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Holter KM, Lekander AD, Pierce BE, Sands LP, Gould RW. Use of Quantitative Electroencephalography to Inform Age- and Sex-Related Differences in NMDA Receptor Function Following MK-801 Administration. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:237. [PMID: 38399452 PMCID: PMC10892193 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sex- and age-related differences in symptom prevalence and severity have been widely reported in patients with schizophrenia, yet the underlying mechanisms contributing to these differences are not well understood. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunction contributes to schizophrenia pathology, and preclinical models often use NMDA receptor antagonists, including MK-801, to model all symptom clusters. Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) represents a translational approach to measure neuronal activity, identify targetable biomarkers in neuropsychiatric disorders and evaluate possible treatments. Abnormalities in gamma power have been reported in patients with schizophrenia and correspond to psychosis and cognitive impairment. Further, as gamma power reflects cortical glutamate and GABA signaling, it is highly sensitive to changes in NMDA receptor function, and NMDA receptor antagonists aberrantly increase gamma power in rodents and humans. To evaluate the role of sex and age on NMDA receptor function, MK-801 (0.03-0.3 mg/kg, SC) was administered to 3- and 9-month-old male and female Sprague-Dawley rats that were implanted with wireless EEG transmitters to measure cortical brain function. MK-801-induced elevations in gamma power were observed in 3-month-old male and female and 9-month-old male rats. In contrast, 9-month-old female rats demonstrated blunted maximal elevations across a wide dose range. Importantly, MK-801-induced hyperlocomotor effects, a common behavioral screen used to examine antipsychotic-like activity, were similar across all groups. Overall, sex-by-age-related differences in gamma power support using qEEG as a translational tool to evaluate pathological progression and predict treatment response across a heterogeneous population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Robert W. Gould
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.H.)
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Akinbo OI, McNeal N, Hylin M, Hite N, Dagner A, Grippo AJ. The Influence of Environmental Enrichment on Affective and Neural Consequences of Social Isolation Across Development. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2022; 3:713-733. [PMID: 36519141 PMCID: PMC9743881 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Social stress is associated with depression and anxiety, physiological disruptions, and altered brain morphology in central stress circuitry across development. Environmental enrichment strategies may improve responses to social stress. Socially monogamous prairie voles exhibit analogous social and emotion-related behaviors to humans, with potential translational insight into interactions of social stress, age, and environmental enrichment. This study explored the effects of social isolation and environmental enrichment on behaviors related to depression and anxiety, physiological indicators of stress, and dendritic structural changes in amygdala and hippocampal subregions in young adult and aging prairie voles. Forty-nine male prairie voles were assigned to one of six groups divided by age (young adult vs. aging), social structure (paired vs. isolated), and housing environment (enriched vs. non-enriched). Following 4 weeks of these conditions, behaviors related to depression and anxiety were investigated in the forced swim test and elevated plus maze, body and adrenal weights were evaluated, and dendritic morphology analyses were conducted in hippocampus and amygdala subregions. Environmental enrichment decreased immobility duration in the forced swim test, increased open arm exploration in the elevated plus maze, and reduced adrenal/body weight ratio in aging and young adult prairie voles. Age and social isolation influenced dendritic morphology in the basolateral amygdala. Age, but not social isolation, influenced dendritic morphology in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Environmental enrichment did not influence dendritic morphology in either brain region. These data may inform interventions to reduce the effects of social stressors and age-related central changes associated with affective behavioral consequences in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oreoluwa I. Akinbo
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115 USA
| | - Neal McNeal
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115 USA
| | - Michael Hylin
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA
| | - Natalee Hite
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Ashley Dagner
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115 USA
| | - Angela J. Grippo
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115 USA
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3
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Seasonal differences in the morphology and spine density of hippocampal neurons in wild ground squirrels. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:2349-2365. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Balietti M, Conti F. Environmental enrichment and the aging brain: is it time for standardization? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104728. [PMID: 35691473 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aging entails a progressive decline of cognitive abilities. However, since the brain is endowed with considerable plasticity, adequate stimulation can delay or partially compensate for age-related structural and functional impairment. Environmental enrichment (EE) has been reported to determine a wide range of cerebral changes. Although most findings have been obtained in young and adult animals, research has recently turned to aged individuals. Notably, EE can contribute identifying key lifestyle factors whose change can help extend the "mind-span", i.e., the time an individual lives in a healthy cognitive condition. Here we discuss specific methodological issues that can affect the outcomes of EE interventions applied to aged rodents, summarize the main variables that would need standardization (e.g., timing and duration, enrichment items, control animals and setting), and offer some suggestions on how this goal may be achieved. Reaching a consensus on EE experiment design would significantly reduce differences between and within laboratories, enable constructive discussions among researchers, and improve data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Balietti
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Fiorenzo Conti
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy; Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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5
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Czobor NR, Ocsovszky Z, Roth G, Takács S, Csabai M, Székely E, Gál J, Székely A, Konkolÿ Thege B. ADHD symptomatology of children with congenital heart disease 10 years after cardiac surgery: the role of age at operation. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:316. [PMID: 34167512 PMCID: PMC8223303 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03324-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to investigate the differences in ADHD symptomatology between healthy controls and children who underwent cardiac surgery at different ages. METHODS Altogether, 133 children (54 patients with congenital heart disease undergoing first cardiac surgery under 3 years of age, 26 operated at the age of 3 or later, and 53 healthy controls) were examined. Patients completed the Youth Self Report (YSR), while their parents completed the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and the ADHD Rating Scale-IV. RESULTS Children receiving surgery for the first time under the age of 3 years were more likely diagnosed with cyanotic type malformation and have undergone to a greater number of operations. However, ADHD symptoms of those treated surgically at or above 3 years of age were more severe than that of the control group or those who were treated surgically at a younger age. The control group and those treated surgically below the age of three did not differ across any of the ADHD symptom severity indicators. CONCLUSIONS The age at the time of cardiac surgery might be associated with later ADHD symptom severity - with lower age at operation associated with better outcomes. Further, adequately powered studies are needed to confirm these exploratory findings and investigate the moderators of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta R. Czobor
