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Augustine AK, Maganga L, Francis JM. Epidemiology of alcohol use and alcohol use disorder among female sex workers in Mbeya City, Tanzania. PLOS Glob Public Health 2024; 4:e0002794. [PMID: 38662685 PMCID: PMC11045110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol misuse is a global concern, contributing to 5.3% of total deaths and 132.6 million disability-adjusted life years worldwide. In Sub-Saharan African countries, the prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) has risen, especially among female sex workers, due to increased availability and advertising. However, there are limited studies on alcohol use and AUD among female sex workers in Tanzania. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, patterns, and factors associated with alcohol use and AUD among sex workers in Mbeya city, Tanzania. In this cross-sectional study, 212 female sex workers in Mbeya city, Tanzania, seeking enrolment in the National Institute for Medical Research Mbeya Medical Research Centre's registration cohort from July to November 2022. Structured interviews covered socio-demographics, alcohol screening (AUDIT-C and Timeline Follow Back Calendar), and sexual behaviours data. Data were analysed using Stata version 17. Descriptive analysis assessed alcohol consumption and AUD prevalence. Factors associated with alcohol use and AUD at bivariate analysis were identified using Chi-square/Fisher's exact tests. All variables with p-value ≤ 0.20 were entered into a multivariable logistic regression model to identify factors associated with alcohol use and AUD. Among 212 participants, 86.6% reported alcohol use in the past 12 months, 85% in the past 30 days, and 98.5% met AUD criteria. Factors linked to recent alcohol consumption included primary education or higher, income above the median, and more than 10 sexual partners. Education level, marital status, income, and having dependents were significantly associated with heavy drinking episodes. The prevalence of AUD, alcohol use, and heavy episodic drinking were high among female sex workers in Mbeya city. Socio-demographic factors and risky sexual behaviours were associated with alcohol use and heavy episodic drinking highlighting the need for targeted interventions to combat alcohol abuse among female sex workers within the HIV program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kapaya Augustine
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Lucas Maganga
- Mbeya Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Mwita JC, Francis JM, Pillay C, Ogah OS, Goshu DY, Agyekum F, Musonda JM, James MC, Tefera E, Kabo T, Ditlhabolo KI, Ndlovu K, Ayodele AY, Mkomanga WP, Chillo P, Damasceno A, Folson AA, Oyekunle A, Tebuka E, Kalokola F, Forrest K, Dunn H, Karaye K, Jean-Pierre FL, Oljira CF, Tadesse TA, Taiwo TS, Nwafor CE, Omole O, Anakwue R, Cohen K. Anticoagulation control among patients on vitamin K antagonists in nine countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2024; 57:613-621. [PMID: 38478250 PMCID: PMC11026180 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-023-02928-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) is the primary anticoagulant in most settings of Sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding the quality of anticoagulation services in the continent is vital in optimising the intended benefits. This study assessed the quality of anticoagulation and associated factors among VKA-treated patients in nine SSA countries. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of randomly selected patients on anticoagulation from 20 clinics in Botswana, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Mozambique, Nigeria, Tanzania, and South Africa. Eligible participants were those on VKAs for at least three months and with at least four international normalised ratios (INR) results in 2019-2021. We report the proportion of INR values in the therapeutic range, time-in-therapeutic range (TTR) using the Rosendaal method, and the proportion of patients with TTR ≥ 65% (optimal anticoagulation). The mean age was 51.1(16.1) years, and 64.2% were women. The most common indications for VKA included venous thromboembolism (29.6%), prosthetic valves (26.7%) and atrial fibrillation/flutter (30.1%). We analysed 6743 INR tests from 1011 participants, and of these, 48.5% were sub-therapeutic, 34.1% therapeutic, and 17.4% were supratherapeutic relative to disease-specific reference ranges. TTR was calculated for 660 patients using 4927 INR measurements. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) TTR was 35.8(15.9,57.2) %. Optimal anticoagulation control was evident in 19.2% of participants, varying from 2.7% in Tanzania to 23.1% in Ethiopia. The proportion of patients with TTR ≥ 65% was 15,4% for prosthetic heart valves, 21.1% for venous thromboembolism and 23.7% for atrial fibrillation or flutter. Countries with universal health coverage had higher odds of optimal anticoagulation control (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15- 2.81, p = 0.01). Patients on VKAs for different therapeutic indications in SSA had suboptimal TTR. Universal health coverage increased the odds of achieving TTR by 79%. The evidence calls for more intensive warfarin management strategies in SSA, including providing VKA services without out-of-pocket payments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Chacha Mwita
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana and Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Chriselda Pillay
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Okechukwu S Ogah
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Dejuma Yadeta Goshu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Francis Agyekum
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Korlebu Teaching Hospital, University of Ghana, Ghana, Ethiopia
| | - John Mukuka Musonda
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Endale Tefera
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Botswana and Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tsie Kabo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana and Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Keolebile Irene Ditlhabolo
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kagiso Ndlovu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Ayoola Yekeen Ayodele
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria
| | - Wigilya P Mkomanga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Pilly Chillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Science, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Anthony Oyekunle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Erius Tebuka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Fredrick Kalokola
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | - Helena Dunn
- MRC Unit The Gambia at LSHTM, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Kamilu Karaye
- Department of Medicine, Bayero University & Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Fina Lubaki Jean-Pierre
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The Protestant University of Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Chala Fekadu Oljira
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tamirat Assefa Tadesse
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Chibuike E Nwafor
- The University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Olufemi Omole
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Raphael Anakwue
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology/Therapeutics, The University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Karen Cohen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Njiro BJ, Kisonga R, Joachim C, Sililo GA, Nkiligi E, Ibisomi L, Chirwa T, Francis JM. Epidemiology and treatment outcomes of recurrent tuberculosis in Tanzania from 2018 to 2021 using the National TB dataset. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011968. [PMID: 38359088 PMCID: PMC10901333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with recurrent TB have an increased risk of higher mortality, lower success rate, and a relatively feeble likelihood of treatment completion than those with new-onset TB. This study aimed to assess the epidemiology of recurrent TB in Tanzania; specifically, we aim to determine the prevalence of TB recurrence and factors associated with unfavourable treatment outcomes among patients with recurrent TB in Tanzania from 2018 to 2021. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we utilized Tanzania's routinely collected national TB program data. The study involved a cohort of TB patients over a fixed treatment period registered in the TB and Leprosy case-based District Health Information System (DHIS2-ETL) database from 2018 to 2021 in Tanzania. We included patients' sociodemographic and clinical factors, facility characteristics, and TB treatment outcomes. We conducted bivariate analysis and multivariable multi-level mixed effects logistic regression of factors associated with TB recurrence and TB treatment outcomes to account for the correlations at the facility level. A purposeful selection method was used; the multivariable model included apriori selected variables (Age, Sex, and HIV status) and variables with a p-value <0.2 on bivariate analysis. The adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were recorded, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. FINDINGS A total of 319,717 participants were included in the study; the majority were adults aged 25-49 (44.2%, n = 141,193) and above 50 years (31.6%, n = 101,039). About two-thirds were male (60.4%, n = 192,986), and more than one-fifth of participants (22.8%, n = 72,396) were HIV positive. Nearly two in every hundred TB patients had a recurrent TB episode (2.0%, n = 6,723). About 10% of patients with recurrent TB had unfavourable treatment outcomes (9.6%, n = 519). The odds of poor treatment outcomes were two-fold higher for participants receiving treatment at the central (aOR = 2.24; 95% CI 1.33-3.78) and coastal zones (aOR = 2.20; 95% CI 1.40-3.47) than the northern zone. HIV-positive participants had 62% extra odds of unfavourable treatment outcomes compared to their HIV-negative counterparts (aOR = 1.62; 95% CI 1.25-2.11). Bacteriological TB diagnosis (aOR = 1.39; 95% CI 1.02-1.90) was associated with a 39% additional risk of unfavourable treatment outcomes as compared to clinical TB diagnosis. Compared to community-based DOT, patients who received DOT at the facility had 1.39 times the odds of poor treatment outcomes (aOR = 1.39; 95%CI 1.04-1.85). CONCLUSION TB recurrence in Tanzania accounts for 2% of all TB cases, and it is associated with poor treatment outcomes. Unfavourable treatment outcomes were recorded in 10% of patients with recurrent TB. Poor TB treatment outcome was associated with HIV-positive status, facility-based DOT, bacteriologically confirmed TB and receiving treatment at the hospital level, differing among regions. We recommend post-treatment follow-up for patients with recurrent TB, especially those coinfected with HIV. We also propose close follow-up for patients treated at the hospital facility level and strengthening primary health facilities in TB detection and management to facilitate early treatment initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J Njiro
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Riziki Kisonga
- National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Catherine Joachim
- Programs and Health Systems Strengthening, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | | | - Emmanuel Nkiligi
- National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Latifat Ibisomi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Tobias Chirwa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Lubaki JPF, Omole OB, Francis JM. Consensus on potential interventions for improving glycaemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a Delphi study. Glob Health Action 2023; 16:2247894. [PMID: 37622241 PMCID: PMC10461491 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2023.2247894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor glycaemic control is a multifactorial and complex problem with dire clinical and economic implications. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, recent studies have shown alarming poor control rates. There is no policy framework to guide corrective actions. OBJECTIVES To build a consensus on interventions to improve glycaemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. METHODS This was a two-round electronic Delphi study involving 31 local and 5 international experts. The experts rated proposed interventions from previous studies on glycaemic control in sub-Saharan Africa and Kinshasa on a 4-Likert scale questionnaire. Additionally, the experts were asked to suggest other recommendations useful for the purpose. The mode, mean and standard deviation of each statement were calculated for each round. RESULTS Participants reached consensus in five domains that included 39 statements on how to improve glycaemic control in Kinshasa: strengthening the health system, enhancing the awareness of diabetes, alleviating the financial burden of diabetes, enhancing the adoption of lifestyle modifications, and reducing the proportion of undiagnosed diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Improved glycaemic control needs to be considered within the broader framework of managing noncommunicable diseases in a more integrated, coordinated and better financed healthcare system. Further studies are needed to operationalise the interventions identified for successful implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Fina Lubaki
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Protestant University of the Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Olufemi Babatunde Omole
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Fina Lubaki JP, Omole OB, Francis JM. Type 2 diabetes in the Democratic Republic of Congo: an urgent need for a management framework. Health Promot Int 2023; 38:daad139. [PMID: 38039076 PMCID: PMC10691404 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daad139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycaemic control is of one the main goals for managing type 2 diabetes. In sub-Saharan Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, studies have reported alarming poor control rates. Patients with poor glycaemic control are exposed to complications leading to high cost of care and deteriorated quality of life. In recent studies by our group, we have demonstrated that poor glycaemic control is high and driven by proximal (individual) and distal (structural) factors in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Financial constraints impacted many aspects of care at multiple levels from the Government to persons living with diabetes. Financial constraints prevented good preparation, organization and access to diabetes care. Difficulties in implementing lifestyle changes, lack of health literacy and limited healthcare support were also contributing to poor glycaemic control. Through a Delphi study, a group of experts reached a consensus on five potential strategies for improving glycaemic control in the Democratic Republic of Congo as follows: changing the healthcare system for better diabetes care extended to other noncommunicable diseases, ensuring consistent financing of the healthcare, augmenting the awareness of diabetes among the general population and the persons living with diabetes, easing the adoption of lifestyle modifications and reducing the burden of undiagnosed diabetes. This paper reflects on the urgent need for an improved management framework for diabetes care in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Specifically, the Government needs to increase the investment in the prevention and treatment of noncommunicable diseases including diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Fina Lubaki
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Protestant University of Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Olufemi Babatunde Omole
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Abstract
Glycaemic control is a significant problem in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the perspectives associated with glycaemic control are not fully known as previous studies rarely explored patients' perspectives and lived experiences. This qualitative study described the perspectives regarding glycaemic control among persons with type 2 diabetes in Kinshasa, DRC. A total of 23 participants were purposively selected in seven health centres in Kinshasa. In-depth interviews were used for data collection. The study used a phenomenology approach, and deductive, constructionist and thematic analysis. Data analysis was performed using the MAXQDA 2022. Five themes were identified as perspectives for glycaemic control in Kinshasa: financial constraints, limited social and relational support, difficulties with lifestyle changes, beliefs and practices about diabetes and ability to adapt for caring for the illness. Themes were integrated using social cognitive theory. Participants expressed that they were unable to achieve better glycaemic control due to financial constraints, limited social and relational support and difficulty in changing their lifestyle. Their beliefs and practices about diabetes also constituted a barrier. Our results showed that lack of adequate funding is a major determinant of glycaemic control and therefore it is crucial to integrate a consistent and reliable funding system for care of people living with diabetes. Persons with diabetes must be empowered to successfully adapt to the requirements of diabetes care. In this process, support for people living with type 2 diabetes is also essential and should involve their families as well as healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Fina Lubaki
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Phillip V Tobias Health Sciences Building, 29 Princess of Wales, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care,Protestant University of Congo, Croisement des Avenues Libération et Triomphale, Commune de Lingwala, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care,University of the Witwatersrand, Phillip V Tobias Health Sciences Building, 29 Princess of Wales, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Olufemi Babatunde Omole
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care,University of the Witwatersrand, Phillip V Tobias Health Sciences Building, 29 Princess of Wales, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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Mc Magh C, Fadahun O, Francis JM. Prevalence and correlates of alcohol use, mental disorders, and awareness and utilization of support services among healthcare professionals in West Rand District, Gauteng, South Africa: a cross-sectional study. Fam Pract 2023:cmad094. [PMID: 37713606 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmad094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Healthcare professionals (workers) are at an increased risk for developing mental and alcohol use disorders (risky drinking) due to increased psychological distress, long working hours, medical litigation, role conflict, and verbal/physical violence from colleagues and patients. Psychological well-being in healthcare workers is crucial to provide the best quality of care to patients. Current data are limited regarding alcohol abuse (risky drinking) rates and mental health condition among healthcare professionals in South Africa. OBJECTIVES To describe the prevalence and correlates of alcohol use disorder (risky drinking), depression, anxiety, suicidality, and covid anxiety during the coronavirus pandemic in healthcare professionals in West Rand District, Johannesburg, South Africa. METHODS We carried out a cross-sectional study on a sample of healthcare professionals including doctors, nurses, clinical associates, and dentists working in the West Rand District of Gauteng, South Africa, during Covid-19 pandemic. Participants were invited to complete a paper-based questionnaire addressing sociodemographic questions, a set of measures for alcohol use disorder (AUDIT-C), depression (PHQ-2), anxiety (GAD-7), suicidality (PSS-3), covid anxiety (CAS), and awareness and utilization of support services. RESULTS A total of 330 healthcare professionals (60.9% nurses, 33% doctors, 5.5% other) participated. Females comprised the majority of study participants with 78.8%, and 48.2% of the participants were in the age band 35-64 years. Overall, 20.9% of the healthcare professionals reported risky alcohol use. Females were 73% less likely to report risky alcohol use (AOR = 0.27;95% CI: 0.13-0.54). Prevalence of probable depression was 13.6% and female professionals were 5 times more likely to be classified as having probable depression (AOR = 4.86;95% CI: 1.08-21.90). The grouped prevalence of anxiety ranging from mild to severe was reported at 47.3%, female professionals were 3 times more likely to be classified as having anxiety disorder (AOR = 2.78;95% CI: 1.39-5.57). Furthermore, races other than African had higher rates of anxiety (AOR = 2.54; 95% CI: 1.00-6.42). The prevalence of suicide symptoms was 7.9% and that of covid dysfunctional anxiety 4.8%. Only 5% of participants were involved in an employee wellness program, with 60% expressing interest in joining one. CONCLUSION Alcohol use (risky drinking) and mental disorders were common among healthcare professionals in West Rand District, Johannesburg, South Africa. There is overall poor awareness and use of support structures highlighting urgent need for interventions. Future studies could also explore in-depth the drivers of mental disorders and lack of utilization of the available service and strategies to deliver alcohol and mental disorder screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Mc Magh
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Oluwafojimi Fadahun
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Mpinganjira MG, Chirwa T, Kabudula CW, Gómez-Olivé FX, Tollman S, Francis JM. Association of alcohol use and multimorbidity among adults aged 40 years and above in rural South Africa. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7807. [PMID: 37183234 PMCID: PMC10183457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the prevalence of reported alcohol use and its association with multimorbidity among adults aged 40 years and above in a rural, transitioning South African setting. Findings could potentially inform alcohol interventions integration in the prevention and treatment of chronic conditions. We analysed data from the first wave of The Health and Ageing in Africa-a longitudinal Study in an INDEPTH community (HAALSI) nested within the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems, conducted between November 2014 and November 2015 (n = 5059). We computed descriptive statistics and performed univariate analysis to determine factors independently associated with multimorbidity. Age, Body Mass Index, education, sex, and household wealth status and variables with a p-value < 0.20 in univariate analysis were included in multivariable Modified Poisson regression models. Any factors with a p-value of < 0.05 in the final models were considered statistically significant. The first wave of HAALSI was completed by 5059 participants aged 40 years and above and included 2714 (53.6%) females. The prevalence of reported ever alcohol use was 44.6% (n = 2253) and of these 51.9% (n = 1171) reported alcohol use in the last 30 days. The prevalence of HIV multimorbidity was 59.6% (3014/5059) and for multimorbidity without HIV 52.5% (2657/5059). Alcohol use was associated with HIV multimorbidity among all participants (RR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02-1.08), and separately for males (RR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00-1.10) and females (RR: 1.06, 95%CI: 1.02-1.11). Similarly, alcohol use was associated with multimorbidity without HIV among all participants (RR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02-1.09), and separately for males (RR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.00-1.12) and females (RR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01-1.11). Reported alcohol use was common and associated with HIV multimorbidity and multimorbidity without HIV among older adults in rural northeast South Africa. There is a need to integrate Screening, Brief Interventions, and Referral for alcohol Treatment in the existing prevention and treatment of multimorbidity in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafuno G Mpinganjira
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tobias Chirwa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Chodziwadziwa W Kabudula
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Francesc Xavier Gómez-Olivé
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephen Tollman
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Uttajug A, Ueda K, Seposo X, Francis JM. Association between extreme rainfall and acute respiratory infection among children under-5 years in sub-Saharan Africa: an analysis of Demographic and Health Survey data, 2006-2020. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e071874. [PMID: 37185183 PMCID: PMC10152048 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite an increase in the number of studies examining the association between extreme weather events and infectious diseases, evidence on respiratory infection remains scarce. This study examined the association between extreme rainfall and acute respiratory infection (ARI) in children aged <5 years in sub-Saharan Africa. SETTING Study data were taken from recent (2006-2020) Demographic and Health Survey data sets from 33 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. PARTICIPANTS 280 157 children aged below 5 years were included. OUTCOME MEASURES The proportions of ARI according to individual, household and geographical characteristics were compared using the χ2 test. The association between extreme rainfall (≥90th percentile) and ARI was examined using multivariate logistic regression for 10 of 33 countries with an adequate sample size of ARI and extreme rainfall events. The model was adjusted for temperature, comorbidity and sociodemographic factors as covariates. Stratification analyses by climate zone were also performed. RESULTS The prevalence of ARI in children aged <5 years ranged from 1.0% to 9.1% across sub-Saharan Africa. By country, no significant association was observed between extreme rainfall and ARI, except in Nigeria (OR: 2.14, 95% CI 1.06 to 4.31). Larger effect estimates were observed in the tropical zone (OR: 1.13, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.84) than in the arid zone (OR: 0.72, 95% CI 0.17 to 2.95), although the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION We found no association between extreme rainfall and ARI in sub-Saharan Africa. Effect estimates tended to be larger in the tropical zone where intense rainfall events regularly occur. Comprehensive studies to investigate subsequent extreme climate events, such as flooding, are warranted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athicha Uttajug
- Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Xerxes Seposo
- Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Kalu GO, Francis JM, Ibisomi L, Chirwa T, Kagura J. Factors associated with the uptake of Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPTp-SP) for malaria in pregnancy: Further analysis of the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. PLOS Glob Public Health 2023; 3:e0000771. [PMID: 36962778 PMCID: PMC10021516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated malaria is preventable and curable with intermittent preventive treatment with Sulfodoxine-Pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP). However, despite the effectiveness of IPTp-SP against malaria in pregnancy, the uptake among pregnant women in Nigeria remains very low. Thus, this study aimed to establish the factors associated with the uptake of at least one dose and optimal doses of IPTp-SP among pregnant women aged 15 to 49 years living in Nigeria in 2018. The study included 12,742 women aged 15 to 49 years with live births two years before or during the 2018 Nigeria Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) in the analysis. Descriptive analysis was carried out to determine the prevalence of IPTp-SP uptake. Multivariable logistic regression was used to establish the factors associated with receiving IPTp-SP during pregnancy, adjusting for possible confounding factors. Given the complex survey design, all analyses are adjusted for sampling weight, stratification, and clustering. The p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. In 2018, the prevalence of at least one dose of IPTp-SP was 63.6% (95% CI:62.0-65.1), and optimal doses of IPTp-SP were 16.8% (95% CI:15.8-17.8) during pregnancy. After the multivariable analysis, age group, region, frequency of ANC visits, belief in IPTp-SP effectiveness, and morbidity caused by malaria predicted the uptake of at least one IPTp-SP dose. Similar maternal characteristics, including household wealth index, spouse's educational level, and media exposure were significantly associated with taking optimal IPTp-SP doses. For instance, women in the wealthiest households whose husbands had secondary education predicted a four-fold increase in uptake of at least one IPTp-SP dose (aOR:4.17; 95% CI:1.11-8.85). The low prevalence and regional variations of IPTp-SP uptake in the study area imply that most pregnant women in Nigeria are at substantial risk of pregnancy-associated malaria. Therefore, stakeholders should explore context-specific strategies to improve the IPTp-SP coverage across the regions in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Okeke Kalu
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary care, School of Clinical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Latifat Ibisomi
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Tobias Chirwa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Juliana Kagura
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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Tenza IS, Njuguna C, Sodo PP, Ruch A, Francis JM, Omole OB, Cooke R, Agbo S, Baldwin-Ragaven L. Exploring barriers to switching "on time" to second-line antiretroviral therapy among nurses in primary health care facilities, Ekurhuleni Health District, South Africa. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284996. [PMID: 37099552 PMCID: PMC10132530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ensuring that all HIV-infected people receive antiretroviral therapy (ART) and achieve viral suppression are key South African strategies to end the AIDS epidemic in the country. National HIV treatment guidelines recommend an immediate switch to second-line ART following virological failure with first-line ART. Nurses based in district health facilities are at the forefront of implementing this recommendation. While there are often delays in switching and in some instances no switch, the reasons for and barriers to delayed switching are not well understood at the primary care level. AIM To explore the views of frontline nursing staff about factors contributing to delayed switching of patients who have failed first-line ART regimen in Ekurhuleni district, South Africa. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted among 21 purposively sampled nurses who provide HIV treatment and care to patients in 12 primary health care (PHC) facilities in Ekurhuleni Health District, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Individual in-depth interviews explored nurses' experiences regarding their recognition of virological failure and understanding of "on time" switching to second-line ART. Interviews probed the circumstances contributing to delays in switching. After digital audio recording and transcription, manual inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. FINDINGS Multiple barriers were identified: 1) Healthcare provider factors included a lack of knowledge and confidence coupled with demotivation in the workplace; 2) Patient issues similarly comprised a lack of knowledge as well as resistance to being switched to another drug regimen and loss to follow up; 3) Systems factors were poor facility leadership, shortages of medication, staffing constraints, and the inability to trace laboratory results, especially for migrant patients. CONCLUSION Reasons for delayed switching of patients to second-line ART are multifactorial and require integrated interventions at health provider, patient and health system levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immaculate Sabelile Tenza
