26 years were more likely to have alcohol-related diagnoses (3.2%, 2.1-4.4) than women of 26 to 40 years (1.6%, 1.1-2.1) or women >40 (1.3%, .9-1.7). The IR after RYGB for the diagnoses related to problems with substances other than alcohol was 3.48 (95% confidence interval: 2.82-4.25) compared with 3.27 (1.94-5.17) per 1000 person-years after SG. Controlling for age and sex, the hazard ratio was .99 (.60-1.64) for SG compared with RYGB. CONCLUSIONS In our study, procedure-specific differences were not found in the risks (RYGB versus SG) for postoperative diagnoses related to problems with alcohol and other substances within the available observation time. A longer observation period seems required to explore these findings further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Strømmen
- Centre for Obesity Research, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Inger Johanne Bakken
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Klöckner
- Centre for Obesity Research, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jorunn Sandvik
- Centre for Obesity Research, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Clinic of Medicine and Rehabilitation, Møre and Romsdal Hospital Trust, Ålesund, Norway; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bård Kulseng
- Centre for Obesity Research, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Are Holen
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Moss JL, Liu B, Zhu L. Adolescent Behavioral Cancer Prevention in the United States: Creating a Composite Variable and Ranking States' Performance. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2019; 46:865-876. [PMID: 30964336 DOI: 10.1177/1090198119839111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Preventive behaviors established during adolescence can reduce cancer throughout the life span. Understanding the combinations of multiple behaviors, and how these behaviors vary across states, is important for identifying where additional interventions are needed. Using data on 2011-2015 vaccination, energy balance, and substance use from national surveys, we created state-level composite scores for adolescent cancer prevention. Hierarchical Bayesian linear mixed models were used to predict estimates for states with no data on select behaviors. We used a Monte Carlo procedure with 100,000 simulations to generate states' ranks and 95% confidence intervals. Across states, hepatitis B vaccination was 84.3% to 97.1%, and human papillomavirus vaccination was 41.8% to 78.0% for girls and 19.0% to 59.3% for boys. For energy balance, 20.2% to 34.6% of adolescents met guidelines for physical activity, 4.1% to 15.8% for fruit and vegetable consumption, and 66.4% to 82.0% for healthy weight. For substance use, 82.5% to 93.5% reported abstaining from binge alcohol use, 84.3% to 95.4% from cigarette smoking, and 62.9% to 92.8% from marijuana use. (1) Rhode Island, (2) Colorado, (4) Hawaii and New Hampshire (tied), and (5) Vermont performed the best for adolescent cancer prevention, and (47) Missouri, (48) Arkansas, Mississippi, and South Carolina (tied), and (51) Kentucky performed the worst. However, 95% CIs around ranks often overlapped, indicating lack of statistical differences. Adolescent cancer prevention behaviors clustered into a composite index. States varied on their performance on this index, especially for states at the high and low extremes, but most states did not differ statistically. These findings can inform decision makers about where and how to intervene to improve cancer prevention among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benmei Liu
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Li Zhu
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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15
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Francis JM, Myers B, Nkosi S, Petersen Williams P, Carney T, Lombard C, Nel E, Morojele N. The prevalence of religiosity and association between religiosity and alcohol use, other drug use, and risky sexual behaviours among grade 8-10 learners in Western Cape, South Africa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211322. [PMID: 30759112 PMCID: PMC6374069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol and other drug use (AOD) and risky sexual behaviours remain high among adolescents in South Africa and globally. Religiosity influences, mitigates and provides resilience against engaging in risky behaviours among young people but few South African studies have explored potential associations between religiosity, AOD use and risky sex. We report the prevalence of religiosity and association between religiosity and AOD use and risky sexual behaviours among learners in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. METHODS Between May and August 2011, a cross sectional survey was conducted among 20 227 learners from 240 public schools randomly selected through a stratified multistage sampling design to determine the prevalence of AOD use and sexual risk behaviours. We performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to assess the association between religiosity, AOD use and risky sexual behaviours. RESULTS The learners were aged 10-23 years. Almost three quarters (74%) of learners reported high religiosity (defined as attending religious services or activities at least 1-2 times a month). More female than male learners had high religiosity. The prevalence of past 30 day reported alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use was 23%, 19% and 8% respectively. Compared to learners with low religiosity, those with high religiosity were less likely to engage in AOD use: specifically alcohol use, (AOR = 0.86, 95%CI: 0.76-0.97), tobacco use (AOR = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.67-0.87), cannabis use (AOR = 0.57, 95%CI: 0.48-0.68) in the last 30 days. They were also less likely to engage in risky sexual behaviours (AOR = 0.90, 95%CI: 0.81-0.99). CONCLUSION Religiosity was associated with lower odds of reported AOD use and risky sexual behaviours among learners in the Western Cape. This calls for further exploration on how to incorporate religiosity into AOD use and risky sexual behaviour interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Msafiri Francis
- Visiting scholar, Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- Wits Reproductive Health & HIV Institute (WRHI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bronwyn Myers
- Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sebenzile Nkosi
- Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Petal Petersen Williams
- Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tara Carney
- Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carl Lombard
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elmarie Nel
- Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Neo Morojele
- Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Dickter CL, Forestell CA, Volz S. The effect of parental smoking on preadolescents' implicit and explicit perceptions of smoking-related cues. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2018; 32:759-769. [PMID: 30451518 PMCID: PMC6266873 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Children of smokers are significantly more likely to experiment with cigarettes and become habitual smokers than children of nonsmokers. The current study examined the effect of parental smoking on children's implicit and explicit responses toward smoking behavior and smoking-related cues with the goal of identifying potential mechanisms for this relationship. A sample of 8-12-year-old children of smokers (n = 57) and children of nonsmokers (n = 86) completed a dot probe task to assess implicit attentional bias toward smoking cues and the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) to assess implicit affective responses to smoking cues. In addition, children indicated their explicit perceptions of smokers and smoking behavior. Results demonstrated that children of smokers showed more sustained implicit attentional bias toward pictures of smoking stimuli presented alone than children of nonsmokers. Overall, participants showed negative implicit affective responses to smoking stimuli regardless of parental smoking. Children of smokers indicated that smokers would experience fewer negative consequences than children of nonsmokers; these relationships were moderated by age. Together, our findings suggest that parental smoking affects the ways that preadolescent children implicitly process smoking cues and their perceptions about smoking and its consequences. These findings help us understand the environmental mechanisms associated with smoking behavior in this vulnerable population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Volz
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