- grid.11804.3c0000 0001 0942 9821School of Doctoral Studies, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary ,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical Centre of Hungarian Defence Forces, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Ocsovszky
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Personality, Clinical and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - György Roth
- grid.11804.3c0000 0001 0942 9821School of Doctoral Studies, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary ,grid.417735.30000 0004 0573 5225Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Gottsegen György Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Takács
- grid.445677.30000 0001 2108 6518Institute of Psychology, Károli Gáspár University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Csabai
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Personality, Clinical and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edgár Székely
- grid.11804.3c0000 0001 0942 9821Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Gál
- grid.11804.3c0000 0001 0942 9821Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Székely
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Department of Paediatric Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Gottsegen György Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Barna Konkolÿ Thege
- grid.440060.60000 0004 0459 5734Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Waypoint Research Institute, Penetanguishene, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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Bradley SS, Howe E, Bailey CDC, Vickaryous MK. The dendrite arbor of Purkinje cells is altered following to tail regeneration in the leopard gecko. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:370-384. [PMID: 34038505 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cells of the cerebellum have a complex arborized arrangement of dendrites and are amongst the most distinctive cell types of the nervous system. Although the neuromorphology of Purkinje cells has been well described for some mammals and teleost fish, for most vertebrates less is known. Here we used a modified Golgi-Cox method to investigate the neuromorphology of Purkinje cells from the lizard Eublepharis macularius, the leopard gecko. Using Sholl and Branch Structure Analyses, we sought to investigate whether the neuromorphology of gecko Purkinje cells was altered is response to tail loss and regeneration. Tail loss is an evolved mechanism commonly used by geckos to escape predation. Loss of the tail represents a significant and sudden change in body length and mass, which is only partially recovered as the tail is regenerated. We predicted that tail loss and regeneration would induce a quantifiable change in Purkinje cell dendrite arborization. Post hoc comparisons of Sholl analyses data showed that geckos with regenerated tails have significant changes in dendrite diameter and the number of dendrite intersections in regions corresponding to the position of parallel fiber synapses. We propose that the neuromorphological alterations observed in gecko Purkinje cells represent a compensatory response to tail regrowth, and perhaps a role in motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Howe
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Canada
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Musical Training and Brain Volume in Older Adults. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11010050. [PMID: 33466337 PMCID: PMC7824792 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Musical practice, including musical training and musical performance, has been found to benefit cognitive function in older adults. Less is known about the role of musical experiences on brain structure in older adults. The present study examined the role of different types of musical behaviors on brain structure in older adults. We administered the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index, a questionnaire that includes questions about a variety of musical behaviors, including performance on an instrument, musical practice, allocation of time to music, musical listening expertise, and emotional responses to music. We demonstrated that musical training, defined as the extent of musical training, musical practice, and musicianship, was positively and significantly associated with the volume of the inferior frontal cortex and parahippocampus. In addition, musical training was positively associated with volume of the posterior cingulate cortex, insula, and medial orbitofrontal cortex. Together, the present study suggests that musical behaviors relate to a circuit of brain regions involved in executive function, memory, language, and emotion. As gray matter often declines with age, our study has promising implications for the positive role of musical practice on aging brain health.
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8
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Cushman JD, Drew MR, Krasne FB. The environmental sculpting hypothesis of juvenile and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 199:101961. [PMID: 33242572 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We propose that a major contribution of juvenile and adult hippocampal neurogenesis is to allow behavioral experience to sculpt dentate gyrus connectivity such that sensory attributes that are relevant to the animal's environment are more strongly represented. This "specialized" dentate is then able to store a larger number of discriminable memory representations. Our hypothesis builds on accumulating evidence that neurogenesis declines to low levels prior to adulthood in many species. Rather than being necessary for ongoing hippocampal function, as several current theories posit, we argue that neurogenesis has primarily a prospective function, in that it allows experience to shape hippocampal circuits and optimize them for future learning in the particular environment in which the animal lives. Using an anatomically-based simulation of the hippocampus (BACON), we demonstrate that environmental sculpting of this kind would reduce overlap among hippocampal memory representations and provide representation cells with more information about an animal's current situation; consequently, it would allow more memories to be stored and accurately recalled without significant interference. We describe several new, testable predictions generated by the sculpting hypothesis and evaluate the hypothesis with respect to existing evidence. We argue that the sculpting hypothesis provides a strong rationale for why juvenile and adult neurogenesis occurs specifically in the dentate gyrus and why it declines significantly prior to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Cushman
- Neurobehavioral Core Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Michael R Drew
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| | - Franklin B Krasne
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, United States.
