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Zhong YJ, Liu LL, Zhao Y, Feng Z, Liu Y. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms behind the therapeutic impact of median nerve stimulation on cognitive dysfunction post-traumatic brain injury. Exp Gerontol 2024; 194:112500. [PMID: 38901771 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ferroptosis represents a form of regulated cellular death dependent upon iron and lipid peroxidation derivatives, holding considerable implications for cerebral and neurologic pathologies. In the present study, we endeavored to elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing ferroptosis and appraise the therapeutic value of electrical stimulation of median nerve in addressing cognitive impairments following traumatic brain injury (TBI), employing a rodent model. METHODS In this study, we established a rat model to investigate the cognitive impairments resulting from TBI, followed by the application of median nerve stimulation (MNS). Initially, rats received an intraperitoneal injection of Erastin (2 mg/kg) prior to undergoing MNS. After 24 h of MNS treatment, the rats were subjected to an open field test to evaluate their cognitive and motor functions. Subsequently, we conducted biochemical assays to measure the serum levels of GSH, MDA and SOD. The structural integrity and cellular morphology of hippocampal tissue were examined through H&E staining, Nissl staining and transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, we assessed the expression levels of proteins crucial for neuronal health and function in the hippocampus, including VEGF, SLC7A11, GPX4, Nrf2, α-syn, NEUN and PSD95. RESULTS Compared to the control group, rats in the stimulation group demonstrated enhanced mobility, reduced levels of tissue damage, a decrease in MDA concentration, and increased levels of GSH and SOD. Additionally, there was a significant upregulation in the expression of proteins critical for cellular defense and neuronal health, including GPX4, SLC7A11, Nrf2, VEGF, α-syn, NEUN, and PSD95 proteins. Conversely, rats in the Erastin group demonstrated decreased mobility, exacerbated pathological tissue damage, elevated MDA concentration, and decreased levels of GSH and SOD. There was also a notable decrease in the expression of GPX4, SLC7CA11, Nrf2, and VEGF proteins. The expression levels of α-syn, NEUN, and PSD95 were similarly diminished in the Erastin group. Each of these findings was statistically significant, indicating that MNS exerts neuroprotective effect in the hippocampal tissue of rats with TBI by inhibiting the ferroptosis pathway. CONCLUSION (1) MNS may enhance the cognitive and behavioral performance of rats after TBI; (2) MNS can play a neuroprotective role by promoting the expression of nerve injury-related proteins, alleviating oxidative stress and ferroptosis process; (3) MNS may inhibit ferroptosis of neuronal cells by activating Nrf2/ GPX4 signaling pathway, thereby improving cognitive impairment in TBI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jun Zhong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 1(st) Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Ling-Ling Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 1(st) Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 1(st) Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Zhen Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 1(st) Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China.
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The 1(st) Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China.
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Guan Q, Wang Z, Zhang K, Liu Z, Zhou H, Cao D, Mao X. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated neuronal deletion of 5-lipoxygenase alleviates deficits in mouse models of epilepsy. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00302-3. [PMID: 39048074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our previous work reveals a critical role of activation of neuronal Alox5 in exacerbating brain injury post seizures. However, whether neuronal Alox5 impacts the pathological process of epilepsy remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To prove the feasibility of neuron-specific deletion of Alox5 via CRISPR-Cas9 in the blockade of seizure onset and epileptic progression. METHODS Here, we employed a Clustered regularly interspaced short-palindromic repeat-associated proteins 9 system (CRISPR/Cas9) system delivered by adeno-associated virus (AAV) to specifically delete neuronal Alox5 gene in the hippocampus to explore its therapeutic potential in various epilepsy mouse models and possible mechanisms. RESULTS Neuronal depletion of Alox5 was successfully achieved in the brain. AAV delivery of single guide RNA of Alox5 in hippocampus resulted in reducing seizure severity, delaying epileptic progression and improving epilepsy-associated neuropsychiatric comorbidities especially anxiety, cognitive deficit and autistic-like behaviors in pilocarpine- and kainic acid-induced temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) models. In addition, neuronal Alox5 deletion also reversed neuron loss, neurodegeneration, astrogliosis and mossy fiber sprouting in TLE model. Moreover, a battery of tests including analysis of routine blood test, hepatic function, renal function, routine urine test and inflammatory factors demonstrated no noticeable toxic effect, suggesting that Alox5 deletion possesses the satisfactory biosafety. Mechanistically, the anti-epileptic effect of Alox5 deletion might be associated with reduction of glutamate level to restore excitatory/inhibitory balance by reducing CAMKII-mediated phosphorylation of Syn ISer603. CONCLUSION Our findings showed the translational potential of AAV-mediated delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 system including neuronal Alox5 gene for an alternative promising therapeutic approach to treat epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Guan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jiaozuo People's Hospital, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Zhaoqian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Danfeng Cao
- Academician Workstation and Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Mao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
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Foret MK, Orciani C, Welikovitch LA, Huang C, Cuello AC, Do Carmo S. Early oxidative stress and DNA damage in Aβ-burdened hippocampal neurons in an Alzheimer's-like transgenic rat model. Commun Biol 2024; 7:861. [PMID: 39004677 PMCID: PMC11247100 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key contributor to AD pathology. However, the earliest role of pre-plaque neuronal oxidative stress, remains elusive. Using laser microdissected hippocampal neurons extracted from McGill-R-Thy1-APP transgenic rats we found that intraneuronal amyloid beta (iAβ)-burdened neurons had increased expression of genes related to oxidative stress and DNA damage responses including Ercc2, Fancc, Sod2, Gsr, and Idh1. DNA damage was further evidenced by increased neuronal levels of XPD (Ercc2) and γH2AX foci, indicative of DNA double stranded breaks (DSBs), and by increased expression of Ercc6, Rad51, and Fen1, and decreased Sirt6 in hippocampal homogenates. We also found increased expression of synaptic plasticity genes (Grin2b (NR2B), CamkIIα, Bdnf, c-fos, and Homer1A) and increased protein levels of TOP2β. Our findings indicate that early accumulation of iAβ, prior to Aβ plaques, is accompanied by incipient oxidative stress and DSBs that may arise directly from oxidative stress or from maladaptive synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan K Foret
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Chiara Orciani
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Chunwei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Sonia Do Carmo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Chartampila E, Elayouby KS, Leary P, LaFrancois JJ, Alcantara-Gonzalez D, Jain S, Gerencer K, Botterill JJ, Ginsberg SD, Scharfman HE. Choline supplementation in early life improves and low levels of choline can impair outcomes in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. eLife 2024; 12:RP89889. [PMID: 38904658 PMCID: PMC11192536 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal choline supplementation (MCS) improves cognition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) models. However, the effects of MCS on neuronal hyperexcitability in AD are unknown. We investigated the effects of MCS in a well-established mouse model of AD with hyperexcitability, the Tg2576 mouse. The most common type of hyperexcitability in Tg2576 mice are generalized EEG spikes (interictal spikes [IIS]). IIS also are common in other mouse models and occur in AD patients. In mouse models, hyperexcitability is also reflected by elevated expression of the transcription factor ∆FosB in the granule cells (GCs) of the dentate gyrus (DG), which are the principal cell type. Therefore, we studied ΔFosB expression in GCs. We also studied the neuronal marker NeuN within hilar neurons of the DG because reduced NeuN protein expression is a sign of oxidative stress or other pathology. This is potentially important because hilar neurons regulate GC excitability. Tg2576 breeding pairs received a diet with a relatively low, intermediate, or high concentration of choline. After weaning, all mice received the intermediate diet. In offspring of mice fed the high choline diet, IIS frequency declined, GC ∆FosB expression was reduced, and hilar NeuN expression was restored. Using the novel object location task, spatial memory improved. In contrast, offspring exposed to the relatively low choline diet had several adverse effects, such as increased mortality. They had the weakest hilar NeuN immunoreactivity and greatest GC ΔFosB protein expression. However, their IIS frequency was low, which was surprising. The results provide new evidence that a diet high in choline in early life can improve outcomes in a mouse model of AD, and relatively low choline can have mixed effects. This is the first study showing that dietary choline can regulate hyperexcitability, hilar neurons, ΔFosB, and spatial memory in an animal model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissavet Chartampila
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgUnited States
| | - Karim S Elayouby
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgUnited States
| | - Paige Leary
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - John J LaFrancois
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgUnited States
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - David Alcantara-Gonzalez
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgUnited States
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Swati Jain
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgUnited States
| | - Kasey Gerencer
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgUnited States
| | - Justin J Botterill
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgUnited States
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Helen E Scharfman
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
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5
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Chartampila E, Elayouby KS, Leary P, LaFrancois JJ, Alcantara-Gonzalez D, Jain S, Gerencer K, Botterill JJ, Ginsberg SD, Scharfman HE. Choline supplementation in early life improves and low levels of choline can impair outcomes in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.05.12.540428. [PMID: 37214805 PMCID: PMC10197642 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.12.540428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Maternal choline supplementation (MCS) improves cognition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) models. However, effects of MCS on neuronal hyperexcitability in AD are unknown. We investigated effects of MCS in a well-established mouse model of AD with hyperexcitability, the Tg2576 mouse. The most common type of hyperexcitability in Tg2576 mice are generalized EEG spikes (interictal spikes; IIS). IIS also are common in other mouse models and occur in AD patients. Im mouse models, hyperexcitability is also reflected by elevated expression of the transcription factor ΔFosB in the granule cells (GCs) of the dentate gyrus (DG), which are the principal cell type. Therefore we studied ΔFosB expression in GCs. We also studied the the neuronal marker NeuN within hilar neurons of the DG because other studies have reduced NeuN protein expression is a sign of oxidative stress or other pathology. This is potentially important because hilar neurons regulate GC excitability. Tg2576 breeding pairs received a diet with a relatively low, intermediate or high concentration of choline. After weaning, all mice received the intermediate diet. In offspring of mice fed the high choline diet, IIS frequency declined, GC ΔFosB expression was reduced, and NeuN expression was restored. Using the novel object location task, spatial memory improved. In contrast, offspring exposed to the relatively low choline diet had several adverse effects, such as increased mortality. They had the weakest hilar NeuN immunoreactivity and greatest GC ΔFosB protein expression. However, their IIS frequency was low, which was surprising. The results provide new evidence that a diet high in choline in early life can improve outcomes in a mouse model of AD, and relatively low choline can have mixed effects. This is the first study showing that dietary choline can regulate hyperexcitability, hilar neurons, ΔFosB and spatial memory in an animal model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissavet Chartampila
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Current address:Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27510
| | - Karim S. Elayouby
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Current address: Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Paige Leary
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 100016
| | - John J. LaFrancois
