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Zhong G, Fang Z, Sun T, Ying M, Wang A, Chen Y, Wang H, Ma C, Wang C, Ge R, Liu G, Guo Y. Ubiquitin ligase RFWD2 promotes dendritic spine and synapse formation by activating the ERK/PEA3/c-Jun pathway in rat cerebral cortical neurons. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167319. [PMID: 38909848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The regulation of protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system is essential for normal brain development, axon growth, synaptic growth and plasticity. The E3 ubiquitin ligase RFWD2 plays a key role in the onset and development of neurological diseases, including the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanisms controlling the homeostasis of neuronal synaptic proteins are still poorly understood. Here, we showed that the expression level of RFWD2 gradually decreased with the age of the rats and was negatively correlated with the development of cerebral cortical neurons and dendrites in vivo. RFWD2 was shown to localize to presynaptic terminals and some postsynaptic sides of both excitatory synapses and inhibitory synapses via colocalization with neuronal synaptic proteins (SYN, PSD95, Vglut1 and GAD67). Overexpression of RFWD2 promoted dendrite development and dendritic spine formation and markedly decreased the expression of synaptophysin and PSD95 by reducing the expression of ETV1, ETV4, ETV5 and c-JUN in vitro. Furthermore, the whole-cell membrane slice clamp results showed that RFWD2 overexpression resulted in greater membrane capacitance in neuronal cells, inadequate cell repolarization, and a longer time course for neurons to emit action potentials with decreased excitability. RFWD2 regulates dendritic development and plasticity, dendritic spine formation and synaptic function in rat cerebral cortex neurons by activating the ERK/PEA3/c-Jun pathway via a posttranslational regulatory mechanism and can be used as an efficient treatment target for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshang Zhong
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China; School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Zhuling Fang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Mengjiao Ying
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Ao Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Haojie Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Caiyun Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Chunjing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Rongjing Ge
- School of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center for Neural Regeneration Technology and Medical New Materials, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Gaofeng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center for Neural Regeneration Technology and Medical New Materials, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China.
| | - Yu Guo
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center for Neural Regeneration Technology and Medical New Materials, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China.
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Muhammad RN, Albahairy MA, Abd El Fattah MA, Ibrahim WW. Empagliflozin-activated AMPK elicits neuroprotective properties in reserpine-induced depression via regulating dynamics of hippocampal autophagy/inflammation and PKCζ-mediated neurogenesis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024:10.1007/s00213-024-06663-0. [PMID: 39158617 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Major depression has been an area of extensive research during the last decades, for it represents a leading cause of disability and suicide. The stark rise of depression rates influenced by life stressors, economic threats, pandemic era, and resistance to classical treatments, has made the disorder rather challenging. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and plasticity are particularly sensitive to the dynamic interplay between autophagy and inflammation. In fact, the intricate balance between the two processes contributes to neuronal homeostasis and survival. OBJECTIVES Having demonstrated promising potentials in AMPK activation, a major metabolic sensor and autophagy regulator, empagliflozin (Empa) was investigated for possible antidepressant properties in the reserpine rat model of depression. RESULTS While the reserpine protocol elicited behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological changes relevant to depression, Empa outstandingly hindered these pathological perturbations. Importantly, hippocampal autophagic response markedly declined with reserpine which disrupted the AMPK/mTOR/Beclin1/LC3B machinery and, conversely, neuro-inflammation prevailed under the influence of the NLRP3 inflammasome together with oxidative/nitrative stress. Consequently, AMPK-mediated neurotrophins secretion obviously deteriorated through PKCζ/NF-κB/BDNF/CREB signal restriction. Empa restored hippocampal monoamines and autophagy/inflammation balance, driven by AMPK activation. By promoting the atypical PKCζ phosphorylation (Thr403) which subsequently phosphorylates NF-κB at Ser311, AMPK successfully reinforced BDNF/CREB signal and hippocampal neuroplasticity. The latter finding was supported by hippocampal CA3 toluidine blue staining to reveal intact neurons. CONCLUSION The current study highlights an interesting role for Empa as a regulator of autophagic and inflammatory responses in the pathology of depression. The study also pinpoints an unusual contribution for NF-κB in neurotrophins secretion via AMPK/PKCζ/NF-κB/BDNF/CREB signal transduction. Accordingly, Empa can have special benefits in diabetic patients with depressive symptoms. LIMITATIONS The influence of p-NF-κB (Ser311) on NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation has not been investigated, which can represent an interesting point for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa N Muhammad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed A Albahairy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Mai A Abd El Fattah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Weam W Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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Cordingley DM, Marquez I, Buchwald SCL, Zeiler FA. Response of Central Nervous System Biomolecules and Systemic Biomarkers to Aerobic Exercise Following Concussion: A Scoping Review of Human and Animal Research. Neurotrauma Rep 2024; 5:708-720. [PMID: 39114375 PMCID: PMC11301856 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2024.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the response of biomolecules and biomarkers that are associated with the central nervous system to aerobic exercise in human and pre-clinical models of concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), and to highlight the knowledge gaps in the literature. A systematic scoping review was conducted following a search of EMBASE, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, BIOSIS, and Cochrane Libraries performed on September 8, 2023 (from data base inception). The scoping review was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews. Duplicates were removed and article screening was performed using an online systematic review management system. The search resulted in a total of 2,449 articles being identified, with 14 articles meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria and having their data extracted. One study was conducted in humans, while the remainder of identified studies utilized murine models. The current literature is limited and evaluated many different biomolecules and biomarkers with brain-derived neurotrophic factor being the most researched. Further studies on this topic are needed to better understand the biomarker response to exercise after concussion and mild TBI, especially in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M. Cordingley
- Pan Am Clinic Foundation, Winnipeg, Canada
- Applied Health Sciences Program, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Izabella Marquez
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Price Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Frederick A. Zeiler
- Pan Am Clinic Foundation, Winnipeg, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering, Price Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Lazarova M, Stefanova M, Denev P, Taseva T, Vassileva V, Tasheva K. Neuroprotective Effect of Marrubium vulgare Extract in Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Rats: Behavioral and Biochemical Approaches. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:426. [PMID: 38927306 PMCID: PMC11201232 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The potential of Marrubium vulgare to alleviate scopolamine (Sco)-induced deficits in spatial working memory has drawn considerable scientific interest. This effect is partly attributed to its potent antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory (AChEI) activities. This study examined the effects of M. vulgare extract, standardized to marrubiin content, on recognition memory in healthy and Sco-treated rats. Male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were divided into four groups. The extract was orally administered for 21 days and Sco (2 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected for 11 consecutive days. Memory performance was assessed using the novel object recognition test. Levels of acetylcholine (ACh), noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (Sero), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) were evaluated in the cortex and hippocampus via ELISA. BDNF and CREB expression levels were assessed using RT-PCR. The results showed that M. vulgare significantly alleviated Sco-induced memory impairment, preserved cholinergic function in the hippocampus, increased NA levels in the brain, and restored pCREB expression in the cortex following Sco-induced reduction. In healthy rats, the extract upregulated BDNF, pCREB, and Bcl2 expression. Our findings indicate that the neuroprotective effects of M. vulgare may be linked to the modulation of cholinergic function, regulation of NA neurotransmission, and influence on key memory-related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lazarova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Miroslava Stefanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Petko Denev
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Teodora Taseva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Block 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Valya Vassileva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Block 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Krasimira Tasheva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Block 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.T.); (K.T.)
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Almodóvar-Payá C, Guardiola-Ripoll M, Giralt-López M, Oscoz-Irurozqui M, Canales-Rodríguez EJ, Madre M, Soler-Vidal J, Ramiro N, Callado LF, Arias B, Gallego C, Pomarol-Clotet E, Fatjó-Vilas M. NRN1 epistasis with BDNF and CACNA1C: mediation effects on symptom severity through neuroanatomical changes in schizophrenia. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:1299-1315. [PMID: 38720004 PMCID: PMC11147852 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02793-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The expression of Neuritin-1 (NRN1), a neurotrophic factor crucial for neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity, is enhanced by the Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Although the receptor of NRN1 remains unclear, it is suggested that NRN1's activation of the insulin receptor (IR) pathway promotes the transcription of the calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C (CACNA1C). These three genes have been independently associated with schizophrenia (SZ) risk, symptomatology, and brain differences. However, research on how they synergistically modulate these phenotypes is scarce. We aimed to study whether the genetic epistasis between these genes affects the risk and clinical presentation of the disorder via its effect on brain structure. First, we tested the epistatic effect of NRN1 and BDNF or CACNA1C on (i) the risk for SZ, (ii) clinical symptoms severity and functionality (onset, PANSS, CGI and GAF), and (iii) brain cortical structure (thickness, surface area and volume measures estimated using FreeSurfer) in a sample of 86 SZ patients and 89 healthy subjects. Second, we explored whether those brain clusters influenced by epistatic effects mediate the clinical profiles. Although we did not find a direct epistatic impact on the risk, our data unveiled significant effects on the disorder's clinical presentation. Specifically, the NRN1-rs10484320 x BDNF-rs6265 interplay influenced PANSS general psychopathology, and the NRN1-rs4960155 x CACNA1C-rs1006737 interaction affected GAF scores. Moreover, several interactions between NRN1 SNPs and BDNF-rs6265 significantly influenced the surface area and cortical volume of the frontal, parietal, and temporal brain regions within patients. The NRN1-rs10484320 x BDNF-rs6265 epistasis in the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex fully mediated the effect on PANSS general psychopathology. Our study not only adds clinical significance to the well-described molecular relationship between NRN1 and BDNF but also underscores the utility of deconstructing SZ into biologically validated brain-imaging markers to explore their mediation role in the path from genetics to complex clinical manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Almodóvar-Payá
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Guardiola-Ripoll
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER (Biomedical Research Network in Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Giralt-López
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital (HUGTP), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maitane Oscoz-Irurozqui
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Red de Salud Mental de Gipuzkoa, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Erick Jorge Canales-Rodríguez
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS5), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mercè Madre
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Mental Health, IR SANT PAU, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Soler-Vidal
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Benito Menni, Germanes Hospitalàries, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Ramiro
- Hospital San Rafael, Germanes Hospitalàries, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis F Callado
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bizkaia, Spain
- BioBizkaia Health Research Institute, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Bárbara Arias
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Gallego
- Department of Cells and Tissues, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edith Pomarol-Clotet
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Fatjó-Vilas
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Kim S, Park J, Choi Y, Jeon H, Lim N. Investigating the Relevance of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Response Element-Binding Protein to the Wound Healing Process: An In Vivo Study Using Photobiomodulation Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4838. [PMID: 38732058 PMCID: PMC11084265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Monitoring inflammatory cytokines is crucial for assessing healing process and photobiomodulation (PBM) enhances wound healing. Meanwhile, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is a regulator of cellular metabolism and proliferation. This study explored potential links between inflammatory cytokines and the activity of CREB in PBM-treated wounds. A total of 48 seven-week-old male SD rats were divided into four groups (wound location, skin or oral; treatment method, natural healing or PBM treatment). Wounds with a 6 mm diameter round shape were treated five times with an 808 nm laser every other day (total 60 J). The wound area was measured with a caliper and calculated using the elliptical formula. Histological analysis assessed the epidermal regeneration and collagen expression of skin and oral tissue with H&E and Masson's trichrome staining. Pro-inflammatory (TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β) cytokines were quantified by RT-PCR. The ratio of phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB) to unphosphorylated CREB was identified through Western blot. PBM treatment significantly reduced the size of the wounds on day 3 and day 7, particularly in the skin wound group (p < 0.05 on day 3, p < 0.001 on day 7). The density of collagen expression was significantly higher in the PBM treatment group (in skin wound, p < 0.05 on day 3, p < 0.001 on day 7, and p < 0.05 on day 14; in oral wound, p < 0.01 on day 7). The TGF-β/TNF-α ratio and the p-CREB/CREB ratio showed a parallel trend during wound healing. Our findings suggested that the CREB has potential as a meaningful marker to track the wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungyeon Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.J.)