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9
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Parker EM, Kindja NL, Cheetham CEJ, Sweet RA. Sex differences in dendritic spine density and morphology in auditory and visual cortices in adolescence and adulthood. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9442. [PMID: 32523006 PMCID: PMC7287134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65942-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small protrusions on dendrites that endow neurons with the ability to receive and transform synaptic input. Dendritic spine number and morphology are altered as a consequence of synaptic plasticity and circuit refinement during adolescence. Dendritic spine density (DSD) is significantly different based on sex in subcortical brain regions associated with the generation of sex-specific behaviors. It is largely unknown if sex differences in DSD exist in auditory and visual brain regions and if there are sex-specific changes in DSD in these regions that occur during adolescent development. We analyzed dendritic spines in 4-week-old (P28) and 12-week-old (P84) male and female mice and found that DSD is lower in female mice due in part to fewer short stubby, long stubby and short mushroom spines. We found striking layer-specific patterns including a significant age by layer interaction and significantly decreased DSD in layer 4 from P28 to P84. Together these data support the possibility of developmental sex differences in DSD in visual and auditory regions and provide evidence of layer-specific refinement of DSD over adolescent brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Parker
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Nathan L Kindja
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Claire E J Cheetham
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Robert A Sweet
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
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10
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Parker N, Vidal-Pineiro D, French L, Shin J, Adams HHH, Brodaty H, Cox SR, Deary IJ, Fjell AM, Frenzel S, Grabe H, Hosten N, Ikram MA, Jiang J, Knol MJ, Mazoyer B, Mishra A, Sachdev PS, Salum G, Satizabal CL, Schmidt H, Schmidt R, Seshadri S, Schumann G, Völzke H, Walhovd KB, Wen W, Wittfeld K, Yang Q, Debette S, Pausova Z, Paus T. Corticosteroids and Regional Variations in Thickness of the Human Cerebral Cortex across the Lifespan. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:575-586. [PMID: 31240317 PMCID: PMC7444740 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposures to life stressors accumulate across the lifespan, with possible impact on brain health. Little is known, however, about the mechanisms mediating age-related changes in brain structure. We use a lifespan sample of participants (n = 21 251; 4-97 years) to investigate the relationship between the thickness of cerebral cortex and the expression of the glucocorticoid- and the mineralocorticoid-receptor genes (NR3C1 and NR3C2, respectively), obtained from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. In all participants, cortical thickness correlated negatively with the expression of both NR3C1 and NR3C2 across 34 cortical regions. The magnitude of this correlation varied across the lifespan. From childhood through early adulthood, the profile similarity (between NR3C1/NR3C2 expression and thickness) increased with age. Conversely, both profile similarities decreased with age in late life. These variations do not reflect age-related changes in NR3C1 and NR3C2 expression, as observed in 5 databases of gene expression in the human cerebral cortex (502 donors). Based on the co-expression of NR3C1 (and NR3C2) with genes specific to neural cell types, we determine the potential involvement of microglia, astrocytes, and CA1 pyramidal cells in mediating the relationship between corticosteroid exposure and cortical thickness. Therefore, corticosteroids may influence brain structure to a variable degree throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Parker
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto M4G 1R8, Canada
| | - Didac Vidal-Pineiro
- Centre for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway
| | - Leon French
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto M5T 1L8, Canada
| | - Jean Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3015, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3015, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing and Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2025, Australia
| | - Simon R Cox
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburg EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburg EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Anders M Fjell
- Centre for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0318, Norway
| | - Stefan Frenzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Hans Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/ Greifswald 18147, Germany
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Mohammad Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3015, the Netherlands
| | - Jiyang Jiang
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Maria J Knol
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3015, the Netherlands
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- Groupe d’Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, et Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux 5293, France
| | - Aniket Mishra
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, INSERM UMR, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Giovanni Salum
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90040-060, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118, USA
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118, USA
| | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC-Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Henry Völzke
- Department of SHIP/Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald 13316, Germany
- DZD (German Centre for Diabetes Research), Site Greifswald
85764, Germany
| | - Kristine B Walhovd
- Centre for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0318, Norway
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburg EH8 9JZ, UK
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/ Greifswald 18147, Germany
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA 02118, USA
| | - Stephanie Debette
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, INSERM UMR, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33076, France
- Department of Neurology, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto M4G 1R8, Canada
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto
M5T 1R8, Canada
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11
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Therapeutic efficacy of environmental enrichment for substance use disorders. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 188:172829. [PMID: 31778722 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Addiction to drug and alcohol is regarded as a major health problem worldwide for which available treatments show limited effectiveness. The biggest challenge remains to enhance the capacities of interventions to reduce craving, prevent relapse and promote long-term recovery. New strategies to meet these challenges are being explored. Findings from preclinical work suggest that environmental enrichment (EE) holds therapeutic potential for the treatment of substance use disorders, as demonstrated in a number of animal models of drug abuse. The EE intervention introduced after drug exposure leads to attenuation of compulsive drug taking, attenuation of the rewarding (and reinforcing) effects of drugs, reductions in control of behavior by drug cues, and, very importantly, relapse prevention. Clinical work also suggests that multidimensional EE interventions (involving physical activity, social interaction, vocational training, recreational and community involvement) might produce similar therapeutic effects, if implemented continuously and rigorously. In this review we survey preclinical and clinical studies assessing the efficacy of EE as a behavioral intervention for substance use disorders and address related challenges. We also review work providing empirical evidence for EE-induced neuroplasticity within the mesocorticolimbic system that is believed to contribute to the seemingly therapeutic effects of EE on drug and alcohol-related behaviors.