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Tsitsimpikou C, Tsarouhas K, Vasilaki F, Papalexis P, Dryllis G, Choursalas A, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A, Charvalos E, Bacopoulou F. Health risk behaviors among high school and university adolescent students. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3433-3438. [PMID: 30233692 PMCID: PMC6143861 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco, alcohol and drug abuse constitute a public health concern. Data regarding health risk behaviors among Greek youth are scarce. The aim of the present study was to investigate health risk behaviors of a large adolescent sample (730 adolescents, 294 males and 436 females), residing in different areas of Greece, trace perceived side effects and associate the findings with the adopted lifestyle. High school students and University newcomers, aged 14-21 years (17.8±4.5 years), self-reported health risk behaviors via an anonymous, closed-type, validated questionnaire. Simultaneous adoption of unhealthy habits, such as smoking and drug abuse, were not independent (χ2=38.668, P=0.01). Age was the most significant factor in the adoption of unhealthy behaviors; smoking (χ2=27.220, P=0.01), misuse of cannabis and recreational drugs (χ2=9.874, P=0.05) and combining alcohol and smoking with entertainment (χ2=8.708, P=0.05; χ2=317.309, P=0.05, respectively) were adopted more by the elder (18-20 years) than the younger (15-18 years) teenagers. Males were more prone to abuse of cannabis (χ2=8.844, P=0.01), whereas females combined drinking and smoking with loud music during entertainment (χ2=6.618, P=0.05). The majority (64%) reported driving after drinking alcohol and intense entertainment, especially in urban areas. Almost half of smokers (53.1%) and drug users (46.3%) first encountered smoking or drugs from friends. Educational institutions and entertainment venues were the main places of initiation of smoking (26%) or drug use (35.2%), respectively. Adolescents from touristic regions were more prone to smoking (33.9%, P=0.01) and drug abuse (53.7%, P=0.01). The lower the frequency of exercise, the higher the consumption of psychoactive substances (P=0.022). Youth engaging in unhealthy habits were also willing to use prohibited doping substances (56%, P=0.043). Health problems were the main reason to consider changing habits (72%). In conclusion, health risk behaviors were multifactorial and tended to cluster. Thus, preventive youth strategies should target negative peer influences, especially during late adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantinos Tsarouhas
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larissa, Mezourlo, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Fotini Vasilaki
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - Petros Papalexis
- Spiliopoulio General Hospital 'Agia Eleni', Ampelokipi, 11521 Athens, Greece.,Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, 12243 Aigaleo, Greece
| | - Georgios Dryllis
- Pathology and Physiology Department, Laikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Choursalas
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Onasseio Cardiac Surgery Center, Kallithea, 17674 Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Department of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - Ekaterina Charvalos
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, 12243 Aigaleo, Greece.,IASO Maternity Hospital, Maroussi, 15123 Athens, Greece
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Schmits E, Quertemont E. Components of social anxiety prevent cannabis use in adolescents. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2018.1448472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Schmits
- Faculté de Psychologie, Logopédie et Sciences de l’Education, Université de Liège, Belgium
- Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Etienne Quertemont
- Faculté de Psychologie, Logopédie et Sciences de l’Education, Université de Liège, Belgium
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de Looze ME, van Dorsselaer SA, Monshouwer K, Vollebergh WA. Trends in adolescent alcohol use in the Netherlands, 1992–2015: Differences across sociodemographic groups and links with strict parental rule-setting. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 50:90-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Understanding predictors of adolescent inpatient length of stay (LOS) is important in informing treatment outcomes for this age group. The current literature on adolescent LOS remains limited and has been characterized by methodological limitations. In the study described here, we examined a wide range of predictors for LOS in a psychiatric unit for adolescents (N=285), including severity of disorder (previous hospitalizations, self-harm, cognitive impairment and thought disorder, severe depression, history of trauma), types of psychotropic medication, and diagnoses. Our results indicated that LOS is associated with predictors that reflect psychiatric severity-most notably prescription of mood stabilizers and youth-reported internalizing symptoms.
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Kážmér L, Csémy L, Ružbarská I, Pavelka J, Hamřík Z, Kalman M. Trends in Lifetime Cannabis Use among Czech School-aged Children from 2002 to 2014. Cent Eur J Public Health 2017; 25 Suppl 1:S47-S50. [PMID: 28752748 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a5096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to examine trends in the prevalence of lifetime cannabis use among the Czech 15-year old students. METHODS Data from the nationally representative Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Survey, conducted in the Czech Republic in 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014, were used. Trends in cannabis use among both boys and girls were modelled through binary logistic regression with period as a predictor of the lifetime cannabis use. RESULTS The prevalence of lifetime cannabis use has significantly decreased among young Czechs, particularly among boys. Gender differences in cannabis use have been also gradually decreasing since 2002, with no significant differences between genders in recent period. CONCLUSIONS Although there are positive changes in the prevalence of adolescent cannabis use, from the European perspective, Czech students still belong to those with significantly higher rates in this respect. Thus, alongside with the use of other substances, adolescent cannabis consumption remains an important challenge for the national public health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Kážmér
- Centre of Epidemiological and Clinical Research of Drug Abuse and Dependence, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Csémy
- Centre of Epidemiological and Clinical Research of Drug Abuse and Dependence, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Ingrid Ružbarská
- Faculty of Education, University of Presov in Presov, Presov, Slovakia
| | - Jan Pavelka
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Hamřík
- Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kalman
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Demographic and social correlates of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use among 15-16-year-old students in Albania: Results of the ESPAD survey. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2017. [DOI: 10.2478/nsad-2014-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Our aim was to assess the demographic and social factors associated with lifetime use of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis among school students aged 15-16 in Albania in order to make information and knowledge available for health promotion specialists working on substance use prevention. Design This cross-sectional study was conducted in March-May 2011 in the framework of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD). In total, 3189 students born in 1995 participated in the survey. The standardised ESPAD questionnaire was used to collect data about substance use. Results Our multivariable adjustment analysis showed that being a male and having easy access to cigarettes were the only universal factors significantly increasing the likelihood of ever using tobacco, alcohol or cannabis. Own smoking was strongly and significantly associated with alcohol and cannabis use. The associations of own substance use with peer substance consumption were weak to moderate. Conclusions Own smoking seems to be the most important single independent risk factor which strongly and significantly predicted alcohol and cannabis use among Albanian school students. Policy makers need to strengthen the rule of law whereas health promotion professionals should firmly address smoking in adolescence through target interventions.