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - David Alcantara-Gonzalez
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Swati Jain
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
| | - Kasey Gerencer
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Current address: Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469
| | - Justin J. Botterill
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Current address: Department of Anatomy, Physiology, & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5
| | - Stephen D. Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 100016
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine New York, NY 10016
- NYU Neuroscience Institute,, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Helen E. Scharfman
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 100016
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine New York, NY 10016
- NYU Neuroscience Institute,, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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Pandurangan K, Jayakumar J, Savoia S, Nanda R, Lata S, Kumar EH, S S, Vasudevan S, Srinivasan C, Joseph J, Sivaprakasam M, Verma R. Systematic development of immunohistochemistry protocol for large cryosections-specific to non-perfused fetal brain. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 405:110085. [PMID: 38387804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an important technique in understanding the expression of neurochemical molecules in the developing human brain. Despite its routine application in the research and clinical setup, the IHC protocol specific for soft fragile fetal brains that are fixed using the non-perfusion method is still limited in studying the whole brain. NEW METHOD This study shows that the IHC protocols, using a chromogenic detection system, used in animals and adult humans are not optimal in the fetal brains. We have optimized key steps from Antigen retrieval (AR) to chromogen visualization for formalin-fixed whole-brain cryosections (20 µm) mounted on glass slides. RESULTS We show the results from six validated, commonly used antibodies to study the fetal brain. We achieved optimal antigen retrieval with 0.1 M Boric Acid, pH 9.0 at 70°C for 20 minutes. We also present the optimal incubation duration and temperature for protein blocking and the primary antibody that results in specific antigen labeling with minimal tissue damage. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The IHC protocol commonly used for adult human and animal brains results in significant tissue damage in the fetal brains with little or suboptimal antigen expression. Our new method with important modifications including the temperature, duration, and choice of the alkaline buffer for AR addresses these pitfalls and provides high-quality results. CONCLUSION The optimized IHC protocol for the developing human brain (13-22 GW) provides a high-quality, repeatable, and reliable method for studying chemoarchitecture in neurotypical and pathological conditions across different gestational ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthika Pandurangan
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jaikishan Jayakumar
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Center for Computational Brain Research, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Reetuparna Nanda
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - S Lata
- Mediscan Systems, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Suresh S
- Mediscan Systems, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sudha Vasudevan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Saveetha Medical College, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Chitra Srinivasan
- Department of Pathology, Saveetha Medical College, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jayaraj Joseph
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Richa Verma
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Zhou S, Makashova O, Chevillard PM, Josey V, Li B, Prager-Khoutorsky M. Constitutive cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis and subfornical organ of adult rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13377. [PMID: 38418229 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Neurogenesis continues throughout adulthood in the subventricular zone, hippocampal subgranular zone, and the hypothalamic median eminence (ME) and the adjacent medio-basal hypothalamus. The ME is one of the circumventricular organs (CVO), which are specialized brain areas characterized by an incomplete blood-brain barrier and, thus, are involved in mediating communication between the central nervous system and the periphery. Additional CVOs include the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) and the subfornical organs (SFO). Previous studies have demonstrated that the ME contains neural stem cells (NSCs) capable of generating new neurons and glia in the adult brain. However, it remains unclear whether the OVLT and SFO also contain proliferating cells, the identity of these cells, and their ability to differentiate into mature neurons. Here we show that glial and mural subtypes exhibit NSC characteristics, expressing the endogenous mitotic maker Ki67, and incorporating the exogenous mitotic marker BrdU in the OVLT and SFO of adult rats. Glial cells constitutively proliferating in the SFO comprise NG2 glia, while in the OVLT, both NG2 glia and tanycytes appear to constitute the NSC pool. Furthermore, pericytes, which are mural cells associated with capillaries, also contribute to the pool of cells constitutively proliferating in the OVLT and SFO of adult rats. In addition to these glial and mural cells, a fraction of NSCs containing proliferation markers Ki67 and BrdU also expresses the early postmitotic neuronal marker doublecortin, suggesting that these CVOs comprise newborn neurons. Notably, these neurons can differentiate and express the mature neuronal marker NeuN. These findings establish the sensory CVOs OVLT and SFO as additional neurogenic niches, where the generation of new neurons and glia persists in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suijian Zhou
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Olena Makashova
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Marie Chevillard
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vanessa Josey
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Banruo Li
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Masha Prager-Khoutorsky
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Yamaguchi K, Yazawa T. Development of the human medullary arcuate nucleus from mid-gestation to the perinatal period: A morphometric study. Neurosci Lett 2024; 818:137537. [PMID: 37898180 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Development of the human medullary arcuate nucleus (AN) has not been sufficiently investigated. The present study provides morphometric data by examining the brains from preterm and perinatal infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine brains were obtained from infants aged 21-43 postmenstrual weeks (PW). Serial celloidin sections were cut and stained using the Klüver-Barrera method. After microscopic observations, morphometric parameters [AN volume, numerical density (Nv) and total number (Nt) of neurons, and neuronal profile area (PA)] were analyzed. RESULTS The AN was found as a pair of neuronal masses on the ventral medullary surface at 21 PW. Caudally, it was ventrolateral to the pyramidal tract (PT), and rostrally, medial to the PT. In the middle, it was diminished in size or interrupted. The AN neurons were gradually enlarged with age, showing multiplicity in size and shape. The following findings had a marked asymmetry and individual variability: (1) complete or partial inclusion of the AN in the PT; (2) connection between the rostral AN and the pontine nuclei; (3) coexistence of pyknotic neurons. The AN volume increased exponentially with age, while the Nv decreased exponentially. The Nt changed along two phases (decrease-increase) after mid-gestation. The mean PA increased linearly with age. Asymmetry and/or individual variability were demonstrated in the AN volume, Nt, and mean PA. CONCLUSIONS Asymmetry and individual variability in the AN morphology are present in fetal period. The AN may undergo neuron death and neuroblasts production in tandem after mid-gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan.
| | - Takuya Yazawa
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
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9
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Alshebib Y, Hori T, Goel A, Fauzi AA, Kashiwagi T. Adult human neurogenesis: A view from two schools of thought. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 15:342-347. [PMID: 38025659 PMCID: PMC10665662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Are we truly losing neurons as we grow older? If yes, why, and how can the lost neurons be replaced or compensated for? Is so-called adult neurogenesis (ANG) still a controversial process, particularly in the human cerebral cortex? How do adult-born neurons -if proven to exist- contribute to brain functions? Is adult neurogenesis a disease-relevant process, meaning that neural progenitor cells are dormant in adulthood, but they may be reactivated, for example, following stroke? Is the earnest hope to cure neurological diseases justifying the readiness to accept ANG claim uncritically? These are all fundamental issues that have not yet been firmly explained. Although it is completely understandable that some researchers believe that we can add new neurons to our inevitably deteriorating brain, the brain regeneration process still possesses intellectually and experimentally diverting views, as until now, there has been significant confusion about the concept of ANG. This paper is not intended to be an extensively analytical review distilling all findings and conclusions presented in the ANG literature. Instead, it is an attempt to discuss the commonly entertained opinions and then present our reflective insight concerning the current status quo of the field, which might help redirect research questions, avoid marketing an exaggerated hope, and more importantly, save the ever-limited resources, namely, intellectuals' time, facilities, and grants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Alshebib
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Neurological Center Hospital, Tokyo 134–0088, Japan
| | - Tomokatsu Hori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Neurological Center Hospital, Tokyo 134–0088, Japan
| | - Atul Goel
- Department of Neurosurgery. K.E.M. Hospital and Seth G.S. Medical College, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asra Al Fauzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo 6–8, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Taichi Kashiwagi
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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10
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Veshchitskii AA, Kirik OV, Korzhevskii DE, Merkulyeva N. Development of neurochemical labeling in the intermediolateral nucleus of cats' spinal cord. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2400-2410. [PMID: 35500068 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
NeuN is a neuron-specific nuclear protein expressed in most mature neuronal cell types, with some exceptions. These exceptions are known mainly for the brain but not for the spinal cord or the spinal visceral networks for which only scarce information is available. One of the most defined visceral structures in the spinal cord is the sympathetic intermediolateral nucleus located within the thoracolumbar segments. We investigated the NeuN staining in the intermediolateral nucleus and compared it with the staining for two neurochemical markers of visceral neurons: nitric oxide synthase and calcium-binding protein calretinin in adult cats and in kittens aged 0, 14, and 35 days. A clear NeuN-immunonegativity was obtained for intermediolateral neurons labeled for nitric oxide synthase for both adult cats and kittens. In contrast, a matched immunopositivity for the NeuN and calretinin was obtained, showing an age-dependent degree of this colocalization, which was high in newborn kittens, decreased on postnatal 14 and 35 days and persisted at a moderate level up to adulthood. Perhaps our data displayed a heterogeneity of the intermediolateral neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga V Kirik
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology of Central and Peripheral Nervous System, Institute of Experimental Medicine RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitriy E Korzhevskii
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology of Central and Peripheral Nervous System, Institute of Experimental Medicine RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Merkulyeva
- Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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11
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Makrygianni EA, Chrousos GP. Neural Progenitor Cells and the Hypothalamus. Cells 2023; 12:1822. [PMID: 37508487 PMCID: PMC10378393 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) capable of self-renewing and differentiating into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In the postnatal/adult brain, NPCs are primarily located in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles (LVs) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). There is evidence that NPCs are also present in the postnatal/adult hypothalamus, a highly conserved brain region involved in the regulation of core homeostatic processes, such as feeding, metabolism, reproduction, neuroendocrine integration and autonomic output. In the rodent postnatal/adult hypothalamus, NPCs mainly comprise different subtypes of tanycytes lining the wall of the 3rd ventricle. In the postnatal/adult human hypothalamus, the neurogenic niche is constituted by tanycytes at the floor of the 3rd ventricle, ependymal cells and ribbon cells (showing a gap-and-ribbon organization similar to that in the SVZ), as well as suprachiasmatic cells. We speculate that in the postnatal/adult human hypothalamus, neurogenesis occurs in a highly complex, exquisitely sophisticated neurogenic niche consisting of at least four subniches; this structure has a key role in the regulation of extrahypothalamic neurogenesis, and hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic neural circuits, partly through the release of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia A Makrygianni