| | - Jion Park
- Department of Medical Laser, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea;
| | - Younghoon Choi
- Institute of Medical Science, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hongbae Jeon
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.J.)
- Dankook Physician Scientist Research Center (DPSRC), Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Namkyu Lim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.J.)
- Dankook Physician Scientist Research Center (DPSRC), Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
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Azargoonjahromi A. A systematic review of the association between zinc and anxiety. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:612-621. [PMID: 37364014 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The incidence of anxiety, which stems from both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, has been increasing worldwide. Various methods by which it can be treated or prevented have been reported thus far. One of the most popular and effective treatments is supplementation therapy. Zinc, which is an essential nutrient found in various plants, animal foods, and supplements, has been shown to be a potential nutrient in anxiety reduction by acting on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamatergic, serotonergic, neurogenesis, and immune systems. It can also influence important receptors, such as GPR39. Thus, zinc has received considerable attention with respect to its potential role as a therapeutic or detrimental factor for anxiety; yet, the available evidence needs to be analyzed systematically to reach a convergent conclusion. OBJECTIVE The objective was to systematically review any potential connection between adult human anxiety and zinc intake. DATA SOURCES AND EXTRACTION Nine original human studies, of which 2 assessed the relationship between zinc consumption and anxiety (based on a questionnaire) and 7 assessed the relationship between serum zinc levels and anxiety, were included based on specific selection criteria. Studies that had been written in English and published in peer-reviewed publications with no restrictions on the date of publication were searched in the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. This project was also reported according to the PRISMA guidelines. DATA ANALYSIS As per the studies analyzed in this review, there was a noticeable relationship between serum zinc levels and anxiety, which means that patients with anxiety have lower levels of zinc in their serum, as compared with healthy individuals. Furthermore, zinc consumption was inversely associated with anxiety. CONCLUSION The results provide plausible evidence for the positive role of zinc in the treatment of patients afflicted with anxiety, albeit with some limitations.
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Giri SS, Tripathi AS, Erkekoğlu P, Zaki MEA. Molecular pathway of pancreatic cancer-associated neuropathic pain. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23638. [PMID: 38613466 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The pancreas is a heterocrine gland that has both exocrine and endocrine parts. Most pancreatic cancer begins in the cells that line the ducts of the pancreas and is called pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PDAC is the most encountered pancreatic cancer type. One of the most important characteristic features of PDAC is neuropathy which is primarily due to perineural invasion (PNI). PNI develops tumor microenvironment which includes overexpression of fibroblasts cells, macrophages, as well as angiogenesis which can be responsible for neuropathy pain. In tumor microenvironment inactive fibroblasts are converted into an active form that is cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Neurotrophins they also increase the level of Substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide which is also involved in pain. Matrix metalloproteases are the zinc-associated proteases enzymes which activates proinflammatory interleukin-1β into its activated form and are responsible for release and activation of Substance P which is responsible for neuropathic pain by transmitting pain signal via dorsal root ganglion. All the molecules and their role in being responsible for neuropathic pain are described below.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alok Shiomurti Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology, Era College of Pharmacy, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pınar Erkekoğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad lbn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Park K, Kong CH, Kang WC, Jeon M, Lee WH, Lee J, Kim SC, Jung SY, Ryu JH. LPC20K modified from krill oil ameliorates the scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment. Behav Brain Res 2024; 461:114836. [PMID: 38145873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairment. It is common in the elderly. Etiologically, dysfunction of cholinergic neurotransmitter system is prominent in AD. However, disease modifying drug for AD is still unavailable. We hypothesized that krill oil and modified krill oil containing 20 % lysophosphatidylcholine-docosahexaenoic acid (LPC-DHA, LPC20K) could play a crucial role in AD by improving cognitive functions measured by several behavioral tests. We found that LPC20K could ameliorate short-term, long-term, spatial, and object recognition memory under cholinergic hypofunction states. To find the underlying mechanism involved in the effect of LPC20K on cognitive function, we investigated changes of signaling molecules using Western blotting. Expression levels of protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), and phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Ⅱ (CaMKⅡ), and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) were significantly increased in LPC20K-administered group compared to those in the memory impairment group. Moreover, the expression levels of BDNF were temporally increased especially 6 or 9 h after administration of LPC20K compared with the control group. These results suggest that LPC20K could ameliorate memory impairment caused by hypocholinergic state by enhancing the expression levels of PKCζ and PSD-95, and phosphorylation levels of ERK, CaMKⅡ and CREB and increasing BDNF expression levels. Therefore, LPC20K could be used as a dietary supplement against cognitive impairment observed in diseases such as AD with a hypocholinergic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keontae Park
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyeon Kong
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Chang Kang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea
| | - Mijin Jeon
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hyung Lee
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Lee
- Croda Korea Ltd., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13636, the Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Kim
- Croda Korea Ltd., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13636, the Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yun Jung
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea.
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Matin S, Dadkhah M. BDNF/CREB signaling pathway contribution in depression pathogenesis: A survey on the non-pharmacological therapeutic opportunities for gut microbiota dysbiosis. Brain Res Bull 2024; 207:110882. [PMID: 38244808 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports the gut microbiota and the brain communication in general health. This axis may affect behavior through modulating neurotransmission, and thereby involve in the pathogenesis and/or progression of different neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cAMP response element-binding protein known as CREB/BDNF pathway plays have critical functions in the pathogenesis of depression as the same of mechanisms related to antidepressants. However, the putative causal significance of the CREB/BDNF signaling cascade in the gut-brain axis in depression remains unknown. Also interventions such as probiotics supplementation and exercise can influence microbiome also improve bidirectional communication of gut and brain. In this review we aim to explain the BDNF/CREB signaling pathway and gut microbiota dysfunction and then evaluate the potential role of probiotics, prebiotics, and exercise as a therapeutic target in the gut microbiota dysfunction induced depression. The current narrative review will specifically focus on the impact of exercise and diet on the intestinal microbiota component, as well as the effect that these therapies may have on the microbiota to alleviate depressive symptoms. Finally, we look at how BDNF/CREB signaling pathway may exert distinct effects on depression and gut microbiota dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaieh Matin
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Dadkhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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11
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Shimoda R, Amaya Y, Okamoto M, Soya S, Soya M, Koizumi H, Nakamura K, Hiraga T, Torma F, Soya H. Accelerated Fear Extinction by Regular Light-Intensity Exercise: A Possible Role of Hippocampal BDNF-TrkB Signaling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:221-229. [PMID: 38214538 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Growing concern exists worldwide about stress-related mental disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), often linked to hippocampal dysfunctions. Recognizing this connection, regular light-intensity exercise (LIE)-such as yoga, walking, or slow jogging-may offer a solution. Easily accessible even to vulnerable individuals, LIE has been found to enhance hippocampus-based cognitive functions through the stimulation of neurotrophic factors like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A prior study that demonstrated BDNF's role in extinguishing original fear memory further leads us to propose that a consistent LIE training might drive fear extinction learning, offering potential therapeutic benefits through BDNF signaling. METHODS Eleven-week-old Wistar rats underwent 4 wk of training under conditions of sedentary, LIE, or moderate-intensity exercise (MOE) after contextual or auditory fear conditioning. Subsequently, fear extinction tests were performed. We then administered intraperitoneal (i.p.) ANA-12, a selective antagonist of tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), or a vehicle to explore the role of BDNF signaling in exercise-induced fear extinction among the LIE rats. Following the regular exercise training, further fear extinction tests were conducted, and hippocampal protein analysis was performed using Western blotting. RESULTS Both LIE and MOE over 4 wk accelerated hippocampus-associated contextual fear extinction compared with sedentary. In addition, 4 wk of LIE with i.p. administered vehicle increased hippocampal BDNF and TrkB protein levels. In contrast, i.p. ANA-12 administration fully blocked the LIE-enhanced protein levels and its effect on contextual fear extinction. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that LIE regimen promotes fear extinction learning, at least partially tied to hippocampal BDNF-TrkB signaling. This suggests that even regular light exercise could alleviate the excessive fear response in anxiety disorders and PTSD, providing hope for those affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Shimoda
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JAPAN
| | - Yuki Amaya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JAPAN
| | | | - Shingo Soya
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JAPAN
| | - Mariko Soya
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, JAPAN
| | - Hikaru Koizumi
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JAPAN
| | - Kengo Nakamura
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JAPAN
| | - Taichi Hiraga
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JAPAN
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12
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Wang W, Zhao Y, Zhu G. The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate in the development and progression of Parkinson's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1288437. [PMID: 38179204 PMCID: PMC10764561 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1288437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) could be viewed as a proteinopathy caused by changes in lipids, whereby modifications in lipid metabolism may lead to protein alterations, such as the accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn), ultimately resulting in neurodegeneration. Although the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is the major clinical manifestation of PD, the etiology of it is largely unknown. Increasing evidence has highlighted the important role of lipids in the pathophysiology of PD. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a signaling lipid, has been suggested to have a potential association with the advancement and worsening of PD. Therefore, better understanding the mechanisms and regulatory proteins is of high interest. Most interestingly, S1P appears to be an important target to offers a new strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of PD. In this review, we first introduce the basic situation of S1P structure, function and regulation, with a special focus on the several pathways. We then briefly describe the regulation of S1P signaling pathway on cells and make a special focused on the cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis, etc. Finally, we discuss the function of S1P as potential therapeutic target to improve the clinical symptoms of PD, and even prevent the progression of the PD. In the context of PD, the functions of S1P modulators have been extensively elucidated. In conclusion, S1P modulators represent a novel and promising therapeutic principle and therapeutic method for PD. However, more research is required before these drugs can be considered as a standard treatment option for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxue Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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13