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Prevalence and Associated Factors of Peer Victimization (Bullying) among Grades 7 and 8 Middle School Students in Kuwait. Int J Pediatr 2017; 2017:2862360. [PMID: 28348603 PMCID: PMC5350308 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2862360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Peer victimization (bullying) is a universal phenomenon with detrimental effects. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and factors of bullying among grades 7 and 8 middle school students in Kuwait. Methods. The study is a cross-sectional study that includes a sample of 989 7th and 8th grade middle school students randomly selected from schools. The Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire was used to measure different forms of bullying. After adjusting for confounding, logistic regression identified the significant associated factors related to bullying. Results. Prevalence of bullying was 30.2 with 95% CI 27.4 to 33.2% (3.5% bullies, 18.9% victims, 7.8% bully victims). Children with physical disabilities and one or both non-Kuwaiti parents or children with divorced/widowed parents were more prone to be victims. Most victims and bullies were found to be current smokers. Bullies were mostly in the fail/fair final school grade category, whereas victims performed better. The logistic regression showed that male gender (adjusted odds ration = 1.671, p = 0.004), grade 8 student (adjusted odds ratio = 1.650, p = 0.004), and student with physical disabilities (adjusted odds ratio = 1.675, p = 0.003), were independently associated with bullying behavior. Conclusions. There is a need for a school-wide professional intervention program and improvement in the students' adjustment to school environment to control bullying behavior.
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Canale N, Vieno A, Billieux J, Lazzeri G, Lemma P, Santinello M. Is Medicine Use for Nervousness Associated with Adolescent At-Risk or Problem Gambling? Eur Addict Res 2017; 23:171-176. [PMID: 28797002 DOI: 10.1159/000479001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between adolescent at-risk or problem gambling (ARPG) and medicine used to treat nervousness in a large-scale nationally representative sample of Italian adolescents. STUDY DESIGN Data from the 2013/2014 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Survey was used for cross-sectional analyses (a sample of 20,791 15-year-old students). Self-administered questionnaires were completed by a representative sample of high-school students. Respondents' ARPG, use of medicine for nervousness and potential confounding factors were assessed. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were used to test the association between medicine use to treat nervousness and ARPG. RESULTS The overall prevalence of adolescents reporting medicine use for nervousness in the last month was 6.3%. The odds of ARPG were 3 times higher among adolescents who used medicine for nervousness compared to that among adolescents who did not take such medicine (OR 2.96, 95% CI 2.07-4.25). Importantly, the association between medicine used to treat nervousness and ARPG did not vary significantly when viewed in light of psychological symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Medicine use to treat nervousness is associated with increased risk of gambling-related harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natale Canale
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Bhad R, Jain R, Dhawan A, Mehta M. A Clinic-Based Study in Treatment-Seeking Adolescent Inhalant Users in India: Implications for Management. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2016.1222977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Bhad
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Raka Jain
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anju Dhawan
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manju Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Csemy L, Lejčková P, Sadílek P. Substance Use among Czech Adolescents: An Overview of Trends in the International Context. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/002204260703700106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The rapid dissemination of drug use among adolescents in the Czech Republic and other Central and Eastern European countries during the 1990s had a significant impact on health care and social services for this population group. This paper describes the current situation related to drug use among adolescents in the Czech Republic and in other European countries and discusses several attitudinal and behavioral correlates of drug use among young people. The results presented here have been extracted from a database of the European School Survey on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) from 1995, 1999, and 2003. At the time of data collection, the average age of respondents in the sample was 15.4 years. Marijuana was the most common illicit substance used by European adolescents. The results also showed a marked increase in the number of adolescents who use substances repeatedly between 1995 and 2003. A marked increase in the popularity of ecstasy occurred in the same period. Between 1999 and 2003, the use of opiates and amphetamines in the Czech Republic decreased slightly. Attitudinal variables indicate that Czech adolescents tend to be more tolerant towards selected forms of drug using behavior than are their peers in Europe. The policy by which society tries to confront drug related health and social issues includes an expansion of the network of specialized facilities for treatment and resocialization and long-term programs in the field of prevention. In the future, the significance of programs that focus on early detection and intervention will increase.