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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12
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Cocco C, Manca E, Corda G, Angioni MM, Noli B, Congia M, Loy F, Isola M, Chessa E, Floris A, Lorefice L, Saba L, Mathieu A, Ferri GL, Cauli A, Piga M. Brain-reactive autoantibodies in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1157149. [PMID: 37383228 PMCID: PMC10294074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1157149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is widely unknown, and the role of autoantibodies is still undetermined. Methods To identify brain-reactive autoantibodies possibly related to NPSLE, immunofluorescence (IF) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on rat and human brains were performed. ELISA was used to reveal the presence of known circulating autoantibodies, while western blot (WB) was applied to characterize potential unknown autoantigen(s). Results We enrolled 209 subjects, including patients affected by SLE (n=69), NPSLE (n=36), Multiple Sclerosis (MS, n=22), and 82 age- and gender-matched healthy donors (HD). Autoantibody reactivity by IF was observed in almost the entire rat brain (cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum) using sera from NPSLE and SLE patients and was virtually negative in MS and HD. NPSLE showed higher prevalence (OR 2.4; p = 0.047), intensity, and titer of brain-reactive autoantibodies than SLE patients. Most of the patient sera with brain-reactive autoantibodies (75%) also stained human brains. Double staining experiments on rat brains mixing patients' sera with antibodies directed against neuronal (NeuN) or glial markers showed autoantibody reactivity restricted to NeuN-containing neurons. Using TEM, the targets of brain-reactive autoantibodies were located in the nuclei and, to a lesser extent, in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Given the high degree of colocalization between NeuN and brain-reactive autoantibodies, we assumed NeuN was a possible autoantigen. However, WB analysis with HEK293T cell lysates expressing or not expressing the gene encoding for NeuN protein (RIBFOX3) showed that patients' sera carrying brain-reactive autoantibodies did not recognize the NeuN corresponding band size. Among the panel of NPSLE-associated autoantibodies (e.g., anti-NR2, anti-P-ribosomal protein, antiphospholipid) investigated by ELISA assay, only the anti-β2-glycoprotein-I (aβ2GPI) IgG was exclusively found in those sera containing brain-reactive autoantibodies. Conclusion In conclusion, SLE and NPSLE patients possess brain-reactive autoantibodies but with higher frequency and titers found in NPSLE patients. Although many target antigens of brain-reactive autoantibodies are still undetermined, they likely include β2GPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cocco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Elias Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Giulia Corda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Angioni
- Rheumatology Unit, University Clinic, AOU Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public health, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Barbara Noli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Mattia Congia
- Rheumatology Unit, University Clinic, AOU Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Loy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Michela Isola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Floris
- Rheumatology Unit, University Clinic, AOU Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public health, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Lorena Lorefice
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Binaghi Hospital, ATS Sardegna, ASSL Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luca Saba
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public health, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
- Radiology Department, University Clinic, AOU Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mathieu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public health, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Ferri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Alberto Cauli
- Rheumatology Unit, University Clinic, AOU Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public health, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Matteo Piga
- Rheumatology Unit, University Clinic, AOU Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public health, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
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13
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Proshchina A, Kharlamova A, Krivova Y, Godovalova O, Otlyga D, Gulimova V, Otlyga E, Junemann O, Sonin G, Saveliev S. Neuromorphological Atlas of Human Prenatal Brain Development: White Paper. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051182. [PMID: 37240827 DOI: 10.3390/life13051182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent morphological data on human brain development are quite fragmentary. However, they are highly requested for a number of medical practices, educational programs, and fundamental research in the fields of embryology, cytology and histology, neurology, physiology, path anatomy, neonatology, and others. This paper provides the initial information on the new online Human Prenatal Brain Development Atlas (HBDA). The Atlas will start with forebrain annotated hemisphere maps, based on human fetal brain serial sections at the different stages of prenatal ontogenesis. Spatiotemporal changes in the regional-specific immunophenotype profiles will also be demonstrated on virtual serial sections. The HBDA can serve as a reference database for the neurological research, which provides opportunity to compare the data obtained by noninvasive techniques, such as neurosonography, X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, 3D high-resolution phase-contrast computed tomography visualization techniques, as well as spatial transcriptomics data. It could also become a database for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of individual variability in the human brain. Systemized data on the mechanisms and pathways of prenatal human glio- and neurogenesis could also contribute to the search for new therapy methods for a large spectrum of neurological pathologies, including neurodegenerative and cancer diseases. The preliminary data are now accessible on the special HBDA website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Proshchina
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsurupi Street, 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Kharlamova
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsurupi Street, 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuliya Krivova
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsurupi Street, 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Godovalova
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsurupi Street, 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Otlyga
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsurupi Street, 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria Gulimova
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsurupi Street, 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Otlyga
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsurupi Street, 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Junemann
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsurupi Street, 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gleb Sonin
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsurupi Street, 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Saveliev
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsurupi Street, 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia
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14
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Kharlamova AS, Godovalova OS, Otlyga EG, Proshchina AE. Primary and secondary olfactory centres in human ontogeny. Neurosci Res 2023; 190:1-16. [PMID: 36521642 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory centres are the evolutionary oldest and most conservative area of the telencephalon. Olfactory deficiencies are involved in a large spectrum of neurologic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. The growing interest in human olfaction has been also been driven by COVID-19-induced transitional anosmia. Nevertheless, recent data on the human olfactory centres concerning normal histology and morphogenesis are rare. Published data in the field are mainly restricted to classic studies with non-uniform nomenclature and varied definitions of certain olfactory areas. While the olfactory system in model animals (rats, mice, and more rarely non-human primates) has been extensively investigated, the developmental timetable of olfactory centres in both human prenatal and postnatal ontogeny are poorly understood and unsystemised, which complicates the process of analysing human material, including medical researches. The main purpose of this review is to provide and discuss relevant morphological data on the normal ontogeny of the human olfactory centres, with a focus on the timetable of maturation and developmental cytoarchitecture, and with special reference to the definitions and terminology of certain olfactory areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Kharlamova
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsyurupy st., 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia.
| | - O S Godovalova
- Moscow Regional Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pokrovka St., 22A, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - E G Otlyga
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsyurupy st., 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - A E Proshchina
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsyurupy st., 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia
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15
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Guan Q, Wang X, Cao D, Li M, Luo Z, Mao X. Calcium Phosphate-Based Nanoformulation Selectively Abolishes Phenytoin Resistance in Epileptic Neurons for Ceasing Seizures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300395. [PMID: 37029709 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Phenytoin (PHT) is a first-line antiepileptic drug in clinics, which could decrease neuronal bioelectric activity by blocking the voltage-operated sodium channels. However, the intrinsically low blood-brain-barrier (BBB)-crossing capability of PHT and upregulated expression level of the efflux transporter p-glycoprotein (P-gp) coded by the gene Abcb1 in epileptic neurons limit its efficacy in vivo. Herein, a nanointegrated strategy to overcome PHT resistance mechanisms for enhanced antiepileptic efficacy is reported. Specifically, PHT is first incorporated into calcium phosphate (CaP) nanoparticles through biomineralization, followed by the surface modification of the PEGylated BBB-penetrating TAT peptide. The CaP@PHT-PEG-TAT nanoformulation could effectively cross the BBB to be taken in by epileptic neurons. Afterward, the acidic lysosomal environment would trigger their complete degradation to release Ca2+ and PHT into the cytosol. Ca2+ ions would inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to reverse cellular hypoxia to block hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (Hif1α)-Abcb1-axis, as well as disrupt adenosine triphosphate generation, leading to simultaneous suppression of the expression and drug efflux capacity of P-gp to enhance PHT retention. This study offers an approach for effective therapeutic intervention against drug-resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Guan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Danfeng Cao
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, China
- The Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, China
| | - Menghuan Li
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Zhong Luo
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Mao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
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16
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Elorriaga V, Pierani A, Causeret F. Cajal-retzius cells: Recent advances in identity and function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 79:102686. [PMID: 36774666 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Cajal-Retzius cells (CRs) are a transient neuronal type of the developing cerebral cortex. Over the years, they have been shown or proposed to play important functions in neocortical and hippocampal morphogenesis, circuit formation, brain evolution and human pathology. Because of their short lifespan, CRs have been pictured as a purely developmental cell type, whose production and active elimination are both required for correct brain development. In this review, we present some of the findings that allow us to better appreciate the identity and diversity of this very special cell type, and propose a unified definition of what should be considered a Cajal-Retzius cell, especially when working with non-mammalian species or organoids. In addition, we highlight a flurry of recent studies pointing to the importance of CRs in the assembly of functional and dysfunctional cortical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Elorriaga
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, F-75014 Paris, France; GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France.
| | - Frédéric Causeret
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, F-75014 Paris, France.