- Faculty of Health Sciences, South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI), School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Christine Njuguna
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pumla Pamella Sodo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Aviva Ruch
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Olufemi Babatunde Omole
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Richard Cooke
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Samuel Agbo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Laurel Baldwin-Ragaven
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Fina Lubaki JP, Omole OB, Francis JM. Protocol: Developing a framework to improve glycaemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268177. [PMID: 36156594 PMCID: PMC9512168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), between 68–86% of patients with type 2 diabetes present with poor glycaemic control leading to increased risk of complications and high cost of care. Identifying the factors driving glycaemic control is essential for better management. There is lack of data on factors associated with poor glycaemic control and targeted interventions in the DRC. This study aims to determine the factors associated with type 2 diabetes control and develop an appropriate intervention package in Kinshasa. The study will comprise of three sub-studies as follows: the first sub-study being a concurrent parallel mixed-methods cross-sectional study to determine factors driving poor glycaemic control among patients in Kinshasa. A total of 614 patients will be invited to participate in a cross-sectional study and respond to standardized questionnaires. A minimum of 20 purposively selected patients will participate in the qualitative study that will involve in-depth interviews about their perspectives on glycaemic control. In the quantitative study, multivariable logistic regression will be performed to determine factors associated with glycaemic control, after identifying the confounding factors. In the qualitative study, thematic analysis will be performed. Findings of the quantitative and qualitative studies on factors that are associated with glycaemic control will be triangulated. And allow to conduct the second sub-study, a qualitative inquiry with a minimum of 20 healthcare providers and 20 patients, selected purposively, to explore their perspectives about potential interventions to improve glycaemic control. At the last, the findings of both sub-studies will be subjected to an anonymous electronic three-round process Delphi study involving 25 stakeholders on the intervention package to develop a framework to optimise glycaemic control in Kinshasa. The implementation of the intervention package will occur after the completion of this study with expected substantial impact on the patients, healthcare providers, and health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Fina Lubaki
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Healthcare, Protestant University of Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- * E-mail:
| | - Olufemi Babatunde Omole
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Fina Lubaki JP, Omole OB, Francis JM. Glycaemic control among type 2 diabetes patients in sub-Saharan Africa from 2012 to 2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:134. [PMID: 36127712 PMCID: PMC9487067 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increased burden of diabetes globally including in sub-Saharan Africa. The literature shows that glycaemic control among type 2 diabetes patients is poor in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding the factors influencing glycaemic control in this region is therefore important to develop interventions to optimize glycaemic control. We carried out a systematic review to determine the prevalence and factors associated with glycaemic control in sub-Saharan Africa to inform the development of a glycaemic control framework in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. METHODS We searched five databases (African Index Medicus, Africa-Wide Information, Global Health, PubMed, and Web of Science) using the following search terms: type-2 diabetes, glycaemic control, and sub-Saharan Africa. Only peer-reviewed articles from January 2012 to May 2022 were eligible for this review. Two reviewers, independently, selected articles, assessed their methodological quality using Joanna Briggs checklists, and extracted data. A meta-analysis was performed to estimate the prevalence of glycaemic control. Factors associated with glycaemic control were presented as a narrative synthesis due to heterogeneity as assessed by the I2. RESULTS A total of 74 studies, involving 21,133 participants were included in the review. The pooled prevalence of good glycaemic control was 30% (95% CI:27.6-32.9). The glycaemic control prevalence ranged from 10-60%. Younger and older age, gender, lower income, absence of health insurance, low level of education, place of residence, family history of diabetes, longer duration of diabetes, pill burden, treatment regimen, side effects, use of statins or antihypertensives, alcohol consumption, smoking, presence of comorbidities/complications, and poor management were associated with poor glycaemic control. On the other hand, positive perceived family support, adequate coping strategies, high diabetes health literacy, dietary adherence, exercise practice, attendance to follow-up, and medication adherence were associated with good glycaemic control. CONCLUSION Suboptimal glycaemic control is pervasive among patients with type-2 diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa and poses a significant public health challenge. While urgent interventions are required to optimize glycaemic control in this region, these should consider sociodemographic, lifestyle, clinical, and treatment-related factors. This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol is registered in PROSPERO under CRD 42021237941.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Fina Lubaki
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Protestant University of Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| | - Olufemi Babatunde Omole
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Bryazka D, Reitsma MB, Griswold MG, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abbasi-Kangevari Z, Abdoli A, Abdollahi M, Abdullah AYM, Abhilash ES, Abu-Gharbieh E, Acuna JM, Addolorato G, Adebayo OM, Adekanmbi V, Adhikari K, Adhikari S, Adnani QES, Afzal S, Agegnehu WY, Aggarwal M, Ahinkorah BO, Ahmad AR, Ahmad S, Ahmad T, Ahmadi A, Ahmadi S, Ahmed H, Ahmed Rashid T, Akunna CJ, Al Hamad H, Alam MZ, Alem DT, Alene KA, Alimohamadi Y, Alizadeh A, Allel K, Alonso J, Alvand S, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare F, Ameyaw EK, Amiri S, Ancuceanu R, Anderson JA, Andrei CL, Andrei T, Arabloo J, Arshad M, Artamonov AA, Aryan Z, Asaad M, Asemahagn MA, Astell-Burt T, Athari SS, Atnafu DD, Atorkey P, Atreya A, Ausloos F, Ausloos M, Ayano G, Ayanore MAA, Ayinde OO, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Azadnajafabad S, Azanaw MM, Azangou-Khyavy M, Azari Jafari A, Azzam AY, Badiye AD, Bagheri N, Bagherieh S, Bairwa M, Bakkannavar SM, Bakshi RK, Balchut/Bilchut AH, Bärnighausen TW, Barra F, Barrow A, Baskaran P, Belo L, Bennett DA, Benseñor IM, Bhagavathula AS, Bhala N, Bhalla A, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhaskar S, Bhattacharyya K, Bhojaraja VS, Bintoro BS, Blokhina EAE, Bodicha BBA, Boloor A, Bosetti C, Braithwaite D, Brenner H, Briko NI, Brunoni AR, Butt ZA, Cao C, Cao Y, Cárdenas R, Carvalho AF, Carvalho M, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Castelpietra G, Castro-de-Araujo LFS, Cattaruzza MS, Chakraborty PA, Charan J, Chattu VK, Chaurasia A, Cherbuin N, Chu DT, Chudal N, Chung SC, Churko C, Ciobanu LG, Cirillo M, Claro RM, Costanzo S, Cowden RG, Criqui MH, Cruz-Martins N, Culbreth GT, Dachew BA, Dadras O, Dai X, Damiani G, Dandona L, Dandona R, Daniel BD, Danielewicz A, Darega Gela J, Davletov K, de Araujo JAP, de Sá-Junior AR, Debela SA, Dehghan A, Demetriades AK, Derbew Molla M, Desai R, Desta AA, Dias da Silva D, Diaz D, Digesa LE, Diress M, Dodangeh M, Dongarwar D, Dorostkar F, Dsouza HL, Duko B, Duncan BB, Edvardsson K, Ekholuenetale M, Elgar FJ, Elhadi M, Elmonem MA, Endries AY, Eskandarieh S, Etemadimanesh A, Fagbamigbe AF, Fakhradiyev IR, Farahmand F, Farinha CSES, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fatehizadeh A, Fauk NK, Feigin VL, Feldman R, Feng X, Fentaw Z, Ferrero S, Ferro Desideri L, Filip I, Fischer F, Francis JM, Franklin RC, Gaal PA, Gad MM, Gallus S, Galvano F, Ganesan B, Garg T, Gebrehiwot MGD, Gebremeskel TG, Gebremichael MA, Gemechu TR, Getacher L, Getachew ME, Getachew Obsa A, Getie A, Ghaderi A, Ghafourifard M, Ghajar A, Ghamari SH, Ghandour LA, Ghasemi Nour M, Ghashghaee A, Ghozy S, Glozah FN, Glushkova EV, Godos J, Goel A, Goharinezhad S, Golechha M, Goleij P, Golitaleb M, Greaves F, Grivna M, Grosso G, Gudayu TW, Gupta B, Gupta R, Gupta S, Gupta VB, Gupta VK, Hafezi-Nejad N, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hall BJ, Halwani R, Handiso TB, Hankey GJ, Hariri S, Haro JM, Hasaballah AI, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Hay SI, Hayat K, Heidari G, Heidari M, Hendrie D, Herteliu C, Heyi DZ, Hezam K, Hlongwa MM, Holla R, Hossain MM, Hossain S, Hosseini SK, hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Hu G, Huang J, Hussain S, Ibitoye SE, Ilic IM, Ilic MD, Immurana M, Irham LM, Islam MM, Islam RM, Islam SMS, Iso H, Itumalla R, Iwagami M, Jabbarinejad R, Jacob L, Jakovljevic M, Jamalpoor Z, Jamshidi E, Jayapal SK, Jayarajah UU, Jayawardena R, Jebai R, Jeddi SA, Jema AT, Jha RP, Jindal HA, Jonas JB, Joo T, Joseph N, Joukar F, Jozwiak JJ, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kabthymer RH, Kamble BD, Kandel H, Kanno GG, Kapoor N, Karaye IM, Karimi SE, Kassa BG, Kaur RJ, Kayode GA, Keykhaei M, Khajuria H, Khalilov R, Khan IA, Khan MAB, Kim H, Kim J, Kim MS, Kimokoti RW, Kivimäki M, Klymchuk V, Knudsen AKS, Kolahi AA, Korshunov VA, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Krishnamoorthy Y, Kumar GA, Kumar N, Kumar N, Lacey B, Lallukka T, Lasrado S, Lau J, Lee SW, Lee WC, Lee YH, Lim LL, Lim SS, Lobo SW, Lopukhov PD, Lorkowski S, Lozano R, Lucchetti G, Madadizadeh F, Madureira-Carvalho ÁM, Mahjoub S, Mahmoodpoor A, Mahumud RA, Makki A, Malekpour MR, Manjunatha N, Mansouri B, Mansournia MA, Martinez-Raga J, Martinez-Villa FA, Matzopoulos R, Maulik PK, Mayeli M, McGrath JJ, Meena JK, Mehrabi Nasab E, Menezes RG, Mensink GBM, Mentis AFA, Meretoja A, Merga BT, Mestrovic T, Miao Jonasson J, Miazgowski B, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá AC, Miller TR, Mini GK, Mirica A, Mirijello A, Mirmoeeni S, Mirrakhimov EM, Misra S, Moazen B, Mobarakabadi M, Moccia M, Mohammad Y, Mohammadi E, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammed TA, Moka N, Mokdad AH, Momtazmanesh S, Moradi Y, Mostafavi E, Mubarik S, Mullany EC, Mulugeta BT, Murillo-Zamora E, Murray CJL, Mwita JC, Naghavi M, Naimzada MD, Nangia V, Nayak BP, Negoi I, Negoi RI, Nejadghaderi SA, Nepal S, Neupane SPP, Neupane Kandel S, Nigatu YT, Nowroozi A, Nuruzzaman KM, Nzoputam CI, Obamiro KO, Ogbo FA, Oguntade AS, Okati-Aliabad H, Olakunde BO, Oliveira GMM, Omar Bali A, Omer E, Ortega-Altamirano DV, Otoiu A, Otstavnov SS, Oumer B, P A M, Padron-Monedero A, Palladino R, Pana A, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Pandey A, Pardhan S, Parekh T, Park EK, Parry CDH, Pashazadeh Kan F, Patel J, Pati S, Patton GC, Paudel U, Pawar S, Peden AE, Petcu IR, Phillips MR, Pinheiro M, Plotnikov E, Pradhan PMS, Prashant A, Quan J, Radfar A, Rafiei A, Raghav PR, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman A, Rahman MM, Rahman M, Rahmani AM, Rahmani S, Ranabhat CL, Ranasinghe P, Rao CR, Rasali DP, Rashidi MM, Ratan ZA, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Rawal L, Renzaho AMN, Rezaei N, Rezaei S, Rezaeian M, Riahi SM, Romero-Rodríguez E, Roth GA, Rwegerera GM, Saddik B, Sadeghi E, Sadeghian R, Saeed U, Saeedi F, Sagar R, Sahebkar A, Sahoo H, Sahraian MA, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Salahi S, Salimzadeh H, Samy AM, Sanmarchi F, Santric-Milicevic MM, Sarikhani Y, Sathian B, Saya GK, Sayyah M, Schmidt MI, Schutte AE, Schwarzinger M, Schwebel DC, Seidu AA, Senthil Kumar N, SeyedAlinaghi S, Seylani A, Sha F, Shahin S, Shahraki-Sanavi F, Shahrokhi S, Shaikh MA, Shaker E, Shakhmardanov MZ, Shams-Beyranvand M, Sheikhbahaei S, Sheikhi RA, Shetty A, Shetty JK, Shiferaw DS, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shirkoohi R, Shivakumar KM, Shivarov V, Shobeiri P, Shrestha R, Sidemo NB, Sigfusdottir ID, Silva DAS, Silva NTD, Singh JA, Singh S, Skryabin VY, Skryabina AA, Sleet DA, Solmi M, SOLOMON YONATAN, Song S, Song Y, Sorensen RJD, Soshnikov S, Soyiri IN, Stein DJ, Subba SH, Szócska M, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabuchi T, Taheri M, Tan KK, Tareke M, Tarkang EE, Temesgen G, Temesgen WA, Temsah MH, Thankappan KR, Thapar R, Thomas NK, Tiruneh C, Todorovic J, Torrado M, Touvier M, Tovani-Palone MR, Tran MTN, Trias-Llimós S, Tripathy JP, Vakilian A, Valizadeh R, Varmaghani M, Varthya SB, Vasankari TJ, Vos T, Wagaye B, Waheed Y, Walde MT, Wang C, Wang Y, Wang YP, Westerman R, Wickramasinghe ND, Wubetu AD, Xu S, Yamagishi K, Yang L, Yesera GEE, Yigit A, Yiğit V, Yimaw AEAE, Yon DK, Yonemoto N, Yu C, Zadey S, Zahir M, Zare I, Zastrozhin MS, Zastrozhina A, Zhang ZJ, Zhong C, Zmaili M, Zuniga YMH, Gakidou E. Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020. Lancet 2022; 400:185-235. [PMID: 35843246 PMCID: PMC9289789 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. METHODS For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose-response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15-95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. FINDINGS The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15-39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0-0) and 0·603 (0·400-1·00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0·002 (0-0) and 1·75 (0·698-4·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0·114 (0-0·403) to 1·87 (0·500-3·30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0·193 (0-0·900) and 6·94 (3·40-8·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59·1% (54·3-65·4) were aged 15-39 years and 76·9% (73·0-81·3) were male. INTERPRETATION There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Mwita JC, Damasceno A, Chillo P, Ogah OS, Cohen K, Oyekunle A, Tefera E, Francis JM. Vitamin K-dependent anticoagulant use and level of anticoagulation control in sub-Saharan Africa: protocol for a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e057166. [PMID: 35105600 PMCID: PMC8808436 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given that vitamin K-dependent anticoagulants (VKAs) will continue to be the primary anticoagulant in Africa for a long time, understanding the quality of anticoagulation services in the continent is vital for optimising the intended benefits. Notably, a few small studies have assessed the quality of anticoagulation in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. This study will describe the current VKA use and anticoagulation control among patients in selected SSA countries. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We plan to review the 2019 anticoagulation data of a cohort of 800 random patients from 19 selected clinics in Botswana, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Mozambique, Nigeria, Tanzania and South Africa. We expect at least one participating site to enrol 100 participants in each country. Eligible participants will be those on VKAs for at least 3 months and with at least four international normalised ratio (INR) results. We will document the indications, type and duration of VKA use, sociodemographic factors, coexisting medical conditions, concurrent use of drugs that interact with warfarin and alcohol and tobacco products. The level of anticoagulation control will be determined by calculating the time-in-therapeutic range (TTR) using the Rosendaal and the Percent of INR in TTR methods. A TTR of less than 65% will define a suboptimal anticoagulation control. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by the Ministry of Health and Wellness Ethics Committee (HPDME13/8/1) in Botswana and local research ethics committees or institutional review boards of all participating sites. As the study collects data from existing records, sites applied for waivers of consent. We will disseminate research findings through peer-reviewed scientific publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Chacha Mwita
- Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, South-East District, Botswana
- Internal Medicine, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Albertino Damasceno
- Internal Medicine, University of Eduardo Mondlane Faculty of Medicine, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Pilly Chillo
- Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Okechukwu S Ogah
- Internal Medicine, University of Ibadan College of Medicine, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Karen Cohen
- Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anthony Oyekunle
- Internal Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Mwanza, Tanzania, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Endale Tefera
- Paediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Botswana, Gaborone, South-East District, Botswana
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand School of Social Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Njuguna C, Francis JM, Ayo-Yusuf O, Reji E, Akii AJ, Ubabukoh S, Musonda JM, Musonda JS, Ndimande J, Mabuza LH, Omole O. Tobacco use among a population of women attending cervical cancer screening programs in primary health care clinics in South Africa: a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 43:14. [DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2022.43.14.31611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Sartorius B, VanderHeide JD, Yang M, Goosmann EA, Hon J, Haeuser E, Cork MA, Perkins S, Jahagirdar D, Schaeffer LE, Serfes AL, LeGrand KE, Abbastabar H, Abebo ZH, Abosetugn AE, Abu-Gharbieh E, Accrombessi MMK, Adebayo OM, Adegbosin AE, Adekanmbi V, Adetokunboh OO, Adeyinka DA, Ahinkorah BO, Ahmadi K, Ahmed MB, Akalu Y, Akinyemi OO, Akinyemi RO, Aklilu A, Akunna CJ, Alahdab F, Al-Aly Z, Alam N, Alamneh AA, Alanzi TM, Alemu BW, Alhassan RK, Ali T, Alipour V, Amini S, Ancuceanu R, Ansari F, Anteneh ZA, Anvari D, Anwer R, Appiah SCY, Arabloo J, Asemahagn MA, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Asmare WN, Atnafu DD, Atout MMW, Atreya A, Ausloos M, Awedew AF, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayanore MA, Aynalem YA, Ayza MA, Azari S, Azene ZN, Babar ZUD, Baig AA, Balakrishnan S, Banach M, Bärnighausen TW, Basu S, Bayati M, Bedi N, Bekuma TT, Bezabhe WMM, Bhagavathula AS, Bhardwaj P, Bhattacharyya K, Bhutta ZA, Bibi S, Bikbov B, Birhan TA, Bitew ZW, Bockarie MJ, Boloor A, Brady OJ, Bragazzi NL, Briko AN, Briko NI, Burugina Nagaraja S, Butt ZA, Cárdenas R, Carvalho F, Charan J, Chatterjee S, Chattu SK, Chattu VK, Chowdhury MAK, Chu DT, Cook AJ, Cormier NM, Cowden RG, Culquichicon C, Dagnew B, Dahlawi SMA, Damiani G, Daneshpajouhnejad P, Daoud F, Daryani A, das Neves J, Davis Weaver N, Derbew Molla M, Deribe K, Desta AA, Deuba K, Dharmaratne SD, Dhungana GP, Diaz D, Djalalinia S, Doku PN, Dubljanin E, Duko B, Eagan AW, Earl L, Eaton JW, Effiong A, El Sayed Zaki M, El Tantawi M, Elayedath R, El-Jaafary SI, Elsharkawy A, Eskandarieh S, Eyawo O, Ezzikouri S, Fasanmi AO, Fasil A, Fauk NK, Feigin VL, Ferede TY, Fernandes E, Fischer F, Foigt NA, Folayan MO, Foroutan M, Francis JM, Fukumoto T, Gad MM, Geberemariyam BS, Gebregiorgis BG, Gebremichael B, Gesesew HA, Getacher L, Ghadiri K, Ghashghaee A, Gilani SA, Ginindza TG, Glagn M, Golechha M, Gona PN, Gubari MIM, Gugnani HC, Guido D, Guled RA, Hall BJ, Hamidi S, Handiso DW, Hargono A, Hashi A, Hassanipour S, Hassankhani H, Hayat K, Herteliu C, Hidru HDD, Holla R, Hosgood HD, Hossain N, Hosseini M, Hosseinzadeh M, Househ M, Hwang BF, Ibitoye SE, Ilesanmi OS, Ilic IM, Ilic MD, Irvani SSN, Iwu CCD, Iwu CJ, Iyamu IO, Jain V, Jakovljevic M, Jalilian F, Jha RP, Johnson KB, Joshua V, Joukar F, Jozwiak JJ, Kabir A, Kalankesh LR, Kalhor R, Kamath A, Kamyari N, Kanchan T, Karami Matin B, Karch A, Karimi SE, Kasa AS, Kassahun G, Kayode GA, Kazemi Karyani A, Keiyoro PN, Kelkay B, Khalid N, Khan G, Khan J, Khan MN, Khatab K, Khazaei S, Kim YJ, Kisa A, Kisa S, Kochhar S, Kopec JA, Kosen S, Koulmane Laxminarayana SL, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Kuate Defo B, Kugbey N, Kulkarni V, Kumar M, Kumar N, Kurmi OP, Kusuma D, Kuupiel D, Kyu HH, La Vecchia C, Lal DK, Lam JO, Landires I, Lasrado S, Lazarus JV, Lazzar-Atwood A, Lee PH, Leshargie CT, Li B, Liu X, Lopukhov PD, M. Amin HI, Madi D, Mahasha PW, Majeed A, Maleki A, Maleki S, Mamun AA, Manafi N, Mansournia MA, Martins-Melo FR, Masoumi SZ, Mayala BK, Meharie BG, Meheretu HAA, Meles HG, Melku M, Mendoza W, Mengesha EW, Meretoja TJ, Mersha AM, Mestrovic T, Miller TR, Mirica A, Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Mohamad O, Mohammad Y, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammed JA, Mohammed S, Mohammed S, Mokdad AH, Mokonnon TM, Molokhia M, Moradi M, Moradi Y, Moradzadeh R, Moraga P, Mosser JF, Munro SB, Mustafa G, Muthupandian S, Naderi M, Nagarajan AJ, Naghavi M, Naveed M, Nayak VC, Nazari J, Ndejjo R, Nepal S, Netsere HB, Ngalesoni FN, Nguefack-Tsague G, Ngunjiri JW, Nigatu YT, Nigussie SN, Nnaji CA, Noubiap JJ, Nuñez-Samudio V, Oancea B, Odukoya OO, Ogbo FA, Oladimeji O, Olagunju AT, Olusanya BO, Olusanya JO, Omer MO, Omonisi AEE, Onwujekwe OE, Orisakwe OE, Otstavnov N, Owolabi MO, P A M, Padubidri JR, Pakhale S, Pana A, Pandi-Perumal SR, Patel UK, Pathak M, Patton GC, Pawar S, Peprah EK, Pokhrel KN, Postma MJ, Pottoo FH, Pourjafar H, Pribadi DRA, Quazi Syed Z, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahman MHU, Rahmani AM, Ram P, Rana J, Ranabhat CL, Rao S, Rao SJ, Rathi P, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Rawassizadeh R, Renjith V, Reta MA, Rezaei N, Rezapour A, Ribeiro AI, Ross JM, Rumisha SF, Sagar R, Sahu M, Sajadi SM, Salem MR, Samy AM, Sathian B, Schutte AE, Seidu AA, Sha F, Shafaat O, Shahbaz M, Shaikh MA, Shaka MF, Sheikh A, Shibuya K, Shin JI, Shivakumar KM, Sidemo NB, Singh JA, Skryabin VY, Skryabina AA, Soheili A, Soltani S, Somefun OD, Sorrie MB, Spurlock EE, Sufiyan MB, Taddele BW, Tadesse EG, Tamir Z, Tamiru AT, Tanser FC, Taveira N, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Tekalegn Y, Tesfay FH, Tessema B, Tessema ZT, Thakur B, Tolani MA, Topor-Madry R, Torrado M, Tovani-Palone MR, Traini E, Tsai AC, Tsegaye GW, Ullah I, Ullah S, Umeokonkwo CD, Unnikrishnan B, Vardavas C, Violante FS, Vo B, Wado YD, Waheed Y, Wamai RG, Wang Y, Ward P, Werdecker A, Wickramasinghe ND, Wijeratne T, Wiysonge CS, Wondmeneh TG, Yamada T, Yaya S, Yeshaw Y, Yeshitila YG, Yilma MT, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yosef T, Yusefzadeh H, Zaidi SS, Zaki L, Zamanian M, Zastrozhin MS, Zastrozhina A, Zewdie DT, Zhang Y, Zhang ZJ, Ziapour A, Hay SI, Dwyer-Lindgren L. Subnational mapping of HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15-49 years in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000-18: a modelling study. Lancet HIV 2021; 8:e363-e375. [PMID: 34087097 PMCID: PMC8187986 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(21)00051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-resolution estimates of HIV burden across space and time provide an important tool for tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts and assist with improving the precision and efficiency of targeting efforts. We aimed to assess HIV incidence and HIV mortality for all second-level administrative units across sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS In this modelling study, we developed a framework that used the geographically specific HIV prevalence data collected in seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care clinics to train a model that estimates HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15-49 years. We used a model-based geostatistical framework to estimate HIV prevalence at the second administrative level in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for 2000-18 and sought data on the number of individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) by second-level administrative unit. We then modified the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) to use these HIV prevalence and treatment estimates to estimate HIV incidence and mortality by second-level administrative unit. FINDINGS The estimates suggest substantial variation in HIV incidence and mortality rates both between and within countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with 15 countries having a ten-times or greater difference in estimated HIV incidence between the second-level administrative units with the lowest and highest estimated incidence levels. Across all 44 countries in 2018, HIV incidence ranged from 2·8 (95% uncertainty interval 2·1-3·8) in Mauritania to 1585·9 (1369·4-1824·8) cases per 100 000 people in Lesotho and HIV mortality ranged from 0·8 (0·7-0·9) in Mauritania to 676·5 (513·6-888·0) deaths per 100 000 people in Lesotho. Variation in both incidence and mortality was substantially greater at the subnational level than at the national level and the highest estimated rates were accordingly higher. Among second-level administrative units, Guijá District, Gaza Province, Mozambique, had the highest estimated HIV incidence (4661·7 [2544·8-8120·3]) cases per 100 000 people in 2018 and Inhassunge District, Zambezia Province, Mozambique, had the highest estimated HIV mortality rate (1163·0 [679·0-1866·8]) deaths per 100 000 people. Further, the rate of reduction in HIV incidence and mortality from 2000 to 2018, as well as the ratio of new infections to the number of people living with HIV was highly variable. Although most second-level administrative units had declines in the number of new cases (3316 [81·1%] of 4087 units) and number of deaths (3325 [81·4%]), nearly all appeared well short of the targeted 75% reduction in new cases and deaths between 2010 and 2020. INTERPRETATION Our estimates suggest that most second-level administrative units in sub-Saharan Africa are falling short of the targeted 75% reduction in new cases and deaths by 2020, which is further compounded by substantial within-country variability. These estimates will help decision makers and programme implementers expand access to ART and better target health resources to higher burden subnational areas. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Senderowicz L, Pearson E, Hackett K, Huber-Krum S, Francis JM, Ulenga N, Bärnighausen T. 'I haven't heard much about other methods': quality of care and person-centredness in a programme to promote the postpartum intrauterine device in Tanzania. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:e005775. [PMID: 34162627 PMCID: PMC8230964 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmes promoting the postpartum intrauterine device (PPIUD) have proliferated throughout South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa in recent years, with proponents touting this long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) method's high efficacy and potential to meet contraceptive unmet need. While critiques of LARC-first programming abound in the Global North, there have been few studies of the impact of LARC-centric programmes on patient-centred outcomes in the Global South. METHODS Here, we explore the impact of a PPIUD intervention at five Tanzanian hospitals and their surrounding satellite clinics on quality of contraceptive counselling and person-centred care using 20 qualitative in-depth interviews with pregnant women seeking antenatal care at one of those clinics. Using a modified version of the contraceptive counselling quality framework elaborated by Holt and colleagues, we blend deductive analysis with an inductive approach based on open coding and thematic analysis. RESULTS Interpersonal aspects of relationship building during counselling were strong, but a mix of PPIUD intervention-related factors and structural issues rendered most other aspects of counselling quality low. The intervention led providers to emphasise the advantages of the IUD through biased counselling, and to de-emphasise the suitability of other contraceptive methods. Respondents reported being counselled only about the IUD and no other methods, while other respondents reported that other methods were mentioned but disparaged by providers in relation to the IUD. A lack of trained providers meant that most counselling took place in large groups, resulting in providers' inability to conduct needs assessments or tailor information to women's individual situations. DISCUSSION As implemented, LARC-centric programmes like this PPIUD intervention may decrease access to person-centred contraceptive counselling and to accurate information about a broad range of contraceptive methods. A shift away from emphasising LARC methods to more comprehensive, person-centred contraceptive counselling is critical to promote contraceptive autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Senderowicz
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Global Health and Population, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin Pearson
- Global Health and Population, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Technical Excellence, Ipas, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristy Hackett
- Global Health and Population, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Huber-Krum
- Global Health and Population, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Management and Development for Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Nzovu Ulenga
- Management and Development for Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Global Health and Population, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Integration of evidence-based interventions for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) into primary healthcare has potential to increase coverage and reduce population burden. However, these interventions are rarely implemented in low- and middle-income countries and there is little existing guidance on how this could be achieved. The aim of the proposed study is to adapt and pilot an integrated model for AUDs in Tanzanian primary healthcare. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study design will include a situational analysis, a qualitative study, a series of participatory Theory of Change (ToC) workshops and pilot intervention study. The evidence-based packages of care for AUD from the WHO mental health Gap Intervention Guide will form the basis of intervention. The situation analysis will use publicly available data to identify existing resources and system functioning. In-depth interviews will be conducted with key stakeholders (people with lived experience of substance use problems, health workers, health planners and community-based organisations) to identify barriers and facilitators to integration and recommended implementation strategies. Thematic analysis will be used. Triangulation of findings will inform the ToC map for the adapted model of integrated services for AUDs. This model will then be piloted. Change in knowledge, skills and attitudes of health workers will be measured pre-implementation and post-implementation. Interrupted time series analysis will be used to identify change in the rate of identification of AUDs beyond that observed due to secular trends or by chance. The integrated model will be finalised for future implementation and larger-scale evaluation. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was obtained from Addis Ababa University College of Health Science Institutional Review Board and Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Institutional Review Board. Findings will be disseminated to inform strategies for scale up of integrated interventions for people with AUDs in Tanzania and similar contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Peter Mushi