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Nordfjærn T, Edland-Gryt M, Bretteville-Jensen AL, Buvik K, Gripenberg J. Recreational drug use in the Oslo nightlife setting: study protocol for a cross-sectional time series using biological markers, self-reported and qualitative data. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e009306. [PMID: 27105710 PMCID: PMC4853987 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recreational drug use in the nightlife setting carries the risk of many negative consequences, such as violence, injuries, aberrant driving and sexual risk-taking. The aim of this study is to investigate recreational drug use and user characteristics among people visiting licensed premises, for example, nightclubs and bars, by using self-reports and biological markers. Staff of licensed premises will be asked to report drug use observations. Further, by using qualitative data, we will examine the motives, consequences and culture associated with recreational drug use. An additional aim is to compare self-reported drug use with oral fluid test (OFT) results in order to validate the different measurement methods in this context. METHODS AND ANALYSES Data collection will be conducted among patrons (n=1000) outside licensed premises. On consent, patrons will be asked to anonymously complete a questionnaire, a breath alcohol concentration test and an OFT. Patrons who report use of recreational drugs in the previous 12 months will be asked to leave their contact information for a subsequent qualitative in-depth interview (n=30-40). Staff from licensed premises (n=500) will be invited during Responsible Beverage Service Training to participate in an anonymous survey. Survey data will be analysed by univariate and multivariate statistical methods and the oral fluids will be analysed for a large number of drugs using biochemical methods. Cohen's κ will be used as a measure of agreement between self-reported drug use and OFT. In-depth interviews will be coded in HyperRESEARCH and analysed using an inductive approach. Data collection will be repeated on a biannual basis until at least 2020, allowing for examination of trends in recreational drug use. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics. Results will be disseminated in research journals, conferences and the media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Nordfjærn
- The Department of Alcohol, Drug and Tobacco Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Edland-Gryt
- The Department of Alcohol, Drug and Tobacco Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kristin Buvik
- The Department of Alcohol, Drug and Tobacco Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanna Gripenberg
- The Department of Alcohol, Drug and Tobacco Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Trajectories of adolescent substance use development and the influence of healthy leisure: A growth mixture modeling approach. J Adolesc 2016; 49:158-69. [PMID: 27077961 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Considerable heterogeneity exists in adolescent substance use development. To most effectively prevent use, distinct trajectories of use must be identified as well as differential associations with predictors of use, such as leisure experience. The current study used a person-centered approach to identify distinct substance use trajectories and how leisure is associated with trajectory classes. Data came from a larger efficacy trial of 2.249 South African high school students who reported substance use at any time across 8 waves. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify developmental trajectories of substance use and the influence of healthy leisure. Results identified three increasing and one stable substance use trajectory and subjective healthy leisure served to protect against use. This study is the first of its kind to focus on a sample of South African adolescents and serves to develop a richer understanding of substance use development and the role of healthy leisure.
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Roy É, Nolin MA, Traoré I, Leclerc P, Vasiliadis HM. Nonmedical Use of Prescription Medication Among Adolescents Using Drugs in Quebec. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2015; 60:556-63. [PMID: 26720824 PMCID: PMC4679164 DOI: 10.1177/070674371506001206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and factors associated with nonmedical use of prescription medication (NMUPM) among adolescents who use drugs (ages 12 to 17 years) in Quebec. METHOD Secondary data analyses were carried out with data from a 6-month study, namely, the 2010-2011 Quebec Health Survey of High School Students-a large-scale survey that sought to gain a better understanding of the health and well-being of young Quebecers in high school. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to study NMUPM among adolescents who use drugs, according to sociodemographic characteristics, peer characteristics, health indicators (anxiety, depression, or attention-deficit disorder [ADD] with or without hyperactivity), self-competency, family environment, and substance use (alcohol and drug use) factors. RESULTS Among adolescents who had used drugs in the previous 12 months, 5.4% (95% CI 4.9% to 6.0%) reported NMUPM. Based on multivariate analyses, having an ADD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.47; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.91), anxiety disorder (AOR 2.14; 95% CI 1.57 to 2.92), low self-esteem (AOR 1.62; 95% CI 1.26 to 2.08), low self-control (AOR 1.95; 95% CI 1.55 to 2.45), low parental supervision (AOR 1.43; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.83), regular alcohol use (AOR 1.72; 95% CI 1.36 to 2.16), and polysubstance use (AOR 4.09; 95% CI 3.06 to 5.48) were associated with increased odds of reporting NMUPM. CONCLUSIONS The observed prevalence of NMUPM was lower than expected. However, the associations noted with certain mental health disorders and regular or heavy use of other psychoactive substances are troubling. Clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élise Roy
- Full Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec; Researcher, Research Chair on Addiction, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec
| | - Marc-Antoine Nolin
- Graduate Student, Clinical Sciences Program, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec
| | - Issouf Traoré
- Research Assistant, Direction des statistiques de santé, Institut de la statistique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Pascale Leclerc
- Public Health Officer, Direction de santé publique de l'agence de la santé et des services sociaux de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Helen-Maria Vasiliadis
- Associate Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec; Researcher, Charles LeMoyne Hospital Research Centre, Greenfield Park, Quebec
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Abstract
BACKGROUND School-level characteristics are related to students' substance use, but little research systematically examined multiple school characteristics in relation to different types of substance use across grade levels. OBJECTIVES This study examines multiple school-level characteristics as correlates of students' tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and combined substance use across three grade levels. METHODS Students (N = 23,615) from 42 urban and suburban middle schools and 24 high schools in the U.S. reported on their tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use. Students' mean age was 14 years; 47% were male, 53% African American, and 41% Caucasian. School-level data included poverty, racial composition, academic achievement, student-teacher ratio, absenteeism, and school size. Multilevel logistic and Poisson regressions tested associations between school-level predictors and adolescent substance use in middle school, early high school, and late high school. RESULTS School-level poverty, more ethnic minority students, low achievement, and higher absenteeism were related to alcohol, marijuana, and combined substance use, particularly at lower grade levels. By contrast, cigarette smoking was more prevalent in more affluent high schools with more White students. After adjusting for other school characteristics, absenteeism emerged as the most consistent predictor of student substance use. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE Interventions addressing absenteeism and truancy in middle and high schools may help prevent student substance use. Schools serving poor, urban, and mostly minority students may benefit from interventions targeting alcohol and marijuana use, whereas interventions focusing on tobacco use prevention may be more relevant for schools serving more affluent and predominantly White students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Hill
- a Department of Psychology , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama , USA
| | - Sylvie Mrug
- a Department of Psychology , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama , USA
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Up in Smoke: Neighborhood Contexts of Marijuana Use from Adolescence Through Young Adulthood. J Youth Adolesc 2015; 45:35-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-015-0370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Desrosiers A, Sipsma H, Divney A, Magriples U, Kershaw T. Emotion Expression and Substance Use in Newly Parenting Adolescents and Young Adults. J Clin Psychol 2015; 71:684-95. [PMID: 25820614 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deficits in emotion expression skills have been associated with alcohol and substance use, but the mechanisms through which these associations occur are not well understood. The current study investigated (a) associations between emotion expression and substance use (i.e., alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana) in newly parenting adolescents and young adults and (b) whether symptoms of depression and stress mediate these associations in young mothers and fathers. METHODS Participants recruited from obstetrics and gynecology clinics completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Emotion Expression Scale for Children, and substance use items. RESULTS Path analysis indicated that lower emotion expression at 6 months postpartum was significantly associated with more alcohol and marijuana use at 12 months postpartum for males but not females. Also among males, stress levels at 6 months postpartum partially mediated associations between emotion expression and alcohol and marijuana use at 12 months postpartum. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that poor emotion expression skills are related to more substance use in young fathers, and levels of stress may partially account for this association.