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Shen R, Ardianto C, Celia C, Sidharta VM, Sasmita PK, Satriotomo I, Turana Y. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor interplay with oxidative stress: neuropathology approach in potential biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. Dement Neuropsychol 2023; 17:e20230012. [PMID: 38053647 PMCID: PMC10695442 DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2023-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging population poses a serious challenge concerning an increased prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its impact on global burden, morbidity, and mortality. Oxidative stress, as a molecular hallmark that causes susceptibility in AD, interplays to other AD-related neuropathology cascades and decreases the expression of central and circulation brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), an essential neurotrophin that serves as nerve development and survival, and synaptic plasticity in AD. By its significant correlation with the molecular and clinical progression of AD, BDNF can potentially be used as an objectively accurate biomarker for AD diagnosis and progressivity follow-up in future clinical practice. This comprehensive review highlights the oxidative stress interplay with BDNF in AD neuropathology and its potential use as an AD biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Shen
- Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Christian Ardianto
- Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Celia Celia
- Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Veronika Maria Sidharta
- Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Poppy Kristina Sasmita
- Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Irawan Satriotomo
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Department of Neurology, Florida, USA
- Satriotomo Foundation, Indonesia Neuroscience Institute, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yuda Turana
- Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Latchney SE, Cadney MD, Hopkins A, Garland T. Maternal upbringing and selective breeding for voluntary exercise behavior modify patterns of DNA methylation and expression of genes in the mouse brain. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 22:e12858. [PMID: 37519068 PMCID: PMC10733581 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Selective breeding has been utilized to study the genetic basis of exercise behavior, but research suggests that epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, also contribute to this behavior. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the brains of mice from a genetically selected high runner (HR) line have sex-specific changes in DNA methylation patterns in genes known to be genomically imprinted compared to those from a non-selected control (C) line. Through cross-fostering, we also found that maternal upbringing can modify the DNA methylation patterns of additional genes. Here, we identify an additional set of genes in which DNA methylation patterns and gene expression may be altered by selection for increased wheel-running activity and maternal upbringing. We performed bisulfite sequencing and gene expression assays of 14 genes in the brain and found alterations in DNA methylation and gene expression for Bdnf, Pde4d and Grin2b. Decreases in Bdnf methylation correlated with significant increases in Bdnf gene expression in the hippocampus of HR compared to C mice. Cross-fostering also influenced the DNA methylation patterns for Pde4d in the cortex and Grin2b in the hippocampus, with associated changes in gene expression. We also found that the DNA methylation patterns for Atrx and Oxtr in the cortex and Atrx and Bdnf in the hippocampus were further modified by sex. Together with our previous study, these results suggest that DNA methylation and the resulting change in gene expression may interact with early-life influences to shape adult exercise behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Latchney
- Department of BiologySt. Mary's College of MarylandSt. Mary's CityMarylandUSA
| | - Marcell D. Cadney
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCaliforniaUSA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCaliforniaUSA
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15
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Song JW, Lee KH, Seong H, Shin DM, Shon WJ. Taste receptor type 1 member 3 enables western diet-induced anxiety in mice. BMC Biol 2023; 21:243. [PMID: 37926812 PMCID: PMC10626698 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence supports that the Western diet (WD), a diet high in saturated fat and sugary drinks, contributes to the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders, which are the most prevalent mental disorders worldwide. However, the underlying mechanisms by which WD causes anxiety remain unclear. Abundant expression of taste receptor type 1 member 3 (TAS1R3) has been identified in the hypothalamus, a key brain area involved in sensing peripheral nutritional signals and regulating anxiety. Thus, we investigated the influence of excessive WD intake on anxiety and mechanisms by which WD intake affects anxiety development using wild-type (WT) and Tas1r3 deficient (Tas1r3-/-) mice fed a normal diet (ND) or WD for 12 weeks. RESULTS WD increased anxiety in male WT mice, whereas male Tas1r3-/- mice were protected from WD-induced anxiety, as assessed by open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM), light-dark box (LDB), and novelty-suppressed feeding (NSF) tests. Analyzing the hypothalamic transcriptome of WD-fed WT and Tas1r3-/- mice, we found 1,432 genes significantly up- or down-regulated as a result of Tas1r3 deficiency. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis revealed that the CREB/BDNF signaling-mediated maintenance of neuronal regeneration, which can prevent anxiety development, was enhanced in WD-fed Tas1r3-/- mice compared with WD-fed WT mice. Additionally, in vitro studies further confirmed that Tas1r3 knockdown prevents the suppression of Creb1 and of CREB-mediated BDNF expression caused by high levels of glucose, fructose, and palmitic acid in hypothalamic neuronal cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply that TAS1R3 may play a key role in WD-induced alterations in hypothalamic functions, and that inhibition of TAS1R3 overactivation in the hypothalamus could offer therapeutic targets to alleviate the effects of WD on anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University College of Human Ecology, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Hee Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University College of Human Ecology, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hobin Seong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University College of Human Ecology, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Mi Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University College of Human Ecology, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo-Jeong Shon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University College of Human Ecology, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Zhang QQ, Qu Y. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in degenerative retinal diseases: Update and novel perspective. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1624-1632. [PMID: 37334646 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction and death of neuronal cells are cardinal features of degenerative retinal diseases that are known to arise as the disease progresses. Increasingly evidence suggests that abnormal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may serve as an obligatory relay of the dysfunction and death of neuronal cells in degenerative retinal diseases. Although disorder of BDNF, whether depletion or augmentation, has been connected with neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation, the exact mechanisms underlying the effect of impaired BDNF expression on degenerative retinal diseases remain unclear. Here, we present an overview of how BDNF is linked to pathological mechanism of retinal degenerative diseases, summarize BDNF-based treatment strategies, and discuss possible research perspectives in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Geriatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Numakawa T, Kajihara R. Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in the pathogenesis of stress-related brain diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1247422. [PMID: 37781095 PMCID: PMC10537938 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1247422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF, have critical roles in neuronal differentiation, cell survival, and synaptic function in the peripheral and central nervous system. It is well known that a variety of intracellular signaling stimulated by TrkB, a high-affinity receptor for BDNF, is involved in the physiological and pathological neuronal aspects via affecting cell viability, synaptic function, neurogenesis, and cognitive function. As expected, an alteration of the BDNF/TrkB system is suspected to be one of the molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in cognitive diseases and mental disorders. Recent evidence has also highlighted a possible link between the alteration of TrkB signaling and chronic stress. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that downregulation of the BDNF/TrkB system and chronic stress have a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mental disorders. In this review, we introduce current evidence showing a close relationship between the BDNF/TrkB system and the development of cognition impairment in stress-related disorders, and the possible contribution of the upregulation of the BDNF/TrkB system in a therapeutic approach against these brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Numakawa
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kajihara
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Life Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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18
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Speidell A, Bin Abid N, Yano H. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Dysregulation as an Essential Pathological Feature in Huntington's Disease: Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2275. [PMID: 37626771 PMCID: PMC10452871 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a major neurotrophin whose loss or interruption is well established to have numerous intersections with the pathogenesis of progressive neurological disorders. There is perhaps no greater example of disease pathogenesis resulting from the dysregulation of BDNF signaling than Huntington's disease (HD)-an inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor, psychiatric, and cognitive impairments associated with basal ganglia dysfunction and the ultimate death of striatal projection neurons. Investigation of the collection of mechanisms leading to BDNF loss in HD highlights this neurotrophin's importance to neuronal viability and calls attention to opportunities for therapeutic interventions. Using electronic database searches of existing and forthcoming research, we constructed a literature review with the overarching goal of exploring the diverse set of molecular events that trigger BDNF dysregulation within HD. We highlighted research that investigated these major mechanisms in preclinical models of HD and connected these studies to those evaluating similar endpoints in human HD subjects. We also included a special focus on the growing body of literature detailing key transcriptomic and epigenetic alterations that affect BDNF abundance in HD. Finally, we offer critical evaluation of proposed neurotrophin-directed therapies and assessed clinical trials seeking to correct BDNF expression in HD individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Speidell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (A.S.); (N.B.A.)
| | - Noman Bin Abid
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (A.S.); (N.B.A.)
| | - Hiroko Yano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (A.S.); (N.B.A.)