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Medicine,Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Research and Capacity-Building, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Centre for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutics Trial for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Charlotte Hanlon
- Department of Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Research and Capacity-Building, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Centre for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutics Trial for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Centre for Global Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of
| | - Solomon Teferra
- Department of Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Research and Capacity-Building, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Lozano R, Fullman N, Mumford JE, Knight M, Barthelemy CM, Abbafati C, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdollahi M, Abedi A, Abolhassani H, Abosetugn AE, Abreu LG, Abrigo MRM, Abu Haimed AK, Abushouk AI, Adabi M, Adebayo OM, Adekanmbi V, Adelson J, Adetokunboh OO, Adham D, Advani SM, Afshin A, Agarwal G, Agasthi P, Aghamir SMK, Agrawal A, Ahmad T, Akinyemi RO, Alahdab F, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Albertson SB, Alemu YM, Alhassan RK, Ali M, Ali S, Alipour V, Aljunid SM, Alla F, Almadi MAH, Almasi A, Almasi-Hashiani A, Almasri NA, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Almulhim AM, Alonso J, Al-Raddadi RM, Altirkawi KA, Alvis-Guzman N, Alvis-Zakzuk NJ, Amini S, Amini-Rarani M, Amiri F, Amit AML, Amugsi DA, Ancuceanu R, Anderlini D, Andrei CL, Androudi S, Ansari F, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Antonio CAT, Antony CM, Antriyandarti E, Anvari D, Anwer R, Arabloo J, Arab-Zozani M, Aravkin AY, Aremu O, Ärnlöv J, Asaad M, Asadi-Aliabadi M, Asadi-Pooya AA, Ashbaugh C, Athari SS, Atout MMW, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayano G, Ayanore MA, Aynalem YA, Aynalem GL, Ayza MA, Azari S, Azzopardi PS, B DB, Babaee E, Badiye AD, Bahrami MA, Baig AA, Bakhshaei MH, Bakhtiari A, Bakkannavar SM, Balachandran A, Balassyano S, Banach M, Banerjee SK, Banik PC, Bante AB, Bante SA, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Barrero LH, Bassat Q, Basu S, Baune BT, Bayati M, Baye BA, Bedi N, Beghi E, Behzadifar M, Bekuma TTT, Bell ML, Bensenor IM, Berman AE, Bernabe E, Bernstein RS, Bhagavathula AS, Bhandari D, Bhardwaj P, Bhat AG, Bhattacharyya K, Bhattarai S, Bhutta ZA, Bijani A, Bikbov B, Bilano V, Biondi A, Birihane BM, Bockarie MJ, Bohlouli S, Bojia HA, Bolla SRR, Boloor A, Brady OJ, Braithwaite D, Briant PS, Briggs AM, Briko NI, Burugina Nagaraja S, Busse R, Butt ZA, Caetano dos Santos FL, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Cámera LA, Cárdenas R, Carreras G, Carrero JJ, Carvalho F, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castelpietra G, Castro F, Catalá-López F, Causey K, Cederroth CR, Cercy KM, Cerin E, Chandan JS, Chang AY, Charan J, Chattu VK, Chaturvedi S, Chin KL, Cho DY, Choi JYJ, Christensen H, Chu DT, Chung MT, Ciobanu LG, Cirillo M, Comfort H, Compton K, Cortesi PA, Costa VM, Cousin E, Dahlawi SMA, Damiani G, Dandona L, Dandona R, Darega Gela J, Darwesh AM, Daryani A, Dash AP, Davey G, Dávila-Cervantes CA, Davletov K, De Neve JW, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Deribe K, Dervenis N, Desai R, Dharmaratne SD, Dhungana GP, Dianatinasab M, Dias da Silva D, Diaz D, Dippenaar IN, Do HT, Dorostkar F, Doshmangir L, Duncan BB, Duraes AR, Eagan AW, Edvardsson D, El Sayed I, El Tantawi M, Elgendy IY, Elyazar IRF, Eskandari K, Eskandarieh S, Esmaeilnejad S, Esteghamati A, Ezekannagha O, Farag T, Farahmand M, Faraon EJA, Farinha CSES, Farioli A, Faris PS, Faro A, Fazlzadeh M, Feigin VL, Fernandes E, Ferrara P, Feyissa GT, Filip I, Fischer F, Fisher JL, Flor LS, Foigt NA, Folayan MO, Fomenkov AA, Foroutan M, Francis JM, Fu W, Fukumoto T, Furtado JM, Gad MM, Gaidhane AM, Gakidou E, Galles NC, Gallus S, Gardner WM, Geberemariyam BS, Gebrehiwot AM, Gebremeskel LG, Gebremeskel GG, Gesesew HA, Ghadiri K, Ghafourifard M, Ghashghaee A, Ghith N, Gholamian A, Gilani SA, Gill PS, Gill TK, Ginindza TG, Gitimoghaddam M, Giussani G, Glagn M, Gnedovskaya EV, Godinho MA, Goharinezhad S, Gopalani SV, Goudarzian AH, Goulart BNG, Gubari MIM, Guimarães RA, Guled RA, Gultie T, Guo Y, Gupta R, Gupta R, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hafiz A, Haile TG, Hamadeh RR, Hameed S, Hamidi S, Han C, Han H, Handiso DW, Hanif A, Hankey GJ, Haro JM, Hasaballah AI, Hasan MM, Hashi A, Hassan S, Hassan A, Hassanipour S, Hassankhani H, Havmoeller RJ, Hay SI, Hayat K, Heidari G, Heidari-Soureshjani R, Hendrie D, Herteliu C, Hird TR, Ho HC, Hole MK, Holla R, Hollingsworth B, Hoogar P, Hopf KP, Horita N, Hossain N, Hosseini M, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Househ M, Hsieh VCR, Hu G, Huda TM, Humayun A, Hwang BF, Iavicoli I, Ibitoye SE, Ikeda N, Ilesanmi OS, Ilic IM, Ilic MD, Inbaraj LR, Iqbal U, Irvani SSN, Irvine CMS, Islam MM, Islam SMS, Islami F, Iso H, Iwu CJ, Iwu CCD, Jaafari J, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Jafarinia M, Jahagirdar D, Jahani MA, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic M, Janjani H, Javaheri T, Jayatilleke AU, Jenabi E, Jha RP, Jha V, Ji JS, Jia P, John-Akinola YO, Jonas JB, Joukar F, Jozwiak JJ, Jürisson M, Kabir Z, Kalankesh LR, Kalhor R, Kamath AM, Kanchan T, Kapoor N, Karami Matin B, Karanikolos M, Karimi SM, Kassebaum NJ, Katikireddi SV, Kayode GA, Keiyoro PN, Khader YS, Khammarnia M, Khan M, Khan EA, Khang YH, Khatab K, Khater AM, Khater MM, Khatib MN, Khayamzadeh M, Khubchandani J, Kianipour N, Kim YE, Kim YJ, Kimokoti RW, Kinfu Y, Kisa A, Kissimova-Skarbek K, Kivimäki M, Kneib CJ, Kocarnik JM, Kochhar S, Kohler S, Kopec JA, Korotkova AV, Korshunov VA, Kosen S, Kotlo A, Koul PA, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Krohn KJ, Kugbey N, Kulkarni V, Kumar GA, Kumar N, Kumar M, Kurmi OP, Kusuma D, Kyu HH, La Vecchia C, Lacey B, Lal DK, Lalloo R, Landires I, Lansingh VC, Larsson AO, Lasrado S, Lau KMM, Lauriola P, Lazarus JV, Ledesma JR, Lee PH, Lee SWH, Leever AT, LeGrand KE, Leigh J, Leonardi M, Li S, Lim SS, Lim LL, Liu X, Logroscino G, Lopez AD, Lopukhov PD, Lotufo PA, Lu A, Ma J, Madadin M, Mahasha PW, Mahmoudi M, Majeed A, Malagón-Rojas JN, Maleki S, Malta DC, Mansouri B, Mansournia MA, Martini S, Martins-Melo FR, Martopullo I, Massenburg BB, Mastrogiacomo CI, Mathur MR, McAlinden C, McKee M, Medina-Solís CE, Meharie BG, Mehndiratta MM, Mehrabi Nasab E, Mehri F, Mehrotra R, Mekonnen T, Melese A, Memiah PTN, Mendoza W, Menezes RG, Mensah GA, Meretoja TJ, Meretoja A, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski B, Michalek IM, Mirrakhimov EM, Mirzaei M, Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Mitchell PB, Moazen B, Moghadaszadeh M, Mohamadi E, Mohammad Y, Mohammad DK, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammed S, Mohammed JA, Mokdad AH, Monasta L, Mondello S, Moradi M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradzadeh R, Moraga P, Morgado-da-Costa J, Morrison SD, Mosapour A, Mosser JF, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Muriithi MK, Mustafa G, Nabhan AF, Naderi M, Nagarajan AJ, Naghavi M, Naghshtabrizi B, Naimzada MD, Nangia V, Nansseu JR, Nayak VC, Nazari J, Ndejjo R, Negoi I, Negoi RI, Neupane S, Ngari KN, Nguefack-Tsague G, Ngunjiri JW, Nguyen CT, Nguyen DN, Nguyen HLT, Nnaji CA, Nomura S, Norheim OF, Noubiap JJ, Nowak C, Nunez-Samudio V, Otoiu A, Ogbo FA, Oghenetega OB, Oh IH, Okunga EW, Oladnabi M, Olagunju AT, Olusanya JO, Olusanya BO, Oluwasanu MM, Omar Bali A, Omer MO, Ong KL, Onwujekwe OE, Ortega-Altamirano DVV, Ortiz A, Ostojic SM, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov SS, Øverland S, Owolabi MO, Padubidri JR, Pakhale S, Palladino R, Pana A, Panda-Jonas S, Pangaribuan HU, Pathak M, Patton GC, Paudel S, Pazoki Toroudi H, Pease SA, Peden AE, Pennini A, Peprah EK, Pereira J, Pigott DM, Pilgrim T, Pilz TM, Pinheiro M, Piradov MA, Pirsaheb M, Pokhrel KN, Postma MJ, Pourjafar H, Pourmalek F, Pourmirza Kalhori R, Pourshams A, Prada SI, Pribadi DRA, Pupillo E, Quazi Syed Z, Radfar A, Rafiee A, Rafiei A, Raggi A, Rahim F, Rahman MA, Rajabpour-Sanati A, Rana SM, Ranabhat CL, Rao SJ, Rasella D, Rashedi V, Rath GK, Rathi P, Rawaf S, Rawaf DL, Rawal L, Rawassizadeh R, Razo C, Renjith V, Renzaho AMN, Reshmi B, Rezaei N, Riahi SM, Ribeiro DC, Rickard J, Roberts NLS, Roever L, Romoli M, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Rubagotti E, Rwegerera GM, Sabour S, Sachdev PS, Saddik B, Sadeghi M, Sadeghi E, Safari Y, Sagar R, Sahebkar A, Sahraian MA, Sajadi SM, Salahshoor MR, Salem MRR, Salem H, Salomon J, Samadi Kafil H, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Santric-Milicevic MM, Saraswathy SYI, Sarmiento-Suárez R, Sartorius B, Sarveazad A, Sathian B, Sathish T, Sattin D, Savic M, Sawyer SM, Saxena D, Sbarra AN, Schaeffer LE, Schiavolin S, Schmidt MI, Schutte AE, Schwebel DC, Schwendicke F, Seedat S, Sha F, Shahabi S, Shaheen AA, Shaikh MA, Shamsizadeh M, Shannawaz M, Sharafi K, Sharara F, Sharifi H, Shaw DH, Sheikh A, Sheikhtaheri A, Shetty BSK, Shibuya K, Shiferaw WS, Shigematsu M, Shin JI, Shiri R, Shirkoohi R, Shivakumar KM, Shrime MG, Shuval K, Siabani S, Sierpinski R, Sigfusdottir ID, Sigurvinsdottir R, Silva DAS, Silva JP, Simonetti B, Simpson KE, Singh JA, Singh P, Sinha DN, Skryabin VY, Smith EUR, Soheili A, Soltani S, Soofi M, Sorensen RJ, Soriano JB, Sorrie MB, Soyiri IN, Spurlock EE, Sreeramareddy CT, Stanaway JD, Steel N, Stein C, Stokes MA, Sufiyan MB, Suleria HAR, Sultan I, Szumowski Ł, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabuchi T, Tadakamadla SK, Taddele BW, Tadesse DB, Taherkhani A, Tamiru AT, Tanser FC, Tareque MI, Tarigan IU, Teagle WL, Tediosi F, Tefera YGG, Tela FG, Tessema ZT, Thakur B, Titova MV, Tonelli M, Topor-Madry R, Topouzis F, Tovani-Palone MRR, Tran BX, Travillian R, Troeger CE, Tudor Car L, Uddin R, Ullah I, Umeokonkwo CD, Unnikrishnan B, Upadhyay E, Uthman OA, Vacante M, Valdez PR, Varughese S, Vasankari TJ, Vasseghian Y, Venketasubramanian N, Violante FS, Vlassov V, Vollset SE, Vongpradith A, Vos T, Waheed Y, Walters MK, Wamai RG, Wang H, Wang YP, Weintraub RG, Weiss J, Werdecker A, Westerman R, Wilner LB, Woldu G, Wolfe CDA, Wu AM, Wulf Hanson S, Xie Y, Xu R, Yahyazadeh Jabbari SH, Yamagishi K, Yano Y, Yaya S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Yearwood JA, Yeshitila YG, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yousefi Z, Yousefinezhadi T, Yusefzadeh H, Zadey S, Zahirian Moghadam T, Zaidi SS, Zaki L, Zaman SB, Zamani M, Zamanian M, Zandian H, Zastrozhin MS, Zewdie KA, Zhang Y, Zhao XJG, Zhao Y, Zheng P, Zhu C, Ziapour A, Zlavog BS, Zodpey S, Murray CJL. Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2020; 396:1250-1284. [PMID: 32861314 PMCID: PMC7562819 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. METHODS Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (≥65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0-100 based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC effective coverage performance on the basis of pooled health spending per capita, representing UHC effective coverage index levels achieved in 2019 relative to country-level government health spending, prepaid private expenditures, and development assistance for health. To assess current trajectories towards the GPW13 UHC billion target-1 billion more people benefiting from UHC by 2023-we estimated additional population equivalents with UHC effective coverage from 2018 to 2023. FINDINGS Globally, performance on the UHC effective coverage index improved from 45·8 (95% uncertainty interval 44·2-47·5) in 1990 to 60·3 (58·7-61·9) in 2019, yet country-level UHC effective coverage in 2019 still spanned from 95 or higher in Japan and Iceland to lower than 25 in Somalia and the Central African Republic. Since 2010, sub-Saharan Africa showed accelerated gains on the UHC effective coverage index (at an average increase of 2·6% [1·9-3·3] per year up to 2019); by contrast, most other GBD super-regions had slowed rates of progress in 2010-2019 relative to 1990-2010. Many countries showed lagging performance on effective coverage indicators for non-communicable diseases relative to those for communicable diseases and maternal and child health, despite non-communicable diseases accounting for a greater proportion of potential health gains in 2019, suggesting that many health systems are not keeping pace with the rising non-communicable disease burden and associated population health needs. In 2019, the UHC effective coverage index was associated with pooled health spending per capita (r=0·79), although countries across the development spectrum had much lower UHC effective coverage than is potentially achievable relative to their health spending. Under maximum efficiency of translating health spending into UHC effective coverage performance, countries would need to reach $1398 pooled health spending per capita (US$ adjusted for purchasing power parity) in order to achieve 80 on the UHC effective coverage index. From 2018 to 2023, an estimated 388·9 million (358·6-421·3) more population equivalents would have UHC effective coverage, falling well short of the GPW13 target of 1 billion more people benefiting from UHC during this time. Current projections point to an estimated 3·1 billion (3·0-3·2) population equivalents still lacking UHC effective coverage in 2023, with nearly a third (968·1 million [903·5-1040·3]) residing in south Asia. INTERPRETATION The present study demonstrates the utility of measuring effective coverage and its role in supporting improved health outcomes for all people-the ultimate goal of UHC and its achievement. Global ambitions to accelerate progress on UHC service coverage are increasingly unlikely unless concerted action on non-communicable diseases occurs and countries can better translate health spending into improved performance. Focusing on effective coverage and accounting for the world's evolving health needs lays the groundwork for better understanding how close-or how far-all populations are in benefiting from UHC. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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James SL, Castle CD, Dingels ZV, Fox JT, Hamilton EB, Liu Z, Roberts NLS, Sylte DO, Bertolacci GJ, Cunningham M, Henry NJ, LeGrand KE, Abdelalim A, Abdollahpour I, Abdulkader RS, Abedi A, Abegaz KH, Abosetugn AE, Abushouk AI, Adebayo OM, Adsuar JC, Advani SM, Agudelo-Botero M, Ahmad T, Ahmed MB, Ahmed R, Eddine Aichour MT, Alahdab F, Alanezi FM, Alema NM, Alemu BW, Alghnam SA, Ali BA, Ali S, Alinia C, Alipour V, Aljunid SM, Almasi-Hashiani A, Almasri NA, Altirkawi K, Abdeldayem Amer YS, Andrei CL, Ansari-Moghaddam A, T Antonio CA, Anvari D, Yaw Appiah SC, Arabloo J, Arab-Zozani M, Arefi Z, Aremu O, Ariani F, Arora A, Asaad M, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayano G, Ayanore MA, Azarian G, Badawi A, Badiye AD, Baig AA, Bairwa M, Bakhtiari A, Balachandran A, Banach M, Banerjee SK, Banik PC, Banstola A, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Barzegar A, Bayati M, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Bedi N, Behzadifar M, Belete H, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Berhe K, Bhagavathula AS, Bhardwaj P, Bhat AG, Bhattacharyya K, Bhutta ZA, Bibi S, Bijani A, Boloor A, Borges G, Borschmann R, Borzì AM, Boufous S, Braithwaite D, Briko NI, Brugha T, Budhathoki SS, Car J, Cárdenas R, Carvalho F, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castelpietra G, Catalá-López F, Cerin E, Chandan JS, Chapman JR, Chattu VK, Chattu SK, Chatziralli I, Chaudhary N, Cho DY, Choi JYJ, Kabir Chowdhury MA, Christopher DJ, Chu DT, Cicuttini FM, Coelho JM, Costa VM, Dahlawi SMA, Daryani A, Dávila-Cervantes CA, Leo DD, Demeke FM, Demoz GT, Demsie DG, Deribe K, Desai R, Nasab MD, Silva DDD, Dibaji Forooshani ZS, Do HT, Doyle KE, Driscoll TR, Dubljanin E, Adema BD, Eagan AW, Elemineh DA, El-Jaafary SI, El-Khatib Z, Ellingsen CL, Zaki MES, Eskandarieh S, Eyawo O, Faris PS, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Ferrara P, Fischer F, Folayan MO, Fomenkov AA, Foroutan M, Francis JM, Franklin RC, Fukumoto T, Geberemariyam BS, Gebremariam H, Gebremedhin KB, Gebremeskel LG, Gebremeskel GG, Gebremichael B, Gedefaw GA, Geta B, Getenet AB, Ghafourifard M, Ghamari F, Gheshlagh RG, Gholamian A, Gilani SA, Gill TK, Goudarzian AH, Goulart AC, Grada A, Grivna M, Guimarães RA, Guo Y, Gupta G, Haagsma JA, Hall BJ, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Handiso DW, Haro JM, Hasanzadeh A, Hassan S, Hassanipour S, Hassankhani H, Hassen HY, Havmoeller R, Hendrie D, Heydarpour F, Híjar M, Ho HC, Hoang CL, Hole MK, Holla R, Hossain N, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc S, Hu G, Ibitoye SE, Ilesanmi OS, Inbaraj LR, Naghibi Irvani SS, Mofizul Islam M, Shariful Islam SM, Ivers RQ, Jahani MA, Jakovljevic M, Jalilian F, Jayaraman S, Jayatilleke AU, Jha RP, John-Akinola YO, Jonas JB, Jones KM, Joseph N, Joukar F, Jozwiak JJ, Jungari SB, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kahsay A, Kalankesh LR, Kalhor R, Kamil TA, Kanchan T, Kapoor N, Karami M, Kasaeian A, Kassaye HG, Kavetskyy T, Kayode GA, Keiyoro PN, Kelbore AG, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khalid N, Khalil IA, Khalilov R, Khan M, Khan EA, Khan J, Khanna T, Khazaei S, Khazaie H, Khundkar R, Kiirithio DN, Kim YE, Kim YJ, Kim D, Kisa S, Kisa A, Komaki H, Kondlahalli SKM, Koolivand A, Korshunov VA, Koyanagi A, Kraemer MUG, Krishan K, Defo BK, Bicer BK, Kugbey N, Kumar N, Kumar M, Kumar V, Kumar N, Kumaresh G, Lami FH, Lansingh VC, Lasrado S, Latifi A, Lauriola P, Vecchia CL, Leasher JL, Huey Lee SW, Li S, Liu X, Lopez AD, Lotufo PA, Lyons RA, Machado DB, Madadin M, Abd El Razek MM, Mahotra NB, Majdan M, Majeed A, Maled V, Malta DC, Manafi N, Manafi A, Manda AL, Manjunatha N, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Mansournia MA, Maravilla JC, Mason-Jones AJ, Masoumi SZ, Massenburg BB, Maulik PK, Mehndiratta MM, Melketsedik ZA, Memiah PTN, Mendoza W, Menezes RG, Mengesha MM, Meretoja TJ, Meretoja A, Merie HE, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski B, Miazgowski T, Miller TR, Mini GK, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov EM, Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Mithra P, Moazen B, Moghadaszadeh M, Mohamadi E, Mohammad Y, Darwesh AM, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammadpourhodki R, Mohammed S, Mohammed JA, Mohebi F, Mohseni Bandpei MA, Molokhia M, Monasta L, Moodley Y, Moradi M, Moradi G, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradzadeh R, Morawska L, Velásquez IM, Morrison SD, Mossie TB, Muluneh AG, Musa KI, Mustafa G, Naderi M, Nagarajan AJ, Naik G, Naimzada MD, Najafi F, Nangia V, Nascimento BR, Naserbakht M, Nayak V, Nazari J, Ndwandwe DE, Negoi I, Ngunjiri JW, Nguyen TH, Nguyen CT, Nguyen DN, Thi Nguyen HL, Nikbakhsh R, Anggraini Ningrum DN, Nnaji CA, Ofori-Asenso R, Ogbo FA, Oghenetega OB, Oh IH, Olagunju AT, Olagunju TO, Bali AO, Onwujekwe OE, Orpana HM, Ota E, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov SS, P A M, Padubidri JR, Pakhale S, Pakshir K, Panda-Jonas S, Park EK, Patel SK, Pathak A, Pati S, Paulos K, Peden AE, Filipino Pepito VC, Pereira J, Phillips MR, Polibin RV, Polinder S, Pourmalek F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Prakash S, Angga Pribadi DR, Puri P, Syed ZQ, Rabiee N, Rabiee M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rafiee A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi S, Rahman MA, Rajabpour-Sanati A, Rajati F, Rakovac I, Rao SJ, Rashedi V, Rastogi P, Rathi P, Rawaf S, Rawal L, Rawassizadeh R, Renjith V, Resnikoff S, Rezapour A, Ribeiro AI, Rickard J, Rios González CM, Roever L, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Saddik B, Safarpour H, Safdarian M, Mohammad Sajadi S, Salamati P, Rashad Salem MR, Salem H, Salz I, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Riera LS, Santric Milicevic MM, Sarker AR, Sarveazad A, Sathian B, Sawhney M, Sayyah M, Schwebel DC, Seedat S, Senthilkumaran S, Seyedmousavi S, Sha F, Shaahmadi F, Shahabi S, Shaikh MA, Shams-Beyranvand M, Sheikh A, Shigematsu M, Shin JI, Shiri R, Siabani S, Sigfusdottir ID, Singh JA, Singh PK, Sinha DN, Soheili A, Soriano JB, Sorrie MB, Soyiri IN, Stokes MA, Sufiyan MB, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabb KM, Taddele BW, Tefera YM, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Tekulu GH, Tesema Tesema AK, Tesfay BE, Thapar R, Titova MV, Tlaye KG, Tohidinik HR, Topor-Madry R, Tran KB, Tran BX, Tripathy JP, Tsai AC, Tsatsakis A, Car LT, Ullah I, Ullah S, Unnikrishnan B, Upadhyay E, Uthman OA, Valdez PR, Vasankari TJ, Veisani Y, Venketasubramanian N, Violante FS, Vlassov V, Waheed Y, Wang YP, Wiangkham T, Wolde HF, Woldeyes DH, Wondmeneh TG, Wondmieneh AB, Wu AM, Wyper GMA, Yadav R, Yadollahpour A, Yano Y, Yaya S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Ye P, Yip P, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Youm Y, Younis MZ, Yousefi Z, Yu C, Yu Y, Moghadam TZ, Zaidi Z, Zaman SB, Zamani M, Zandian H, Zarei F, Zhang ZJ, Zhang Y, Ziapour A, Zodpey S, Dandona R, Dharmaratne SD, Hay SI, Mokdad AH, Pigott DM, Reiner RC, Vos T. Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study. Inj Prev 2020; 26:i125-i153. [PMID: 32839249 PMCID: PMC7571362 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. METHODS In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. RESULTS GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. CONCLUSIONS GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer L James
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chris D Castle
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zachary V Dingels
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack T Fox
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin B Hamilton
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zichen Liu
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas L S Roberts
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dillon O Sylte
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gregory J Bertolacci
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew Cunningham
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Henry
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kate E LeGrand
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ibrahim Abdollahpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Aidin Abedi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kedir Hussein Abegaz
- Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
- Radiotherapy Center, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | - Jose C Adsuar
- Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Shailesh M Advani
- Social Behavioral Research Branch, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marcela Agudelo-Botero
- School of Medicine, Center for Politics, Population and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tauseef Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University Nanjing, Nanjing, China
- Microbiology Department, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | | | - Rushdia Ahmed
- James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Fares Alahdab
- Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Fahad Mashhour Alanezi
- Department of Computer Sciences, Imam Abdulrehman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Biresaw Wassihun Alemu
- Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- Midwifery Department, Arba Minch University, Injbara, Ethiopia
| | - Suliman A Alghnam
- Department of Population Health Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Information Systems, College of Economics and Political Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Cyrus Alinia
- Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vahid Alipour
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Syed Mohamed Aljunid
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
- International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
| | | | - Nihad A Almasri
- Physiotherapy Department, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Yasser Sami Abdeldayem Amer
- Clinical Practice Guidelines Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Alexandria Center for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | | | - Carl Abelardo T Antonio
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Davood Anvari
- Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jalal Arabloo
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Arab-Zozani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Zohreh Arefi
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Olatunde Aremu
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Filippo Ariani
- Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy
| | - Amit Arora
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malke Asaad
- Plastic Surgery Department, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
- The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
| | - Getinet Ayano
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martin Amogre Ayanore
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Ghasem Azarian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alaa Badawi
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashish D Badiye
- Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
| | - Atif Amin Baig
- Biochemistry Unit, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
- School of Health Sciences, Univeristi Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohan Bairwa
- Institute of Health Management Research, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ahad Bakhtiari
- Health Policy and Management Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arun Balachandran
- Department of Demography, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Population Research Centre, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bengaluru, India
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Palash Chandra Banik
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Amrit Banstola
- Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal
| | | | - Till Winfried Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akbar Barzegar
- Occupational Health Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Bayati
- Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neeraj Bedi
- Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
- Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Habte Belete
- Psychiatry Department, Bahir Dar University, Bhair Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Derrick A Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Isabela M Bensenor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kidanemaryam Berhe
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula
- Department of Internal Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
| | - Pankaj Bhardwaj
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
- Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
| | - Anusha Ganapati Bhat
- Internal Medicine Department, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Krittika Bhattacharyya
- Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
- Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Bibi
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Bijani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Archith Boloor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Guilherme Borges
- Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Reseach, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonio Maria Borzì
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Soufiane Boufous
- Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Department, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dejana Braithwaite
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Nikolay Ivanovich Briko
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Traolach Brugha
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Josip Car
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Global eHealth Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rosario Cárdenas
- Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela
- Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
- Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Giulio Castelpietra
- Primary Care Services Area, Central Health Directorate, Region Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Ferrán Catalá-López
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ester Cerin
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joht S Chandan
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jens Robert Chapman
- Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Brain and Spine Specialists, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Irini Chatziralli
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece
- Ophthalmology Independent Consultant, Athens, Greece
| | - Neha Chaudhary
- Pediatrics Department, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Neonatology Department, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Youngwhan Cho
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jee-Young J Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Flavia M Cicuttini
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - João M Coelho
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto - Serviço de Oftalmologia, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera M Costa
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Saad M A Dahlawi
- Department of Environmental Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Diego De Leo
- Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Gebre Teklemariam Demoz
- School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
- Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Kebede Deribe
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rupak Desai
- Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hoa Thi Do
- Center of Excellence in Public Health Nutrition, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Kerrie E Doyle
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tim Robert Driscoll
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Bereket Duko Adema
- Public Health Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Arielle Wilder Eagan
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Ziad El-Khatib
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christian Lycke Ellingsen
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sharareh Eskandarieh
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Oghenowede Eyawo
- Epidemiology and Population Health, York University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pawan Sirwan Faris
- Biology Department, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andre Faro
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
| | - Farshad Farzadfar
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
- Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Pietro Ferrara
- Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Florian Fischer
- Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Masoud Foroutan
- Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Richard Charles Franklin
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
- Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Takeshi Fukumoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Gene Expression & Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Hadush Gebremariam
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | - Leake G Gebremeskel
- School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