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Rahim M, Patton R. The association between shame and substance use in young people: a systematic review. PeerJ 2015; 3:e737. [PMID: 25649509 PMCID: PMC4312064 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Shame has been associated with a range of maladaptive behaviours, including substance use. Young people may be particularly vulnerable to heightened shame sensitivity, and substance use is a significant problem amongst UK adolescents. Although there appears to be a relationship between shame and substance use, the direction of the relationship remains unclear. Aim. The purpose of this study was to undertake a systematic review of the literature relating to shame and substance use in young people. Method. Five electronic databases were searched for articles containing terms related to ‘adolescence,’ ‘shame’ and ‘substance use.’ Six articles were included in the final analyses. Results. Adverse early experiences, particularly sexual abuse, predict shame-proneness, and substance use is a mechanism by which some individuals cope with negative feelings. In general, there is a dearth of literature investigating the shame-substance use relationship in adolescent samples. The available literature associates shame-proneness with poorer functioning and suggests that it may potentially lead to psychopathology and early-onset substance use. Scant attention has been paid to the cognitive and emotional processes implicated. Further research is required to ascertain the strength of the shame-substance use relationship in young people and to develop appropriate interventions for this population.
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Schneider R, Ottoni GL, de Carvalho HW, Elisabetsky E, Lara DR. Temperament and character traits associated with the use of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and hallucinogens: evidence from a large Brazilian web survey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 37:31-9. [PMID: 25697129 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2014-1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate how personality traits are associated with occasional use, abuse, and dependence of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and hallucinogens in a large availability sample of adults via online questionnaires. METHODS The sample consisted of 8,646 individuals (24.7% men and 75.3% women) who completed an anonymous web survey. Involvement with drugs and temperament/character traits were assessed through the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and the Temperament and Character Inventory - Revised (TCI-R), respectively. Interactions among variables were analyzed using MANOVA with Bonferroni adjustment. RESULTS Novelty seeking was the trait most associated with increased involvement with alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine. There was a significant association between harm avoidance and benzodiazepine use. Persistence was lower in cannabis-, benzodiazepine-, and cocaine-dependent subjects, as well as in hallucinogen abusers. Self-directedness was reduced in dependents of all drug classes. No strong relationships were found between other temperament or character dimensions and the severity of drug use. CONCLUSIONS Novelty seeking was associated with increased involvement with all drugs studied in this sample, although to a lesser extent with benzodiazepines and hallucinogens. The temperament and character profile for benzodiazepine use was different from that of other drugs due to the relationship with higher harm avoidance and self-transcendence and lower self-directedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology and Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo L Ottoni
- School of Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Hudson W de Carvalho
- School of Psychology, Universidade de Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Elaine Elisabetsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo R Lara
- School of Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Sigfusdottir ID, Kristjansson AL, Gudmundsdottir ML, Allegrante JP. Substance use prevention through school and community-based health promotion: a transdisciplinary approach from Iceland. Glob Health Promot 2015; 18:23-6. [PMID: 24803557 DOI: 10.1177/1757975911412403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, Iceland has made impressive progress in reducing adolescent substance use. By engaging schools, youth organizations, and other community stakeholders concerned with youth development, Iceland has developed local partnerships that have worked assiduously to reduce risk factors and strengthen school and community-level protective factors for adolescent substance use that peaked in 1998. The nationwide implementation of this transdisciplinary approach to health promotion has led to a 60% decline in both experimentation and use of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis. This article describes the key components of the Icelandic approach to school and community-based health promotion. The potential for adapting elements of this approach to advance school-based healthcare policy and practice to prevent substance use and other health-compromising behaviors in other countries is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Dora Sigfusdottir
- Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, USA
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Tantra M, Kröcher T, Papiol S, Winkler D, Röckle I, Jatho J, Burkhardt H, Ronnenberg A, Gerardy-Schahn R, Ehrenreich H, Hildebrandt H. St8sia2 deficiency plus juvenile cannabis exposure in mice synergistically affect higher cognition in adulthood. Behav Brain Res 2014; 275:166-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lang A, Lee S. Individual differences in trait motivational reactivity influence children and adolescents' responses to pictures of taboo products. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2014; 19:1030-1046. [PMID: 24730592 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2013.864733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study examined how children and adolescents respond to pictures of products whose use, for them, is socially or legally restricted (e.g., beer, liquor, cigarettes). It was theorized and found that these pictures, referred to as taboo, elicit an automatic motivational activation whose direction and intensity are influenced by age and individual differences in defensive system activation. Results show that 11-12-year-old children demonstrate primarily aversive responses to taboo products, 13-15-year-old children have less aversive responses, and 16-17-year-old children have mixed appetitive and aversive motivational responses. Further, those with high defensive system activation show larger aversive and smaller appetitive responses across the age groups. These results suggest that placing pictures of these products in prevention messages may work for the prevention goal of reduced experimentation and risk in younger children but against the prevention goal for the older children who may be more likely to be exposed to opportunities for experimentation and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Lang
- a Department of Telecommunications , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana , USA