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Lo TY, Chan ASL, Cheung ST, Yung LY, Leung MMH, Wong YH. Multi-target regulatory mechanism of Yang Xin Tang - a traditional Chinese medicine against dementia. Chin Med 2023; 18:101. [PMID: 37587513 PMCID: PMC10428601 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yang Xin Tang (YXT) is a traditional Chinese herbal preparation which has been reported to improve cognitive function and memory in patients with dementia. As the underlying mechanism of action of YXT has not been elucidated, we examined the effects of YXT and its major herbal components in regulating gene transcription and molecular targets related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Aqueous and ethanol extracts of YXT and selected herbal components were prepared and validated by standard methods. A series of biochemical and cellular assays were employed to assess the ability of the herbal extracts to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, reduce β-amyloid aggregation, stimulate the differentiation of neural progenitor cells, suppress cyclooxygenase, and protect neurons against β-amyloid or N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced cytotoxicity. The effects of YXT on multiple molecular targets were further corroborated by a panel of nine reporter gene assays. RESULTS Extracts of YXT and two of its constituent herbs, Poria cocos and Poria Sclerotium pararadicis, significantly inhibited β-amyloid aggregation and β-amyloid-induced cytotoxicity. A protective effect of the YXT extract was similarly observed against N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced cytotoxicity in primary neurons, and this activity was shared by extracts of Radix Astragali and Rhizoma Chuanxiong. Although the YXT extract was ineffective, extracts of Poria cocos, Poria Sclerotium pararadicis and Radix Polygalae inhibited acetylcholine esterase, with the latter also capable of upregulating choline acetyltransferase. YXT and its components significantly inhibited the activities of the pro-inflammatory cyclooxygenases. Additionally, extracts of YXT and several of its constituent herbs significantly stimulated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases and cAMP-responsive element binding protein, two molecular targets involved in learning and memory, as well as in the regulation of neurogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Several constituents of YXT possess multiple regulatory effects on known therapeutic targets of AD that range from β-amyloid to acetylcholinesterase. The demonstrated neuroprotective and neurogenic actions of YXT lend credence to its use as an alternative medicine for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Yan Lo
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anthony Siu Lung Chan
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Suet Ting Cheung
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lisa Ying Yung
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Manton Man Hon Leung
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yung Hou Wong
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
- Center for Aging Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Units 1501-1502, 17 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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20
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Tong T, Chen Y, Hao C, Shen J, Chen W, Cheng W, Yan S, Li J, Li Y, Gulizhaerkezi T, Zeng J, Meng X. The effects of acupuncture on depression by regulating BDNF-related balance via lateral habenular nucleus BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway in rats. Behav Brain Res 2023; 451:114509. [PMID: 37244435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a major mental disease worldwide, causing dysfunction of Lateral Habenular (LHb). As a non-invasive alternative, acupuncture (AP) has been widely used to treat depression in clinic, yet few basic studies have been focused on the effects and mechanism of acupuncture on synaptic plasticity in LHb. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of the antidepressant effect of acupuncture. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into control, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), AP, fluoxetine (FLX), acupoint catgut embedding (ACE), sham-ACE groups (n = 9/group). Rats were given a 28-day treatment at the Shangxing (GV23) and Fengfu (GV16) acupoints with acupuncture, ACE, sham-ACE or fluoxetine (2.1 mg/kg). The results showed that AP, FLX and ACE suppressed the behavioral deficits, increased the level of the 5-hydroxytryptamine and FNDC5/IRISIN in serum, also reduced the expression of pro-BDNF impacted by CUMS. Both AP and FLX ameliorated the %area of IBA-1, GFAP, BrdU and DCX in the LHb and increased the expression of BDNF/TrkB/CREB, with non-significant difference between the two groups These findings suggest that AP therapy relieves depression-related manifestations in depressed rats, suggesting a potential mechanism via the BDNF/TrkB/CREB pathway in LHb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China; Second Clinical College, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China; Second Clinical College, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Chonyao Hao
- Second Clinical College, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Junliang Shen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ezhou Central Hospital, Ezhou, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Simin Yan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Second Clinical College, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuhan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Tuergong Gulizhaerkezi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Zeng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xianjun Meng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
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Bonomini F, Favero G, Castrezzati S, Borsani E. Role of Neurotrophins in Orofacial Pain Modulation: A Review of the Latest Discoveries. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12438. [PMID: 37569811 PMCID: PMC10419393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Orofacial pain represents a multidisciplinary biomedical challenge involving basic and clinical research for which no satisfactory solution has been found. In this regard, trigeminal pain is described as one of the worst pains perceived, leaving the patient with no hope for the future. The aim of this review is to evaluate the latest discoveries on the involvement of neurotrophins in orofacial nociception, describing their role and expression in peripheral tissues, trigeminal ganglion, and trigeminal nucleus considering their double nature as "supporters" of the nervous system and as "promoters" of nociceptive transmission. In order to scan recent literature (last ten years), three independent researchers referred to databases PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science to find original research articles and clinical trials. The researchers selected 33 papers: 29 original research articles and 4 clinical trials. The results obtained by the screening of the selected articles show an interesting trend, in which the precise modulation of neurotrophin signaling could switch neurotrophins from being a "promoter" of pain to their beneficial neurotrophic role of supporting the nerves in their recovery, especially when a structural alteration is present, as in neuropathic pain. In conclusion, neurotrophins could be interesting targets for orofacial pain modulation but more studies are necessary to clarify their role for future application in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonomini
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (F.B.); (G.F.); (S.C.)
- Interdepartmental University Center of Research “Adaptation and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Italian Society of Orofacial Pain (Società Italiana Studio Dolore Orofacciale—SISDO), 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Favero
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (F.B.); (G.F.); (S.C.)
- Interdepartmental University Center of Research “Adaptation and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Castrezzati
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (F.B.); (G.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Elisa Borsani
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (F.B.); (G.F.); (S.C.)
- Interdepartmental University Center of Research “Adaptation and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Italian Society of Orofacial Pain (Società Italiana Studio Dolore Orofacciale—SISDO), 25123 Brescia, Italy
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22
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Nimgampalle M, Chakravarthy H, Sharma S, Shree S, Bhat AR, Pradeepkiran JA, Devanathan V. Neurotransmitter systems in the etiology of major neurological disorders: Emerging insights and therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 89:101994. [PMID: 37385351 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters serve as chemical messengers playing a crucial role in information processing throughout the nervous system, and are essential for healthy physiological and behavioural functions in the body. Neurotransmitter systems are classified as cholinergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, histaminergic, or aminergic systems, depending on the type of neurotransmitter secreted by the neuron, allowing effector organs to carry out specific functions by sending nerve impulses. Dysregulation of a neurotransmitter system is typically linked to a specific neurological disorder. However, more recent research points to a distinct pathogenic role for each neurotransmitter system in more than one neurological disorder of the central nervous system. In this context, the review provides recently updated information on each neurotransmitter system, including the pathways involved in their biochemical synthesis and regulation, their physiological functions, pathogenic roles in diseases, current diagnostics, new therapeutic targets, and the currently used drugs for associated neurological disorders. Finally, a brief overview of the recent developments in neurotransmitter-based therapeutics for selected neurological disorders is offered, followed by future perspectives in that area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna Nimgampalle
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati (IISER T), Transit campus, Karakambadi Road, Mangalam, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Harshini Chakravarthy
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati (IISER T), Transit campus, Karakambadi Road, Mangalam, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Sapana Sharma
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati (IISER T), Transit campus, Karakambadi Road, Mangalam, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shruti Shree
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati (IISER T), Transit campus, Karakambadi Road, Mangalam, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Anoop Ramachandra Bhat
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati (IISER T), Transit campus, Karakambadi Road, Mangalam, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Vasudharani Devanathan
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati (IISER T), Transit campus, Karakambadi Road, Mangalam, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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23
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Colgan LA, Parra-Bueno P, Holman HL, Tu X, Jain A, Calubag MF, Misler JA, Gary C, Oz G, Suponitsky-Kroyter I, Okaz E, Yasuda R. Dual Regulation of Spine-Specific and Synapse-to-Nucleus Signaling by PKCδ during Plasticity. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5432-5447. [PMID: 37277178 PMCID: PMC10376934 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0208-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity-dependent plasticity of synapses is believed to be the cellular basis of learning. These synaptic changes are mediated through the coordination of local biochemical reactions in synapses and changes in gene transcription in the nucleus to modulate neuronal circuits and behavior. The protein kinase C (PKC) family of isozymes has long been established as critical for synaptic plasticity. However, because of a lack of suitable isozyme-specific tools, the role of the novel subfamily of PKC isozymes is largely unknown. Here, through the development of fluorescence lifetime imaging-fluorescence resonance energy transfer activity sensors, we investigate novel PKC isozymes in synaptic plasticity in CA1 pyramidal neurons of mice of either sex. We find that PKCδ is activated downstream of TrkB and DAG production, and that the spatiotemporal nature of its activation depends on the plasticity stimulation. In response to single-spine plasticity, PKCδ is activated primarily in the stimulated spine and is required for local expression of plasticity. However, in response to multispine stimulation, a long-lasting and spreading activation of PKCδ scales with the number of spines stimulated and, by regulating cAMP response-element binding protein activity, couples spine plasticity to transcription in the nucleus. Thus, PKCδ plays a dual functional role in facilitating synaptic plasticity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Synaptic plasticity, or the ability to change the strength of the connections between neurons, underlies learning and memory and is critical for brain health. The protein kinase C (PKC) family is central to this process. However, understanding how these kinases work to mediate plasticity has been limited by a lack of tools to visualize and perturb their activity. Here, we introduce and use new tools to reveal a dual role for PKCδ in facilitating local synaptic plasticity and stabilizing this plasticity through spine-to-nucleus signaling to regulate transcription. This work provides new tools to overcome limitations in studying isozyme-specific PKC function and provides insight into molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Colgan
- Neuronal Signal Transduction, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Paula Parra-Bueno
- Neuronal Signal Transduction, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Heather L Holman
- Neuronal Signal Transduction, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Xun Tu
- Neuronal Signal Transduction, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Anant Jain
- Neuronal Signal Transduction, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Mariah F Calubag
- Neuronal Signal Transduction, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Jaime A Misler
- Neuronal Signal Transduction, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Chancellor Gary
- Neuronal Signal Transduction, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Goksu Oz
- Neuronal Signal Transduction, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Irena Suponitsky-Kroyter
- Neuronal Signal Transduction, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Elwy Okaz
- Neuronal Signal Transduction, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Ryohei Yasuda
- Neuronal Signal Transduction, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida 33458
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24