- Pharmacy Department, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Getnet Azeze Gedefaw
- Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanu Geta
- Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mansour Ghafourifard
- Department of Medical Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Ghamari
- Occupational Health Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Asadollah Gholamian
- Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Syed Amir Gilani
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
- Chairman BOG, Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tiffany K Gill
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Alessandra C Goulart
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ayman Grada
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michal Grivna
- Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rafael Alves Guimarães
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Yuming Guo
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), World Health Organization (WHO), New Delhi, India
| | - Juanita A Haagsma
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Brian James Hall
- Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Randah R Hamadeh
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Samer Hamidi
- School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Josep Maria Haro
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Amir Hasanzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shoaib Hassan
- Centre for International Health and Section for Ethics and Health Economics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Soheil Hassanipour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hadi Hassankhani
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Yimam Hassen
- Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia
- Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rasmus Havmoeller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Heydarpour
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Martha Híjar
- Research Coordination, AC Environments Foundation, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- CISS, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca. Mexico
| | - Hung Chak Ho
- Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Linh Hoang
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Michael K Hole
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ramesh Holla
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Naznin Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | | | | | - Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
- Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Mofizul Islam
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Q Ivers
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Mihajlo Jakovljevic
- Department for Health Care and Public Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Farzad Jalilian
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sudha Jayaraman
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Achala Upendra Jayatilleke
- Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Ravi Prakash Jha
- Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kelly M Jones
- Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nitin Joseph
- Community Medicine Department, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Farahnaz Joukar
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | | | - Mikk Jürisson
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ali Kabir
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amaha Kahsay
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Leila R Kalankesh
- Department of Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rohollah Kalhor
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Teshome Abegaz Kamil
- School of Public Health, Department of Health informatics and Health Innovation, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Tanuj Kanchan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Neeti Kapoor
- Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
| | - Manoochehr Karami
- Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amir Kasaeian
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Taras Kavetskyy
- Department of Applied Physics, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine
| | - Gbenga A Kayode
- International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Yousef Saleh Khader
- Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nauman Khalid
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim A Khalil
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rovshan Khalilov
- Department of Physiology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Maseer Khan
- Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ejaz Ahmad Khan
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Khan
- Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Tripti Khanna
- Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- Centre for Ethics, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Salman Khazaei
- Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Habibolah Khazaie
- Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Roba Khundkar
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University Global Surgery Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Jin Kim
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Daniel Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sezer Kisa
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adnan Kisa
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hamidreza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shivakumar K M Kondlahalli
- Public Health Dentistry Department, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India
| | - Ali Koolivand
- Environmental Health Engineering, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kewal Krishan
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Barthelemy Kuate Defo
- Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Burcu Kucuk Bicer
- Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nuworza Kugbey
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Department of Psychology and Health Promotion, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nithin Kumar
- Community Medicine Department, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Manasi Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Narinder Kumar
- Orthopaedics Department, Base Hospital Lucknow Cantt, Lucknow, India
| | - Girikumar Kumaresh
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Faris Hasan Lami
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Van C Lansingh
- HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA
- International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Savita Lasrado
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Arman Latifi
- Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Paolo Lauriola
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Clinical Medicine and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Janet L Leasher
- College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Shaun Wen Huey Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alan D Lopez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paulo A Lotufo
- Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronan A Lyons
- Health Data Research UK, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Daiane Borges Machado
- Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, FIOCRUZ: Cidacs Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, England
| | - Mohammed Madadin
- Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Marek Majdan
- Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Azeem Majeed
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Venkatesh Maled
- Health Education and Research Department, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
- Health University, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Deborah Carvalho Malta
- Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Navid Manafi
- Ophthalmology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Amir Manafi
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ana-Laura Manda
- Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Narayana Manjunatha
- Psychiatry Department, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joemer C Maravilla
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi
- Department of Midwifery-Reproductive Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Benjamin Ballard Massenburg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pallab K Maulik
- Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Man Mohan Mehndiratta
- Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India
- Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Peter T N Memiah
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Walter Mendoza
- Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
| | - Ritesh G Menezes
- Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Tuomo J Meretoja
- Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Atte Meretoja
- Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Tomislav Mestrovic
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
| | - Bartosz Miazgowski
- Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Miazgowski
- Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ted R Miller
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA
| | - G K Mini
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
- Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Centre, Trivandrum, India
| | - Andreea Mirica
- Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
- President's Office, National Institute of Statistics, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Erkin M Mirrakhimov
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Prasanna Mithra
- Community Medicine Department, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Babak Moazen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Masoud Moghadaszadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Efat Mohamadi
- Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Mohammad
- Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aso Mohammad Darwesh
- Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | | | | | - Shafiu Mohammed
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Farnam Mohebi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad A Mohseni Bandpei
- Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mariam Molokhia
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Yoshan Moodley
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Masoud Moradi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ghobad Moradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Shane Douglas Morrison
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Atalay Goshu Muluneh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kamarul Imran Musa
- School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Mehdi Naderi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan
- Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
- Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
| | - Gurudatta Naik
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mukhammad David Naimzada
- Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kursk, Russia
| | - Farid Najafi
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Bruno Ramos Nascimento
- Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Morteza Naserbakht
- Mental Health Research Center, IUMS, Tehran, Iran
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, IUMS, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vinod Nayak
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Javad Nazari
- Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ionut Negoi
- Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Trang Huyen Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cuong Tat Nguyen
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Diep Ngoc Nguyen
- Project of ADB, National Institute of Nutrition, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Industrial Management Department, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Rajan Nikbakhsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
- Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chukwudi A Nnaji
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard Ofori-Asenso
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Onome Bright Oghenetega
- Reproductive Health Sciences, Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - In-Hwan Oh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
| | - Andrew T Olagunju
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Tinuke O Olagunju
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmed Omar Bali
- Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Obinna E Onwujekwe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Heather M Orpana
- Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Ota
- Department of Global Health Nursing, St. Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Nikita Otstavnov
- Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Academic Department, Unium Ltd, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav S Otstavnov
- Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mahesh P A
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | | | - Smita Pakhale
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keyvan Pakshir
- Parasitology and Mycology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Eun-Kee Park
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sangram Kishor Patel
- Research and Evaluation Department, Population Council, New Delhi, India
- Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
| | - Ashish Pathak
- Department of Pediatircs, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India
- Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Kebreab Paulos
- Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Amy E Peden
- Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Jeevan Pereira
- Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Michael R Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Roman V Polibin
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Sechenon University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Suzanne Polinder
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Farshad Pourmalek
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Akram Pourshams
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Parul Puri
- Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Zahiruddin Quazi Syed
- Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Radfar
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Anwar Rafay
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ata Rafiee
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fakher Rahim
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Rahimi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Muhammad Aziz Rahman
- School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Victoria, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Fatemeh Rajati
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ivo Rakovac
- European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization (WHO), Moscow, Russia
| | - Sowmya J Rao
- Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
| | - Vahid Rashedi
- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Tehran, Iran
| | - Prateek Rastogi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Priya Rathi
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Salman Rawaf
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Academic Public Health Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Lal Rawal
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Reza Rawassizadeh
- Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Vishnu Renjith
- Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Serge Resnikoff
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France
| | - Aziz Rezapour
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ana Isabel Ribeiro
- EPIUnit - Public Health Institute University Porto (ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jennifer Rickard
- Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Surgery Department, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Carlos Miguel Rios González
- Research Directorate, Nihon Gakko University, Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay
- Research Direction, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay
| | - Leonardo Roever
- Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Luca Ronfani
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gholamreza Roshandel
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Basema Saddik
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hamid Safarpour
- Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Safdarian
- Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Payman Salamati
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hosni Salem
- Urology Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Inbal Salz
- Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Abdallah M Samy
- Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Juan Sanabria
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lidia Sanchez Riera
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Syndey, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Milena M Santric Milicevic
- Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre-School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Health Economics, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arash Sarveazad
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Brijesh Sathian
- Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Monika Sawhney
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Mehdi Sayyah
- Education Development Center, Faculty Member of Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - David C Schwebel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Feng Sha
- Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Faramarz Shaahmadi
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saeed Shahabi
- Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Aziz Sheikh
- Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jae Il Shin
- College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rahman Shiri
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soraya Siabani
- Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Inga Dora Sigfusdottir
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jasvinder A Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Dhirendra Narain Sinha
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
- Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Amin Soheili
- Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
- Emergency Nursing Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Joan B Soriano
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ireneous N Soyiri
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, UK
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark A Stokes
- Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Bryan L Sykes
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karen M Tabb
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Yonatal Mesfin Tefera
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Rekha Thapar
- Community Medicine Department, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Mariya Vladimirovna Titova
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Biology Department, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Hamid Reza Tohidinik
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Roman Topor-Madry
- Institute of Public Health, Krakow, Poland
- The Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Khanh Bao Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bach Xuan Tran
- Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jaya Prasad Tripathy
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Alexander C Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | - Lorainne Tudor Car
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
- TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Saif Ullah
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Era Upadhyay
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | | | - Pascual R Valdez
- Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Yousef Veisani
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
- Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesco S Violante
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vasily Vlassov
- Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yuan-Pang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taweewat Wiangkham
- Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Meung District, Thailand
| | - Haileab Fekadu Wolde
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Habte Woldeyes
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Adam Belay Wondmieneh
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Nursing, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Grant M A Wyper
- Public Health Science Directorate, NHS Health Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Rajaram Yadav
- Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Ali Yadollahpour
- Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yuichiro Yano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sanni Yaya
- School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi
- Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Pengpeng Ye
- Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement, National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Paul Yip
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Engida Yisma
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Naohiro Yonemoto
- Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seok-Jun Yoon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoosik Youm
- Department of Sociology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mustafa Z Younis
- Department of Health Policy & Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zabihollah Yousefi
- Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Environmental Health, Academy of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Yu
- School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Telma Zahirian Moghadam
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Zoubida Zaidi
- Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
| | - Sojib Bin Zaman
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohammad Zamani
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamed Zandian
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zarei
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhi-Jiang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunquan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Arash Ziapour
- Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sanjay Zodpey
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Rakhi Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Pigott
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert C Reiner
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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James SL, Castle CD, Dingels ZV, Fox JT, Hamilton EB, Liu Z, S Roberts NL, Sylte DO, Henry NJ, LeGrand KE, Abdelalim A, Abdoli A, Abdollahpour I, Abdulkader RS, Abedi A, Abosetugn AE, Abushouk AI, Adebayo OM, Agudelo-Botero M, Ahmad T, Ahmed R, Ahmed MB, Eddine Aichour MT, Alahdab F, Alamene GM, Alanezi FM, Alebel A, Alema NM, Alghnam SA, Al-Hajj S, Ali BA, Ali S, Alikhani M, Alinia C, Alipour V, Aljunid SM, Almasi-Hashiani A, Almasri NA, Altirkawi K, Abdeldayem Amer YS, Amini S, Loreche Amit AM, Andrei CL, Ansari-Moghaddam A, T Antonio CA, Yaw Appiah SC, Arabloo J, Arab-Zozani M, Arefi Z, Aremu O, Ariani F, Arora A, Asaad M, Asghari B, Awoke N, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayano G, Ayanore MA, Azari S, Azarian G, Badawi A, Badiye AD, Bagli E, Baig AA, Bairwa M, Bakhtiari A, Balachandran A, Banach M, Banerjee SK, Banik PC, Banstola A, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Barrero LH, Barzegar A, Bayati M, Baye BA, Bedi N, Behzadifar M, Bekuma TT, Belete H, Benjet C, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Berhe K, Bhardwaj P, Bhat AG, Bhattacharyya K, Bibi S, Bijani A, Bin Sayeed MS, Borges G, Borzì AM, Boufous S, Brazinova A, Briko NI, Budhathoki SS, Car J, Cárdenas R, Carvalho F, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castelpietra G, Catalá-López F, Cerin E, Chandan JS, Chanie WF, Chattu SK, Chattu VK, Chatziralli I, Chaudhary N, Cho DY, Kabir Chowdhury MA, Chu DT, Colquhoun SM, Constantin MM, Costa VM, Damiani G, Daryani A, Dávila-Cervantes CA, Demeke FM, Demis AB, Demoz GT, Demsie DG, Derakhshani A, Deribe K, Desai R, Nasab MD, da Silva DD, Dibaji Forooshani ZS, Doyle KE, Driscoll TR, Dubljanin E, Adema BD, Eagan AW, Eftekhari A, Ehsani-Chimeh E, Sayed Zaki ME, Elemineh DA, El-Jaafary SI, El-Khatib Z, Ellingsen CL, Emamian MH, Endalew DA, Eskandarieh S, Faris PS, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fatahi Y, Fekadu W, Ferede TY, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Ferrara P, Feyissa GT, Filip I, Fischer F, Folayan MO, Foroutan M, Francis JM, Franklin RC, Fukumoto T, Geberemariyam BS, Gebre AK, Gebremedhin KB, Gebremeskel GG, Gebremichael B, Gedefaw GA, Geta B, Ghafourifard M, Ghamari F, Ghashghaee A, Gholamian A, Gill TK, Goulart AC, Grada A, Grivna M, Mohialdeen Gubari MI, Guimarães RA, Guo Y, Gupta G, Haagsma JA, Hafezi-Nejad N, Bidgoli HH, Hall BJ, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Haro JM, Hasan MM, Hasanzadeh A, Hassanipour S, Hassankhani H, Hassen HY, Havmoeller R, Hayat K, Hendrie D, Heydarpour F, Híjar M, Ho HC, Hoang CL, Hole MK, Holla R, Hossain N, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc S, Hu G, Ibitoye SE, Ilesanmi OS, Ilic I, Ilic MD, Inbaraj LR, Indriasih E, Naghibi Irvani SS, Shariful Islam SM, Islam MM, Ivers RQ, Jacobsen KH, Jahani MA, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic M, Jalilian F, Jayaraman S, Jayatilleke AU, Jha RP, John-Akinola YO, Jonas JB, Joseph N, Joukar F, Jozwiak JJ, Jungari SB, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kadel R, Kahsay A, Kalankesh LR, Kalhor R, Kamil TA, Kanchan T, Kapoor N, Karami M, Kasaeian A, Kassaye HG, Kavetskyy T, Kebede HK, Keiyoro PN, Kelbore AG, Kelkay B, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khalid N, Khalil IA, Khalilov R, Khammarnia M, Khan EA, Khan M, Khanna T, Khazaie H, Shadmani FK, Khundkar R, Kiirithio DN, Kim YE, Kim D, Kim YJ, Kisa A, Kisa S, Komaki H, M Kondlahalli SK, Korshunov VA, Koyanagi A, G Kraemer MU, Krishan K, Bicer BK, Kugbey N, Kumar V, Kumar N, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Kumaresh G, Kurmi OP, Kuti O, Vecchia CL, Lami FH, Lamichhane P, Lang JJ, Lansingh VC, Laryea DO, Lasrado S, Latifi A, Lauriola P, Leasher JL, Huey Lee SW, Lenjebo TL, Levi M, Li S, Linn S, Liu X, Lopez AD, Lotufo PA, Lunevicius R, Lyons RA, Madadin M, El Razek MMA, Mahotra NB, Majdan M, Majeed A, Malagon-Rojas JN, Maled V, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Manafi N, Manafi A, Manda AL, Manjunatha N, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Mansouri B, Mansournia MA, Maravilla JC, March LM, Mason-Jones AJ, Masoumi SZ, Massenburg BB, Maulik PK, Meles GG, Melese A, Melketsedik ZA, N Memiah PT, Mendoza W, Menezes RG, Mengesha MB, Mengesha MM, Meretoja TJ, Meretoja A, Merie HE, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski B, Miazgowski T, Miller TR, Mini GK, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov EM, Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Mithra P, Moazen B, Moghadaszadeh M, Mohamadi E, Mohammad Y, Mohammad KA, Darwesh AM, Gholi Mezerji NM, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammadoo-Khorasani M, Mohammadpourhodki R, Mohammed S, Mohammed JA, Mohebi F, Molokhia M, Monasta L, Moodley Y, Moosazadeh M, Moradi M, Moradi G, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradpour F, Morawska L, Velásquez IM, Morisaki N, Morrison SD, Mossie TB, Muluneh AG, Murthy S, Musa KI, Mustafa G, Nabhan AF, Nagarajan AJ, Naik G, Naimzada MD, Najafi F, Nangia V, Nascimento BR, Naserbakht M, Nayak V, Ndwandwe DE, Negoi I, Ngunjiri JW, Nguyen CT, Thi Nguyen HL, Nikbakhsh R, Anggraini Ningrum DN, Nnaji CA, Nyasulu PS, Ogbo FA, Oghenetega OB, Oh IH, Okunga EW, Olagunju AT, Olagunju TO, Bali AO, Onwujekwe OE, Asante KO, Orpana HM, Ota E, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov SS, A MP, Padubidri JR, Pakhale S, Pakshir K, Panda-Jonas S, Park EK, Patel SK, Pathak A, Pati S, Patton GC, Paulos K, Peden AE, Filipino Pepito VC, Pereira J, Pham HQ, Phillips MR, Pinheiro M, Polibin RV, Polinder S, Poustchi H, Prakash S, Angga Pribadi DR, Puri P, Syed ZQ, Rabiee M, Rabiee N, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rafiee A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi S, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman MA, Rajabpour-Sanati A, Rajati F, Rakovac I, Ranganathan K, Rao SJ, Rashedi V, Rastogi P, Rathi P, Rawaf S, Rawal L, Rawassizadeh R, Renjith V, N Renzaho AM, Resnikoff S, Rezapour A, Ribeiro AI, Rickard J, Rios González CM, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Saad AM, Sabde YD, Sabour S, Saddik B, Safari S, Safari-Faramani R, Safarpour H, Safdarian M, Sajadi SM, Salamati P, Salehi F, Zahabi SS, Rashad Salem MR, Salem H, Salman O, Salz I, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Riera LS, Santric Milicevic MM, Sarker AR, Sarveazad A, Sathian B, Sawhney M, Sawyer SM, Saxena S, Sayyah M, Schwebel DC, Seedat S, Senthilkumaran S, Sepanlou SG, Seyedmousavi S, Sha F, Shaahmadi F, Shahabi S, Shaikh MA, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsizadeh M, Sharif-Alhoseini M, Sharifi H, Sheikh A, Shigematsu M, Shin JI, Shiri R, Siabani S, Sigfusdottir ID, Singh PK, Singh JA, Sinha DN, Smarandache CG, R Smith EU, Soheili A, Soleymani B, Soltanian AR, Soriano JB, Sorrie MB, Soyiri IN, Stein DJ, Stokes MA, Sufiyan MB, Rasul Suleria HA, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabb KM, Taddele BW, Tadesse DB, Tamiru AT, Tarigan IU, Tefera YM, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Tekle MG, Tekulu GH, Tesema AK, Tesfay BE, Thapar R, Tilahune AB, Tlaye KG, Tohidinik HR, Topor-Madry R, Tran BX, Tran KB, Tripathy JP, Tsai AC, Car LT, Ullah S, Ullah I, Umar M, Unnikrishnan B, Upadhyay E, Uthman OA, Valdez PR, Vasankari TJ, Venketasubramanian N, Violante FS, Vlassov V, Waheed Y, Weldesamuel GT, Werdecker A, Wiangkham T, Wolde HF, Woldeyes DH, Wondafrash DZ, Wondmeneh TG, Wondmieneh AB, Wu AM, Yadav R, Yadollahpour A, Yano Y, Yaya S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Yip P, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Youm Y, Younis MZ, Yousefi Z, Yu Y, Yu C, Yusefzadeh H, Moghadam TZ, Zaidi Z, Zaman SB, Zamani M, Zamanian M, Zandian H, Zarei A, Zare F, Zhang ZJ, Zhang Y, Zodpey S, Dandona L, Dandona R, Degenhardt L, Dharmaratne SD, Hay SI, Mokdad AH, Reiner RC, Sartorius B, Vos T. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Inj Prev 2020; 26:i96-i114. [PMID: 32332142 PMCID: PMC7571366 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. METHODS We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). FINDINGS In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). INTERPRETATION Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer L James
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chris D Castle
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zachary V Dingels
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack T Fox
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin B Hamilton
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zichen Liu
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas L S Roberts
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dillon O Sylte
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Henry
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kate E LeGrand
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Amir Abdoli
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Ibrahim Abdollahpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Aidin Abedi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Oladimeji M Adebayo
- Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Marcela Agudelo-Botero