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Edwards AC, Heron J, Dick DM, Hickman M, Lewis G, Macleod J, Kendler KS. Adolescent alcohol use is positively associated with later depression in a population-based U.K. cohort. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2014; 75:758-65. [PMID: 25208193 PMCID: PMC4161696 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2014.75.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol use and internalizing problems are often positively associated during adolescence and adulthood. However, the basis of this relationship remains poorly understood, and longitudinal data collected in population-based samples could improve the development of etiological models. METHOD Using a prospective population-based U.K. cohort, the current study examined the relationship between frequency of drinking during adolescence (ages 13-15, N = 7,100) with problems with depression and anxiety at average age 17 years 10 months (n = 4,292). Analyses were conducted separately by sex and adjusted by the inclusion of potential individual- and familial-level confounders. RESULTS Among boys, drinking frequency was positively associated with later depression but not anxiety. This association was robust to adjustment for covariates/confounders. Among girls, drinking frequency was related to later depression and anxiety in univariable analyses. In multivariable analyses, only the association with depression remained after adjustment for covariates/confounders. RESULTS were comparable across sexes, although the effect size of drinking frequency was higher among boys. CONCLUSIONS Higher adolescent alcohol use, even at sub-clinical levels, is associated with an increased risk of later problems with depression but may not be associated with an aggregate measure of anxiety. Future research should consider the possibility of differential relationships between multiple measures of adolescent alcohol use and distinct internalizing outcomes later in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C Edwards
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jon Heron
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Matt Hickman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, England
| | - John Macleod
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Mizrahi R, Kenk M, Suridjan I, Boileau I, George TP, McKenzie K, Wilson AA, Houle S, Rusjan P. Stress-induced dopamine response in subjects at clinical high risk for schizophrenia with and without concurrent cannabis use. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1479-89. [PMID: 24385130 PMCID: PMC3988552 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Research on the environmental risk factors for schizophrenia has focused on either psychosocial stress or drug exposure, with limited investigation of their interaction. A heightened dopaminergic stress response in patients with schizophrenia and individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) supports the dopaminergic sensitization hypothesis. Cannabis is believed to contribute to the development of schizophrenia, possibly through a cross-sensitization with stress. Twelve CHR and 12 cannabis-using CHR (CHR-CU, 11 dependent) subjects underwent [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO positron emission tomography scans, while performing a Sensorimotor Control Task (SMCT) and a stress condition (Montreal Imaging Stress task). The simplified reference tissue model was used to obtain binding potential relative to non-displaceable binding (BPND) in the whole striatum, its functional subdivisions (limbic striatum (LST), associative striatum (AST), and sensorimotor striatum (SMST)), globus pallidus (GP), and substantia nigra (SN). Changes in BPND, reflecting alterations in synaptic dopamine (DA) levels, were tested with analysis of variance. SMCT BPND was not significantly different between groups in any brain region (p>0.21). Although stress elicited a significant reduction in BPND in the CHR group, CHR-CU group exhibited an increase in BPND. Stress-induced changes in regional BPND between CHR-CU and CHR were significantly different in AST (p<0.001), LST (p=0.007), SMST (p=0.002), SN (p=0.021), and whole striatum (p=0.001), with trend level in the GP (p=0.099). All subjects experienced an increase in positive (attenuated) psychotic symptoms (p=0.001) following the stress task. Our results suggest altered DA stress reactivity in CHR subjects who concurrently use cannabis, as compared with CHR subjects. Our finding does not support the cross-sensitization hypothesis, which posits greater dopaminergic reactivity to stress in CHR cannabis users, but adds to the growing body of literature showing reduced DA (stress) response in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mizrahi
- PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Faculty of Medicine, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada, Tel: +1 416 535 8501 (ext 4508), Fax: +1 416 979 4656, E-mail:
| | - Miran Kenk
- PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ivonne Suridjan
- PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Faculty of Medicine, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tony P George
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kwame McKenzie
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alan A Wilson
- PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Faculty of Medicine, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sylvain Houle
- PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Faculty of Medicine, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pablo Rusjan
- PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Koutra K, Kritsotakis G, Orfanos P, Ratsika N, Kokkevi A, Philalithis A. Social capital and regular alcohol use and binge drinking in adolescence: A cross-sectional study in Greece. DRUGS-EDUCATION PREVENTION AND POLICY 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/09687637.2014.899994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Chauchard E, Septfons A, Chabrol H. Motivations et stratégies lors d’arrêt spontané de la consommation de cannabis : quel impact sur les rechutes ? Encephale 2013; 39:385-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wang SH, Lin IC, Chen CY, Chen DR, Chan TC, Chen WJ. Availability of convenience stores and adolescent alcohol use in Taiwan: a multi-level analysis of national surveys. Addiction 2013; 108:2081-8. [PMID: 23773461 DOI: 10.1111/add.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the association between alcohol in school environments and adolescent alcohol use over the previous 6 months. DESIGN A multi-level logistic regression analysis was performed of cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2004, 2005 and 2006. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A total of 52 214 students aged 11-19 years from 387 middle or high schools were selected from a nationally representative, multi-stage, stratified probability sampling across Taiwan. MEASUREMENTS Information on socio-demographic features and substance use experiences was collected using self-administered questionnaires. The alcohol in the environment was measured using the availability of convenience stores surrounding the schools. Using geographical information systems, the weighted numbers of convenience stores within 1 km, a 12-15-minute walk, of a school were calculated. The schools were later categorized into three subgroups via the tertile of nearby convenience stores. FINDINGS Considering the compositional characteristics, the availability of convenience stores was found to account for 1.5% of the school-level variance of youthful drinking. The odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of alcohol use over the previous 6 months among youth attending schools with medium and high availability were 1.04 (0.96-1.13) and 1.08 (1.00-1.17), respectively, with a P-value of 0.04 in the trend test. CONCLUSION The greater availability of convenience stores near a school is associated with an increased risk of alcohol use among adolescents over the previous 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Heng Wang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Pfinder M, Liebig S, Feldmann R. Adolescents' use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs in relation to prenatal alcohol exposure: modifications by gender and ethnicity. Alcohol Alcohol 2013; 49:143-53. [PMID: 24217955 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agt166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The study aimed to investigate (a) the association between low to moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs in adolescence and (b) whether the associations are modified by gender and ethnicity. METHODS The subjects of the study were 5922 children and adolescents, aged from 11 to 17 years, enrolled in the cross-sectional German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (the KiGGS study). Information on PAE is based on parental self-report questionnaires. Use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs was assessed through self-report questionnaires for adolescents. RESULTS Low to moderate PAE was associated with an increased risk of drinking alcohol (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34, 2.18) and also of illicit drug use (adjusted OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.23, 2.14). The associations between PAE and the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs differed according to gender and ethnicity. Gender-stratified analyses resulted in adverse effects of PAE on drinking alcohol, smoking and illicit drug use in females; however, in German males, the associations disappeared. Stronger associations between PAE and the outcome measures were found in non-Germans. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that low to moderate levels of maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy are a risk factor for use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs by the offspring, with stronger associations in females and non-Germans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Pfinder