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Nelson ML, Pfeifer JA, Hickey JP, Collins AE, Kalisch BE. Exploring Rosiglitazone's Potential to Treat Alzheimer's Disease through the Modulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1042. [PMID: 37508471 PMCID: PMC10376118 DOI: 10.3390/biology12071042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that debilitates over 55 million individuals worldwide. Currently, treatments manage and alleviate its symptoms; however, there is still a need to find a therapy that prevents or halts disease progression. Since AD has been labeled as "type 3 diabetes" due to its similarity in pathological hallmarks, molecular pathways, and comorbidity with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), there is growing interest in using anti-diabetic drugs for its treatment. Rosiglitazone (RSG) is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist that reduces hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and improves insulin signaling. In cellular and rodent models of T2DM-associated cognitive decline and AD, RSG has been reported to improve cognitive impairment and reverse AD-like pathology; however, results from human clinical trials remain consistently unsuccessful. RSG has also been reported to modulate the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein that regulates neuroplasticity and energy homeostasis and is implicated in both AD and T2DM. The present review investigates RSG's limitations and potential therapeutic benefits in pre-clinical models of AD through its modulation of BDNF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackayla L Nelson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Collaborative Specialization in Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Julia A Pfeifer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Collaborative Specialization in Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jordan P Hickey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Collaborative Specialization in Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andrila E Collins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Collaborative Specialization in Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Bettina E Kalisch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Collaborative Specialization in Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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25
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Parrado Fernandez C, Juric S, Backlund M, Dahlström M, Madjid N, Lidell V, Rasti A, Sandin J, Nordvall G, Forsell P. Neuroprotective and Disease-Modifying Effects of the Triazinetrione ACD856, a Positive Allosteric Modulator of Trk-Receptors for the Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11159. [PMID: 37446337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies against Alzheimer's disease (AD) is of high importance. However, even though treated patients show very little amyloid pathology, there is only a modest effect on the rate of cognitive decline. Although this effect can possibly increase over time, there is still a need for alternative treatments that will improve cognitive function in patients with AD. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the triazinetrione ACD856, a novel pan-Trk positive allosteric modulator, in multiple models to address its neuroprotective and potential disease-modifying effects. The pharmacological effect of ACD856 was tested in recombinant cell lines, primary cortical neurons, or animals. We demonstrate that ACD856 enhanced NGF-induced neurite outgrowth, increased the levels of the pre-synaptic protein SNAP25 in PC12 cells, and increased the degree of phosphorylated TrkB in SH-SY5Y cells. In primary cortical neurons, ACD856 led to increased levels of phospho-ERK1/2, showed a neuroprotective effect against amyloid-beta or energy-deprivation-induced neurotoxicity, and increased the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Consequently, administration of ACD856 resulted in a significant increase in BDNF in the brains of 21 months old mice. Furthermore, repeated administration of ACD856 resulted in a sustained anti-depressant effect, which lasted up to seven days, suggesting effects that go beyond merely symptomatic effects. In conclusion, the results confirm ACD856 as a cognitive enhancer, but more importantly, they provide substantial in vitro and in vivo evidence of neuroprotective and long-term effects that contribute to neurotrophic support and increased neuroplasticity. Presumably, the described effects of ACD856 may improve cognition, increase resilience, and promote neurorestorative processes, thereby leading to a healthier brain in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Parrado Fernandez
- AlzeCure Pharma AB, Hälsovägen 7, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
- Division of Neuroscience, Care and Society, Department of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Sanja Juric
- AlzeCure Pharma AB, Hälsovägen 7, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maria Backlund
- AlzeCure Pharma AB, Hälsovägen 7, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Nather Madjid
- AlzeCure Pharma AB, Hälsovägen 7, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Azita Rasti
- AlzeCure Pharma AB, Hälsovägen 7, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Johan Sandin
- AlzeCure Pharma AB, Hälsovägen 7, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
- Division of Neuroscience, Care and Society, Department of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Nordvall
- AlzeCure Pharma AB, Hälsovägen 7, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
- Division of Neuroscience, Care and Society, Department of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Pontus Forsell
- AlzeCure Pharma AB, Hälsovägen 7, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
- Division of Neuroscience, Care and Society, Department of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
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26
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Fogarty MJ, Dasgupta D, Khurram OU, Sieck GC. Chemogenetic inhibition of TrkB signalling reduces phrenic motor neuron survival and size. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103847. [PMID: 36958643 PMCID: PMC10247511 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling through its high-affinity tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) is known to have potent effects on motor neuron survival and morphology during development and in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we employed a novel 1NMPP1 sensitive TrkBF616 rat model to evaluate the effect of 14 days inhibition of TrkB signalling on phrenic motor neurons (PhMNs). Adult female and male TrkBF616 rats were divided into 1NMPP1 or vehicle treated groups. Three days prior to treatment, PhMNs in both groups were initially labeled via intrapleural injection of Alexa-Fluor-647 cholera toxin B (CTB). After 11 days of treatment, retrograde axonal uptake/transport was assessed by secondary labeling of PhMNs by intrapleural injection of Alexa-Fluor-488 CTB. After 14 days of treatment, the spinal cord was excised 100 μm thick spinal sections containing PhMNs were imaged using two-channel confocal microscopy. TrkB inhibition reduced the total number of PhMNs by ∼16 %, reduced the mean PhMN somal surface areas by ∼25 %, impaired CTB uptake 2.5-fold and reduced the estimated PhMN dendritic surface area by ∼38 %. We conclude that inhibition of TrkB signalling alone in adult TrkBF616 rats is sufficient to lead to PhMN loss, morphological degeneration and deficits in retrograde axonal uptake/transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fogarty
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Debanjali Dasgupta
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Obaid U Khurram
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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27
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Kim J, Seo S, Park JHY, Lee KW, Kim J, Kim JC. Ca 2+-Permeable TRPV1 Receptor Mediates Neuroprotective Effects in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease via BDNF/CREB Signaling Pathway. Mol Cells 2023; 46:319-328. [PMID: 37070458 PMCID: PMC10183797 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) protein is a Ca2+-permeable non-selective cation channel known for its pain modulation pathway. In a previous study, it was discovered that a triple-transgenic Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model (3xTg-AD+/+) has anti-AD effects. The expression of proteins in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) pathway in a 3xTg-AD/TRPV1 transgenic mice model was investigated to better understand the AD regulatory effect of TRPV1 deficiency. The results show that TRPV1 deficiency leads to CREB activation by increasing BDNF levels and promoting phosphorylation of tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), protein kinase B (Akt), and CREB in the hippocampus. Additionally, TRPV1 deficiency-induced CREB activation increases the antiapoptotic factor B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) gene, which consequently downregulates Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) expression and decreases cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which leads to the prevention of hippocampal apoptosis. In conclusion, TRPV1 deficiency exhibits neuroprotective effects by preventing apoptosis through the BDNF/CREB signal transduction pathway in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea
| | - Sangwoo Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | | | - Ki Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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28
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Sleigh JN, Villarroel-Campos D, Surana S, Wickenden T, Tong Y, Simkin RL, Vargas JNS, Rhymes ER, Tosolini AP, West SJ, Zhang Q, Yang XL, Schiavo G. Boosting peripheral BDNF rescues impaired in vivo axonal transport in CMT2D mice. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e157191. [PMID: 36928301 PMCID: PMC10243821 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.157191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the housekeeping gene GARS1, which lead to the expression of toxic versions of glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS), cause the selective motor and sensory pathology characterizing Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). Aberrant interactions between GlyRS mutants and different proteins, including neurotrophin receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase receptor B (TrkB), underlie CMT type 2D (CMT2D); however, our pathomechanistic understanding of this untreatable peripheral neuropathy remains incomplete. Through intravital imaging of the sciatic nerve, we show that CMT2D mice displayed early and persistent disturbances in axonal transport of neurotrophin-containing signaling endosomes in vivo. We discovered that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/TrkB impairments correlated with transport disruption and overall CMT2D neuropathology and that inhibition of this pathway at the nerve-muscle interface perturbed endosome transport in wild-type axons. Accordingly, supplementation of muscles with BDNF, but not other neurotrophins, completely restored physiological axonal transport in neuropathic mice. Together, these findings suggest that selectively targeting muscles with BDNF-boosting therapies could represent a viable therapeutic strategy for CMT2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N. Sleigh
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, and
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - David Villarroel-Campos
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, and
| | - Sunaina Surana
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, and
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Tahmina Wickenden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, and
| | - Yao Tong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Simkin
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, and
| | - Jose Norberto S. Vargas
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, and
| | - Elena R. Rhymes
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, and
| | - Andrew P. Tosolini
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, and
| | | | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, and
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
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29
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Mussen F, Broeckhoven JV, Hellings N, Schepers M, Vanmierlo T. Unleashing Spinal Cord Repair: The Role of cAMP-Specific PDE Inhibition in Attenuating Neuroinflammation and Boosting Regeneration after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098135. [PMID: 37175842 PMCID: PMC10179671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by severe neuroinflammation and hampered neuroregeneration, which often leads to permanent neurological deficits. Current therapies include decompression surgery, rehabilitation, and in some instances, the use of corticosteroids. However, the golden standard of corticosteroids still achieves minimal improvements in functional outcomes. Therefore, new strategies tackling the initial inflammatory reactions and stimulating endogenous repair in later stages are crucial to achieving functional repair in SCI patients. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an important second messenger in the central nervous system (CNS) that modulates these processes. A sustained drop in cAMP levels is observed during SCI, and elevating cAMP is associated with improved functional outcomes in experimental models. cAMP is regulated in a spatiotemporal manner by its hydrolyzing enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE). Growing evidence suggests that inhibition of cAMP-specific PDEs (PDE4, PDE7, and PDE8) is an important strategy to orchestrate neuroinflammation and regeneration in the CNS. Therefore, this review focuses on the current evidence related to the immunomodulatory and neuroregenerative role of cAMP-specific PDE inhibition in the SCI pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Mussen
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute BIOMED, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jana Van Broeckhoven
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute BIOMED, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute BIOMED, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute BIOMED, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute BIOMED, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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30