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12
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McAllister BB, Thackray SE, de la Orta BKG, Gosse E, Tak P, Chipak C, Rehal S, Valverde Rascón A, Dyck RH. Effects of enriched housing on the neuronal morphology of mice that lack zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3) and vesicular zinc. Behav Brain Res 2019; 379:112336. [PMID: 31689442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, certain neurons store zinc within the synaptic vesicles of their axon terminals. This vesicular zinc can then be released in an activity-dependent fashion as an intercellular signal. The functions of vesicular zinc are not entirely understood, but evidence suggests that it is important for some forms of experience-dependent plasticity in the brain. The ability of neurons to store and release vesicular zinc is dependent on expression of the vesicular zinc transporter, ZnT3. Here, we examined the neuronal morphology of mice that lack ZnT3. Brains were collected from mice housed under standard laboratory conditions and from mice housed in enriched environments - large, multilevel enclosures with running wheels, numerous objects and tunnels, and a greater number of cage mates. Golgi-Cox staining was used to visualize neurons for analysis of dendritic length and dendritic spine density. Neurons were analyzed from the barrel cortex, striatum, basolateral amygdala, and hippocampus (CA1). ZnT3 knockout mice, relative to wild type mice, exhibited increased basal dendritic length in the layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of barrel cortex, independently of housing condition. Environmental enrichment decreased apical dendritic length in these same neurons and increased dendritic spine density on striatal medium spiny neurons. Elimination of ZnT3 did not modulate any of the effects of enrichment. Our results provide no evidence that vesicular zinc is required for the experience-dependent changes that occur in response to environmental enrichment. They are consistent, however, with recent reports suggesting increased cortical volume in ZnT3 knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan B McAllister
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sarah E Thackray
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Brenda Karina Garciá de la Orta
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Elise Gosse
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Purnoor Tak
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Colten Chipak
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sukhjinder Rehal
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Abril Valverde Rascón
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Richard H Dyck
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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13
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Sta Maria NS, Sargolzaei S, Prins ML, Dennis EL, Asarnow RF, Hovda DA, Harris NG, Giza CC. Bridging the gap: Mechanisms of plasticity and repair after pediatric TBI. Exp Neurol 2019; 318:78-91. [PMID: 31055004 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is the leading cause of death and disability in the United States, and may be associated with long lasting impairments into adulthood. The multitude of ongoing neurobiological processes that occur during brain maturation confer both considerable vulnerability to TBI but may also provide adaptability and potential for recovery. This review will examine and synthesize our current understanding of developmental neurobiology in the context of pediatric TBI. Delineating this biology will facilitate more targeted initial care, mechanism-based therapeutic interventions and better long-term prognostication and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi S Sta Maria
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, ZNI115, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States of America.
| | - Saman Sargolzaei
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Box 956901, 300 Stein Plaza, Ste 562, 5th Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, United States of America.
| | - Mayumi L Prins
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Box 956901, 300 Stein Plaza, Ste 562, 5th Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, United States of America; Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
| | - Emily L Dennis
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard University and Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 1249 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America.
| | - Robert F Asarnow
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Box 951759, 760 Westwood Plaza, 48-240C Semel Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1759, United States of America.
| | - David A Hovda
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Box 956901, 300 Stein Plaza, Ste 562, 5th Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, United States of America; Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, Box 956901, 300 Stein Plaza, Ste 562 & Semel 18-228A, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, United States of America.