- Corresponding author: Bielefeld Graduate School in History and Sociology, University of Bielefeld, PO Box 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Tornay L, Michaud PA, Gmel G, Wilson ML, Berchtold A, Surís JC. Parental monitoring: a way to decrease substance use among Swiss adolescents? Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172:1229-34. [PMID: 23661237 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-013-2029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The objective of this research was to determine whether the level of parental monitoring is associated with substance use among adolescents in Switzerland, and to assess whether this effect remains when these adolescents have consuming peers. For this purpose, we used a nationally representative sample from the Swiss participation in the 2007 European School Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs survey, which included 7,611 adolescents in public schools (8th-10th grades). Four levels of parental control were created and four substances (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and ecstasy) were analyzed. All significant variables at the bivariate level were included in the multivariate analysis. Most adolescents had a high level of parental monitoring and that was associated with younger age, females, high socioeconomic status, intact family structure, and satisfactory relationships with mother, father, and peers. Overall, substance use decreased as parental monitoring increased and high parental monitoring decreased as having consuming peers increased. Results remained essentially the same when the variable "having consuming peers" was added to the analysis. CONCLUSION parental monitoring is associated to positive effects on adolescent substance use with a reduction of consumption and a lower probability of having consuming peers, which seems to protect adolescents against potentially negative peer influence. Encouraging parents to monitor their adolescents' activities and friendships by establishing rules about what is allowed or not is a way to limit the negative influence of consuming peers on adolescent substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Tornay
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Mizrahi R, Suridjan I, Kenk M, George TP, Wilson A, Houle S, Rusjan P. Dopamine response to psychosocial stress in chronic cannabis users: a PET study with [11C]-+-PHNO. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:673-82. [PMID: 23212454 PMCID: PMC3572464 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of addictions have been linked with decreased striatal dopamine (DA) receptor availability and DA release. Stress has a key role in cannabis craving, as well as in modulation of dopaminergic signaling. The present study aimed to assess DA release in response to a laboratory stress task with [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO positron emission tomography in cannabis users (CU). Thirteen healthy CU and 12 healthy volunteers (HV) were scanned during a sensorimotor control task (SMCT) and under a stress condition using the validated Montreal imaging stress task (MIST). The simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) was used to obtain binding potential (BP(ND)) in striatal subdivisions: limbic striatum (LST), associative striatum (AST), and sensorimotor striatum (SMST). Stress-induced DA release (indexed as a percentage of reduction in [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO BP (ND)) between CU and HV was tested with analysis of variance. SMCT BP(ND) was significantly higher in CU compared with HV in the AST (F=10.38, p=0.003), LST (F=4.95, p=0.036), SMST (F=4.33, p=0.048), and whole striatum (F=9.02, p=0.006). Percentage of displacement (change in BP(ND) between SMCT and MIST PET scans) was not significantly different across groups in any brain region, except in the GP (-5.03±14.6 in CU, compared with 6.15±12.1 in HV; F=4.39, p=0.049). Duration of cannabis use was significantly associated with stress-induced [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO displacement by endogenous DA in the LST (r=0.566, p=0.044), with no effect in any other brain region. In conclusion, despite an increase in striatal BP(ND) observed during the control task, chronic cannabis use is not associated with alterations in stress-induced DA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mizrahi
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Ivonne Suridjan
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Miran Kenk
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tony P George
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alan Wilson
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sylvain Houle
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pablo Rusjan
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Fischer B, Ialomiteanu A, Boak A, Adlaf E, Rehm J, Mann RE. Prevalence and key covariates of non-medical prescription opioid use among the general secondary student and adult populations in Ontario, Canada. Drug Alcohol Rev 2013; 32:276-87. [PMID: 23305232 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS To assess the prevalence and key covariates of non-medical prescription opioid use (NMPOU) in two representative surveys of adults (Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Monitor, CM) and secondary-school students (Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey, OSDUHS). DESIGN AND METHODS Data from the 2010 and 2011 cycles (n = 4023) of CM--a stratified, multi-stage, random-digit-dialling telephone survey of adults (18 years and older)--and the 2011 cycle of OSDUHS (n = 3266)--a self-administered written questionnaire-based survey of grade 7-12 public system students--were used. Besides NMPOU prevalence, associations were assessed by univariate and multi-step multivariate (logistic regression) analyses. NMPOU and key socioeconomic (i.e. sex, age, Aboriginal ethnicity, household location, income, subjective social status), health indicators (physical health status, psychological distress, suicidal ideation), drug use (cigarette smoking, binge drinking, cannabis use, other drug use) were measured. RESULTS NMPOU (past year) prevalence was 15.5% in students and 5.9% in adults. Various univariate associations with social, health and drug use factors were found in both populations, with differences by sex. Based on multivariate analyses, other drug use (male students) and rural residence, subjective social status, other drug use and suicidal ideation (female students); marital status and cannabis use (male adults) and binge drinking (female adults) were independently associated with NMPOU in the respective study populations. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS NMPOU was high in adults and especially students. Independent predictors of NMPOU were largely inconsistent by sex. Notably, NMPOU is widely distributed across socio-demographic and -economic strata, and thus requires broad-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Fischer
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada.