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Kopczynski A, Carteri RB, Rodolphi MS, Oses JP, Portela LO, Geller CA, de Oliveira VG, De Bastiani MA, Strogulski NR, Smith DH, Portela LV. Lower and higher volumes of physical exercise build up brain reserves against memory deficits triggered by a head injury in mice. Exp Neurol 2023; 363:114352. [PMID: 36813223 PMCID: PMC10103909 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Decreasing neurotrophic support and impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics are key mechanisms for long-term neurodegeneration and cognitive decline after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We hypothesize that preconditioning with lower and higher volumes of physical exercise upregulates the CREB-BDNF axis and bioenergetic capability, which might serve as neural reserves against cognitive impairment after severe TBI. Using a running wheel mounted in the home cage, mice were engaged in lower (LV, 48 h free access, and 48 h locked) and higher (HV, daily free access) exercise volumes for thirty days. Subsequently, LV and HV mice remained for additional thirty days in the home cage with the running wheel locked and were euthanized. The sedentary group had the running wheel always locked. For the same type of exercise stimulus in a given time, daily workout presents higher volume than alternate days workout. The total distance ran in the wheel was the reference parameter to confirm distinct exercise volumes. On average, LV exercise ran 27.522 m and HV exercise ran 52.076 m. Primarily, we investigate whether LV and HV protocols increase neurotrophic and bioenergetic support in the hippocampus thirty days after exercise ceased. Regardless of volume, exercise increased hippocampal pCREBSer133-CREB-proBDNF-BDNF signaling and mitochondrial coupling efficiency, excess capacity, and leak control, that may compose the neurobiological basis for neural reserves. Further, we challenge these neural reserves against secondary memory deficits triggered by a severe TBI. After thirty days of exercise LV and HV, and sedentary (SED) mice were submitted to the CCI model. Mice remained for additional thirty days in the home cage with the running wheel locked. The mortality after severe TBI was approximately 20% in LV and HV, while in the SED was 40%. Also, LV and HV exercise sustained hippocampal pCREBSer133-CREB-proBDNF-BDNF signaling, mitochondrial coupling efficiency, excess capacity, and leak control for thirty days after severe TBI. Corroborating these benefits, the mitochondrial H2O2 production linked to complexes I and II was attenuated by exercise regardless of the volume. These adaptations attenuated spatial learning and memory deficits caused by TBI. In summary, preconditioning with LV and HV exercise builds up long-lasting CREB-BDNF and bioenergetic neural reserves that preserve memory fitness after severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afonso Kopczynski
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Randhall B Carteri
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro Universitário Metodista, Departamento de Nutrição, Instituto Porto Alegre, IPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil; CESUCA Centro Universitário, Departamento de Nutrição, Cachoeirinha, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S Rodolphi
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean P Oses
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz O Portela
- Laboratório de Performance em Ambiente Simulado (LAPAS), Centro de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cesar A Geller
- Laboratório de Performance em Ambiente Simulado (LAPAS), Centro de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitória G de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio De Bastiani
- Zimmer Neuroimaging Lab, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathan R Strogulski
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Douglas H Smith
- Penn Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Luis V Portela
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Roy D, Balasubramanian S, Krishnamurthy PT, Sola P, Rymbai E. Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibition in Parkinson's Disease: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Potential. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01349-1. [PMID: 37074485 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Clinicians and researchers are exploring safer and novel treatment strategies for treating the ever-prevalent Parkinson's disease (PD) across the globe. Several therapeutic strategies are used clinically for PD, including dopamine replacement therapy, DA agonists, MAO-B blockers, COMT blockers, and anticholinergics. Surgical interventions such as pallidotomy, particularly deep brain stimulation (DBS), are also employed. However, they only provide temporal and symptomatic relief. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is one of the secondary messengers involved in dopaminergic neurotransmission. Phosphodiesterase (PDE) regulates cAMP and cGMP intracellular levels. PDE enzymes are subdivided into families and subtypes which are expressed throughout the human body. PDE4 isoenzyme- PDE4B subtype is overexpressed in the substantia nigra of the brain. Various studies have implicated multiple cAMP-mediated signaling cascades in PD, and PDE4 is a common link that can emerge as a neuroprotective and/or disease-modifying target. Furthermore, a mechanistic understanding of the PDE4 subtypes has provided perceptivity into the molecular mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors (PDE4Is). The repositioning and development of efficacious PDE4Is for PD have gained much attention. This review critically assesses the existing literature on PDE4 and its expression. Specifically, this review provides insights into the interrelated neurological cAMP-mediated signaling cascades involving PDE4s and the potential role of PDE4Is in PD. In addition, we discuss existing challenges and possible strategies for overcoming them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhritiman Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, The Nilgiris, Ooty, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shivaramakrishnan Balasubramanian
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, The Nilgiris, Ooty, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, The Nilgiris, Ooty, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Piyong Sola
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, The Nilgiris, Ooty, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Emdormi Rymbai
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, The Nilgiris, Ooty, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wang G, Yang H, Zuo W, Mei X. Antidepressant-like effect of acute dose of Naringin involves suppression of NR1 and activation of protein kinase A/cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein/brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in hippocampus. Behav Pharmacol 2023; 34:101-111. [PMID: 36503881 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Naringin (Nr) has been identified to have antidepressant-like effects through repeated treatment. However, the underlying mechanism of the rapid antidepressant-like effects of Nr was still unclear. The present study used behavioral tests, classic depressive model and pharmacological methods to reveal the rapid antidepressant-like potential of Nr. We found that a single dose of Nr (20 mg/kg) produced antidepressant-like action after 2 h in the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST). Moreover, ketamine-like effects were also demonstrated by using the chronic mild stress model (CMS) and learned helplessness (LH), and the results showed that Nr reversed all behavioral defects, TST, FST, source preference test (SPT) in CMS, and LH testing, TST, FST in LH model, at 2 h after a single administration. In addition, Nr (20 mg/kg) could improve the abnormal expressions of NMDA receptor NR1 and PKA/CREB/BDNF pathway in hippocampus 2 h after a single administration in CMS mice. Further investigation revealed that activation of NMDA receptors by NMDA (750 mg/kg) could block the antidepressant effects of acute administration of Nr (20 mg/kg). However, the inhibition of NMDA receptors by MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg) promoted the subdose of Nr (10 mg/kg) to have antidepressant effect, which was similar to the effective dose Nr (20 mg/kg). Taken together, acute dose of Nr produces rapid antidepressant-like action, and the underlying mechanism could be through inhibiting NMDA receptors in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyao Wang
- Department of Basic Theory of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Haixia Yang
- First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenren Zuo
- First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Mei
- Department of Basic Theory of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
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Banerjee M, Shenoy RR. Emphasizing roles of BDNF promoters and inducers in Alzheimer's disease for improving impaired cognition and memory. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 34:125-136. [PMID: 34751526 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a crucial neurotrophic factor adding to neurons' development and endurance. The amount of BDNF present in the brain determines susceptibility to various neurodegenerative diseases. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), often it is seen that low levels of BDNF are present, which primarily contributes to cognition deficit by regulating long-term potentiation (LTP) and synaptic plasticity. Molecular mechanisms underlying the synthesis, storage and release of BDNF are widely studied. New molecules are found, which contribute to the signal transduction pathway. Two important receptors of BDNF are TrkB and p75NTR. When BDNF binds to the TrkB receptor, it activates three main signalling pathways-phospholipase C, MAPK/ERK, PI3/AKT. BDNF holds an imperative part in LTP and dendritic development, which are essential for memory formation. BDNF supports synaptic integrity by influencing LTP and LTD. This action is conducted by modulating the glutamate receptors; AMPA and NMDA. This review paper discusses the aforesaid points along with inducers of BDNF. Drugs and herbals promote neuroprotection by increasing the hippocampus' BDNF level in various disease-induced animal models for neurodegeneration. Advancement in finding pertinent molecules contributing to the BDNF signalling pathway has been discussed, along with the areas that require further research and study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuparna Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi District, Karnataka, India
| | - Rekha R Shenoy
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi District, Karnataka, India
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A PDK-1 allosteric agonist improves spatial learning and memory in a βAPP/PS-1 transgenic mouse-high fat diet intervention model of Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2023; 438:114183. [PMID: 36404570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM), peripheral insulin resistance (IR) and obesity are clear risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Several anti-diabetic drugs and insulin have been tested in rodents and humans with MCI or AD, yielding promising but inconclusive results. The PDK-1/Akt axis, essential to the action of insulin, has not however been pharmacologically interrogated to a similar degree. Our previous cell culture and in vitro studies point to such an approach. Double transgenic APPsw/PSENdE9 mice, a model for Alzheimer's disease, were used to test the oral administration of PS48, a PDK-1 agonist, on preventing the expected decline in learning and memory in the Morris Water Maze (MWM). Mice were raised on either standard (SD) or high fat (HFD) diets, dosed beginning 10 months age and tested at an advanced age of 14 months. PS48 had positive effects on learning the spatial location of a hidden platform in the TG animals, on either SD or HFD, compared to vehicle diet and WT animals. On several measures of spatial memory following successful acquisition (probe trials), the drug also proved significantly beneficial to animals on either diet. The PS48 treatment-effect size was more pronounced in the TG animals on HFD compared to on SD in several of the probe measures. HFD produced some of the intended metabolic effects of weight gain and hyperglycemia, as well as accelerating cognitive impairment in the TG animals. PS48 was found to have added value in modestly reducing body weights and improving OGTT responses in TG groups although results were not definitive. PS48 was well tolerated without obvious clinical signs or symptoms and did not itself affect longevity. These results recommend a larger preclinical study before human trial.
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35
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Nakajima K, Okubo S, Oiso S. Increasing Effect of Citrus natsudaidai on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. J Oleo Sci 2023; 72:245-255. [PMID: 36631105 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess22324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the brain is beneficial for the treatment of depression, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD); BDNF can cross the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, foods that elevate BDNF concentration in peripheral tissues may increase BDNF in the brain and thereby induce preventive and therapeutic effects against depression, AD, and PD. In this study, we aimed to determine whether Citrus natsudaidai extracts can increase BDNF concentration using the human kidney adenocarcinoma cell line ACHN, which has BDNF-producing and -secreting abilities. As test samples, methanol extracts of C. natsudaidai peel and pulp, and their n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water fractions were prepared. The BDNF concentrations in culture medium of ACHN cells were assayed after 24 h cultivation in the presence of test samples. Compared with that of control (non-treated) cells, the BDNF concentration increased in the culture medium of ACHN cells treated with the methanol extract of C. natsudaidai peel and its hexane, butanol, and water fractions, as well as the butanol and water fractions of the pulp extract. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that ACHN cells treated with the butanol fractions of the peel and pulp extracts showed elevated levels of BDNF mRNA compared with those of non-treated cells. C. natsudaidai may increase BDNF concentration by acting on peripheral tissues and could be a medication for the prevention and treatment of depression, AD, and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Nakajima
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University
| | - Shinya Okubo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University
| | - Shigeru Oiso
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University
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36
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Kim J, Kaang BK. Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) transcription factor in astrocytic synaptic communication. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 14:1059918. [PMID: 36685081 PMCID: PMC9845270 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.1059918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are known to actively participate in synaptic communication by forming structures called tripartite synapses. These synapses consist of presynaptic axon terminals, postsynaptic dendritic spines, and astrocytic processes where astrocytes release and receive transmitters. Although the transcription factor cyclic AMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) has been actively studied as an important factor for mediating synaptic activity-induced responses in neurons, its role in astrocytes is relatively unknown. Synaptic signals are known to activate various downstream pathways in astrocytes, which can activate the CREB transcription factor. Therefore, there is a need to summarize studies on astrocytic intracellular pathways that are induced by synaptic communication resulting in activation of the CREB pathway. In this review, we discuss the various neurotransmitter receptors and intracellular pathways that can induce CREB activation and CREB-induced gene regulation in astrocytes.