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17
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Piccirilli G, Gabrielli L, Bonasoni MP, Chiereghin A, Turello G, Borgatti EC, Simonazzi G, Felici S, Leone M, Salfi NCM, Santini D, Lazzarotto T. Fetal Brain Damage in Human Fetuses with Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: Histological Features and Viral Tropism. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1385-1399. [PMID: 35933637 PMCID: PMC10006254 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes congenital neurological lifelong disabilities. To date, the neuropathogenesis of brain injury related to congenital HCMV (cCMV) infection is poorly understood. This study evaluates the characteristics and pathogenetic mechanisms of encephalic damage in cCMV infection. Ten HCMV-infected human fetuses at 21 weeks of gestation were examined. Specifically, tissues from different brain areas were analyzed by: (i) immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect HCMV-infected cell distribution, (ii) hematoxylin-eosin staining to evaluate histological damage and (iii) real-time PCR to quantify tissue viral load (HCMV-DNA). The differentiation stage of HCMV-infected neural/neuronal cells was assessed by double IHC to detect simultaneously HCMV-antigens and neural/neuronal markers: nestin (a marker of neural stem/progenitor cells), doublecortin (DCX, marker of cells committed to the neuronal lineage) and neuronal nuclei (NeuN, identifying mature neurons). HCMV-positive cells and viral DNA were found in the brain of 8/10 (80%) fetuses. For these cases, brain damage was classified as mild (n = 4, 50%), moderate (n = 3, 37.5%) and severe (n = 1, 12.5%) based on presence and frequency of pathological findings (necrosis, microglial nodules, microglial activation, astrocytosis, and vascular changes). The highest median HCMV-DNA level was found in the hippocampus (212 copies/5 ng of human DNA [hDNA], range: 10-7,505) as well as the highest mean HCMV-infected cell value (2.9 cells, range: 0-23), followed by that detected in subventricular zone (1.7 cells, range: 0-19). These findings suggested a preferential viral tropism for both neural stem/progenitor cells and neuronal committed cells, residing in these regions, confirmed by the expression of DCX and nestin in 94% and 63.3% of HCMV-positive cells, respectively. NeuN was not found among HCMV-positive cells and was nearly absent in the brain with severe damage, suggesting HCMV does not infect mature neurons and immature neural/neuronal cells do not differentiate into neurons. This could lead to known structural and functional brain defects from cCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Piccirilli
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Liliana Gabrielli
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | - Angela Chiereghin
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriele Turello
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eva Caterina Borgatti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuliana Simonazzi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Felici
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Leone
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Donatella Santini
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tiziana Lazzarotto
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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18
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Bagnoli S, Chiavacci E, Cellerino A, Terzibasi Tozzini E. Localization and Characterization of Major Neurogenic Niches in the Brain of the Lesser-Spotted Dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043650. [PMID: 36835066 PMCID: PMC9967623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is defined as the ability of specialized cells in the postnatal brain to produce new functional neurons and to integrate them into the already-established neuronal network. This phenomenon is common in all vertebrates and has been found to be extremely relevant for numerous processes, such as long-term memory, learning, and anxiety responses, and it has been also found to be involved in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Adult neurogenesis has been studied extensively in many vertebrate models, from fish to human, and observed also in the more basal cartilaginous fish, such as the lesser-spotted dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula, but a detailed description of neurogenic niches in this animal is, to date, limited to the telencephalic areas. With this article, we aim to extend the characterization of the neurogenic niches of S. canicula in other main areas of the brain: we analyzed via double immunofluorescence sections of telencephalon, optic tectum, and cerebellum with markers of proliferation (PCNA) and mitosis (pH3) in conjunction with glial cell (S100β) and stem cell (Msi1) markers, to identify the actively proliferating cells inside the neurogenic niches. We also labeled adult postmitotic neurons (NeuN) to exclude double labeling with actively proliferating cells (PCNA). Lastly, we observed the presence of the autofluorescent aging marker, lipofuscin, contained inside lysosomes in neurogenic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bagnoli
- Biology Laboratory (BIO@SNS), Scuola Normale Superiore, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Chiavacci
- Biology Laboratory (BIO@SNS), Scuola Normale Superiore, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms Department (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cellerino
- Biology Laboratory (BIO@SNS), Scuola Normale Superiore, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Fritz Lipmann Institute for Age Research, Leibniz Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Eva Terzibasi Tozzini
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms Department (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence:
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19
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Wiseman JA, Dragunow M, I-H Park T. Cell Type-Specific Nuclei Markers: The Need for Human Brain Research to Go Nuclear. Neuroscientist 2023; 29:41-61. [PMID: 34459315 DOI: 10.1177/10738584211037351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Identifying and interrogating cell type-specific populations within the heterogeneous milieu of the human brain is paramount to resolving the processes of normal brain homeostasis and the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. While brain cell type-specific markers are well established, most are localized on cellular membranes or within the cytoplasm, with limited literature describing those found in the nucleus. Due to the complex cytoarchitecture of the human brain, immunohistochemical studies require well-defined cell-specific nuclear markers for more precise and efficient quantification of the cellular populations. Furthermore, efficient nuclear markers are required for cell type-specific purification and transcriptomic interrogation of archived human brain tissue through nuclei isolation-based RNA sequencing. To sate the growing demand for robust cell type-specific nuclear markers, we thought it prudent to comprehensively review the current literature to identify and consolidate a novel series of robust cell type-specific nuclear markers that can assist researchers across a range of neuroscientific disciplines. The following review article collates and discusses several key and prospective cell type-specific nuclei markers for each of the major human brain cell types; it then concludes by discussing the potential applications of cell type-specific nuclear workflows and the power of nuclear-based neuroscientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Wiseman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Neurosurgical Research Unit, The Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Hugh Green Biobank, The Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas I-H Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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20
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Mohr MA, Michael NS, DonCarlos LL, Sisk CL. Sex differences in proliferation and attrition of pubertally born cells in the rat posterior dorsal medial amygdala. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 57:101141. [PMID: 35933923 PMCID: PMC9357828 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The rodent posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) evaluates and assigns valence to social sensory stimuli. The perception of social stimuli evolves during puberty, when the focus of social interactions shifts from kin to peers. Using the cell birthdate marker bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU), we previously discovered that more pubertally born cells are added to the rat MePD in males than females. Here we addressed several questions that remained unanswered by our previous work. First, to determine whether there are sex differences in cell proliferation within the MePD, we examined BrdU-immunoreactive (-ir) cells at 2 and 4 h following BrdU administration on postnatal day 30 (P30). The density of BrdU-ir cells was greater in males than in females, indicating greater proliferation in males. Proliferation was substantiated by double-label immunohistochemistry showing that MePD BrdU-ir cells colocalize proliferating cell nuclear antigen, but not the cell death marker Caspase3. We next studied longer time points (2-21 days) following BrdU administration on P30 and found that the rate of cell attrition is higher in males. Finally, triple-label immunohistochemistry of P30-born MePD cells revealed that some of these cells differentiate into neurons or astrocytes within three weeks of cell birth, with no discernable sex differences. The demonstration of pubertal neuro- and glio-genesis in the MePD of male and female rats adds a new dimension to developmental plasticity of the MePD that may contribute to pubertal changes in the perception of social stimuli in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Mohr
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Lydia L DonCarlos
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Cheryl L Sisk
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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21
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The Cell Autonomous and Non-Cell Autonomous Aspects of Neuronal Vulnerability and Resilience in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081191. [PMID: 36009818 PMCID: PMC9405388 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease characterized by a progressive paralysis due to the loss of particular neurons in our nervous system called motor neurons, that exert voluntary control of all our skeletal muscles. It is not entirely understood why motor neurons are particularly vulnerable in ALS, neither is it completely clear why certain groups of motor neurons, including those that regulate eye movement, are rather resilient to this disease. However, both vulnerability and resilience to ALS likely reflect cell intrinsic properties of different motor neuron subpopulations as well as non-cell autonomous events regulated by surrounding cell types. In this review we dissect the particular properties of different motor neuron types and their responses to disease that may underlie their respective vulnerabilities and resilience. Disease progression in ALS involves multiple cell types that are closely connected to motor neurons and we here also discuss their contributions to the differential vulnerability of motor neurons. Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is defined by the loss of upper motor neurons (MNs) that project from the cerebral cortex to the brain stem and spinal cord and of lower MNs in the brain stem and spinal cord which innervate skeletal muscles, leading to spasticity, muscle atrophy, and paralysis. ALS involves several disease stages, and multiple cell types show dysfunction and play important roles during distinct phases of disease initiation and progression, subsequently leading to selective MN loss. Why MNs are particularly vulnerable in this lethal disease is still not entirely clear. Neither is it fully understood why certain MNs are more resilient to degeneration in ALS than others. Brain stem MNs of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI, which innervate our eye muscles, are highly resistant and persist until the end-stage of the disease, enabling paralyzed patients to communicate through ocular tracking devices. MNs of the Onuf’s nucleus in the sacral spinal cord, that innervate sphincter muscles and control urogenital functions, are also spared throughout the disease. There is also a differential vulnerability among MNs that are intermingled throughout the spinal cord, that directly relate to their physiological properties. Here, fast-twitch fatigable (FF) MNs, which innervate type IIb muscle fibers, are affected early, before onset of clinical symptoms, while slow-twitch (S) MNs, that innervate type I muscle fibers, remain longer throughout the disease progression. The resilience of particular MN subpopulations has been attributed to intrinsic determinants and multiple studies have demonstrated their unique gene regulation and protein content in health and in response to disease. Identified factors within resilient MNs have been utilized to protect more vulnerable cells. Selective vulnerability may also, in part, be driven by non-cell autonomous processes and the unique surroundings and constantly changing environment close to particular MN groups. In this article, we review in detail the cell intrinsic properties of resilient and vulnerable MN groups, as well as multiple additional cell types involved in disease initiation and progression and explain how these may contribute to the selective MN resilience and vulnerability in ALS.
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22
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Henneman P, Mul AN, Li Yim AY, Krzyzewska IM, Alders M, Adelia A, Mizee MR, Mannens MM. Prenatal NeuN+ neurons of Down syndrome display aberrant integrative DNA methylation and gene expression profiles. Epigenomics 2022; 14:375-390. [PMID: 35232286 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To detect expression quantitative trait methylation (eQTM) loci within the cerebrum of prenatal Down syndrome (DS) and controls. Material & methods: DNA methylation gene expression profiles were acquired from NeuN+ nuclei, obtained from cerebrum sections of DS and controls. Linear regression models were applied to both datasets and were subsequently applied in an integrative analysis model to detect DS-associated eQTM loci. Results & conclusion: Widespread aberrant DNA methylation and gene expression were observed in DS. A substantial number of differentially methylated loci were replicated according to a previously reported study. Subsequent integrative analyses (eQTM) yielded numerous associated DS loci. the authors associated DNA methylation, gene expression and eQTM loci with DS that may underlie particular DS phenotypical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Henneman
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, AZ, 1105, The Netherlands
| | - Adri N Mul
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, AZ, 1105, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Yf Li Yim
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, AZ, 1105, The Netherlands
| | - Izabela M Krzyzewska
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, AZ, 1105, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle Alders
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, AZ, 1105, The Netherlands
| | - Adelia Adelia
- Neuroimmunology Research Group & Netherlands Brain Bank, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, AZ, 1105, The Netherlands
| | - Mark R Mizee
- Neuroimmunology Research Group & Netherlands Brain Bank, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, AZ, 1105, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel M Mannens
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, AZ, 1105, The Netherlands
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23
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Sóki N, Richter Z, Karádi K, Lőrincz K, Horváth R, Gyimesi C, Szekeres-Paraczky C, Horváth Z, Janszky J, Dóczi T, Seress L, Ábrahám H. Investigation of synapses in the cortical white matter in human temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res 2022; 1779:147787. [PMID: 35041843 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most common focal pharmacotherapy-resistant epilepsy in adults. Previous studies have shown significantly higher numbers of neurons in the neocortical white matter in TLE patients than in controls. The aim of this work was to investigate whether white matter neurons are part of the neuronal circuitry. Therefore, we studied the distribution and density of synapses in surgically resected neocortical tissue of pharmacotherapy-resistant TLE patients. Neocortical white matter of temporal lobe from non-epileptic patients were used as controls. Synapses and neurons were visualized with immunohistochemistry using antibodies against synaptophysin and NeuN, respectively. The presence of synaptophysin in presynaptic terminals was verified by electron microscopy. Quantification of immunostaining was performed and the data of the patients' cognitive tests as well as clinical records were compared to the density of neurons and synapses. Synaptophysin density in the white matter of TLE patients was significantly higher than in controls. In TLE, a significant correlation was found between synaptophysin immunodensity and density of white matter neurons. Neuronal as well as synaptophysin density significantly correlated with scores of verbal memory of TLE patients. Neurosurgical outcome of TLE patients did not significantly correlate with histological data, although, higher neuronal and synaptophysin densities were observed in patients with favorable post-surgical outcome. Our results suggest that white matter neurons in TLE patients receive substantial synaptic input and indicate that white matter neurons may be integrated in epileptic neuronal networks responsible for the development or maintenance of seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Sóki
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscopic Laboratory, University of Pécs Medical School Szigeti u. 12. Pécs, 7643, Hungary; Neuromorphology and Cellular Neurobiology Research Group, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Ifjúság u. 20. Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Richter
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscopic Laboratory, University of Pécs Medical School Szigeti u. 12. Pécs, 7643, Hungary
| | - Kázmér Karádi
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Pécs Medical School Szigeti u. 12. Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Katalin Lőrincz
- Department of Neurology, University of Pécs Medical School Rét u. 2. Pécs, 7623, Hungary
| | - Réka Horváth
- Department of Neurology, University of Pécs Medical School Rét u. 2. Pécs, 7623, Hungary
| | - Csilla Gyimesi
- Department of Neurology, University of Pécs Medical School Rét u. 2. Pécs, 7623, Hungary
| | - Cecília Szekeres-Paraczky
- Human Brain Research Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine, ELKH Szigony u. 43. Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Horváth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pécs Medical School Rét u. 2. Pécs, 7623, Hungary
| | - József Janszky
- Department of Neurology, University of Pécs Medical School Rét u. 2. Pécs, 7623, Hungary; MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Ifjúság u 20. Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Tamás Dóczi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pécs Medical School Rét u. 2. Pécs, 7623, Hungary; MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Ifjúság u 20. Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - László Seress
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscopic Laboratory, University of Pécs Medical School Szigeti u. 12. Pécs, 7643, Hungary; Neuromorphology and Cellular Neurobiology Research Group, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Ifjúság u. 20. Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Ábrahám
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscopic Laboratory, University of Pécs Medical School Szigeti u. 12. Pécs, 7643, Hungary; Neuromorphology and Cellular Neurobiology Research Group, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Ifjúság u. 20. Pécs, 7624, Hungary.