- School of Medicine Center for Politics, Population and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tauseef Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University Nanjing, Nanjing, China
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Rushdia Ahmed
- James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Fares Alahdab
- Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Fahad Mashhour Alanezi
- Department of Computer Sciences, Imam Abdulrehman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Animut Alebel
- Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | | | - Suliman A Alghnam
- Department of Population Health Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar Al-Hajj
- Faculty of Health Sciences - Health Management and Policy, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- British Columbia Injury Research Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali
- Medical Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Information Systems, College of Economics and Political Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mahtab Alikhani
- School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cyrus Alinia
- Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vahid Alipour
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Syed Mohamed Aljunid
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
- International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
| | | | - Nihad A Almasri
- Physiotherapy Department, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Yasser Sami Abdeldayem Amer
- Clinical Practice Guidelines Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Alexandria Center for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Saeed Amini
- Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Arianna Maever Loreche Amit
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
- Online Programs for Applied Learning, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Carl Abelardo T Antonio
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jalal Arabloo
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Arab-Zozani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Zohreh Arefi
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Olatunde Aremu
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Filippo Ariani
- Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy
| | - Amit Arora
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malke Asaad
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Babak Asghari
- Department of Microbiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Azad Tabriz University, Iran
| | - Nefsu Awoke
- Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
- The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
| | - Getinet Ayano
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Martin Amogre Ayanore
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Samad Azari
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Azarian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alaa Badawi
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashish D Badiye
- Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
| | - Eleni Bagli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Atif Amin Baig
- Biochemistry Unit, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
- School of Health Sciences, Univeristi Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohan Bairwa
- Institute of Health Management Research, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ahad Bakhtiari
- Health Policy And Management Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arun Balachandran
- Department of Demography, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Population Research Centre, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bengaluru, India
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Palash Chandra Banik
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Amrit Banstola
- Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal
| | | | - Till Winfried Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lope H Barrero
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Akbar Barzegar
- Occupational Health Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Bayati
- Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Neeraj Bedi
- Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
- Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma
- Institute of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Habte Belete
- Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Corina Benjet
- Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Reseach, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Derrick A Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Isabela M Bensenor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kidanemaryam Berhe
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Pankaj Bhardwaj
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
| | - Anusha Ganapati Bhat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Krittika Bhattacharyya
- Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
- Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Sadia Bibi
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Bijani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Guilherme Borges
- Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Reseach, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Maria Borzì
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Soufiane Boufous
- Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Department, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Nikolay Ivanovich Briko
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Josip Car
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Global eHealth Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rosario Cárdenas
- Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela
- Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
- Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Giulio Castelpietra
- Primary Care Services Area, Central Health Directorate, Region Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Ferrán Catalá-López
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ester Cerin
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joht S Chandan
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Irini Chatziralli
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece
- Ophthalmology Private Practice Office, Independent Consultant, Athens, Greece
| | - Neha Chaudhary
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Youngwhan Cho
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Samantha M Colquhoun
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Action, ACT, Australia
| | - Maria-Magdalena Constantin
- Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- 2nd Department of Dermatology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vera M Costa
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Giovanni Damiani
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | | | - Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis
- Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
- School of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Gebre Teklemariam Demoz
- School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
- Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Kebede Deribe
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rupak Desai
- Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kerrie E Doyle
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Tim Robert Driscoll
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Bereket Duko Adema
- Public Health Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Arielle Wilder Eagan
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aziz Eftekhari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Ehsani-Chimeh
- National Institute for Health Researches, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Ziad El-Khatib
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Lycke Ellingsen
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mohammad Hassan Emamian
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | | | - Sharareh Eskandarieh
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pawan Sirwan Faris
- Biology Department, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
- Biology and Biotechnolaniogy"L Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andre Faro
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
| | - Farshad Farzadfar
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Wubalem Fekadu
- Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tomas Y Ferede
- Nursing Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
- Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Pietro Ferrara
- Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Garumma Tolu Feyissa
- Department of Health Education & Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Irina Filip
- Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, USA
- School of Health Sciences, A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Florian Fischer
- Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Masoud Foroutan
- Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Richard Charles Franklin
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
- Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Takeshi Fukumoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Gene Expression & Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Getnet Azeze Gedefaw
- Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanu Geta
- Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Mansour Ghafourifard
- Department of Medical Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Ghamari
- Occupational Health Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghashghaee
- Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asadollah Gholamian
- Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Tiffany K Gill
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alessandra C Goulart
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ayman Grada
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michal Grivna
- Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Rafael Alves Guimarães
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Yuming Guo
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), World Health Organization (WHO), New Delhi, India
| | - Juanita A Haagsma
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nima Hafezi-Nejad
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Brian James Hall
- Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Randah R Hamadeh
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Samer Hamidi
- School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
| | - Amir Hasanzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheil Hassanipour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hadi Hassankhani
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Yimam Hassen
- Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia
- Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rasmus Havmoeller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Khezar Hayat
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Heydarpour
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Martha Híjar
- Research Coordination, AC Environments Foundation, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- CISS, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Hung Chak Ho
- Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Linh Hoang
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Michael K Hole
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ramesh Holla
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Naznin Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | | | - Irena Ilic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena D Ilic
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Endang Indriasih
- Center for Health Resource and Services Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
- Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M Mofizul Islam
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Q Ivers
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathryn H Jacobsen
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | - Nader Jahanmehr
- School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mihajlo Jakovljevic
- Department for Health Care and Public Health, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Farzad Jalilian
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sudha Jayaraman
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Achala Upendra Jayatilleke
- Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Ravi Prakash Jha
- Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nitin Joseph
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Farahnaz Joukar
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | | | - Mikk Jürisson
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ali Kabir
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rajendra Kadel
- Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Amaha Kahsay
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Leila R Kalankesh
- Department of Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rohollah Kalhor
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Teshome Abegaz Kamil
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Informatics and Health Innovation, A C S Medical College and Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Tanuj Kanchan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Neeti Kapoor
- Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
| | - Manoochehr Karami
- Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amir Kasaeian
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Taras Kavetskyy
- Department of Applied Physics, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | - Bayew Kelkay
- Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yousef Saleh Khader
- Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nauman Khalid
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim A Khalil
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rovshan Khalilov
- Department of Physiology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Mohammad Khammarnia
- Health Care Management, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, zahedan, Iran
| | - Ejaz Ahmad Khan
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maseer Khan
- Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tripti Khanna
- Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- Centre for Ethics, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Habibolah Khazaie
- Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Roba Khundkar
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University Global Surgery Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daniel Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yun Jin Kim
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Adnan Kisa
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sezer Kisa
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hamidreza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kewal Krishan
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Burcu Kucuk Bicer
- Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nuworza Kugbey
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Department of Psychology and Health Promotion, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nithin Kumar
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - G Anil Kumar
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Manasi Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Girikumar Kumaresh
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Om P Kurmi
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Oluwatosin Kuti
- Health and Nutrition Section, United Nations Childrens' Fund (UNICEF), Accra, Ghana
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Faris Hasan Lami
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Justin J Lang
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Van C Lansingh
- HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA
- International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
| | | | - Savita Lasrado
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Arman Latifi
- Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Paolo Lauriola
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Janet L Leasher
- College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Shaun Wen Huey Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Miriam Levi
- Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shai Linn
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alan D Lopez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paulo A Lotufo
- Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raimundas Lunevicius
- Department of General Surgery, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ronan A Lyons
- Health Data Research UK, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Mohammed Madadin
- College of Medicine, Pathology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Marek Majdan
- Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Azeem Majeed
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jeadran N Malagon-Rojas
- Public Health Research Department, National Health Institute Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Venkatesh Maled
- Health Education and Research Department, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
- Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Deborah Carvalho Malta
- Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Navid Manafi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Amir Manafi
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ana-Laura Manda
- Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Narayana Manjunatha
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Borhan Mansouri
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joemer C Maravilla
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lyn M March
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi
- Department of Midwifery-Reproductive Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Benjamin Ballard Massenburg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pallab K Maulik
- Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Addisu Melese
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Peter T N Memiah
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Walter Mendoza
- Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
| | - Ritesh G Menezes
- Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meresa Berwo Mengesha
- College of Health Science, Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | | | - Tuomo J Meretoja
- Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Atte Meretoja
- Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Tomislav Mestrovic
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, ZoraProfozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
| | - Bartosz Miazgowski
- Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Miazgowski
- Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ted R Miller
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA
| | - G K Mini
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
- Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Centre, Trivandrum, India
| | - Andreea Mirica
- Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
- President's Office, National Institute of Statistics Romania, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Erkin M Mirrakhimov
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Prasanna Mithra
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Babak Moazen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Masoud Moghadaszadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Efat Mohamadi
- Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Mohammad
- Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Aso Mohammad Darwesh
- Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | | | | | - Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | | | - Shafiu Mohammed
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Farnam Mohebi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mariam Molokhia
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Yoshan Moodley
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Masoud Moradi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ghobad Moradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Moradpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Naho Morisaki
- Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
| | - Shane Douglas Morrison
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Atalay Goshu Muluneh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Srinivas Murthy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kamarul Imran Musa
- School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ashraf F Nabhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Knowledge Translation and Utilization, Egyptian Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Egypt
| | - Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan
- Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
- Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
| | - Gurudatta Naik
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mukhammad David Naimzada
- Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kursk, Russia
| | - Farid Najafi
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Bruno Ramos Nascimento
- Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Morteza Naserbakht
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Mental Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vinod Nayak
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | | | - Ionut Negoi
- Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Cuong Tat Nguyen
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Rajan Nikbakhsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
- Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chukwudi A Nnaji
- Cochrane Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter S Nyasulu
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Felix Akpojene Ogbo
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Onome Bright Oghenetega
- Reproductive Health Sciences, Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - In-Hwan Oh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
| | | | - Andrew T Olagunju
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Tinuke O Olagunju
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmed Omar Bali
- Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Obinna E Onwujekwe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Kwaku Oppong Asante
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Discipline of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Heather M Orpana
- Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Erika Ota
- Department of Global Health Nursing, St Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Nikita Otstavnov
- Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Academic department, Unium Ltd, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav S Otstavnov
- Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mahesh P A
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | | | - Smita Pakhale
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Keyvan Pakshir
- Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Eun-Kee Park
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sangram Kishor Patel
- Research and Evaluation, Population Council, New Delhi, India
- Indian Institute of Health Management Research University Delhi, Jaipur, India
| | - Ashish Pathak
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pediatircs, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - George C Patton
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Population Health Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kebreab Paulos
- Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Amy E Peden
- Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jeevan Pereira
- Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Hai Quang Pham
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Michael R Phillips
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Marina Pinheiro
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Roman V Polibin
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Sechenon University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Suzanne Polinder
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Parul Puri
- Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Zahiruddin Quazi Syed
- Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Radfar
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Anwar Rafay
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ata Rafiee
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fakher Rahim
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Rahimi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Aziz Rahman
- School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Fatemeh Rajati
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ivo Rakovac
- European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization (WHO), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sowmya J Rao
- Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
| | - Vahid Rashedi
- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Tehran, Iran
| | - Prateek Rastogi
- Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Priya Rathi
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Salman Rawaf
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Academic Public Health Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Lal Rawal
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Reza Rawassizadeh
- Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Vishnu Renjith
- Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Andre M N Renzaho
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Aziz Rezapour
- Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France
| | - Ana Isabel Ribeiro
- EPIUnit - Public Health Institute University Porto (ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jennifer Rickard
- Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Surgery Department, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Carlos Miguel Rios González
- Research Directorate, Nihon Gakko University, Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay
- Research Direction, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay
| | - Luca Ronfani
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gholamreza Roshandel
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Anas M Saad
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yogesh Damodar Sabde
- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Siamak Sabour
- Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Basema Saddik
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Safari
- Emergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Safari-Faramani
- Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamid Safarpour
- Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Safdarian
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Payman Salamati
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farkhonde Salehi
- Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Saleh Salehi Zahabi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Research Deputy, Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Hosni Salem
- Department of Urology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omar Salman
- Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Global Health Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Inbal Salz
- Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Abdallah M Samy
- Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Juan Sanabria
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lidia Sanchez Riera
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Syndey, NSW, Australia
| | - Milena M Santric Milicevic
- Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre-School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Health Economics, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arash Sarveazad
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Brijesh Sathian
- Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Monika Sawhney
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sonia Saxena
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mehdi Sayyah
- Faculty member of Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - David C Schwebel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Sadaf G Sepanlou
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Feng Sha
- Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Faramarz Shaahmadi
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saeed Shahabi
- Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Morteza Shamsizadeh
- Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jae Il Shin
- College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rahman Shiri
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soraya Siabani
- Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Inga Dora Sigfusdottir
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jasvinder A Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dhirendra Narain Sinha
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
- Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Catalin-Gabriel Smarandache
- 2nd Department of Surgery-SUUB, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- 2nd Surgery Department, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emma U R Smith
- Pain Management Research Institute (PMRI), Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Michael J Cousins Pain Management & Research Centre, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Amin Soheili
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
- Emergency Nursing Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bija Soleymani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Soltanian
- Department of Biostatistics, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Joan B Soriano
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ireneous N Soyiri
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, UK
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark A Stokes
- Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Bryan L Sykes
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karen M Tabb
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Biruk Wogayehu Taddele
- Department of Public Health, Arbaminch College of Health Sciences, Arbaminch town sikela, Ethiopia
| | - Degena Bahrey Tadesse
- Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
- Axum College of Health Science, mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | - Ingan Ukur Tarigan
- Center for Health Resource and Services Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yonatal Mesfin Tefera
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Rekha Thapar
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | | | | | - Hamid Reza Tohidinik
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Roman Topor-Madry
- Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- The Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Bach Xuan Tran
- Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Khanh Bao Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jaya Prasad Tripathy
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Alexander C Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Lorainne Tudor Car
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Saif Ullah
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, A T Still University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
- TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Maida Umar
- Research Department, National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Era Upadhyay
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | | | - Pascual R Valdez
- Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
- Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesco S Violante
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vasily Vlassov
- Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Andrea Werdecker
- Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Center of Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Taweewat Wiangkham
- Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Meung District, Thailand
| | - Haileab Fekadu Wolde
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Habte Woldeyes
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacology, Addis Ababa University, Addis ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Adam Belay Wondmieneh
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Nursing, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rajaram Yadav
- Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Ali Yadollahpour
- Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yuichiro Yano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sanni Yaya
- School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi
- Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Paul Yip
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Engida Yisma
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Naohiro Yonemoto
- Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seok-Jun Yoon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoosik Youm
- Department of Sociology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mustafa Z Younis
- Department of Health Policy & Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zabihollah Yousefi
- Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health, Academy of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Yong Yu
- School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hasan Yusefzadeh
- Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
| | - Telma Zahirian Moghadam
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Zoubida Zaidi
- Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
| | - Sojib Bin Zaman
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammad Zamani
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Zamanian
- Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Hamed Zandian
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ahmad Zarei
- Department of Environment Health Engineering, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zare
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhi-Jiang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunquan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sanjay Zodpey
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Lalit Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rakhi Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert C Reiner
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benn Sartorius
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Reiner RC, Wiens KE, Deshpande A, Baumann MM, Lindstedt PA, Blacker BF, Troeger CE, Earl L, Munro SB, Abate D, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdelalim A, Abdollahpour I, Abdulkader RS, Abebe G, Abegaz KH, Abreu LG, Abrigo MRM, Accrombessi MMK, Acharya D, Adabi M, Adebayo OM, Adedoyin RA, Adekanmbi V, Adetokunboh OO, Adhena BM, Afarideh M, Ahmadi K, Ahmadi M, Ahmed AE, Ahmed MB, Ahmed R, Ajumobi O, Akal CG, Akalu TY, Akanda AS, Alamene GM, Alanzi TM, Albright JR, Alcalde Rabanal JE, Alemnew BT, Alemu ZA, Ali BA, Ali M, Alijanzadeh M, Alipour V, Aljunid SM, Almasi A, Almasi-Hashiani A, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Altirkawi K, Alvis-Guzman N, Alvis-Zakzuk NJ, Amare AT, Amini S, Amit AML, Andrei CL, Anegago MT, Anjomshoa M, Ansari F, Antonio CAT, Antriyandarti E, Appiah SCY, Arabloo J, Aremu O, Armoon B, Aryal KK, Arzani A, Asadi-Lari M, Ashagre AF, Atalay HT, Atique S, Atre SR, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Awasthi A, Awoke N, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayano G, Ayanore MA, Ayele AA, Aynalem YAA, Azari S, Babaee E, Badawi A, Bakkannavar SM, Balakrishnan S, Bali AG, Banach M, Barac A, Bärnighausen TW, Basaleem H, Bassat Q, Bayati M, Bedi N, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Bekele YA, Bell ML, Bennett DA, Berbada DA, Beyranvand T, Bhat AG, Bhattacharyya K, Bhattarai S, Bhaumik S, Bijani A, Bikbov B, Biswas RK, Bogale KA, Bohlouli S, Brady OJ, Bragazzi NL, Briko NI, Briko AN, Burugina Nagaraja S, Butt ZA, Campos-Nonato IR, Campuzano Rincon JC, Cárdenas R, Carvalho F, Castro F, Chansa C, Chatterjee P, Chattu VK, Chauhan BG, Chin KL, Christopher DJ, Chu DT, Claro RM, Cormier NM, Costa VM, Damiani G, Daoud F, Dandona L, Dandona R, Darwish AH, Daryani A, Das JK, Das Gupta R, Dasa TT, Davila CA, Davis Weaver N, Davitoiu DV, De Neve JW, Demeke FM, Demis AB, Demoz GT, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Deribe K, Desalew A, Dessie GA, Dharmaratne SD, Dhillon P, Dhimal M, Dhungana GP, Diaz D, Ding EL, Diro HD, Djalalinia S, Do HP, Doku DT, Dolecek C, Dubey M, Dubljanin E, Duko Adema B, Dunachie SJ, Durães AR, Duraisamy S, Effiong A, Eftekhari A, El Sayed I, El Sayed Zaki M, El Tantawi M, Elemineh DA, El-Jaafary SI, Elkout H, Elsharkawy A, Enany S, Endalamfaw A, Endalew DA, Eskandarieh S, Esteghamati A, Etemadi A, Farag TH, Faraon EJA, Fareed M, Faridnia R, Farioli A, Faro A, Farzam H, Fazaeli AA, Fazlzadeh M, Fentahun N, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Filip I, Fischer F, Foroutan M, Francis JM, Franklin RC, Frostad JJ, Fukumoto T, Gayesa RT, Gebremariam KT, Gebremedhin KBB, Gebremeskel GG, Gedefaw GA, Geramo YCD, Geta B, Gezae KE, Ghashghaee A, Ghassemi F, Gill PS, Ginawi IA, Goli S, Gomes NGM, Gopalani SV, Goulart BNG, Grada A, Gugnani HC, Guido D, Guimares RA, Guo Y, Gupta R, Gupta R, Hafezi-Nejad N, Haile MT, Hailu GB, Haj-Mirzaian A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hall BJ, Handiso DW, Haririan H, Hariyani N, Hasaballah AI, Hasan MM, Hasanzadeh A, Hassankhani H, Hassen HY, Hayelom DH, Heidari B, Henry NJ, Herteliu C, Heydarpour F, Hidru HDD, Hoang CL, Hoogar P, Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi M, Hossain N, Hosseini M, Hosseinzadeh M, Househ M, Hu G, Humayun A, Hussain SA, Ibitoye SE, Ilesanmi OS, Ilic MD, Inbaraj LR, Irvani SSN, Islam SMS, Iwu CJ, Jaca A, Jafari Balalami N, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic M, Jalali A, Jayatilleke AU, Jenabi E, Jha RP, Jha V, Ji JS, Jia P, Johnson KB, Jonas JB, Jozwiak JJ, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Kahsay A, Kalani H, Kanchan T, Karami Matin B, Karch A, Karki S, Kasaeian A, Kasahun GG, Kayode GA, Kazemi Karyani A, Keiyoro PN, Ketema DB, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khalid N, Khalil AT, Khalil I, Khalilov R, Khan MN, Khan EA, Khan G, Khan J, Khatab K, Khater A, Khater MM, Khatony A, Khayamzadeh M, Khazaei M, Khazaei S, Khodamoradi E, Khosravi MH, Khubchandani J, Kiadaliri AA, Kim YJ, Kimokoti RW, Kisa S, Kisa A, Kissoon N, Kondlahalli SKMKMM, Kosek MN, Koyanagi A, Kraemer MUG, Krishan K, Kugbey N, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Kumar P, Kusuma D, La Vecchia C, Lacey B, Lal A, Lal DK, Lami FH, Lansingh VC, Lasrado S, Lee PH, Leili M, Lenjebo TTLL, Levine AJ, Lewycka S, Li S, Linn S, Lodha R, Longbottom J, Lopukhov PD, Magdeldin S, Mahasha PW, Mahotra NB, Malta DC, Mamun AA, Manafi N, Manafi F, Manda AL, Mansournia MA, Mapoma CC, Marami D, Marczak LB, Martins-Melo FR, März W, Masaka A, Mathur MR, Maulik PK, Mayala BK, McAlinden C, Mehndiratta MM, Mehrotra R, Mehta KM, Meles GG, Melese A, Memish ZA, Mena AT, Menezes RG, Mengesha MM, Mengistu DT, Mengistu G, Meretoja TJ, Miazgowski B, Mihretie KMM, Miller-Petrie MK, Mills EJ, Mir SM, Mirabi P, Mirrakhimov EM, Mohamadi-Bolbanabad A, Mohammad KA, Mohammad Y, Mohammad DK, Mohammad Darwesh A, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N, Mohammadifard N, Mohammed AS, Mohammed S, Mohammed JA, Mohebi F, Mokdad AH, Monasta L, Moodley Y, Moradi M, Moradi G, Moradi-Joo M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moraga P, Mosapour A, Mouodi S, Mousavi SM, Mozaffor MMM, Muluneh AG, Muriithi MK, Murray CJL, Murthy GVS, Musa KI, Mustafa G, Muthupandian S, Naderi M, Nagarajan AJ, Naghavi M, Najafi F, Nangia V, Nazari J, Ndwandwe DE, Negoi I, Ngunjiri JW, Nguyen QP, Nguyen TH, Nguyen CT, Nigatu D, Ningrum DNA, Nnaji CA, Nojomi M, Noubiap JJ, Oh IH, Okpala O, Olagunju AT, Omar Bali A, Onwujekwe OE, Ortega-Altamirano DDV, Osarenotor O, Osei FB, Owolabi MO, P A M, Padubidri JR, Pana A, Pashaei T, Pati S, Patle A, Patton GC, Paulos K, Pepito VCF, Pereira A, Perico N, Pesudovs K, Pigott DM, Piroozi B, Platts-Mills JA, Poljak M, Postma MJ, Pourjafar H, Pourmalek F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Prada SI, Preotescu L, Quintana H, Rabiee N, Rabiee M, Radfar A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman MA, Rajati F, Ramezanzadeh K, Rana SM, Ranabhat CL, Rasella D, Rawaf S, Rawaf DL, Rawal L, Remuzzi G, Renjith V, Renzaho AMN, Reta MA, Rezaei S, Ribeiro AI, Rickard J, Rios González CM, Rios-Blancas MJ, Roever L, Ronfani L, Roro EM, Rostami A, Rothenbacher D, Rubagotti E, Rubino S, Saad AM, Sabour S, Sadeghi E, Safari S, Safdarian M, Sagar R, Sahraian MA, Sajadi SM, Salahshoor MR, Salam N, Salehi F, Salehi Zahabi S, Salem MRR, Salem H, Salimi Y, Salimzadeh H, Sambala EZ, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Santos IS, Saraswathy SYI, Sarker AR, Sartorius B, Sathian B, Satpathy M, Sbarra AN, Schaeffer LE, Schwebel DC, Senbeta AM, Senthilkumaran S, Shabaninejad H, Shaheen AA, Shaikh MA, Shalash AS, Shallo SA, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsi M, Shamsizadeh M, Sharif M, Shey MS, Shibuya K, Shiferaw WSS, Shigematsu M, Shil A, Shin JI, Shiri R, Shirkoohi R, Si S, Siabani S, Singh JA, Singh NP, Sinha DN, Sisay MM, Skiadaresi E, Smith DL, Sobhiyeh MR, Sokhan A, Soofi M, Soriano JB, Sorrie MB, Soyiri IN, Sreeramareddy CT, Sudaryanto A, Sufiyan MB, Suleria HAR, Sykes BL, Tamirat KS, Tassew AA, Taveira N, Taye B, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Temsah MH, Tesfay BE, Tesfay FH, Tessema ZT, Thankappan KR, Thirunavukkarasu S, Thomas N, Tlaye KG, Tlou B, Tovani-Palone MR, Traini E, Tran KB, Trihandini I, Ullah I, Unnikrishnan B, Valadan Tahbaz S, Valdez PR, Varughese S, Veisani Y, Violante FS, Vollmer S, Vos T, Wada FW, Waheed Y, Wang Y, Wang YP, Weldesamuel GT, Welgan CA, Westerman R, Wiangkham T, Wijeratne T, Wiysonge CSS, Wolde HF, Wondafrash DZ, Wonde TE, Wu AM, Xu G, Yadollahpour A, Yahyazadeh Jabbari SH, Yamada T, Yaseri M, Yenesew MA, Yeshaneh A, Yilma MT, Yimer EM, Yip P, Yirsaw BD, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yousof HASA, Yu C, Yusefzadeh H, Zamani M, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Zandian H, Zeleke AJ, Zepro NB, Zewale TA, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Zhao XJ, Ziapour A, Zodpey S, Hay SI. Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2020; 395:1779-1801. [PMID: 32513411 PMCID: PMC7314599 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood diarrhoea. METHODS We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor estimates. FINDINGS The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1-65·8), 17·4% (7·7-28·4), and 59·5% (34·2-86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy coverage. INTERPRETATION By co-analysing geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden and its key risk factors, we could assess candidate drivers of subnational death reduction. Further, by doing a counterfactual analysis of the remaining disease burden using key risk factors, we identified potential intervention strategies for vulnerable populations. In view of the demands for limited resources in LMICs, accurately quantifying the burden of diarrhoea and its drivers is important for precision public health. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Burstein R, Henry NJ, Collison ML, Marczak LB, Sligar A, Watson S, Marquez N, Abbasalizad-Farhangi M, Abbasi M, Abd-Allah F, Abdoli A, Abdollahi M, Abdollahpour I, Abdulkader RS, Abrigo MRM, Acharya D, Adebayo OM, Adekanmbi V, Adham D, Afshari M, Aghaali M, Ahmadi K, Ahmadi M, Ahmadpour E, Ahmed R, Akal CG, Akinyemi JO, Alahdab F, Alam N, Alamene GM, Alene KA, Alijanzadeh M, Alinia C, Alipour V, Aljunid SM, Almalki MJ, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Altirkawi K, Alvis-Guzman N, Amegah AK, Amini S, Amit AML, Anbari Z, Androudi S, Anjomshoa M, Ansari F, Antonio CAT, Arabloo J, Arefi Z, Aremu O, Armoon B, Arora A, Artaman A, Asadi A, Asadi-Aliabadi M, Ashraf-Ganjouei A, Assadi R, Ataeinia B, Atre SR, Quintanilla BPA, Ayanore MA, Azari S, Babaee E, Babazadeh A, Badawi A, Bagheri S, Bagherzadeh M, Baheiraei N, Balouchi A, Barac A, Bassat Q, Baune BT, Bayati M, Bedi N, Beghi E, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Belay YB, Bell B, Bell ML, Berbada DA, Bernstein RS, Bhattacharjee NV, Bhattarai S, Bhutta ZA, Bijani A, Bohlouli S, Breitborde NJK, Britton G, Browne AJ, Nagaraja SB, Busse R, Butt ZA, Car J, Cárdenas R, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Cerin E, Chanie WF, Chatterjee P, Chu DT, Cooper C, Costa VM, Dalal K, Dandona L, Dandona R, Daoud F, Daryani A, Das Gupta R, Davis I, Davis Weaver N, Davitoiu DV, De Neve JW, Demeke FM, Demoz GT, Deribe K, Desai R, Deshpande A, Desyibelew HD, Dey S, Dharmaratne SD, Dhimal M, Diaz D, Doshmangir L, Duraes AR, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Earl L, Ebrahimi R, Ebrahimpour S, Effiong A, Eftekhari A, Ehsani-Chimeh E, El Sayed I, El Sayed Zaki M, El Tantawi M, El-Khatib Z, Emamian MH, Enany S, Eskandarieh S, Eyawo O, Ezalarab M, Faramarzi M, Fareed M, Faridnia R, Faro A, Fazaeli AA, Fazlzadeh M, Fentahun N, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes JC, Filip I, Fischer F, Foigt NA, Foroutan M, Francis JM, Fukumoto T, Fullman N, Gallus S, Gebre DG, Gebrehiwot TT, Gebremeskel GG, Gessner BD, Geta B, Gething PW, Ghadimi R, Ghadiri K, Ghajarzadeh M, Ghashghaee A, Gill PS, Gill TK, Golding N, Gomes NGM, Gona PN, Gopalani SV, Gorini G, Goulart BNG, Graetz N, Greaves F, Green MS, Guo Y, Haj-Mirzaian A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hall BJ, Hamidi S, Haririan H, Haro JM, Hasankhani M, Hasanpoor E, Hasanzadeh A, Hassankhani H, Hassen HY, Hegazy MI, Hendrie D, Heydarpour F, Hird TR, Hoang CL, Hollerich G, Rad EH, Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi M, Hossain N, Hosseini M, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Househ M, Hsairi M, Ilesanmi OS, Imani-Nasab MH, Iqbal U, Irvani SSN, Islam N, Islam SMS, Jürisson M, Balalami NJ, Jalali A, Javidnia J, Jayatilleke AU, Jenabi E, Ji JS, Jobanputra YB, Johnson K, Jonas JB, Shushtari ZJ, Jozwiak JJ, Kabir A, Kahsay A, Kalani H, Kalhor R, Karami M, Karki S, Kasaeian A, Kassebaum NJ, Keiyoro PN, Kemp GR, Khabiri R, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khan EA, Khan J, Khan MS, Khang YH, Khatab K, Khater A, Khater MM, Khatony A, Khazaei M, Khazaei S, Khazaei-Pool M, Khubchandani J, Kianipour N, Kim YJ, Kimokoti RW, Kinyoki DK, Kisa A, Kisa S, Kolola T, Kosen S, Koul PA, Koyanagi A, Kraemer MUG, Krishan K, Krohn KJ, Kugbey N, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Kumar P, Kuupiel D, Lacey B, Lad SD, Lami FH, Larsson AO, Lee PH, Leili M, Levine AJ, Li S, Lim LL, Listl S, Longbottom J, Lopez JCF, Lorkowski S, Magdeldin S, Abd El Razek HM, Abd El Razek MM, Majeed A, Maleki A, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Mamun AA, Manafi N, Manda AL, Mansourian M, Martins-Melo FR, Masaka A, Massenburg BB, Maulik PK, Mayala BK, Mazidi M, McKee M, Mehrotra R, Mehta KM, Meles GG, Mendoza W, Menezes RG, Meretoja A, Meretoja TJ, Mestrovic T, Miller TR, Miller-Petrie MK, Mills EJ, Milne GJ, Mini GK, Mir SM, Mirjalali H, Mirrakhimov EM, Mohamadi E, Mohammad DK, Darwesh AM, Mezerji NMG, Mohammed AS, Mohammed S, Mokdad AH, Molokhia M, Monasta L, Moodley Y, Moosazadeh M, Moradi G, Moradi M, Moradi Y, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradinazar M, Moraga P, Morawska L, Mosapour A, Mousavi SM, Mueller UO, Muluneh AG, Mustafa G, Nabavizadeh B, Naderi M, Nagarajan AJ, Nahvijou A, Najafi F, Nangia V, Ndwandwe DE, Neamati N, Negoi I, Negoi RI, Ngunjiri JW, Thi Nguyen HL, Nguyen LH, Nguyen SH, Nielsen KR, Ningrum DNA, Nirayo YL, Nixon MR, Nnaji CA, Nojomi M, Noroozi M, Nosratnejad S, Noubiap JJ, Motlagh SN, Ofori-Asenso R, Ogbo FA, Oladimeji KE, Olagunju AT, Olfatifar M, Olum S, Olusanya BO, Oluwasanu MM, Onwujekwe OE, Oren E, Ortega-Altamirano DDV, Ortiz A, Osarenotor O, Osei FB, Osgood-Zimmerman AE, Otstavnov SS, Owolabi MO, P A M, Pagheh AS, Pakhale S, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Park EK, Parsian H, Pashaei T, Patel SK, Pepito VCF, Pereira A, Perkins S, Pickering BV, Pilgrim T, Pirestani M, Piroozi B, Pirsaheb M, Plana-Ripoll O, Pourjafar H, Puri P, Qorbani M, Quintana H, Rabiee M, Rabiee N, Radfar A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi Z, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahimzadeh S, Rajati F, Raju SB, Ramezankhani A, Ranabhat CL, Rasella D, Rashedi V, Rawal L, Reiner RC, Renzaho AMN, Rezaei S, Rezapour A, Riahi SM, Ribeiro AI, Roever L, Roro EM, Roser M, Roshandel G, Roshani D, Rostami A, Rubagotti E, Rubino S, Sabour S, Sadat N, Sadeghi E, Saeedi R, Safari Y, Safari-Faramani R, Safdarian M, Sahebkar A, Salahshoor MR, Salam N, Salamati P, Salehi F, Zahabi SS, Salimi Y, Salimzadeh H, Salomon JA, Sambala EZ, Samy AM, Santric Milicevic MM, Jose BPS, Saraswathy SYI, Sarmiento-Suárez R, Sartorius B, Sathian B, Saxena S, Sbarra AN, Schaeffer LE, Schwebel DC, Sepanlou SG, Seyedmousavi S, Shaahmadi F, Shaikh MA, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamshirian A, Shamsizadeh M, Sharafi K, Sharif M, Sharif-Alhoseini M, Sharifi H, Sharma J, Sharma R, Sheikh A, Shields C, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shiue I, Shuval K, Siddiqi TJ, Silva JP, Singh JA, Sinha DN, Sisay MM, Sisay S, Sliwa K, Smith DL, Somayaji R, Soofi M, Soriano JB, Sreeramareddy CT, Sudaryanto A, Sufiyan MB, Sykes BL, Sylaja PN, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabb KM, Tabuchi T, Taveira N, Temsah MH, Terkawi AS, Tessema ZT, Thankappan KR, Thirunavukkarasu S, To QG, Tovani-Palone MR, Tran BX, Tran KB, Ullah I, Usman MS, Uthman OA, Vahedian-Azimi A, Valdez PR, van Boven JFM, Vasankari TJ, Vasseghian Y, Veisani Y, Venketasubramanian N, Violante FS, Vladimirov SK, Vlassov V, Vos T, Vu GT, Vujcic IS, Waheed Y, Wakefield J, Wang H, Wang Y, Wang YP, Ward JL, Weintraub RG, Weldegwergs KG, Weldesamuel GT, Westerman R, Wiysonge CS, Wondafrash DZ, Woyczynski L, Wu AM, Xu G, Yadegar A, Yamada T, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Yilgwan CS, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Lebni JY, Younis MZ, Yousefifard M, Yousof HASA, Yu C, Yusefzadeh H, Zabeh E, Moghadam TZ, Bin Zaman S, Zamani M, Zandian H, Zangeneh A, Zerfu TA, Zhang Y, Ziapour A, Zodpey S, Murray CJL, Hay SI. Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017. Nature 2019; 574:353-358. [PMID: 31619795 PMCID: PMC6800389 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2-to end preventable child deaths by 2030-we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000-2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Burstein
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Henry
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael L Collison
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laurie B Marczak
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amber Sligar
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stefanie Watson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Neal Marquez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amir Abdoli
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ibrahim Abdollahpour
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | | | - Michael R M Abrigo
- Research Department, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, The Philippines
| | - Dilaram Acharya
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
- Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Devdaha, Nepal
| | | | | | - Davoud Adham
- School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mahdi Afshari
- Department of Community Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aghaali
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Keivan Ahmadi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Mehdi Ahmadi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rushdia Ahmed
- James P. Grant School of Public Health, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Chalachew Genet Akal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Joshua O Akinyemi
- Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Fares Alahdab
- Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Noore Alam
- Prevention Division, Queensland Health, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Kefyalew Addis Alene
- Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Cyrus Alinia
- Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vahid Alipour
- Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Syed Mohamed Aljunid
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
- International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed J Almalki
- Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi
- Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | | | - Nelson Alvis-Guzman
- Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
- Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | - Saeed Amini
- Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Arianna Maever Loreche Amit
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, The Philippines
- Online Programs for Applied Learning, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zohreh Anbari
- Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Sofia Androudi
- Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Mina Anjomshoa
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Ansari
- Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine-Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Carl Abelardo T Antonio
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, The Philippines
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jalal Arabloo
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Arefi
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Olatunde Aremu
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bahram Armoon
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Amit Arora
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Al Artaman
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anvar Asadi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ashraf-Ganjouei
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Assadi
- Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahar Ataeinia
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sachin R Atre
- Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Dr D. Y. Patil Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
- The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
| | - Martin Amogre Ayanore
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Samad Azari
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Babaee
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alaa Badawi
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Soghra Bagheri
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Nafiseh Baheiraei
- Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences Division, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Diseases, Advanced Technologies Research Group, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Balouchi
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aleksandra Barac
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Quique Bassat
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohsen Bayati
- Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neeraj Bedi
- Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Ettore Beghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Meysam Behzadifar
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Yared Belete Belay
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Social Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Brent Bell
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michelle L Bell
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Robert S Bernstein
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Suraj Bhattarai
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Nepal Academy of Science & Technology, Patan, Nepal
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- The Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ali Bijani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Somayeh Bohlouli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nicholas J K Breitborde
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gabrielle Britton
- Neuroscience Department, Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City of Knowledge, Panama
- Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama
| | - Annie J Browne
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Reinhard Busse
- Department for Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zahid A Butt
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Josip Car
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Global Ehealth Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rosario Cárdenas
- Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela
- Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
- Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ester Cerin
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Pranab Chatterjee
- Division of Epidemiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Vera M Costa
- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Koustuv Dalal
- Institute of Public Health Kalyani, Kalyani, India
- School of Health Science, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Lalit Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Rakhi Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Farah Daoud
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Rajat Das Gupta
- James P. Grant School of Public Health, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ian Davis
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole Davis Weaver
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dragos Virgil Davitoiu
- Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital St Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jan-Walter De Neve
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Gebre Teklemariam Demoz
- School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
- Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Deribe
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Rupak Desai
- Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Aniruddha Deshpande
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Sagnik Dey
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Meghnath Dhimal
- Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Daniel Diaz
- Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
| | - Leila Doshmangir
- Department of Health Policy and Economy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Andre R Duraes
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Diretoria Médica, Roberto Santos General Hospital, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Laura Dwyer-Lindgren
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lucas Earl
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roya Ebrahimi
- Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | - Andem Effiong
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aziz Eftekhari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Basic Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Elham Ehsani-Chimeh
- National Institute for Health Researchers, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman El Sayed
- Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Maha El Tantawi
- Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Preventive Dental Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad El-Khatib
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Hassan Emamian
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Shymaa Enany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Sharareh Eskandarieh
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Oghenowede Eyawo
- Epidemiology and Population Health, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maha Ezalarab
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Mohammad Fareed
- College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roghiyeh Faridnia
- Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Andre Faro
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
| | - Ali Akbar Fazaeli
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Netsanet Fentahun
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
- Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - João C Fernandes
- Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - Irina Filip
- Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, USA
- Department of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Florian Fischer
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nataliya A Foigt
- Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Clinical Medicine and Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Takeshi Fukumoto
- Gene Expression & Regulation Program, Cancer Institute (W.I.A.), Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nancy Fullman
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Silvano Gallus
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Bradford D Gessner
- Vaccines Department, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA, USA
- Agency of Preventive Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Birhanu Geta
- Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Peter W Gething
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Reza Ghadimi
- Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Mahsa Ghajarzadeh
- Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghashghaee
- Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Tiffany K Gill
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nick Golding
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nelson G M Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Porto, Portugal
| | - Philimon N Gona
- Nursing and Health Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sameer Vali Gopalani
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
| | - Giuseppe Gorini
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Section, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Nicholas Graetz
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Felix Greaves
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Health Improvement Directorate, Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | - Yuming Guo
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
- Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arya Haj-Mirzaian
- Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian James Hall
- Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Samer Hamidi
- School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Josep Maria Haro
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi De Llobregat, Spain
| | - Milad Hasankhani
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Edris Hasanpoor
- Healthcare Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Amir Hasanzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Hadi Hassankhani
- School of Nursing and Midwifery Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Yimam Hassen
- Public Health Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
- Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Heydarpour
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Thomas R Hird
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Population Health, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chi Linh Hoang
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Gillian Hollerich
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Enayatollah Homaie Rad
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Naznin Hossain
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Mihaela Hostiuc
- Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mowafa Househ
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Hsairi
- Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Medicine School of Tunis, Baab Saadoun, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Usman Iqbal
- Global Health and Development Department, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
- Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazrul Islam
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mikk Jürisson
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Amir Jalali
- Psychiatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Javad Javidnia
- Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Achala Upendra Jayatilleke
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Ensiyeh Jenabi
- School of Midwifery, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - John S Ji
- Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
| | | | - Kimberly Johnson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Ali Kabir
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amaha Kahsay
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Hamed Kalani
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rohollah Kalhor
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Karami
- Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Surendra Karki
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amir Kasaeian
- Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nicholas J Kassebaum
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Grant Rodgers Kemp
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Roghayeh Khabiri
- Tabriz Health Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Saleh Khader
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan
| | - Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ejaz Ahmad Khan
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Khan
- Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Muhammad Shahzeb Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Young-Ho Khang
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Khaled Khatab
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, USA
| | - Amir Khater
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, National Hepatology and Tropical Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona M Khater
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mohammad Khazaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Salman Khazaei
- Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Khazaei-Pool
- Department of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Jagdish Khubchandani
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Neda Kianipour
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yun Jin Kim
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | | | - Damaris K Kinyoki
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adnan Kisa
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Sezer Kisa
- Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tufa Kolola
- Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | | | - Parvaiz A Koul
- Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi De Llobregat, Spain
| | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kewal Krishan
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kris J Krohn
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nuworza Kugbey
- Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Psychology and Health Promotion, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - G Anil Kumar
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Manasi Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Desmond Kuupiel
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Nursing, St John of God Hospital, Duayaw Nkwanta, Ghana
| | - Ben Lacey
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Oxford, UK
| | - Sheetal D Lad
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Faris Hasan Lami
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Anders O Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paul H Lee
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mostafa Leili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Aubrey J Levine
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lee-Ling Lim
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Stefan Listl
- Department of Dentistry, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Section for Translational Health Economics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joshua Longbottom
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jaifred Christian F Lopez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, The Philippines
- Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Quezon City, The Philippines
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NUTRICARD), Jena, Germany
| | - Sameh Magdeldin
- Physiology Department, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | | | - Azeem Majeed
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Afshin Maleki
- Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Deborah Carvalho Malta
- Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Abdullah A Mamun
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Navid Manafi
- Ophthalmology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department Ophthalmology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ana-Laura Manda
- Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Morteza Mansourian
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Anthony Masaka
- Faculty of Health and Education, Botho University-Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Pallab K Maulik
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
| | - Benjamin K Mayala
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mohsen Mazidi
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin McKee
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- Preventive Oncology Department, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Kala M Mehta
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Walter Mendoza
- Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
| | - Ritesh G Menezes
- Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atte Meretoja
- Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tuomo J Meretoja
- Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomislav Mestrovic
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
| | - Ted R Miller
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA
| | - Molly K Miller-Petrie
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edward J Mills
- Health, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - George J Milne
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - G K Mini
- Department of Public Health, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
| | - Seyed Mostafa Mir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erkin M Mirrakhimov
- Faculty of General Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Efat Mohamadi
- Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dara K Mohammad
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Food Technology, College of Agriculture, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Aso Mohammad Darwesh
- Information Technology Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | | | | | - Shafiu Mohammed
- Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mariam Molokhia
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Yoshan Moodley
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ghobad Moradi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Masoud Moradi
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yousef Moradi
- Department of Epidemiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Moradinazar
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Paula Moraga
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abbas Mosapour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Meysam Mousavi
- Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ulrich Otto Mueller
- Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Atalay Goshu Muluneh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Behnam Nabavizadeh
- Department of Urology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Naderi
- Operating Room Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan
- Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
- Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
| | - Azin Nahvijou
- Cancer Research Center of Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Najafi
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | | | - Nahid Neamati
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ionut Negoi
- Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- General Surgery Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Irina Negoi
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cardiology, Cardio-aid, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Long Hoang Nguyen
- Center for Excellence in Behavioral Health, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Son Hoang Nguyen
- Center for Excellence in Behavioral Health, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Katie R Nielsen
- Global Health Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
- State University of Semarang, Public Health Science Department, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Molly R Nixon
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chukwudi A Nnaji
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Public Health Science Department, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marzieh Nojomi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Noroozi
- University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Nosratnejad
- Department of Health Economics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Richard Ofori-Asenso
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana
| | - Felix Akpojene Ogbo
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kelechi E Oladimeji
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Center for the Aid Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) TB and HIV Pathogenesis Unit, United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Durban, South Africa
| | - Andrew T Olagunju
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Meysam Olfatifar
- Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Research Center, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solomon Olum
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
- Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Obinna E Onwujekwe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Eyal Oren
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Alberto Ortiz
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Frank B Osei
- Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
| | | | - Stanislav S Otstavnov
- Analytical Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Committee for the Comprehensive Assessment of Medical Devices and Information Technology, Health Technology Assessment Association, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mayowa Ojo Owolabi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mahesh P A
- Department of Tb & Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India
| | - Abdol Sattar Pagheh
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Smita Pakhale
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Eun-Kee Park
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hadi Parsian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Tahereh Pashaei
- Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Sangram Kishor Patel
- Research and Evaluation, Population Council, New Delhi, India
- Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
| | | | - Alexandre Pereira
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samantha Perkins
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brandon V Pickering
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas Pilgrim
- Department of Cardiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Majid Pirestani
- Parasitology and Entomology Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bakhtiar Piroozi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | | | - Hadi Pourjafar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
- Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Parul Puri
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hedley Quintana
- Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Radfar
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
- Medichem, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fakher Rahim
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Rahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi Rahimzadeh
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rajati
- Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sree Bhushan Raju
- Department of Nephrology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Azra Ramezankhani
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Chhabi Lal Ranabhat
- Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Davide Rasella
- Institute of Public Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Vahid Rashedi
- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lal Rawal
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Social Science and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert C Reiner
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andre M N Renzaho
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Satar Rezaei
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Aziz Rezapour
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Riahi
- Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Leonardo Roever
- Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Elias Merdassa Roro
- Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Max Roser
- Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gholamreza Roshandel
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Daem Roshani
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Enrico Rubagotti
- School of Biotechnology, Ikiam Amazon Regional University, Tena, Ecuador
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Salvatore Rubino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Siamak Sabour
- Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafis Sadat
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ehsan Sadeghi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Department of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yahya Safari
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Roya Safari-Faramani
- Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahdi Safdarian
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Nasir Salam
- Department of Pathology, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Payman Salamati
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Health and Policy Management, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farkhonde Salehi
- Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Saleh Salehi Zahabi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yahya Salimi
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamideh Salimzadeh
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joshua A Salomon
- Center for Health Policy & Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Abdallah M Samy
- Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Bruno Piassi Sao Jose
- Post-graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy
- Department of Community Medicine, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India
- PSG-FAIMER South Asia Regional Institute, Coimbatore, India
| | - Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez
- Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Benn Sartorius
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Brijesh Sathian
- Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Sonia Saxena
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alyssa N Sbarra
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lauren E Schaeffer
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David C Schwebel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sadaf G Sepanlou
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi
- Center of Expertise in Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Faramarz Shaahmadi
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Mehran Shams-Beyranvand
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Amir Shamshirian
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Morteza Shamsizadeh
- Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Sharif
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Karaj Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Basic Sciences, Karaj Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jayendra Sharma
- Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajesh Sharma
- University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chloe Shields
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Rahman Shiri
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivy Shiue
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Kerem Shuval
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tariq J Siddiqi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - João Pedro Silva
- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jasvinder A Singh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dhirendra Narain Sinha
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
- Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Malede Mequanent Sisay
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Næstved-Slagelse-Ringsted Hospitals, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Solomon Sisay
- Medical Division, German Leprosy and TB Relief Association Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Karen Sliwa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David L Smith
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ranjani Somayaji
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Moslem Soofi
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Joan B Soriano
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Agus Sudaryanto
- Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Kartasura, Indonesia
| | | | - Bryan L Sykes
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - P N Sylaja
- Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Karen M Tabb
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Takahiro Tabuchi
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nuno Taveira
- University Institute 'Egas Moniz', Monte Da Caparica, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy of Lisbon, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mohamad-Hani Temsah
- Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi
- Anesthesiology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Syrian Expatriate Medical Association (SEMA), Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Quyen G To
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Bach Xuan Tran
- Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Khanh Bao Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
- TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shariq Usman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Amir Vahedian-Azimi
- Department of Education and Health, Trauma Research Center, Tehran, Iran
- Critical and Intensive Care Department, Trauma Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pascual R Valdez
- Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Job F M van Boven
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yousef Veisani
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
- Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesco S Violante
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Occupational Health Unit, Sant'orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov
- Department of Information Technologies and Management, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily Vlassov
- Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Giang Thu Vu
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | | | - Yasir Waheed
- Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Jon Wakefield
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Haidong Wang
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yafeng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Pang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph L Ward
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert G Weintraub
- Cardiology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Ronny Westerman
- Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Charles Shey Wiysonge
- Cochrane South Africa, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lauren Woyczynski
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Zhejiang Spine Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gelin Xu
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tomohide Yamada
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi
- Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Christopher Sabo Yilgwan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
- Department of Pediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Paul Yip
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Naohiro Yonemoto
- Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Javad Yoosefi Lebni
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mustafa Z Younis
- Health Economics & Finance, Global Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- Research Center for Public Health, Tsinghua University, Peking, China
| | - Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hasan Yusefzadeh
- Department of Health Management and Economics, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Zabeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Electrical Engineering, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Telma Zahirian Moghadam
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Sojib Bin Zaman
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohammad Zamani
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamed Zandian
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Alireza Zangeneh
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Taddese Alemu Zerfu
- Maternal and Child Wellbeing Unit, African Population Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
- Public Health Department, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Yunquan Zhang
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Arash Ziapour
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanjay Zodpey
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Christopher J L Murray
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Rayner JJ, Banerjee R, Holloway CJ, Lewis AJM, Peterzan MA, Francis JM, Neubauer S, Rider OJ. Correction: The Relative Contribution of Metabolic and Structural Abnormalities to Diastolic Dysfunction in Obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:1652. [PMID: 31227797 PMCID: PMC7608285 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Rayner
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R Banerjee
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C J Holloway
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A J M Lewis
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M A Peterzan
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J M Francis
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Neubauer
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - O J Rider
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Francis JM, Myers B, Nkosi S, Petersen Williams P, Carney T, Lombard C, Nel E, Morojele N. The prevalence of religiosity and association between religiosity and alcohol use, other drug use, and risky sexual behaviours among grade 8-10 learners in Western Cape, South Africa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211322. [PMID: 30759112 PMCID: PMC6374069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol and other drug use (AOD) and risky sexual behaviours remain high among adolescents in South Africa and globally. Religiosity influences, mitigates and provides resilience against engaging in risky behaviours among young people but few South African studies have explored potential associations between religiosity, AOD use and risky sex. We report the prevalence of religiosity and association between religiosity and AOD use and risky sexual behaviours among learners in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. METHODS Between May and August 2011, a cross sectional survey was conducted among 20 227 learners from 240 public schools randomly selected through a stratified multistage sampling design to determine the prevalence of AOD use and sexual risk behaviours. We performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to assess the association between religiosity, AOD use and risky sexual behaviours. RESULTS The learners were aged 10-23 years. Almost three quarters (74%) of learners reported high religiosity (defined as attending religious services or activities at least 1-2 times a month). More female than male learners had high religiosity. The prevalence of past 30 day reported alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use was 23%, 19% and 8% respectively. Compared to learners with low religiosity, those with high religiosity were less likely to engage in AOD use: specifically alcohol use, (AOR = 0.86, 95%CI: 0.76-0.97), tobacco use (AOR = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.67-0.87), cannabis use (AOR = 0.57, 95%CI: 0.48-0.68) in the last 30 days. They were also less likely to engage in risky sexual behaviours (AOR = 0.90, 95%CI: 0.81-0.99). CONCLUSION Religiosity was associated with lower odds of reported AOD use and risky sexual behaviours among learners in the Western Cape. This calls for further exploration on how to incorporate religiosity into AOD use and risky sexual behaviour interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Msafiri Francis
- Visiting scholar, Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- Wits Reproductive Health & HIV Institute (WRHI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bronwyn Myers
- Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sebenzile Nkosi
- Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Petal Petersen Williams
- Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tara Carney
- Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carl Lombard
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elmarie Nel
- Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Neo Morojele
- Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Rider OJ, Francis JM, Tyler D, Byrne J, Clarke K, Neubauer S. Effects of weight loss on myocardial energetics and diastolic function in obesity. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 29:1043-50. [PMID: 23269470 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-012-0174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A reduced myocardial phosphocreatine/adenosine triphosphate (PCr/ATP) ratio is linked to both diastolic dysfunction and heart failure. Although obesity is well known to cause diastolic dysfunction a link to impaired cardiac energetics has only recently been established. We assessed whether or not long-term weight loss in obesity, which is known to reduce mortality, is accompanied by both improved cardiac energetics and diastolic function. Normal weight (BMI 22 ± 2; n = 18) and obese subjects (BMI 34 ± 4; n = 13) underwent cine-MRI (1.5 Tesla) to determine left ventricular diastolic function using volume-time curve analysis, and (31)P-MR spectroscopy (3 Tesla) to assess cardiac energetics (PCr/ATP ratio). Obese subjects (n = 13) underwent repeat assessment after 1 year of supervised weight loss. Obesity, in the absence of identifiable cardiovascular risk factors, was associated with significantly impaired myocardial high energy phosphate metabolism (PCr/ATP ratio, normal; 2.03 ± 0.27 vs. obese; 1.58 ± 0.47, p = 0.002) and significantly lower peak diastolic filling rate (normal; 4.8 ± 0.8 vs. obese; 3.8 ± 0.7 EDV/s, p = 0.01). Weight loss (on average 9 kg, 55% excess weight) over 1 year resulted in a 24% increase in PCr/ATP ratio (p = 0.01) and an 18% improvement in peak diastolic filling rate (p = 0.01). Myocardial PCr/ATP ratio remained positively correlated with peak diastolic filling rate after weight loss (r = 0.63, p = 0.02). In obesity, weight loss improves impaired cardiac energetics and myocardial relaxation. Improved myocardial energetics appear to play a key role in diastolic functional recovery accompanying weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Rider
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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Ntusi NBA, Francis JM, Matthews PM, Wordsworth PB, Neubauer S, Karamitsos TD. 100 SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED MYOCARDIAL STRAIN AND VASCULAR FUNCTION, INCREMENTAL TO THAT CAUSED BY TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS: A CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDY. Heart 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304019.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Ntusi NBA, Francis JM, Matthews PM, Wordsworth PB, Neubauer S, Karamitsos TD. 098 MYOCARDIAL AND VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS ASSESSED WITH CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE: EVIDENCE OF INCREASED VASCULAR RISK. Heart 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304019.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Bull SC, Loudon M, Joseph J, Francis JM, Ferreira VM, Piechnik SK, Karamitsos TD, Stoll V, Lewis A, Prendergast BD, Neubauer S, Myerson SG. 151 MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION, STRAIN AND PRE-CONTRAST T1 VALUES IN MODERATE ASYMPTOMATIC AORTIC STENOSIS. Heart 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304019.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Ferreira VM, Piechnik SK, Dall'Armellina E, Karamitsos TD, Francis JM, Ntusi N, Holloway C, Choudhury RP, Kardos A, Robson MD, Friedrich MG, Neubauer S. 1072T1 mapping is a superior method to T2-weighted imaging in
the detection of acute myocarditis using cardiovascular magnetic
resonance. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jet070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Dall'Armellina E, Piechnik S, Ferreira VM, Robson MD, Francis JM, Cuculi F, Kharbanda RK, Banning AP, Choudhury RP, Karamitsos TD, Neubauer S. 090 Pre-contrast T1 mapping allows assessment of severity of acute ischaemic myocardial injury. Heart 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2012-301877b.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Suttie JJ, Delabarre L, Pitcher A, van de Moortele PF, Dass S, Snyder CJ, Francis JM, Metzger GJ, Weale P, Ugurbil K, Neubauer S, Robson M, Vaughan T. 7 Tesla (T) human cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging using FLASH and SSFP to assess cardiac function: validation against 1.5 T and 3 T. NMR Biomed 2012; 25:27-34. [PMID: 21774009 PMCID: PMC3440016 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the first comparison of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) at 1.5 T, 3 T and 7 T field strengths using steady state free precession (SSFP) and fast low angle shot (FLASH) cine sequences. Cardiac volumes and mass measurements were assessed for feasibility, reproducibility and validity at each given field strength using FLASH and SSFP sequences. Ten healthy volunteers underwent retrospectively electrocardiogram (ECG) gated CMR at 1.5 T, 3 T and 7 T using FLASH and SSFP sequences. B1 and B0 shimming and frequency scouts were used to optimise image quality. Cardiac volume and mass measurements were not significantly affected by field strength when using the same imaging sequence (P > 0.05 for all parameters at 1.5 T, 3 T and 7 T). SSFP imaging returned larger end diastolic and end systolic volumes and smaller left ventricular masses than FLASH imaging at 7 T, and at the lower field strengths (P < 0.05 for each parameter). However, univariate general linear model analysis with fixed effects for sequence and field strengths found an interaction between imaging sequence and field strength (P = 0.03), with a smaller difference in volumes and mass measurements between SSFP and FLASH imaging at 7 T than 1.5 T and 3 T. SSFP and FLASH cine imaging at 7 T is technically feasible and provides valid assessment of cardiac volumes and mass compared with CMR imaging at 1.5 T and 3 T field strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Suttie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Oxford, UK.