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Spagnuolo MS, Mazzoli A, Nazzaro M, Troise AD, Gatto C, Tonini C, Colardo M, Segatto M, Scaloni A, Pallottini V, Iossa S, Cigliano L. Long-Lasting Impact of Sugar Intake on Neurotrophins and Neurotransmitters from Adolescence to Young Adulthood in Rat Frontal Cortex. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1004-1020. [PMID: 36394711 PMCID: PMC9849314 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The detrimental impact of fructose, a widely used sweetener in industrial foods, was previously evidenced on various brain regions. Although adolescents are among the highest consumers of sweet foods, whether brain alterations induced by the sugar intake during this age persist until young adulthood or are rescued returning to a healthy diet remains largely unexplored. To shed light on this issue, just weaned rats were fed with a fructose-rich or control diet for 3 weeks. At the end of the treatment, fructose-fed rats underwent a control diet for a further 3 weeks until young adulthood phase and compared with animals that received from the beginning the healthy control diet. We focused on the consequences induced by the sugar on the main neurotrophins and neurotransmitters in the frontal cortex, as its maturation continues until late adolescence, thus being the last brain region to achieve a full maturity. We observed that fructose intake induces inflammation and oxidative stress, alteration of mitochondrial function, and changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin receptors, synaptic proteins, acetylcholine, dopamine, and glutamate levels, as well as increased formation of the glycation end-products Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML) and Nε-carboxyethyllysine (CEL). Importantly, many of these alterations (BDNF, CML, CEL, acetylcholinesterase activity, dysregulation of neurotransmitters levels) persisted after switching to the control diet, thus pointing out to the adolescence as a critical phase, in which extreme attention should be devoted to limit an excessive consumption of sweet foods that can affect brain physiology also in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stefania Spagnuolo
- grid.419162.90000 0004 1781 6305Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment, National Research Council, P.le E.Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Arianna Mazzoli
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Edificio 7, Via Cintia - I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Nazzaro
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Edificio 7, Via Cintia - I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Dario Troise
- grid.419162.90000 0004 1781 6305Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment, National Research Council, P.le E.Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Cristina Gatto
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Edificio 7, Via Cintia - I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Tonini
- grid.8509.40000000121622106Department of Science, Biomedical and Technology Science Section, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Mayra Colardo
- grid.10373.360000000122055422Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Marco Segatto
- grid.10373.360000000122055422Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- grid.419162.90000 0004 1781 6305Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment, National Research Council, P.le E.Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Valentina Pallottini
- grid.8509.40000000121622106Department of Science, Biomedical and Technology Science Section, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy ,grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437Neuroendocrinology Metabolism and Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Iossa
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Edificio 7, Via Cintia - I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Cigliano
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Edificio 7, Via Cintia - I-80126, Naples, Italy
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Santos AL, Sinha S. Ageing, Metabolic Dysfunction, and the Therapeutic Role of Antioxidants. Subcell Biochem 2023; 103:341-435. [PMID: 37120475 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The gradual ageing of the world population has been accompanied by a dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic diseases, especially type 2 diabetes. The adipose tissue dysfunction associated with ageing and obesity shares many common physiological features, including increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity may help elucidate the processes that contribute to the metabolic disturbances that occur with ageing. This, in turn, may help identify therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and age-related metabolic disorders. Because oxidative stress plays a critical role in these pathological processes, antioxidant dietary interventions could be of therapeutic value for the prevention and/or treatment of age-related diseases and obesity and their complications. In this chapter, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which obesity predisposes individuals to accelerated ageing. Additionally, we critically review the potential of antioxidant dietary interventions to counteract obesity and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Santos
- IdISBA - Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Palma, Spain.
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Moya-Alvarado G, Tiburcio-Felix R, Ibáñez MR, Aguirre-Soto AA, Guerra MV, Wu C, Mobley WC, Perlson E, Bronfman FC. BDNF/TrkB signaling endosomes in axons coordinate CREB/mTOR activation and protein synthesis in the cell body to induce dendritic growth in cortical neurons. eLife 2023; 12:77455. [PMID: 36826992 PMCID: PMC9977295 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptors tropomyosin kinase receptor B (TrkB) and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75) are the primary regulators of dendritic growth in the CNS. After being bound by BDNF, TrkB and p75 are endocytosed into endosomes and continue signaling within the cell soma, dendrites, and axons. We studied the functional role of BDNF axonal signaling in cortical neurons derived from different transgenic mice using compartmentalized cultures in microfluidic devices. We found that axonal BDNF increased dendritic growth from the neuronal cell body in a cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-dependent manner. These effects were dependent on axonal TrkB but not p75 activity. Dynein-dependent BDNF-TrkB-containing endosome transport was required for long-distance induction of dendritic growth. Axonal signaling endosomes increased CREB and mTOR kinase activity in the cell body, and this increase in the activity of both proteins was required for general protein translation and the expression of Arc, a plasticity-associated gene, indicating a role for BDNF-TrkB axonal signaling endosomes in coordinating the transcription and translation of genes whose products contribute to learning and memory regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Moya-Alvarado
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Center for Aging and Regeneration), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Av. Libertador Bernardo O´HigginsSantiagoChile
| | - Reynaldo Tiburcio-Felix
- NeuroSignaling Lab (NESLab), Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE-UC), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine, and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiagoChile
| | - María Raquel Ibáñez
- NeuroSignaling Lab (NESLab), Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE-UC), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine, and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiagoChile
| | - Alejandro A Aguirre-Soto
- NeuroSignaling Lab (NESLab), Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE-UC), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine, and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiagoChile
| | - Miguel V Guerra
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Center for Aging and Regeneration), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Av. Libertador Bernardo O´HigginsSantiagoChile,NeuroSignaling Lab (NESLab), Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE-UC), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine, and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiagoChile
| | - Chengbiao Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - William C Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Eran Perlson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Francisca C Bronfman
- NeuroSignaling Lab (NESLab), Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE-UC), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine, and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiagoChile
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Pathak H, Borchert A, Garaali S, Burkert A, Frieling H. BDNF exon IV promoter methylation and antidepressant action: a complex interplay. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:187. [PMID: 36572893 PMCID: PMC9793565 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BDNF exon IV promoter methylation is a potential biomarker for treatment response to antidepressants in MDD. We have previously shown CpG-87 methylation as a successful biomarker for the prediction of non-response to monoaminergic antidepressants like the SSRI Fluoxetine or the SNRI Venlafaxine. This study aimed to dissect the biological evidence and mechanisms for the functionality of CpG-87 methylation in a cell culture model. RESULTS We observed a significant interaction between methylation and antidepressant-mediated transcriptional activity in BDNF exon IV promoter. In addition, antidepressant treatment increased the promoter methylation in a concentration-dependent manner. Further single CpG methylation of -87 did not change the promoter activity, but methylation of CREB domain CpG-39 increased the transcriptional activity in an antidepressant-dependent manner. Interestingly, DNMT3a overexpression also increases the BDNF exon IV transcription and more so in Venlafaxine-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS The study strengthens the previously reported association between antidepressant treatment and BDNF exon IV promoter methylation as well as hints toward the mechanism of action. We argue that potential CpG methylation biomarkers display a complex synergy with the molecular changes at the neighboring CpG positions, thus highlighting the importance of epiallele analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansi Pathak
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anton Borchert
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sara Garaali
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Burkert
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Helge Frieling
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Liu RY, Zhang Y, Smolen P, Cleary LJ, Byrne JH. Defective synaptic plasticity in a model of Coffin-Lowry syndrome is rescued by simultaneously targeting PKA and MAPK pathways. Learn Mem 2022; 29:435-446. [PMID: 36446603 PMCID: PMC9749851 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053625.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Empirical and computational methods were combined to examine whether individual or dual-drug treatments can restore the deficit in long-term synaptic facilitation (LTF) of the Aplysia sensorimotor synapse observed in a cellular model of Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS). The model was produced by pharmacological inhibition of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) activity. In this model, coapplication of an activator of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) isoform ERK and an activator of protein kinase A (PKA) resulted in enhanced phosphorylation of RSK and enhanced LTF to a greater extent than either drug alone and also greater than their additive effects, which is termed synergism. The extent of synergism appeared to depend on another MAPK isoform, p38 MAPK. Inhibition of p38 MAPK facilitated serotonin (5-HT)-induced RSK phosphorylation, indicating that p38 MAPK inhibits activation of RSK. Inhibition of p38 MAPK combined with activation of PKA synergistically activated both ERK and RSK. Our results suggest that cellular models of disorders that affect synaptic plasticity and learning, such as CLS, may constitute a useful strategy to identify candidate drug combinations, and that combining computational models with empirical tests of model predictions can help explain synergism of drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Yu Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yili Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Paul Smolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Leonard J Cleary
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - John H Byrne
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Fogarty MJ, Khurram OU, Mantilla CB, Sieck GC. Brain derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin related kinase B signaling impacts diaphragm neuromuscular transmission in a novel rat chemogenetic model. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1025463. [PMID: 36385943 PMCID: PMC9650098 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1025463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) mediates neural control of skeletal muscle fibers. Neurotrophic signaling, specifically brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) acting through its high-affinity tropomyosin related kinase B (TrkB) receptor is known to improve neuromuscular transmission. BDNF/TrkB signaling also maintains the integrity of antero- and retrograde communication between the motor neuron soma, its distal axons and pre-synaptic terminals and influences neuromuscular transmission. In this study, we employed a novel rat chemogenetic mutation (TrkB F616), in which a 1-naphthylmethyl phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 (1NMPP1) sensitive knock-in allele allowed specific, rapid and sustained inhibition of TrkB kinase activity. In adult female and male TrkB F616 rats, treatment with either 1NMPP1 (TrkB kinase inhibition) or DMSO (vehicle) was administered in drinking water for 14 days. To assess the extent of neuromuscular transmission failure (NMTF), diaphragm muscle isometric force evoked by nerve stimulation at 40 Hz (330 ms duration trains repeated each s) was compared to isometric forces evoked by superimposed direct muscle stimulation (every 15 s). Chronic TrkB kinase inhibition (1NMPP1 group) markedly worsened NMTF compared to vehicle controls. Acute BDNF treatment did not rescue NMTF in the 1NMPP1 group. Chronic TrkB kinase inhibition did not affect the apposition of pre-synaptic terminals (labeled with synaptophysin) and post-synaptic endplates (labeled with α-Bungarotoxin) at diaphragm NMJs. We conclude that inhibition of BDNF/TrkB signaling in TrkB F616 rats disrupts diaphragm neuromuscular transmission in a similar manner to TrkB F616A mice, likely via a pre-synaptic mechanism independent of axonal branch point failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Fogarty
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Obaid U. Khurram
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Carlos B. Mantilla
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Gary C. Sieck
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Altered activity-regulated H3K9 acetylation at TGF-beta signaling genes during egocentric memory in Huntington's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 219:102363. [PMID: 36179935 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits in Huntington's disease (HD), a striatal neurodegenerative disorder, are unknown. Here, we generated ChIPseq, 4Cseq and RNAseq data on striatal tissue of HD and control mice during striatum-dependent egocentric memory process. Multi-omics analyses showed altered activity-dependent epigenetic gene reprogramming of neuronal and glial genes regulating striatal plasticity in HD mice, which correlated with memory deficit. First, our data reveal that spatial chromatin re-organization and transcriptional induction of BDNF-related markers, regulating neuronal plasticity, were reduced since memory acquisition in the striatum of HD mice. Second, our data show that epigenetic memory implicating H3K9 acetylation, which established during late phase of memory process (e.g. during consolidation/recall) and contributed to glia-mediated, TGFβ-dependent plasticity, was compromised in HD mouse striatum. Specifically, memory-dependent regulation of H3K9 acetylation was impaired at genes controlling extracellular matrix and myelination. Our study investigating the interplay between epigenetics and memory identifies H3K9 acetylation and TGFβ signaling as new targets of striatal plasticity, which might offer innovative leads to improve HD.