| | - Neil G Harris
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Box 956901, 300 Stein Plaza, Ste 562, 5th Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, United States of America; Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
| | - Christopher C Giza
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Box 956901, 300 Stein Plaza, Ste 562, 5th Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, United States of America; Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Mattel Children's Hospital - UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
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14
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Neal S, Kent M, Bardi M, Lambert KG. Enriched Environment Exposure Enhances Social Interactions and Oxytocin Responsiveness in Male Long-Evans Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:198. [PMID: 30233335 PMCID: PMC6133956 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Both social and physical stimuli contribute to the complexity of an animal’s environment, influencing biobehavioral responses to subsequent challenges. In the current study, male Long-Evans rats were randomly assigned to an isolate (ISO), social control (SC) or social enriched (SE) group (n = 8 per group). The SC and SE conditions were group housed with the SE group exposed to physical enrichment stimuli that were natural as opposed to manufactured (e.g., hollowed out log instead of plastic hiding place). On three occasions during their 40-day enriched environment exposure, night/dark phase videos were obtained for 1 h during the early part of the dark phase. During this time, the SE animals exhibited significantly more social grooming with no differences between the SE and SC in the frequency of play or self-grooming bouts. Subsequently, all animals were assessed in social interaction and problem-solving escape tasks during the last week of the enriched environment exposure. SE rats exhibited increased digging bouts toward the restrained conspecific in the social interaction task whereas the other groups exhibited more escape responses. In the problem-solving task, SE animals exhibited a decreased latency to cross the barrier to escape from the predator odor (i.e., cat urine and fur). Neural analyses indicated increased oxytocin-immunoreactive (OT-ir) tissue in the SE supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus compared to the other groups. Interestingly, blood samples indicated lower peripheral corticosterone (CORT) and higher OT levels in the ISO animals when compared to the SC and SE animals, an effect retrospectively attributed to separation anxiety in the SE and SC animals in preparation for histology procedures. When the behavioral, neural and endocrine data were visualized as a multifaceted dataset via a multidimensional scaling analysis, however, an association between social enrichment and higher OT involvement was observed in the SE animals, as well as heightened stress responsivity in the ISO and SC groups. In sum, the SE animals exhibited a facilitation of social responses, problem-solving ability and OT immunoreactive responsiveness. These findings provide new information about the influences of both physical and social stimuli in dynamic and enriched environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Neal
- Department of Psychology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA, United States
| | - Molly Kent
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Massimo Bardi
- Department of Psychology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA, United States
| | - Kelly G Lambert
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
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15
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Harker A, Carroll C, Raza S, Kolb B, Gibb R. Preconception Paternal Stress in Rats Alters Brain and Behavior in Offspring. Neuroscience 2018; 388:474-485. [PMID: 29964157 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Whereas environmental challenges during gestation have been repeatedly shown to alter offspring brain architecture and behavior, exploration examining the consequences of paternal preconception experience on offspring outcome is limited. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of preconception paternal stress (PPS) on cerebral plasticity and behavior in the offspring. Several behavioral assays were performed on offspring between postnatal days 33 (P33) and 101 (P101). Following behavioral testing, the brains were harvested and dendritic morphology (dendritic complexity, length, and spine density) were examined on cortical pyramidal cells in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), orbital frontal cortex (OFC), parietal cortex (Par1), and the CA1 area of the hippocampus. As anticipated, behavior was altered on both the activity box assay and elevated plus maze and performance was impaired in the Whishaw tray reaching task. Neuroanatomical measures revealed a heavier brain in stressed animals and dendritic changes in all regions measured, the precise effect varying with the measure and cerebral region. Thus, PPS impacted both behavior and neuronal morphology of offspring. These effects likely have an epigenetic basis given that in a parallel study of littermates of the current animals we found extensive epigenetic changes at P21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allonna Harker
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Canada.
| | - Cathy Carroll
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Canada.
| | - Sarah Raza
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Bryan Kolb
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Robbin Gibb
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Canada.
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16
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Kolb B, Li Y, Robinson T, Parker LA. THC alters alters morphology of neurons in medial prefrontal cortex, orbital prefrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens and alters the ability of later experience to promote structural plasticity. Synapse 2017; 72. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.22020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Kolb
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Lethbridge; Alberta Canada
- Child Brain Development Program; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Yilin Li
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Lethbridge; Alberta Canada
| | - Terry Robinson
- Department of Psychology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Linda A. Parker
- Department of Psychology; University of Guelph; Ontario Canada
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17
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Avivi-Arber L, Sessle BJ. Jaw sensorimotor control in healthy adults and effects of ageing. J Oral Rehabil 2017; 45:50-80. [DOI: 10.1111/joor.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Avivi-Arber
- Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - B. J. Sessle
- Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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18
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Rogenmoser L, Kernbach J, Schlaug G, Gaser C. Keeping brains young with making music. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:297-305. [PMID: 28815301 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1491-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Music-making is a widespread leisure and professional activity that has garnered interest over the years due to its effect on brain and cognitive development and its potential as a rehabilitative and restorative therapy of brain dysfunctions. We investigated whether music-making has a potential age-protecting effect on the brain. For this, we studied anatomical magnetic resonance images obtained from three matched groups of subjects who differed in their lifetime dose of music-making activities (i.e., professional musicians, amateur musicians, and non-musicians). For each subject, we calculated a so-called BrainAGE score which corresponds to the discrepancy (in years) between chronological age and the "age of the brain", with negative values reflecting an age-decelerating brain and positive values an age-accelerating brain, respectively. The index of "brain age" was estimated using a machine-learning algorithm that was trained in a large independent sample to identify anatomical correlates of brain-aging. Compared to non-musicians, musicians overall had lower BrainAGE scores, with amateur musicians having the lowest scores suggesting that music-making has an age-decelerating effect on the brain. Unlike the amateur musicians, the professional musicians showed a positive correlation between their BrainAGE scores and years of music-making, possibly indicating that engaging more intensely in just one otherwise enriching activity might not be as beneficial than if the activity is one of several that an amateur musician engages in. Intense music-making activities at a professional level could also lead to stress-related interferences and a less enriched environment than that of amateur musicians, possibly somewhat diminishing the otherwise positive effect of music-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Rogenmoser