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24
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Zummo F, Esposito P, Hou H, Wetzl C, Rius G, Tkatchenko R, Guimera A, Godignon P, Prato M, Prats-Alfonso E, Criado A, Scaini D. Bidirectional Modulation of Neuronal Cells Electrical and Mechanical Properties Through Pristine and Functionalized Graphene Substrates. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:811348. [PMID: 35087375 PMCID: PMC8788235 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.811348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the quest for surface modifications to promote neuronal cell interfacing and modulation has risen. This course is justified by the requirements of emerging technological and medical approaches attempting to effectively interact with central nervous system cells, as in the case of brain-machine interfaces or neuroprosthetic. In that regard, the remarkable cytocompatibility and ease of chemical functionalization characterizing surface-immobilized graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) make them increasingly appealing for these purposes. Here, we compared the (morpho)mechanical and functional adaptation of rat primary hippocampal neurons when interfaced with surfaces covered with pristine single-layer graphene (pSLG) and phenylacetic acid-functionalized single-layer graphene (fSLG). Our results confirmed the intrinsic ability of glass-supported single-layer graphene to boost neuronal activity highlighting, conversely, the downturn inducible by the surface insertion of phenylacetic acid moieties. fSLG-interfaced neurons showed a significant reduction in spontaneous postsynaptic currents (PSCs), coupled to reduced cell stiffness and altered focal adhesion organization compared to control samples. Overall, we have here demonstrated that graphene substrates, both pristine and functionalized, could be alternatively used to intrinsically promote or depress neuronal activity in primary hippocampal cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zummo
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Pietro Esposito
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Huilei Hou
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Cecilia Wetzl
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Gemma Rius
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Raphaela Tkatchenko
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anton Guimera
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Philippe Godignon
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, Spain
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Elisabet Prats-Alfonso
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Elisabet Prats-Alfonso,
| | - Alejandro Criado
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
- Alejandro Criado,
| | - Denis Scaini
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Denis Scaini,
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25
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Wilkerson JL, Alberti LB, Thakur GA, Makriyannis A, Milligan ED. Peripherally administered cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB 2R) agonists lose anti-allodynic effects in TRPV1 knockout mice, while intrathecal administration leads to anti-allodynia and reduced GFAP, CCL2 and TRPV1 expression in the dorsal spinal cord and DRG. Brain Res 2022; 1774:147721. [PMID: 34774500 PMCID: PMC10763621 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of cation channels, of which the TRP vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor plays a critical role in inflammatory and neuropathic pain, is expressed on nociceptors and spinal cord dorsal horn neurons. TRPV1 is also expressed on spinal astrocytes and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) satellite cells. Agonists of the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R) suppress allodynia, with some that can bind TRPV1. The neuroimmune C-C class chemokine-2 (CCL2) expressed on injured DRG nociceptor cell bodies, Schwann cells and spinal astrocytes, stimulates immune cell accumulation in DRG and spinal cord, a known critical element in chronic allodynia. The current report examined whether two CB2R agonists, AM1710 and AM1241, previously shown to reverse light touch mechanical allodynia in rodent models of sciatic neuropathy, require TRPV1 activation that leads to receptor insensitivity resulting in reversal of allodynia. Global TRPV1 knockout (KO) mice with sciatic neuropathy given intrathecal or intraperitoneal AM1710 were examined for anti-allodynia followed by immunofluorescent microscopy analysis of lumbar spinal cord and DRG of astrocyte and CCL2 markers. Additionally, immunofluorescent analysis following intrathecal AM1710 and AM1241 in rat was performed. Data reveal that intrathecal AM1710 resulted in mouse anti-allodynia, reduced spinal astrocyte activation and CCL2 expression independent of TRPV1 gene deletion. Conversely, peripheral AM1710 in TRPV1-KO mice failed to reverse allodynia. In rat, intrathecal AM1710 and AM1241 reduced spinal and DRG TRPV1 expression, with CCL2-astrocyte and -microglial co-expression. These data support that CB2R agonists can impact spinal and DRG TRPV1 expression critical for anti-allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lauren B Alberti
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ganesh A Thakur
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Erin D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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26
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Wang SY, Cheng YY, Guo HR, Tseng YC. Air Pollution during Pregnancy and Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorder in Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189784. [PMID: 34574710 PMCID: PMC8467611 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Air pollutants have been linked to some diseases in humans, but their effects on the nervous system were less frequently evaluated. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurondevelopmental disorders of which the etiology is still unknown. We conducted a study in Taiwan to evaluate the possible associations between prenatal exposure to air pollutants and ASD. From a random sample of one million people in the National Insurance Research Database, we identified all the infants born between 1996 and 2000. We followed them till the end of 2013 and identified cases of ASD. We traced back the mothers’ residence and assessed the exposure to air pollutants using the data obtained from the air quality monitoring database maintained by the government, which included ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matters with diameter less than 10 µm (PM10). Cox proportional hazard models were constructed to evaluate the associations between childhood ASD and exposures to the pollutants in the three trimesters and the whole gestation. We identified a total of 63,376 newborns and included 62,919 as the study cohort. After adjusting for other risk factors, we observed trimester-specific associations between levels of CO, NO2, and PM10 and the risk of childhood ASD. An increase of 1 ppm of CO in the first, second, and third trimester was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.93 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.55–2.39), 1.77 (95%CI: 1.41–2.22), and 1.75 (95%CI: 1.39–2.21), respectively. An increase of 10 ppb in the level of NO2 in the first, second, and third trimester was associated with an HR of 1.39 (95%CI: 1.22–1.58), 1.25 (95%CI: 1.10–1.42), and 1.18 (95%CI: 1.03–1.34), respectively. In conclusion, we found that exposures to CO and NO2 in all three trimesters were associated with increased risks of developing ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yuan Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medical, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (S.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.C.); (H.-R.G.)
| | - Ya-Yun Cheng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medical, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (S.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.C.); (H.-R.G.)
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - How-Ran Guo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medical, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (S.-Y.W.); (Y.-Y.C.); (H.-R.G.)
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Cheng Tseng
- Department of Tourism, Food, and Beverage Management, College of Management, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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27
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Sun X, Li L, Wu B, Ge J, Zheng Y, Yu T, Zhou L, Zhang T, Yang A, Liu Z. Cell type diversity in scallop adductor muscles revealed by single-cell RNA-Seq. Genomics 2021; 113:3582-3598. [PMID: 34425225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies on cell atlas in marine invertebrates provide a better understanding of cell types, stem cell maintenance, and lineages of cell differentiation. To investigate the molecular features of various cell types in molluscan muscles, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to map cell types in scallop adductor muscles. We uncovered the cell type-specific features of 20 cell clusters defined by the expression of multiple specific molecular markers. These cell clusters are mainly classified into four broad classes, including mesenchymal stem cells, muscle cells, neurons, and haemolymph cells. In particular, we identified a diverse repertoire of neurons in the striated adductor muscle, but not in the smooth muscle. We further reconstructed the cell differentiation events using all the cell clusters by single-cell pseudotemporal trajectories. By integrating dual BrdU-PCNA immunodetection, neuron-specific staining and electron microscopy observation, we showed the spatial distribution of mesenchymal stem cells and neurons in striated adductor muscle of scallops. The present findings will not only be useful to address the cell type-specific gene expression profiles in scallop muscles, but also provide valuable resources for cross-species comparison of marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Sun
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Li Li
- Marine Biology Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266104, China
| | - Biao Wu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianlong Ge
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yanxin Zheng
- Changdao Enhancement and Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Yantai 265800, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Changdao Enhancement and Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Yantai 265800, China
| | - Liqing Zhou
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tianshi Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China.
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Yamaguchi K. Development of the human hypoglossal nucleus from mid-gestation to the perinatal period: A morphological study. Neurosci Lett 2021; 762:136154. [PMID: 34358626 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human hypoglossal nucleus (nXII) was morphologically examined from mid-gestation to the perinatal period. MATERIALS/METHODS Serial brain sections from 6 preterm and 4 perinatal infants aged 21-43 postmenstrual weeks (PW) were stained with the Klüver-Barrera method. Following microscopic observation, morphometric parameters (volume, neuronal number, and neuronal profile area [PA]) were analysed. RESULTS Two types of neurons, motor and non-motor neurons, were observed at 21 PW. The motor neurons were distributed into clusters, which were not completely separated. The non-motor neurons were dispersed among the motor neurons. Myelination of the hypoglossal nerve roots was noted at 21 PW, when degenerated neurons were sporadically encountered. To a lesser extent, they were seen until 35 PW. The nXII volume increased exponentially with age. Conversely, the neuronal numerical density decreased exponentially, while the total number remained relatively stable. The neuronal PA increased gradually, with a greater rate of increase measured in the caudal part. CONCLUSIONS In the human nXII, motor and non-motor neurons are distinguishable from mid-gestation. Then, while the nXII expands exponentially in volume, the two types of neurons change in number and PA almost in parallel during the second half of gestation. Natural neuronal death may also occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan.