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Drugs and Endogenous Factors as Protagonists in Neurogenic Stimulation. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2852-2871. [PMID: 35962176 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is a biological process characterized by new neurons formation from stem cells. For decades, it was believed that neurons only multiplied during development and in the postnatal period but the discovery of neural stem cells (NSCs) in mature brain promoted a revolution in neuroscience field. In mammals, neurogenesis consists of migration, differentiation, maturation, as well as functional integration of newborn cells into the pre-existing neuronal circuit. Actually, NSC density drops significantly after the first stages of development, however in specific places in the brain, called neurogenic niches, some of these cells retain their ability to generate new neurons and glial cells in adulthood. The subgranular (SGZ), and the subventricular zones (SVZ) are examples of regions where the neurogenesis process occurs in the mature brain. There, the potential of NSCs to produce new neurons has been explored by new advanced methodologies and in neuroscience for the treatment of brain damage and/or degeneration. Based on that, this review highlights endogenous factors and drugs capable of stimulating neurogenesis, as well as the perspectives for the use of NSCs for neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 2 and cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein in Cultured Neurons by the Macrocyclic Ellagitannin Oenothein B. NEUROSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/neurosci3030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The findings of our recent in vivo study indicated that the oral administration of oenothein B, a unique macrocyclic ellagitannin, activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 2 and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in the mouse brain. A large hydrophilic oenothein B is unable to reach the brain, suggesting that any metabolite(s) of oenothein B might function in the brain. (2) Results: The addition of oenothein B to the culture medium of rat cortical neurons induced the prompt and significant activation of ERK2 and CREB. (3) Conclusions: The activation of ERK2 and CREB is crucial for synaptic transmission and learning/memory formation in the brain. The present results suggest oenothein B exerts neurotrophic/neuroprotective effects in the brain through the modulation of neuronal signaling pathways, if it reaches the brain.
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Hyun SA, Ko MY, Jang S, Lee BS, Rho J, Kim KK, Kim WY, Ka M. Bisphenol-A impairs synaptic formation and function by RGS4-mediated negative regulation of BDNF/NTRK2 signaling in the cerebral cortex. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:276081. [PMID: 35781563 PMCID: PMC9346518 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a representative endocrine disruptor, widely used in a variety of products including plastics, medical equipment and receipts. Hence, most people are exposed to BPA via the skin, digestive system or inhalation in everyday life. Furthermore, BPA crosses the blood–brain barrier and is linked to multiple neurological dysfunctions found in neurodegenerative and neuropsychological disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying BPA-associated neurological dysfunctions remain poorly understood. Here, we report that BPA exposure alters synapse morphology and function in the cerebral cortex. Cortical pyramidal neurons treated with BPA showed reduced size and number of dendrites and spines. The density of excitatory synapses was also decreased by BPA treatment. More importantly, we found that BPA disrupted normal synaptic transmission and cognitive behavior. RGS4 and its downstream BDNF/NTRK2 pathway appeared to mediate the effect of BPA on synaptic and neurological function. Our findings provide molecular mechanistic insights into anatomical and physiological neurotoxic consequences related to a potent endocrine modifier. Summary: Bisphenol-A (BPA) disrupts normal synaptic transmission and cognitive behavior in mice. Rgs4 transcription factor and its downstream BDNF/NTRK2 pathway appear to mediate the effect of BPA on synaptic and neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ae Hyun
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Yi Ko
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Sumi Jang
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaerang Rho
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee K Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Minhan Ka
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
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Vints WAJ, Levin O, Fujiyama H, Verbunt J, Masiulis N. Exerkines and long-term synaptic potentiation: Mechanisms of exercise-induced neuroplasticity. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 66:100993. [PMID: 35283168 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.100993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise may improve cognitive function by modulating molecular and cellular mechanisms within the brain. We propose that the facilitation of long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP)-related pathways, by products induced by physical exercise (i.e., exerkines), is a crucial aspect of the exercise-effect on the brain. This review summarizes synaptic pathways that are activated by exerkines and may potentiate LTP. For a total of 16 exerkines, we indicated how blood and brain exerkine levels are altered depending on the type of physical exercise (i.e., cardiovascular or resistance exercise) and how they respond to a single bout (i.e., acute exercise) or multiple bouts of physical exercise (i.e., chronic exercise). This information may be used for designing individualized physical exercise programs. Finally, this review may serve to direct future research towards fundamental gaps in our current knowledge regarding the biophysical interactions between muscle activity and the brain at both cellular and system levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A J Vints
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, P.O. Box 88, 6430 AB Hoensbroek, the Netherlands.
| | - Oron Levin
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Hakuei Fujiyama
- Department of Psychology, Murdoch University, 90 South St., WA 6150 Perth, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South St., WA 6150 Perth, Australia; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, 90 South St., WA 6150 Perth, Australia.
| | - Jeanine Verbunt
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, P.O. Box 88, 6430 AB Hoensbroek, the Netherlands.
| | - Nerijus Masiulis
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio Str. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Lattanzi D, Savelli D, Pagliarini M, Cuppini R, Ambrogini P. Short-Term, Voluntary Exercise Affects Morpho-Functional Maturation of Adult-Generated Neurons in Rat Hippocampus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126866. [PMID: 35743307 PMCID: PMC9224999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is a well-proven neurogenic stimulus, promoting neuronal progenitor proliferation and affecting newborn cell survival. Besides, it has beneficial effects on brain health and cognition. Previously, we found that three days of physical activity in a very precocious period of adult-generated granule cell life is able to antedate the appearance of the first GABAergic synaptic contacts and increase T-type Ca2+ channel expression. Considering the role of GABA and Ca2+ in fostering neuronal maturation, in this study, we used short-term, voluntary exercise on a running wheel to investigate if it is able to induce long-term morphological and synaptic changes in newborn neurons. Using adult male rats, we found that: (i) three days of voluntary physical exercise can definitively influence the morpho-functional maturation process of newborn granule neurons when applied very early during their development; (ii) a significant percentage of new neurons show more mature morphological characteristics far from the end of exercise protocol; (iii) the long-term morphological effects result in enhanced synaptic plasticity. Present findings demonstrate that the morpho-functional changes induced by exercise on very immature adult-generated neurons are permanent, affecting the neuron maturation and integration in hippocampal circuitry. Our data contribute to underpinning the beneficial potential of physical activity on brain health, also performed for short times.
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Modulation of CREB and its associated upstream signaling pathways in pesticide-induced neurotoxicity. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:2581-2593. [PMID: 35596844 PMCID: PMC9618525 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04472-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Human beings are exposed to various environmental xenobiotics throughout their life consisting of a broad range of physical and chemical agents that impart bodily harm. Among these, pesticide exposure that destroys insects mainly by damaging their central nervous system also exerts neurotoxic effects on humans and is implicated in the etiology of several degenerative disorders. The connectivity between CREB (cAMP Response Element Binding Protein) signaling activation and neuronal activity is of broad interest and has been thoroughly studied in various diseased states. Several genes, as well as protein kinases, are involved in the phosphorylation of CREB, including BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor), Pi3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), AKT (Protein kinase B), RAS (Rat Sarcoma), MEK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase), PLC (Phospholipase C), and PKC (Protein kinase C) that play an essential role in neuronal plasticity, long-term potentiation, neuronal survival, learning, and memory formation, cognitive function, synaptic transmission, and suppressing apoptosis. These elements, either singularly or in a cascade, can result in the modulation of CREB, making it a vulnerable target for various neurotoxic agents, including pesticides. This review provides insight into how these various intracellular signaling pathways converge to bring about CREB activation and how the activated or deactivated CREB levels can affect the gene expression of the upstream molecules. We also discuss the various target genes within the cascade vulnerable to different types of pesticides. Thus, this review will facilitate future investigations associated with pesticide neurotoxicity and identify valuable therapeutic targets.
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Antidepressant effects of Enterococcus faecalis 2001 through the regulation of prefrontal cortical myelination via the enhancement of CREB/BDNF and NF-κB p65/LIF/STAT3 pathways in olfactory bulbectomized mice. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 148:137-148. [PMID: 35123326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A therapeutic strategy through the gut-brain axis has been proven to be effective in treatment for depression. In our previous study, we demonstrated that Enterococcus faecalis 2001 (EF-2001) prevents colitis-induced depressive-like behavior through the gut-brain axis in mice. More recently, we found that demyelination in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was associated with depressive-like behavior in an animal model of major depressive disorder, olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) mice. The present study investigated the effects of EF-2001 on depressive-like behaviors in OBX mice and the underlying molecular mechanisms from the perspective of myelination in the PFC. OBX mice exhibited depressive-like behaviors in the tail-suspension, splash, and sucrose preference tests, and decreased myelin and paranodal proteins along with mature oligodendrocytes in the PFC. These behavioral and biochemical changes were all prevented by treatment with EF-2001. Further, EF-2001 treatment increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in the PFC. Interestingly, an immunohistochemical analysis revealed enhanced phospho (p) -cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) expression in neurons, p-nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) p65 (Ser536) expression in astrocytes, and p-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) (Ty705) expression in mature oligodendrocytes in the PFC of OBX mice. From these results, we suggest that EF-2001 administration prevents depressive-like behaviors by regulating prefrontal cortical myelination via the enhancement of CREB/BDNF and NFκB p65/LIF/STAT3 pathways. Our findings strongly support the idea that a therapeutic strategy involving the gut microbiota may be a promising alternative treatment for alleviating symptoms of depression.
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