- Music, Neuroimaging, and Stroke Recovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Julius Kernbach
- Music, Neuroimaging, and Stroke Recovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gottfried Schlaug
- Music, Neuroimaging, and Stroke Recovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Christian Gaser
- Structural Brain Mapping Group, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University Hospital Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
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19
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Galaj E, Shukur A, Manuszak M, Newman K, Ranaldi R. No evidence that environmental enrichment during rearing protects against cocaine behavioral effects but as an intervention reduces an already established cocaine conditioned place preference. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 156:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Over the last decade, neural transplantation has emerged as one of the more promising, albeit highly experimental, potential therapeutics in neurodegenerative disease. Preclinical studies in rat lesion models of Huntington's disease (HD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) have shown that transplanted precursor neuronal tissue from a fetus into the lesioned striatum can survive, integrate, and reconnect circuitry. Importantly, specific training on behavioral tasks that target striatal function is required to encourage functional integration of the graft to the host tissue. Indeed, "learning to use the graft" is a concept recently adopted in preclinical studies to account for unpredicted profiles of recovery posttransplantation and is an emerging strategy for improving graft functionality. Clinical transplant studies in HD and PD have resulted in mixed outcomes. Small sample sizes and nonstandardized experimental procedures from trial to trial may explain some of this variability. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that simply replacing the lost neurons may not be sufficient to ensure the optimal graft effects. The knowledge gained from preclinical grafting and training studies suggests that lifestyle factors, including physical activity and specific cognitive and/or motor training, may be required to drive the functional integration of grafted cells and to facilitate the development of compensatory neural networks. The clear implications of preclinical studies are that physical activity and cognitive training strategies are likely to be crucial components of clinical cell replacement therapies in the future. In this chapter, we evaluate the role of general activity in mediating the physical ability of cells to survive, sprout, and extend processes following transplantation in the adult mammalian brain, and we consider the impact of general and specific activity at the behavioral level on functional integration at the cellular and physiological level. We then highlight specific research questions related to timing, intensity, and specificity of training in preclinical models and synthesize the current state of knowledge in clinical populations to inform the development of a strategy for neural transplantation rehabilitation training.
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21
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Ambeskovic M, Soltanpour N, Falkenberg EA, Zucchi FC, Kolb B, Metz GA. Ancestral Exposure to Stress Generates New Behavioral Traits and a Functional Hemispheric Dominance Shift. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2126-2138. [PMID: 26965901 PMCID: PMC5963819 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a continuously stressful environment, the effects of recurrent prenatal stress (PS) accumulate across generations and generate new behavioral traits in the absence of genetic variation. Here, we investigated if PS or multigenerational PS across 4 generations differentially affect behavioral traits, laterality, and hemispheric dominance in male and female rats. Using skilled reaching and skilled walking tasks, 3 findings support the formation of new behavioral traits and shifted laterality by multigenerational stress. First, while PS in the F1 generation did not alter paw preference, multigenerational stress in the F4 generation shifted paw preference to favor left-handedness only in males. Second, multigenerational stress impaired skilled reaching and skilled walking movement abilities in males, while improving these abilities in females beyond the levels of controls. Third, the shift toward left-handedness in multigenerationally stressed males was accompanied by increased dendritic complexity and greater spine density in the right parietal cortex. Thus, cumulative multigenerational stress generates sexually dimorphic left-handedness and dominance shift toward the right hemisphere in males. These findings explain the origins of apparently heritable behavioral traits and handedness in the absence of DNA sequence variations while proposing epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Ambeskovic
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, CanadaT1K 3M4
| | - Nasrin Soltanpour
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, CanadaT1K 3M4
| | - Erin A. Falkenberg
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, CanadaT1K 3M4
| | - Fabiola C.R. Zucchi
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, CanadaT1K 3M4
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Bryan Kolb
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, CanadaT1K 3M4
| | - Gerlinde A.S. Metz
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, CanadaT1K 3M4
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22
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23
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Abstract
Although the brain was once seen as a rather static organ, it is now clear that the organization of brain circuitry is constantly changing as a function of experience. These changes are referred to as brain plasticity, and they are associated with functional changes that include phenomena such as memory, addiction, and recovery of function. Recent research has shown that brain plasticity and behavior can be influenced by a myriad of factors, including both pre- and postnatal experience, drugs, hormones, maturation, aging, diet, disease, and stress. Understanding how these factors influence brain organization and function is important not only for understanding both normal and abnormal behavior, but also for designing treatments for behavioral and psychological disorders ranging from addiction to stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Kolb
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robbin Gibb
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Terry E. Robinson
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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24
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Galaj E, Manuszak M, Ranaldi R. Environmental enrichment as a potential intervention for heroin seeking. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 163:195-201. [PMID: 27125660 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heroin-related cues can trigger craving and relapse in addicts or heroin seeking in rats. In the present study we investigated whether environmental enrichment (EE) implemented after heroin exposure can reduce cue-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking and expression of heroin conditioned place preference. METHODS In Experiment 1, male Long Evans rats that already acquired a heroin self-administration habit, were housed in enriched or non-enriched environments, underwent extinction training and later were tested for cue-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking. In Experiment 2, rats were conditioned with heroin in one compartment of a CPP apparatus and saline in the other, exposed to 30days of enrichment or no enrichment and were later tested for heroin CPP. RESULTS The results showed that exposure to EE significantly reduced responding during the reinstatement test (Experiment 1) and prevented the expression of heroin CPP (Experiment 2). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that EE can be an effective behavioral approach to diminish the effects of conditioned cues on heroin seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Galaj
- CUNY, The Graduate Center, United States
| | - M Manuszak
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - R Ranaldi
- CUNY, The Graduate Center, United States; Queens College of the City University of New York, Department of Psychology, United States.