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Zhang Y, Warden AR, Ahmad KZ, Liu Y, He X, Zheng M, Huo X, Zhi X, Ke Y, Li H, Yan S, Su W, Cai D, Ding X. Single-Cell Microwell Platform Reveals Circulating Neural Cells as a Clinical Indicator for Patients with Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown. RESEARCH 2021; 2021:9873545. [PMID: 34327332 PMCID: PMC8285994 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9873545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system diseases commonly occur with the destruction of the blood-brain barrier. As a primary cause of morbidity and mortality, stroke remains unpredictable and lacks cellular biomarkers that accurately quantify its occurrence and development. Here, we identify NeuN+/CD45−/DAPI+ phenotype nonblood cells in the peripheral blood of mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and stroke patients. Since NeuN is a specific marker of neural cells, we term these newly identified cells as circulating neural cells (CNCs). We find that the enumeration of CNCs in the blood is significantly associated with the severity of brain damage in MCAO mice (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the number of CNCs is significantly higher in stroke patients than in negative subjects (p < 0.0001). These findings suggest that the amount of CNCs in circulation may serve as a clinical indicator for the real-time prognosis and progression monitor of the occurrence and development of ischemic stroke and other nervous system disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Antony R Warden
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Khan Zara Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yanlei Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xijun He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wenling Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Chuan'an Nan Road, Chengxi Subdistrict, Wenling, 317500 Zhejiang, China
| | - Minqiao Zheng
- Central Laboratory, Wenling Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Chuan'an Nan Road, Chengxi Subdistrict, Wenling, 317500 Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinlong Huo
- Department of Neurology, Wenling Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Chuan'an Nan Road, Chengxi Subdistrict, Wenling, 317500 Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yuqing Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Sijia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wenqiong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Deng Cai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xianting Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
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Immunostaining for NeuN Does Not Show all Mature and Healthy Neurons in the Human and Pig Brain: Focus on the Hippocampus. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 29:e46-e56. [PMID: 33710124 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal nuclei (NeuN) is a neuron-specific nuclear protein, reported to be stably expressed in most postmitotic neurons of the vertebrate nervous system. Reduced staining has been interpreted by some to indicate loss of cell viability in human studies, while others suggest this may be because of changes in the antigenicity of the target epitope. Preliminary studies in our laboratory found low immunostaining for the NeuN antibody on formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) human brain tissue. We report on the techniques and results used to enhance the staining for NeuN in that tissue. In parallel, we stained NeuN in piglet brain tissue, sourced from an experimental model where methodological parameters, including those for tissue fixation and storage, were tightly controlled. In human FFPE brain tissue, we were unable to enhance NeuN immunostaining to a degree sufficient for cell counting. In contrast, we found consistently high levels of staining in the piglet brain tissue. We conclude that processes used for fixation and storage of human FFPE brain tissue are responsible for the reduced staining. These results emphasize that a cautionary approach should be taken when interpreting NeuN staining outcomes in human FFPE brain tissue.
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Alkaslasi MR, Piccus ZE, Hareendran S, Silberberg H, Chen L, Zhang Y, Petros TJ, Le Pichon CE. Single nucleus RNA-sequencing defines unexpected diversity of cholinergic neuron types in the adult mouse spinal cord. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2471. [PMID: 33931636 PMCID: PMC8087807 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22691-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, motor control relies on cholinergic neurons in the spinal cord that have been extensively studied over the past hundred years, yet the full heterogeneity of these neurons and their different functional roles in the adult remain to be defined. Here, we develop a targeted single nuclear RNA sequencing approach and use it to identify an array of cholinergic interneurons, visceral and skeletal motor neurons. Our data expose markers for distinguishing these classes of cholinergic neurons and their rich diversity. Specifically, visceral motor neurons, which provide autonomic control, can be divided into more than a dozen transcriptomic classes with anatomically restricted localization along the spinal cord. The complexity of the skeletal motor neurons is also reflected in our analysis with alpha, gamma, and a third subtype, possibly corresponding to the elusive beta motor neurons, clearly distinguished. In combination, our data provide a comprehensive transcriptomic description of this important population of neurons that control many aspects of physiology and movement and encompass the cellular substrates for debilitating degenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mor R Alkaslasi
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Zoe E Piccus
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sangeetha Hareendran
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hanna Silberberg
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy J Petros
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claire E Le Pichon
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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32
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Endothelin-1 mediated vasoconstriction leads to memory impairment and synaptic dysfunction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4868. [PMID: 33649479 PMCID: PMC7921549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular lesions seen as white matter hyperintensity in MRI of elderly population caused due to micro-infracts and micro-bleeds contributes to vascular dementia. Such vascular insult caused by impairment in blood flow to specific area in brain involving small vessels can gradually worsen the pathology leading to cognitive deficits. In the present study we developed a transient model of vaso-constriction to study the impact of such pathology by bilateral injection of ET-1 (Endothelin-1; a 21 amino acid vasoconstricting peptide) into lateral ventricles of C57 mice. The impediment in cerebral blood flow decreased CD31 expression in endothelial cells lining the blood vessels around the hippocampal region, leading to memory deficits after 7 days. Activity dependent protein translation, critical for synaptic plasticity was absent in synaptoneurosomes prepared from hippocampal tissue. Further, Akt1- mTOR signaling cascade was downregulated indicating the possible cause for loss of activity dependent protein translation. However, these effects were reversed after 30 days indicating the ephemeral nature of deficits following a single vascular insult. Present study demonstrates that vasoconstriction leading to memory deficit and decline in activity dependent protein translation in hippocampus as a potential molecular mechanism impacting synaptic plasticity.
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Price AJ, Jaffe AE, Weinberger DR. Cortical cellular diversity and development in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:203-217. [PMID: 32404946 PMCID: PMC7666011 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While a definitive understanding of schizophrenia etiology is far from current reality, an increasing body of evidence implicates perturbations in early development that alter the trajectory of brain maturation in this disorder, leading to abnormal function in early childhood and adulthood. This atypical development likely arises from an interaction of many brain cell types that follow distinct developmental paths. Because both cellular identity and development are governed by the transcriptome and epigenome, two levels of gene regulation that have the potential to reflect both genetic and environmental influences, mapping "omic" changes over development in diverse cells is a fruitful avenue for schizophrenia research. In this review, we provide a survey of human brain cellular composition and development, levels of genomic regulation that determine cellular identity and developmental trajectories, and what is known about how genomic regulation is dysregulated in specific cell types in schizophrenia. We also outline technical challenges and solutions to conducting cell type-specific functional genomic studies in human postmortem brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Price
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD,McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrew E. Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD,McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD,Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD,McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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34
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Shi X, Lim Y, Myers AK, Stallings BL, Mccoy A, Zeiger J, Scheck J, Cho G, Marsh ED, Mirzaa GM, Tao T, Golden JA. PIK3R2/Pik3r2 Activating Mutations Result in Brain Overgrowth and EEG Changes. Ann Neurol 2020; 88:1077-1094. [PMID: 32856318 PMCID: PMC8176885 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mutations in phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) complex have been associated with a broad spectrum of brain and organ overgrowth syndromes. For example, mutations in phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 (PIK3R2) have been identified in human patients with megalencephaly polymicrogyria polydactyly hydrocephalus (MPPH) syndrome, which includes brain overgrowth. To better understand the pathogenesis of PIK3R2-related mutations, we have developed and characterized a murine model. METHODS We generated a knock-in mouse model for the most common human PIK3R2 mutation, p.G373R (p.G367R in mice) using CRISPR/Cas9. The mouse phenotypes, including brain size, seizure activity, cortical lamination, cell proliferation/size/density, interneuron migration, and PI3K pathway activation, were analyzed using standard methodologies. For human patients with PIK3R2 mutations, clinical data (occipitofrontal circumference [OFC] and epilepsy) were retrospectively obtained from our clinical records (published / unpublished). RESULTS The PI3K-AKT pathway was hyperactivated in these mice, confirming the p.G367R mutation is an activating mutation in vivo. Similar to human patients with PIK3R2 mutations, these mice have enlarged brains. We found cell size to be increased but not cell numbers. The embryonic brain showed mild defects in cortical lamination, although not observed in the mature brain. Furthermore, electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings from mutant mice showed background slowing and rare seizures, again similar to our observations in human patients. INTERPRETATION We have generated a PIK3R2 mouse model that exhibits megalencephaly and EEG changes, both of which overlap with human patients. Our data provide novel insight into the pathogenesis of the human disease caused by PIK3R2 p.G373R mutation. We anticipate this model will be valuable in testing therapeutic options for human patients with MPPH. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:1077-1094.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Youngshin Lim
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abigail K. Myers
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brenna L. Stallings
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Almedia Mccoy
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jordan Zeiger
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Joshua Scheck
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Ginam Cho
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric D. Marsh
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ghayda M. Mirzaa
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tao Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Jeffrey A. Golden
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Weinstock NI, Kreher C, Favret J, Nguyen D, Bongarzone ER, Wrabetz L, Feltri ML, Shin D. Brainstem development requires galactosylceramidase and is critical for pathogenesis in a model of Krabbe disease. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5356. [PMID: 33097716 PMCID: PMC7584660 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is caused by a deficiency of galactosylceramidase (GALC), which induces demyelination and neurodegeneration due to accumulation of cytotoxic psychosine. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) improves clinical outcomes in KD patients only if delivered pre-symptomatically. Here, we hypothesize that the restricted temporal efficacy of HSCT reflects a requirement for GALC in early brain development. Using a novel Galc floxed allele, we induce ubiquitous GALC ablation (Galc-iKO) at various postnatal timepoints and identify a critical period of vulnerability to GALC ablation between P4-6 in mice. Early Galc-iKO induction causes a worse KD phenotype, higher psychosine levels in the rodent brainstem and spinal cord, and a significantly shorter life-span of the mice. Intriguingly, GALC expression peaks during this critical developmental period in mice. Further analysis of this mouse model reveals a cell autonomous role for GALC in the development and maturation of immature T-box-brain-1 positive brainstem neurons. These data identify a perinatal developmental period, in which neuronal GALC expression influences brainstem development that is critical for KD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav I Weinstock
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Conlan Kreher
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Jacob Favret
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Duc Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Daesung Shin
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