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Lowe SR, Acevedo BP, Griffin KW, Botvin GJ. Longitudinal Relationships Between Self-Management Skills and Substance Use in an Urban Sample of Predominantly Minority Adolescents. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2013; 43:103-118. [PMID: 23450848 PMCID: PMC3582216 DOI: 10.1177/0022042612462221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We explored changes in self-management skills and substance use from 7th to 11th grade in a multiwave study of predominantly minority adolescents (N = 1,756). Using latent growth curve analysis, we found that substance use significantly increased, whereas self-management skills significantly decreased. In a parallel process model, we found that participants who reported higher self-management skills in the 7th grade had smaller increases in substance use. Participants who had larger decreases in self-management skills tended to have greater increases in substance use. We also explored the influence of grades and gender and found that (a) participants with higher grades at baseline had lower initial substance use, higher initial self-management skills, and smaller increases in substance use, and (b) male participants had greater increases in substance use. These results suggest that the provision of self-management skills may be an effective strategy for preventing substance-use initiation and escalation during adolescence.
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Angoorani H, Narenjiha H, Tayyebi B, Ghassabian A, Ahmadi G, Assari S. Amphetamine use and its associated factors in body builders: a study from Tehran, Iran. Arch Med Sci 2012; 8:362-7. [PMID: 22662012 PMCID: PMC3361051 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2012.28566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidemiological studies on all types of illicit drug use among athletes are essential for both the sport community and drug control achievements. Here, we investigated the prevalence and associated factors of amphetamine use in body builders in Tehran, Iran, 2007. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study is a secondary analysis of a substance use survey done in 103 randomly selected gymnasia in Tehran (capital city of Iran). The survey was conducted from November 2007 to January 2008 and included 843 randomly selected bodybuilders (aged 40 years or less). By interviews via questionnaires the following data were obtained: age, job, marital status, education level, housing status, average monthly family income, number of family members, gymnasium area (m(2)), number of trainers, number of gymnasium members, initiation time (months), weekly duration of the sporting activity (h), monthly cost of the sporting activity, purpose of participating in sporting activity, and history of anabolic steroid and amphetamine use. RESULTS One hundred twenty (13.3%) body builders reported a history of amphetamine use. According to the results of regression analysis, being married (risk ratio - RR = 0.540), and participating in body building to enhance self-esteem (RR = 0.423) or to enhance sport performance (RR = 0.545) had protective effects on amphetamine use. However, having university qualifications (RR = 1.843), using anabolic steroids (RR = 1.803) and participating in sport to maintain fitness (RR = 2.472) were linked to increased risk of amphetamine use. CONCLUSIONS Well-educated bodybuilders were more likely to use amphetamines, and why this is so needs to be discovered. If further studies show that they are not aware of the dangers associated with amphetamine use, providing them with information should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Angoorani
- Iranian Research Center for Substance Abuse and Dependence (IRCSAD), University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran
- Sports and Exercise Medicine Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Hooman Narenjiha
- Iranian Research Center for Substance Abuse and Dependence (IRCSAD), University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran
- Drug Control Head Quarters (DCHQ), Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Gelareh Ahmadi
- Medicine and Health Promotion Institute (MHPI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shervin Assari
- Medicine and Health Promotion Institute (MHPI), Tehran, Iran
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Chang Z, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H. The effects of childhood ADHD symptoms on early-onset substance use: a Swedish twin study. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 40:425-35. [PMID: 21947618 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-011-9575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Research has documented that children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk of substance use problems. Few studies, however, have focused on early-onset substance use. This study therefore investigated how the two symptom dimensions of ADHD (hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention) are associated with early-onset substance use, the role of persistent ADHD for the association, and to what extent the association is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Twins (1,480 pairs) in the Swedish Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development were followed from childhood to adolescence. ADHD symptoms were measured at age 8-9 and age 13-14 via parent-report, whereas substance use was assessed at age 13-14 via self-report. Results revealed that hyperactive/impulsive symptoms predicted early-onset "sometimes" tobacco use (adjusted odds ratios, 1.12, for one symptom count), controlling for inattentive symptoms and conduct problem behaviors. There is no independent effect of inattentive symptoms on early-onset substance use. Children with persistent hyperactivity/impulsivity (defined as scoring above the 75th percentile at both time points) had a pronounced risk of both early-onset tobacco and alcohol use (adjusted odds ratios from 1.86 to 3.35, compared to the reference group). The associations between hyperactivity/impulsivity and early-onset substance use were primarily influenced by genetic factors. Our results indicated that hyperactivity/impulsivity, but not inattention, is an important early predictor for early-onset substance use, and a shared genetic susceptibility is suggested to explain this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 281, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Al-Sahab B, Ardern CI, Hamadeh MJ, Tamim H. Age at menarche and current substance use among Canadian adolescent girls: results of a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:195. [PMID: 22424106 PMCID: PMC3323411 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use is among the key public health threats that find its genesis during adolescence. Timing of puberty has been lately researched as a potential predictor of subsequent substance abuse. The present study, therefore, aims to assess the effect of age at menarche on current practices of smoking, alcohol drinking and drug use among 14-15 year old Canadian girls. METHODS The analysis of the study was based on all female respondents aged 14 to 15 years during Cycle 4 (2000/2001) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children & Youth (NLSCY). The main independent variable was age at menarche assessed as the month and year of the occurrence of the first menstrual cycle. The dependent variables were current smoking, heavy alcohol drinking in the past 12 months and drug use in the past 12 months. Three logistic regression models were performed to investigate the association between age at menarche and each of the substance use outcomes, adjusting for possible confounders. Bootstrapping was performed to account for the complex sampling design. RESULTS The total weighted sample included in the analysis represented 295,042 Canadian girls. The prevalence of current smokers, heavy drinkers (drunk in the past 12 months) and drug users in the past 12 months was approximately 22%, 38% and 26%, respectively. After adjusting of all potential confounders, no association was found between age at menarche and any of the substance use outcomes. School performance and relationship with the father, however, stood out as the main variables to be associated with smoking, heavy drinking and drug use. CONCLUSIONS Qualitative studies understanding the social and psychological changes experienced by early maturing Canadian adolescents are warranted to identify other correlates or pathways to substance use in this higher risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban Al-Sahab
- Kinesiology & Health Science, York University, Ontario, Canada.
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