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25
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Stein LR, O'Dell KA, Funatsu M, Zorumski CF, Izumi Y. Short-term environmental enrichment enhances synaptic plasticity in hippocampal slices from aged rats. Neuroscience 2016; 329:294-305. [PMID: 27208617 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated changes in cognition are mirrored by impairments in cellular models of memory and learning, such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). In young rodents, environmental enrichment (EE) can enhance memory, alter LTP and LTD, as well as reverse cognitive deficits induced by aging. Whether short-term EE can benefit cognition and synaptic plasticity in aged rodents is unclear. Here, we tested if short-term EE could overcome age-associated impairments in induction of LTP and LTD. LTP and LTD could not be induced in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices in control, aged rats using standard stimuli that are highly effective in young rats. However, exposure of aged littermates to EE for three weeks enabled successful induction of LTP and LTD. EE-facilitated LTP was dependent upon N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). These alterations in synaptic plasticity occurred with elevated levels of phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein and vascular endothelial growth factor, but in the absence of changes in several other synaptic and cellular markers. Importantly, our study suggests that even a relatively short period of EE is sufficient to alter synaptic plasticity and molecular markers linked to cognitive function in aged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana R Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kazuko A O'Dell
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michiyo Funatsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Charles F Zorumski
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Brain Research in Mood Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yukitoshi Izumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Brain Research in Mood Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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26
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Ryan NP, Catroppa C, Godfrey C, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Shultz SR, O'Brien TJ, Anderson V, Semple BD. Social dysfunction after pediatric traumatic brain injury: A translational perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:196-214. [PMID: 26949224 PMCID: PMC5627971 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Social dysfunction is common after traumatic brain injury (TBI), contributing to reduced quality of life for survivors. Factors which influence the development or persistence of social deficits after injury remain poorly understood, particularly in the context of ongoing brain maturation during childhood and adolescence. Aberrant social interactions have recently been modeled in adult and juvenile rodents after experimental TBI, providing an opportunity to gain new insights into the underlying neurobiology of these behaviors. Here, we review our current understanding of social dysfunction in both humans and rodent models of TBI, with a focus on brain injuries acquired during early development. Modulators of social outcomes are discussed, including injury-related and environmental risk and resilience factors. Disruption of social brain network connectivity and aberrant neuroendocrine function are identified as potential mechanisms of social impairments after pediatric TBI. Throughout, we highlight the overlap and disparities between outcome measures and findings from clinical and experimental approaches, and explore the translational potential of future research to prevent or ameliorate social dysfunction after childhood TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Ryan
- Australian Centre for Child Neuropsychological Studies, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Cathy Catroppa
- Australian Centre for Child Neuropsychological Studies, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Celia Godfrey
- Australian Centre for Child Neuropsychological Studies, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Vicki Anderson
- Australian Centre for Child Neuropsychological Studies, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Barbosa EH, Soares RO, Braga NN, Almeida SDS, Lachat JJ. Effects of environmental enrichment on blood vessels in the optic tract of malnourished rats: A morphological and morphometric analysis. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 19:224-30. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830515y.0000000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Everton Horiquini Barbosa
- Faculty of Philosophy Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Oliveira Soares
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Nassif Braga
- Faculty of Philosophy Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião de Sousa Almeida
- Faculty of Philosophy Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João-José Lachat
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Morphological Abnormalities of Thalamic Subnuclei in Migraine: A Multicenter MRI Study at 3 Tesla. J Neurosci 2016; 35:13800-6. [PMID: 26446230 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2154-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The thalamus contains third-order relay neurons of the trigeminal system, and animal models as well as preliminary imaging studies in small cohorts of migraine patients have suggested a role of the thalamus in headache pathophysiology. However, larger studies using advanced imaging techniques in substantial patient populations are lacking. In the present study, we investigated changes of thalamic volume and shape in a large multicenter cohort of patients with migraine. High-resolution T1-weighted MRI data acquired at 3 tesla in 131 patients with migraine (38 with aura; 30.8 ± 9 years old; 109 women; monthly attack frequency: 3.2 ± 2.5; disease duration: 14 ± 8.4 years) and 115 matched healthy subjects (29 ± 7 years old; 81 women) from four international tertiary headache centers were analyzed. The thalamus and thalamic subnuclei, striatum, and globus pallidus were segmented using a fully automated multiatlas approach. Deformation-based shape analysis was performed to localize surface abnormalities. Differences between patients with migraine and healthy subjects were assessed using an ANCOVA model. After correction for multiple comparisons, performed using the false discovery rate approach (p < 0.05 corrected), significant volume reductions of the following thalamic nuclei were observed in migraineurs: central nuclear complex (F(1,233) = 6.79), anterior nucleus (F(1,237) = 7.38), and lateral dorsal nucleus (F(1,238) = 6.79). Moreover, reduced striatal volume (F(1,238) = 6.9) was observed in patients. This large-scale study indicates structural thalamic abnormalities in patients with migraine. The thalamic nuclei with abnormal volumes are densely connected to the limbic system. The data hence lend support to the view that higher-order integration systems are altered in migraine. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This multicenter imaging study shows morphological thalamic abnormalities in a large cohort of patients with episodic migraine compared with healthy subjects using state-of-the-art MRI and advanced, fully automated multiatlas segmentation techniques. The results stress that migraine is a disorder of the CNS in which not only is brain function abnormal, but also brain structure is undergoing significant remodeling.