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Wang H, Matsushita MT, Zhang L, Abel GM, Mommer BC, Huddy TF, Storm DR, Xia Z. Inducible and Conditional Stimulation of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis Rescues Cadmium-Induced Impairments of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Hippocampus-Dependent Memory in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2020; 177:263-280. [PMID: 32617577 PMCID: PMC7553705 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal and an environmental pollutant. However, the full spectrum of its neurotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Our previous studies demonstrated that Cd exposure impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampus-dependent memory in mice. This study aims to determine if these adverse effects of Cd exposure can be mitigated by genetically and conditionally enhancing adult neurogenesis. To address this issue, we utilized the transgenic constitutive active MEK5 (caMEK5) mouse strain we previously developed and characterized. This mouse strain enables us to genetically and conditionally activate adult neurogenesis by administering tamoxifen to induce expression of a caMEK5 in adult neural stem/progenitor cells, which stimulates adult neurogenesis through activation of the endogenous extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The caMEK5 mice were exposed to 0.6 mg/l Cd through drinking water for 38 weeks. Once impairment of memory was confirmed, tamoxifen was administered to induce caMEK5 expression and to activate adult neurogenesis. Behavior tests were conducted at various time points to monitor hippocampus-dependent memory. Upon completion of the behavior tests, brain tissues were collected for cellular studies of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. We report here that Cd impaired hippocampus-dependent spatial memory and contextual fear memory in mice. These deficits were rescued by the tamoxifen induction of caMEK5 expression. Furthermore, Cd inhibition of adult hippocampal neurogenesis was also reversed. This rescue experiment provides strong evidence for a direct link between Cd-induced impairments of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampus-dependent memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
| | - Megumi T Matsushita
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
| | - Liang Zhang
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
| | - Glen M Abel
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
| | - Brett C Mommer
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
| | | | - Daniel R Storm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Zhengui Xia
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
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Xiao L, Wei F, Zhou Y, Anderson GJ, Frazer DM, Lim YC, Liu T, Xiao Y. Dihydrolipoic Acid-Gold Nanoclusters Regulate Microglial Polarization and Have the Potential To Alter Neurogenesis. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:478-495. [PMID: 31789044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is one of the most significant features in a variety of central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, and many neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia become polarized upon stimulation. The two extremes of the polarization are the neuron-destructive proinflammatory M1-like and the neuron-regenerative M2-like phenotypes. Thus, manipulating microglial polarization toward the M2 phenotype is a promising therapeutic approach for CNS repair and regeneration. It has been reported that nanoparticles are potential tools for regulating microglial polarization. Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) could penetrate the blood-brain barrier and have neuroprotective effects, suggesting the possibility of utilizing AuNCs to regulate microglial polarization and improve neuronal regeneration in CNS. In the current study, AuNCs functionalized with dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA-AuNCs), an antioxidant with demonstrated neuroprotective roles, were prepared, and their effects on polarization of a microglial cell line (BV2) were examined. DHLA-AuNCs effectively suppressed proinflammatory processes in BV2 cells by inducing polarization toward the M2-like phenotype. This was associated with a decrease in reactive oxygen species and reduced NF-kB signaling and an improvement in cell survival coupled with enhanced autophagy and inhibited apoptosis. Conditioned medium from DHLA-AuNC-treated BV2 cells was able to enhance neurogenesis in both the neuronal cell line N2a and in an ex vivo brain slice stroke model. The direct treatment of brain slices with DHLA-AuNCs also ameliorated stroke-related tissue injury and reduced astrocyte activation (astrogliosis). This study suggests that by regulating neuroinflammation to improve neuronal regeneration, DHLA-AuNCs could be a potential therapeutic agent in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , 60 Musk Avenue , Kelvin Grove, Brisbane , QLD 4059 , Australia
| | - Fei Wei
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , 60 Musk Avenue , Kelvin Grove, Brisbane , QLD 4059 , Australia
| | - Yinghong Zhou
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , 60 Musk Avenue , Kelvin Grove, Brisbane , QLD 4059 , Australia
- The Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM) , https://research.qut.edu.au/accterm/
| | - Gregory J Anderson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , 300 Herston Road , Brisbane , QLD 4006 , Australia
| | - David M Frazer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , 300 Herston Road , Brisbane , QLD 4006 , Australia
| | - Yi Chieh Lim
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , 300 Herston Road , Brisbane , QLD 4006 , Australia
| | - Tianqing Liu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , 300 Herston Road , Brisbane , QLD 4006 , Australia
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , 60 Musk Avenue , Kelvin Grove, Brisbane , QLD 4059 , Australia
- The Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM) , https://research.qut.edu.au/accterm/
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Saito K, Koike T, Kawashima F, Kurata H, Shibuya T, Satoh T, Hata Y, Yamada H, Mori T. Identification of NeuN immunopositive cells in the adult mouse subventricular zone. J Comp Neurol 2019; 526:1927-1942. [PMID: 29752725 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the adult rodent subventricular zone (SVZ), there are neural stem cells (NSCs) and the specialized neurogenic niche is critical to maintain their stemness. To date, many cellular and noncellular factors that compose the neurogenic niche and markers to identify subpopulations of Type A cells have been confirmed. In particular, neurotransmitters regulate adult neurogenesis and mature neurons in the SVZ have been only partially analyzed. Moreover, Type A cells, descendants of NSCs, are highly heterogeneous and more molecular markers are still needed to identify them. In the present study, we systematically classified NeuN, commonly used as a marker of mature and immature post-mitotic neurons, immunopositive (+) cells within the adult mouse SVZ. These SVZ-NeuN+ cells (SVZ-Ns) were mainly classified into two types. One was mature SVZ-Ns (M-SVZ-Ns). Neurochemical properties of M-SVZ-Ns were similar to those of striatal neurons, but their birth date and morphology were different. M-SVZ-Ns were generated during embryonic and early postnatal stages with bipolar peaks and extended their processes along the wall of the lateral ventricle. The second type was small SVZ-Ns (S-SVZ-Ns) with features of Type A cells. They expressed not only markers of Type A cells, but also proliferated and migrated from the SVZ to the olfactory bulb. Furthermore, S-SVZ-Ns could be classified into two types by their spatial locations and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 expression. Our data indicate that M-SVZ-Ns are a new component of the neurogenic niche and S-SVZ-Ns are newly identified subpopulations of Type A cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Saito
- Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Taro Koike
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Kawashima
- Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kurata
- Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan.,Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Taku Shibuya
- Division of Integrative Bioscience, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Yonago, Japan
| | - Takemasa Satoh
- Division of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University Yonago, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hata
- Division of Integrative Bioscience, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Yonago, Japan.,Division of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University Yonago, Japan
| | - Hisao Yamada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Mori
- Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
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39
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Tapia-González S, Insausti R, DeFelipe J. Differential expression of secretagogin immunostaining in the hippocampal formation and the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices of humans, rats, and mice. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:523-541. [PMID: 31512254 PMCID: PMC6972606 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Secretagogin (SCGN) is a recently discovered calcium-binding protein belonging to the group of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins. SCGN immunostaining has been described in various regions of the human, rat and mouse brain. In these studies, it has been reported that, in general, the patterns of SCGN staining differ between rodents and human brains. These differences have been interpreted as uncovering phylogenetic differences in SCGN expression. Nevertheless, an important aspect that is not usually taken into account is that different methods are used for obtaining and processing brain tissue coming from humans and experimental animals. This is a critical issue since it has been shown that post-mortem time delay and the method of fixation (i.e., perfused vs. nonperfused brains) may influence the results of the immunostaining. Thus, it is not clear whether differences found in comparative studies with the human brain are simply due to technical factors or species-specific differences. In the present study, we analyzed the pattern of SCGN immunostaining in the adult human hippocampal formation (DG, CA1, CA2, CA3, subiculum, presubiculum, and parasubiculum) as well as in the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices. This pattern of immunostaining was compared with rat and mouse that were fixed either by perfusion or immersion and with different post-mortem time delays (up to 5 hr) to mimic the way the human brain tissue is usually processed. We found a number of clear similarities and differences in the pattern of labeling among the human, rat, and mouse in these brain regions as well as between the different brain regions examined within each species. These differences were not due to the fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tapia-González
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Insausti
- Laboratorio de Neuroanatomía Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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40
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Saini S, Kaur C, Pal I, Kumar P, Jacob TG, Thakar A, Roy KK, Roy TS. Morphological development of the human cochlear nucleus. Hear Res 2019; 382:107784. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.107784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Mendizabal I, Berto S, Usui N, Toriumi K, Chatterjee P, Douglas C, Huh I, Jeong H, Layman T, Tamminga CA, Preuss TM, Konopka G, Yi SV. Cell type-specific epigenetic links to schizophrenia risk in the brain. Genome Biol 2019; 20:135. [PMID: 31288836 PMCID: PMC6617737 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of cell type-specific epigenetic variation of non-coding regions in neuropsychiatric disorders is increasingly appreciated, yet data from disease brains are conspicuously lacking. We generate cell type-specific whole-genome methylomes (N = 95) and transcriptomes (N = 89) from neurons and oligodendrocytes obtained from brain tissue of patients with schizophrenia and matched controls. RESULTS The methylomes of the two cell types are highly distinct, with the majority of differential DNA methylation occurring in non-coding regions. DNA methylation differences between cases and controls are subtle compared to cell type differences, yet robust against permuted data and validated in targeted deep-sequencing analyses. Differential DNA methylation between control and schizophrenia tends to occur in cell type differentially methylated sites, highlighting the significance of cell type-specific epigenetic dysregulation in a complex neuropsychiatric disorder. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide novel and comprehensive methylome and transcriptome data from distinct cell populations within patient-derived brain tissues. This data clearly demonstrate that cell type epigenetic-differentiated sites are preferentially targeted by disease-associated epigenetic dysregulation. We further show reduced cell type epigenetic distinction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Mendizabal
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Stefano Berto
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Noriyoshi Usui
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Center for Medical Research and Education, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuya Toriumi
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Schizophrenia Research Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Paramita Chatterjee
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Connor Douglas
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Iksoo Huh
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- College of Nursing, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Hyeonsoo Jeong
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Thomas Layman
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Todd M Preuss
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Department of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Genevieve Konopka
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Soojin V Yi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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42