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Cunnington C, Van Assche T, Shirodaria C, Kylintireas I, Lindsay AC, Lee JMS, Francis JM, Sayeed R, Ratnatunga C, Pillai R, Choudhury RP, Neubauer S, Channon KM. B Chronic oral tetrahydrobiopterin treatment in patients with coronary artery disease elevates total biopterin levels but does not improve biopterin redox status or vascular function: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Heart 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2010.196113.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hudsmith LE, Cheng ASH, Tyler DJ, Shirodaria C, Lee J, Petersen SE, Francis JM, Clarke K, Robson MD, Neubauer S. Assessment of left atrial volumes at 1.5 Tesla and 3 Tesla using FLASH and SSFP cine imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2007; 9:673-9. [PMID: 17578723 DOI: 10.1080/10976640601138805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate left atrial volumes and function and their variability in healthy volunteers using steady state free precession (SSFP) and fast low angle shot (FLASH) sequences at both 1.5 and 3 T using both the short-axis and biplane area-length methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten healthy volunteers underwent CMR at both 1.5 and 3 Tesla. The biplane area-length method utilized volumes from the horizontal and vertical long axis images. RESULTS There were no significant differences between left atrial short-axis volumes or function between 1.5 and 3 T assessed using either FLASH or SSFP sequences. The biplane area-length method underestimated maximal left atrial volume using FLASH by 12 mL at 3 T (18%) and by 10 mL (14%) at 1.5 T (p = 0.003 and p = 0.05 respectively). Variability was larger for left atrial measurements using the biplane area-length method. CONCLUSION Field strength had no effect on left atrial volume and function assessment using either FLASH or SSFP. The use of the short-axis method for the acquisition of left atrial parameters is more reproducible than the biplane area-length for serial measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Hudsmith
- University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Farrugia ME, Bydder GM, Francis JM, Robson MD. Magnetic resonance imaging of facial muscles. Clin Radiol 2007; 62:1078-86. [PMID: 17920867 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Facial and tongue muscles are commonly involved in patients with neuromuscular disorders. However, these muscles are not as easily accessible for biopsy and pathological examination as limb muscles. We have previously investigated myasthenia gravis patients with MuSK antibodies for facial and tongue muscle atrophy using different magnetic resonance imaging sequences, including ultrashort echo time techniques and image analysis tools that allowed us to obtain quantitative assessments of facial muscles. This imaging study had shown that facial muscle measurement is possible and that useful information can be obtained using a quantitative approach. In this paper we aim to review in detail the methods that we applied to our study, to enable clinicians to study these muscles within the domain of neuromuscular disease, oncological or head and neck specialties. Quantitative assessment of the facial musculature may be of value in improving the understanding of pathological processes occurring within facial muscles in certain neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Farrugia
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Infirmary, and John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Schulz UGR, Flossmann E, Francis JM, Redgrave JN, Rothwell PM. Evolution of the diffusion-weighted signal and the apparent diffusion coefficient in the late phase after minor stroke: a follow-up study. J Neurol 2007; 254:375-83. [PMID: 17345037 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-006-0381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is mainly used in acute stroke, and signal evolution in the acute phase has been studied extensively. However, patients with a minor stroke frequently present late. Recent studies suggest that DWI may be helpful at this stage, but only very few published data exist on the evolution of the DW-signal in the weeks and months after a stroke. We performed a follow-up study of DWI in the late stages after a minor stroke. METHODS 28 patients who presented 48 hours to 14 days after a minor stroke underwent serial MRI at baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 6 months and>or=9 months after their event. Signal intensity within the lesion was determined on T2-weighted images, DW-images and the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) map at each time-point, and ratios were calculated with contralateral normal values (T2r, DWIr, ADCr). RESULTS T2r was increased in all patients from the beginning, and showed no clear temporal evolution. ADCr normalized within 8 weeks in 83% of patients, but still continued to increase for up to 6 months after the event. The DW-signal decreased over time, but was still elevated in 6 patients after>or=6 months. The evolution of ADCr and DWIr showed statistically highly significant inter-individual variation (p<0.0001), which was not accounted for by age, sex, infarct size or infarct location. CONCLUSION The ADC and the DW-signal may continue to evolve for several months after a minor ischaemic stroke. Signal evolution is highly variable between individuals. Further studies are required to determine which factors influence the evolution of the ADC and the DW-signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- U G R Schulz
- Department of Clinical Stroke Prevention Research Unit, University of Neurology, Radcliffe Infirmary, and Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX2 6HE, United Kingdom
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Leeson CP, Robinson M, Francis JM, Robson MD, Channon KM, Neubauer S, Wiesmann F. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Non-Invasive Assessment of Vascular Function: Validation against Ultrasound. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2006; 8:381-7. [PMID: 16669182 DOI: 10.1080/10976640500526993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound is an established modality for quantification of vascular function in clinical studies of cardiovascular disease. We determined whether cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) can provide a comparable assessment of vascular function. In seventeen control subjects, we used CMR to quantify endothelium-dependent (flow mediated dilatation, FMD) and endothelium-independent dilatation of the brachial artery, brachial and carotid distensibility, aortic compliance, and pulse wave velocity. These were compared to brachial and carotid measurements obtained by established ultrasound protocols. Twelve of the volunteers then underwent repeated measurements with both modalities. There was good agreement between imaging modalities for measures of endothelial function and arterial structure in the same subjects (difference between CMR and ultrasound for FMD = 0.14 +/- 6.8%, and brachial artery area = - 0.7 +/- 2.2 mm2, correlation between modalities for FMD = 0.62, p = 0.01 and for area = 0.87, p = < 0.0001). Inter-study reproducibility was also similar (coefficient of variation (CV) for FMD: CMR = 0.3, ultrasound = 0.3, CV for brachial artery area: CMR = 0.1, ultrasound = 0.1). Comparability and reproducibility were not as strong for functional measures if repeated studies were several days apart (CV for FMD by ultrasound on the same day = 0.1 and several days apart = 0.4). CMR and ultrasound show good agreement for quantitative measures of vascular structure and function with good reproducibility for both modalities. The major advantage of CMR is that it allows one-stop integrated assessment of both peripheral and central measures of vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Leeson
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Petersen SE, Francis JM, Robson MD, Tyler D, Jung BA, Hennig J, Jerosch-Herold M, Watkins HC, Neubauer S. Multiparametrische CMR ermöglicht Charakterisierung von Genotyp-Phänotyp-Relationen bei hypertrophischer Kardiomypathie. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2003. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-819914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Francis JM, Juston JA. The application of thin layer x-ray fluorescence analysis to oxide composition studies on stainless steels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/7/420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Bunce NH, Moon JC, Bellenger NG, Keegan J, Grothues F, McCrohon JA, Francis JM, Smith GC, Burman ED, Firmin DN, Hoffmann VW, Pennell DJ. Improved cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance using Clariscan (NC100150 injection). J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2002; 3:303-10. [PMID: 11777221 DOI: 10.1081/jcmr-100108583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the use of Clariscan 0.75, 2, and 5 mg Fe/kg body weight in six patients to determine optimal dosing for short repetition time cine imaging. Breathhold cine images were acquired in the vertical and horizontal long axes and the short axis. Blood-pool signal-to-noise ratio increased significantly in all planes (p < 0.01) but was least marked in the short axis. Myocardial signal-to-noise ratio increased by a lesser amount (p < 0.05). Myocardial to blood-pool signal-difference-to-noise ratio improved significantly in the long axes (p < 0.05) and was greatest at 2 mg Fe/kg body weight, but changes in the short axis were minor. With the 5-mg Fe/kg body weight dose, the response was reduced or reversed due to T2* effects. Visual assessment improved in all planes (p < 0.05) and was optimal at 2 mg Fe/kg body weight. In conclusion, Clariscan improves short repetition time cardiac breathhold cine imaging, particularly in the long axis planes, with an optimal dose of 2 mg Fe/kg body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Bunce
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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42
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Bannon AW, Seda J, Carmouche M, Francis JM, Jarosinski MA, Douglass J. Multiple behavioral effects of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptides in mice: CART 42-89 and CART 49-89 differ in potency and activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001; 299:1021-6. [PMID: 11714891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) encodes a neuropeptide precursor protein that is highly abundant in cells of the hypothalamus. To date, the major research focus into the function of CART peptides has been feeding behavior. However, CART mRNA is found in other areas of the brain as well as some peripheral tissues, suggesting possible broader functions of this peptide. In this study, we investigated the effects of two CART peptides, CART 42-89 and CART 49-89, in several behavioral assays. Peptides were administered by i.c.v. route of administration. Both CART 42-89 and CART 49-89 inhibited food intake with the minimally effective dose of CART 42-89 (0.5 microg) being 5-fold greater than that of CART 49-89 (0.1 microg). Both peptides also produced significant antinociceptive effects in the hot-plate assay with similar potency differences. CART 42-89 significantly inhibited the acoustic startle response (ASR) of pulse alone trials at doses of 0.1 and 0.5 microg. In contrast, CART 49-89 did not affect ASR of pulse alone trials at doses of 0.05 and 0.1 (microg). For prepulse inhibition (PPI) trials, in general, both peptides appeared to enhance the magnitude of PPI and CART 42-89 was less potent than CART 49-89. Overall, these data suggest CART peptides may have multiple roles in central nervous system function and there may be biological differences between two processed forms of CART peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Bannon
- Amgen Inc., Neuroscience, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1789, USA.
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Bellenger NG, Francis JM, Davies CL, Coats AJ, Pennell DJ. Establishment and performance of a magnetic resonance cardiac function clinic. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2001; 2:15-22. [PMID: 11545103 DOI: 10.3109/10976640009148669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to establish a cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) cardiac function clinic to provide an assessment of cardiac volume, mass, and function in patients with heart failure on the same day as their cardiology outpatient clinic appointment. Sixty-four patients attended the CMR function clinic. The reproducibility, patient acceptability, and time efficiency of the CMR clinic were assessed and compared with radionuclide ventriculography (RNV) and echocardiography (echo). Reports were available in the cardiology outpatient clinic within 2 hr of the CMR appointment time. The reproducibility of volumes, ejection fraction, and mass in this heart failure population was good and comparable with CMR studies in the normal population. CMR was more acceptable to the patients than both RNV and echo (p < 0.05). The total time for CMR was less than that of RNV (42 +/- 4 and 61 +/- 4 min, respectively; p < 0.001) but more than that of echo (echo, 23 +/- 2 min; p < 0.001). Comparison of ejection fractions revealed a correlation between CMR and RNV of 0.7, but Bland-Altman limits of agreement were wide (-10.5% to 18.9%). For CMR versus echo, the correlation was 0.6, and the limits of agreement were wider (-29.9% to 23.3%). The correlation between RNV and echo was 0.2 with wider limits of agreement (-29.8% to 24. 9%). In conclusion, CMR can provide a rapid, reproducible, and patient acceptable assessment of cardiac function in heart failure patients, whereas other methods appear to have a wider variance. The high reproducibility of CMR lends itself to the follow-up of clinical progression and the effect of treatment in patients with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Bellenger
- National Heart and Lung Institute, CMR Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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44
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Abstract
Claustrophobia is associated with cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) due to the nature of the technique and lengthy examination times. We report the incidence and treatment of claustrophobia in a prospective study on the use of intravenous (IV) and oral diazepam for CMR from August 1997 to June 1999 in 1754 adult patients referred for clinical (1226) and research (528) purposes. Patients under 16 yr of age and adults with learning difficulties were excluded. The initial refusal rate of clinical and research patients was 4.2% (54 clinical and 19 research). Because ethical approval to administer diazepam to research patients had not been granted at the beginning of this study, further analysis of the results excludes the 19 research patients. Of the 54 clinical patients, 31 were given IV diazepam (mean dose, 7.5 mg; range, 2.5-20 mg) with successful scanning in 30 (97%). Eight patients refused sedation, and scanning was not possible. The examination was attempted without sedation by five patients in the claustrophobic group and was terminated early; however, sufficient diagnostic information had been acquired in all cases. A further four patients took oral diazepam up to 1 hr before their appointment, with a 100% success rate. Three patients refused to attend the department due to known severe claustrophobia (2) and concerns over gradient noise (1), and three had medical contraindications to diazepam. Therefore, after the administration of diazepam to alleviate claustrophobia, the failure rate decreased to from 54 (4.4% of clinical patients) to 20 (1.6%) patients, a reduction of 63%. When it is possible to give diazepam to patients with claustrophobia at the time of CMR, it is a safe, predictable, and highly effective method of obtaining a successful result. A protocolfor the use of diazepam has been developed and is now also approved by our institutional ethics committee for use in research patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Francis
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, The Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Taylor AM, Panting JR, Keegan J, Gatehouse PD, Jhooti P, Yang GZ, McGill S, Francis JM, Burman ED, Firmin DN, Pennell DJ. Use of the intravascular contrast agent NC100150 injection in spin-echo and gradient-echo imaging of the heart. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2001; 1:23-32. [PMID: 11550338 DOI: 10.3109/10976649909080830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study of the intravascular iron oxide particle contrast agent, NC100150 Injection (Nycomed Imaging AS, Oslo, Norway, a part of Nycomed Amersham) in magnetic resonance imaging of the human heart. Eighteen healthy male volunteers were studied at both 0.5 and 1.5 T before and after the administration of NC100150 Injection. Transaxial spin-echo images were acquired at both field strengths, conventional gradient-echo cine images at 0.5 T, and breathhold Turbo-FLASH cine images at 1.5 T. Optimized cine imaging sequences were used postcontrast, with a high flip angle of 60-70 degrees. In the spin-echo images there was a significant reduction in the blood pool flow artifact at the level of the right atrium (0.5 T, 57%, p < 0.01; 1.5 T, 41%, p = 0.01) and the left ventricle (LV) (0.5 T, 45%, p = 0.01; 1.5 T, 45%, p < 0.01). In the conventional gradient-echo cines at 0.5 T, there was a significant increase in the LV blood pool and myocardial signal difference-to-noise ratio (SDNR) in the diastolic (56%, p = 0.01) and systolic (141%, p < 0.001) frames. There was also a significant increase in the signal intensity (SI) gradient at the LV blood pool-myocardial border in the diastolic and systolic frames (both p < 0.001). At higher doses of NC100150 Injection (3 and 4 mg/kg), a rim of signal void around the LV blood pool was observed, perfectly defining the LV blood pool-myocardial border. In the Turbo-FLASH breathhold cines at 1.5 T, there was a significant increase in the LV blood pool-myocardial SDNR in the diastolic (221%, p < 0.001) and systolic (916%, p < 0.001) frames. Again, there was also a significant increase in the SI gradient at the LV blood pool-myocardial border in the diastolic and systolic frames (both p = 0.003). In conclusion, NC100150 Injection was given safely to 18 healthy subjects. Image quality and LV blood pool-myocardial definition were improved after the administration of NC100150 Injection. These improvements enable better spin-echo anatomical definition, better definition of myocardial wall motion, and should improve the capability of automated edge detection algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Taylor
- Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
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Bellenger NG, Davies LC, Francis JM, Coats AJ, Pennell DJ. Reduction in sample size for studies of remodeling in heart failure by the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2001; 2:271-8. [PMID: 11545126 DOI: 10.3109/10976640009148691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast breathhold cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has become a reference standard for the measurement of cardiac volumes, function, and mass. The implications of this for sample sizes for remodeling studies in heart failure (HF) have not been elucidated. We determined the reproducibility of CMR in HF and calculated the sample size requirements and compared them with published values for echocardiography. Breathhold gradient echo cines of the left ventricle were acquired in 20 patients with HF and 20 normal subjects. Sample size values were calculated from the interstudy standard deviation of the difference. The percentage variability of the measured parameters in our HF group of intraobserver (2.0-7.4%), interobserver (3.3-7.7%), and interstudy (2.5-4.8%) measurements was slightly larger than for our normal group (1.6-6.6%, 1.6-7.3%, and 2.0-7.3%, respectively) but remained comparable with previous studies in normal subjects. The calculated sample sizes in patients with HF for CMR to detect a 10-ml change in end-diastolic volume (n = 12) and end-systolic volume (n = 10), a 3% change in ejection fraction (n = 15), and a 10-g change in mass was (n = 9) were substantially smaller than recently published values for two-dimensional echocardiography (reduction of 81-97%). Breathhold CMR is a fast comprehensive technique for the assessment of cardiac volumes, function, and mass in HF that is accurate but also highly reproducible. This allows a considerable reduction in the patient numbers required to prove a hypothesis in research studies, which suggests a potential for important research cost savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Bellenger
- Cardiovascular MR Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Lindner MD, Francis JM, Plone MA, McDermott PE, Frydel BR, Emerich DF, Saydoff JA. The analgesic potential of intraventricular polymer-encapsulated adrenal chromaffin cells in a rodent model of chronic neuropathic pain. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2001. [PMID: 11127424 DOI: 10.1037//1064-1297.8.4.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal chromaffin cells reportedly produce analgesic effects when implanted in the periaqueductal gray and the intrathecal space near the spinal cord. Chromaffin cells implanted in the cerebral ventricles may also produce analgesic effects, and the availability of the cerebral ventricles as a potential implant site could be advantageous for some patients. In fact, some of the first patients were implanted in the intraventricular site, even though the analgesic potential of that site had never been demonstrated. The present study was conducted to assess the analgesic potential of intraventricular, polymer-encapsulated calf adrenal chromaffin cells in the Bennett model. Sciatic nerve ligations produced substantial, long-lasting pain-related behaviors. However, there was no evidence that polymer-encapsulated adrenal chromaffin cells implanted in the cerebral ventricles produce analgesic effects in this model of chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Lindner
- CytoTherapeutics, Lincoln Rhode Island, USA.
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Francis JM, Heyworth CM, Spooncer E, Pierce A, Dexter TM, Whetton AD. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 induces apoptosis independently of p53 and selectively reduces expression of Bcl-2 in multipotent hematopoietic cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:39137-45. [PMID: 10993901 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007212200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) can inhibit cell proliferation or induce apoptosis in multipotent hematopoietic cells. To study the mechanisms of TGF-beta1 action on primitive hematopoietic cells, we used the interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent, multipotent FDCP-Mix cell line. TGF-beta1-mediated growth inhibition was observed in high concentrations of IL-3, while at lower IL-3 concentrations TGF-beta1 induced apoptosis. The proapoptotic effects of TGF-beta1 occur via a p53-independent pathway, since p53(null) FDCP-Mix demonstrated the same responses to TGF-beta1. IL-3 has been suggested to enhance survival via an increase in (antiapoptotic) Bcl-x(L) expression. In FDCP-Mix cells, neither IL-3 nor TGF-beta1 induced any change in Bcl-x(L) protein levels or the proapoptotic proteins Bad or Bax. However, TGF-beta1 had a major effect on Bcl-2 levels, reducing them in the presence of high and low concentrations of IL-3. Overexpression of Bcl-2 in FDCP-Mix cells rescued them from TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis but was incapable of inhibiting TGF-beta1-mediated growth arrest. We conclude that TGF-beta1-induced cell death is independent of p53 and inhibited by Bcl-2, with no effect on Bcl-x(L). The significance of these results for stem cell survival in bone marrow are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Francis
- Leukaemia Research Fund Cellular Development Unit, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, UMIST, Sackville St., Manchester, M60 1QD, United Kingdom
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50
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Pierce A, Spooncer E, Wooley S, Dive C, Francis JM, Miyan J, Owen-Lynch PJ, Dexter TM, Whetton AD. Bcr-Abl protein tyrosine kinase activity induces a loss of p53 protein that mediates a delay in myeloid differentiation. Oncogene 2000; 19:5487-97. [PMID: 11114726 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukaemia is a haemopoietic stem cell disorder, the hallmark of which is the expression of the Bcr-Abl Protein Tyrosine Kinase (PTK). We have previously reported that activation of a temperature sensitive Bcr-Abl PTK in the multipotent haemopoietic cell line FDCP-Mix for short periods resulted in subtle changes including, a transient suppression of apoptosis and no inhibition of differentiation. In contrast, activation of the Bcr-Abl PTK for 12 weeks results in cells that display a delay in differentiation at the early granulocyte stage. Flow cytometric analysis also indicates that the expression of cell surface differentiation markers and nuclear morphology are uncoupled. Furthermore, a significant number of the mature neutrophils display abnormal morphological features. Prolonged exposure to Bcr-Abl PTK results in interleukin-3 independent growth and decreased p53 protein levels. FDCP-Mix cells expressing a dominant negative p53 and p53null FDCP-Mix cells demonstrate that the reduction in p53 is causally related to the delay in development. Returning the cells to the restrictive temperature restores the p53 protein levels, the growth factor dependence and largely relieves the effects on development. We conclude that prolonged Bcr-Abl PTK activity within multipotent cells results in a reduction of p53 that drives a delayed and abnormal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pierce
- Leukaemia Research Fund Cellular Development Unit, UMIST, Manchester, UK
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