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Serati M, Delvecchio G, Orsenigo G, Mandolini GM, Lazzaretti M, Scola E, Triulzi F, Brambilla P. The Role of the Subplate in Schizophrenia and Autism: A Systematic Review. Neuroscience 2019; 408:58-67. [PMID: 30930130 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The subplate (SP) represents a transitory cytoarchitectural fetal compartment containing most subcortical and cortico-cortical afferents, and has a fundamental role in the structural development of the healthy adult brain. There is evidence that schizophrenia and autism may be determined by developmental defects in the cortex or cortical circuitry during the earliest stages of pregnancy. This article provides an overview on fetal SP development, considering its role in schizophrenia and autism, as supported by a systematic review of the main databases. The SP has been described as a cortical amplifier with a role in the coordination of cortical activity, and sensitive growth and migration windows have crucial consequences with respect to cognitive functioning. Although there are not enough studies to draw final conclusions, improved knowledge of the SP's role in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders may help to elucidate and possibly prevent the onset of these two severe disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Serati
- Department of Mental Health, ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Delvecchio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Orsenigo
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Mario Mandolini
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Lazzaretti
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Scola
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Triulzi
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Texas at Houston, TX, USA
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43
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Secondary‐Ion Mass Spectrometry Images Cardiolipins and Phosphatidylethanolamines at the Subcellular Level. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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44
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Tian H, Sparvero LJ, Blenkinsopp P, Amoscato AA, Watkins SC, Bayır H, Kagan VE, Winograd N. Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry Images Cardiolipins and Phosphatidylethanolamines at the Subcellular Level. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3156-3161. [PMID: 30680861 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Millions of diverse molecules constituting the lipidome act as important signals within cells. Of these, cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) participate in apoptosis and ferroptosis, respectively. Their subcellular distribution is largely unknown. Imaging mass spectrometry is capable of deciphering the spatial distribution of multiple lipids at subcellular levels. Here we report the development of a unique 70 keV gas-cluster ion beam that consists of (CO2 )n + (n>10 000) projectiles. Coupled with direct current beam buncher-time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry, it is optimized for sensitivity towards high-mass species (up to m/z 3000) at high spatial resolution (1 μm). In combination with immunohistochemistry, phospholipids, including PE and CL, have been assessed in subcellular compartments of mouse hippocampal neuronal cells and rat brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 209 Chemistry Bldg., University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Louis J Sparvero
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Paul Blenkinsopp
- Ionoptika Ltd., Unit B6, Millbrook Cl, Chandler's Ford, Eastleigh, SO53 4BZ, UK
| | - Andrew A Amoscato
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 209 Chemistry Bldg., University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Radiation Oncology, Critical Care Medicine, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, USA.,Children's Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 209 Chemistry Bldg., University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Chemistry, Radiation Oncology, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA.,Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, IM Sechenov Moscow Medical State University, Russia
| | - Nicholas Winograd
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 209 Chemistry Bldg., University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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45
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Abbasi H, Drury PP, Lear CA, Gunn AJ, Davidson JO, Bennet L, Unsworth CP. EEG sharp waves are a biomarker of striatal neuronal survival after hypoxia-ischemia in preterm fetal sheep. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16312. [PMID: 30397231 PMCID: PMC6218488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing of hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in preterm infants is often uncertain and there are few biomarkers to determine whether infants are in a treatable stage of injury. We evaluated whether epileptiform sharp waves recorded from the parietal cortex could provide early prediction of neuronal loss after HI. Preterm fetal sheep (0.7 gestation) underwent acute HI induced by complete umbilical cord occlusion for 25 minutes (n = 6) or sham occlusion (control, n = 6). Neuronal survival was assessed 7 days after HI by immunohistochemistry. Sharp waves were quantified manually and using a wavelet-type-2-fuzzy-logic-system during the first 4 hours of recovery. HI resulted in significant subcortical neuronal loss. Sharp waves counted by the automated classifier in the first 30 minutes after HI were associated with greater neuronal survival in the caudate nucleus (r = 0.80), whereas sharp waves between 2–4 hours after HI were associated with reduced neuronal survival (r = −0.83). Manual and automated counts were closely correlated. This study suggests that automated quantification of sharp waves may be useful for early assessment of HI injury in preterm infants. However, the pattern of evolution of sharp waves after HI was markedly affected by the severity of neuronal loss, and therefore early, continuous monitoring is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Abbasi
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul P Drury
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher A Lear
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair J Gunn
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanne O Davidson
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charles P Unsworth
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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46
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Lee JM, Ji ES, Kim TW, Kim CJ, Shin MS, Lim BV, Chung YR, Cho YS. Treadmill exercise improves memory function by inhibiting hippocampal apoptosis in pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:713-723. [PMID: 30443515 PMCID: PMC6222143 DOI: 10.12965/jer.36394.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures and loss of neurons with abnormal rhythmic firing in the brains. In the present study, we investigated the effect of treadmill exercise on memory function in relation with cell proliferation and apoptosis in the hippocampus using pilocarpine-induced seizure rats. Epilepsy was initiated by intraperitoneal injection of pilocarpine hydrochloride. The rats in the exercise group were forced to run on a motorized treadmill for 30 min once a day for 2 weeks. In the present results, treadmill exercise alleviated short-term and spatial learning memory impairments in the epileptic rats. Treadmill exercise suppressed neuronal degeneration and enhanced neuronal maturation in the epileptic rats. Treadmill exercise suppressed cell proliferation and apoptosis in the epileptic rats. Treadmill exercise alleviated pilocarpine-induced memory impairments and suppressed neuronal loss in the hippocampus through down-regulation of apoptosis. These findings offer a possibility that treadmill exercise may provide a preventive or therapeutic value to the epilepsy-induced learning and memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Sang Ji
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Woon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mal-Soon Shin
- School of Global Sport Studies, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Baek-Vin Lim
- Division of Leisure & Sports Science, Department of Exercise Prescription, Dongseo University, Busan, Korea
| | - Yong-Rak Chung
- Department of Golf Mapping, College of Arts Physical Education, Joongbu University, Geumsan, Korea
| | - Young Sam Cho
- Department of Urology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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47
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The weaning period promotes alterations in the orexin neuronal population of rats in a suckling-dependent manner. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:3739-3755. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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48
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Kharlamova AS, Godovalova OS, Junemann OI, Saveliev SV. Developmental dynamics of prepiriform cortex in prenatal human ontogenesis. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 92:61-70. [PMID: 29894756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The prepiriform cortex is a part of the phylogenetically oldest pallial division (paleocortex) representing the primary olfactory cortex. While olfactory centers in laboratory animals have been extensively investigated, the developmental timetable of the human prepiriform area is poorly understood. Thus, in the present study we aim to examine the prepiriform cortex in human fetuses from eight postconceptional weeks to birth. Based on cytoarchitecture and immunohistochemistry analysis (NeuN-, SYP-, NSE-, TH-, GFAP-, MBP-) four main periods of the prepiriform cortex fetal development are suggested: the beginning of prefetal stage (the eighth week from conception), the period from the ending of prefetal stage (9-12 postconceptional weeks) to 17 weeks of gestation, 18-27 weeks of gestation and the late fetal period (29-40 gestational weeks). We found that the initial layer differentiation took place before the ninthtenth weeks from conception and by ten weeks the paleocortical plate of the prepiriform cortex was shaped. Both total cell density and NeuN-immunoreactive cell density peaked in the early fetuses and started to decrease after 17 gestational weeks, attaining intermediate values at 18-27 weeks and becoming significantly lower in the late fetuses. In contrast, the NeuN-immunoreactive cell ratio gradually increased over the whole examined period. The prepiriform cortex was defined as approaches the state at birth at 30 gestational weeks. The same developmental periods were observed with SYP- and NSE-assays. No significant distribution of TH immunoreactivity was described in the prepiriform cortex of human fetuses. The prior paleocortex development was demonstrated using glial markers: GFAPimmunoreactivity appeared in the prepiriform cortex at the middle of the early fetal period, ahead of the neocortex and insular cortex. The earlier rates of GFAP-immunoreactivity expansion in the prepiriform cortex, as compared to other pallial regions, persisted in the later fetuses. The first MBP-immunoreactive fibres within pallium were detected in the lateral olfactory tract at 30 weeks. Therefore, the prepiriform cortex approaches a level of maturation similar to that at birth already at the beginning of the late fetal period and matures prior to other pallial regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga S Godovalova
- Moscow Regional Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 101000, Pokrovka St., 22A, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga I Junemann
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Tsyurupy St., 3, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei V Saveliev
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Tsyurupy St., 3, Moscow, Russia
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49
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Early Postnatal Development of the Lamination in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus A-Layers in Cats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1137-1143. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Alsaad HA, DeKorver NW, Mao Z, Dravid SM, Arikkath J, Monaghan DT. In the Telencephalon, GluN2C NMDA Receptor Subunit mRNA is Predominately Expressed in Glial Cells and GluN2D mRNA in Interneurons. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:61-77. [PMID: 29651654 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2526-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are widely distributed in the brain with high concentrations in the telencephalon where they modulate synaptic plasticity, working memory, and other functions. While the actions of the predominate GluN2 NMDAR subunits, GluN2A and GluN2B are relatively well understood, the function of GluN2C and GluN2D subunits in the telencephalon is largely unknown. To better understand the possible role of GluN2C subunits, we used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) together with multiple cell markers to define the distribution and type of cells expressing GluN2C mRNA. Using a GluN2C-KO mouse as a negative control, GluN2C mRNA expression was only found in non-neuronal cells (NeuN-negative cells) in the hippocampus, striatum, amygdala, and cerebral cortex. For these regions, a significant fraction of GFAP-positive cells also expressed GluN2C mRNA. Overall, for the telencephalon, the globus pallidus and olfactory bulb were the only regions where GluN2C was expressed in neurons. In contrast to GluN2C, GluN2D subunit mRNA colocalized with neuronal and not astrocyte markers or GluN2C mRNA in the telencephalon (except for the globus pallidus). GluN2C mRNA did, however, colocalize with GluN2D in the thalamus where neuronal GluN2C expression is found. These findings strongly suggest that GluN2C has a very distinct function in the telencephalon compared to its role in other brain regions and compared to other GluN2-containing NMDARs. NMDARs containing GluN2C may have a specific role in regulating L-glutamate or D-serine release from astrocytes in response to L-glutamate spillover from synaptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A Alsaad
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA
| | - Nicholas W DeKorver
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA
| | - Zhihao Mao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA
| | | | - Jyothi Arikkath
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Monroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Daniel T Monaghan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA.
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