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Gaudet CM, Lim YP, Stonestreet BS, Threlkeld SW. Effects of age, experience and inter-alpha inhibitor proteins on working memory and neuronal plasticity after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Behav Brain Res 2016; 302:88-99. [PMID: 26778784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI) commonly results in cognitive and sensory impairments. Early behavioral experience has been suggested to improve cognitive and sensory outcomes in children and animal models with perinatal neuropathology. In parallel, we previously showed that treatment with immunomodulator Inter-alpha Inhibitor Proteins (IAIPs) improves cellular and behavioral outcomes in neonatal HI injured rats. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the influences of early experience and typical maturation in combination with IAIPs treatment on spatial working and reference memory after neonatal HI injury. A second aim was to determine the effects of these variables on hippocampal CA1 neuronal morphology. Subjects were divided into two groups that differed with respect to the time when exposed to eight arm radial water maze testing: Group one was tested as juveniles (early experience, Postnatal day (P) 36-61) and adults (P88-113), and Group two was tested in adulthood only (P88-113; without early experience). Three treatment conditions were included in each experience group (HI+Vehicle, HI+IAIPs, and Sham subjects). Incorrect arm entries (errors) were compared between treatment and experience groups across three error types (reference memory (RM), working memory incorrect (WMI), working memory correct (WMC)). Early experience led to improved working memory performance regardless of treatment. Combining IAIPs intervention with early experience provided a long-term behavioral advantage on the WMI component of the task in HI animals. Anatomically, early experience led to a decrease in the average number of basal dendrites per CA1 pyramidal neuron for IAIP treated subjects and a significant reduction in basal dendritic length in control subjects, highlighting the importance of pruning in typical early life learning. Our results support the hypothesis that early behavioral experience combined with IAIPs improve outcome on a relativity demanding cognitive task, beyond that of a single intervention strategy, and appears to facilitate neuronal plasticity following neonatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Gaudet
- Department of Biology, Rhode Island College, 600 Mount Pleasant Ave., Providence, RI 02904, USA
| | - Yow-Pin Lim
- ProThera Biologics, Inc., 349 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Steven W Threlkeld
- Department of Psychology, Rhode Island College, 600 Mount Pleasant Ave. Providence, RI 02904, USA.
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Gabor C, Lymer J, Phan A, Choleris E. Rapid effects of the G-protein coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER) on learning and dorsal hippocampus dendritic spines in female mice. Physiol Behav 2015; 149:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Promoting positive states: the effect of early human handling on play and exploratory behaviour in pigs. Animal 2015; 10:135-41. [PMID: 26290191 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115001743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that tactile stimulation (TS) during ontogeny modifies brain plasticity and enhances the motor and cognitive skills. Our hypothesis was that early handling including TS would increase play and exploratory behaviour in commercial pigs under standardized test conditions. Piglets from 13 litters were subjected to three handling treatments from 5 to 35 days of age: all the piglets were handled (H), none of the piglets were handled (NH) or half of the piglets in the litter were handled (50/50). At 42 days of age, the pigs' behaviour was observed in pairs in a novel pen with a 'toy' (tug rope). The main results were that more locomotor play was performed by pigs from litters where all or half of them had been handled, whereas social exploratory behaviour was more pronounced in pigs from litters where half of them had been handled. Although behaviour was affected by the interaction of treatment with sex or with weight category, we propose that the handling procedure does seem to have acted to increase locomotor skills and that handling half of the piglets in the litter may have triggered a series of socio-emotional interactions that were beneficial for the whole group.
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Diaz Heijtz R, Forssberg H. Translational studies exploring neuroplasticity associated with motor skill learning and the regulatory role of the dopamine system. Dev Med Child Neurol 2015; 57 Suppl 2:10-4. [PMID: 25690110 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders associated with lifelong motor impairment and disability. Current intervention programmes aim to capitalize on the neuroplasticity of the undamaged part of the brain to improve motor functions, by engaging individuals in active motor learning and training. In this review, we highlight recent animal studies (1) exploring cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to neuroplasticity during motor training, (2) assessing the functional role of the mesocortical dopaminergic system in motor skill learning, and (3) exploring the impact of naturally occurring genetic variation in dopamine-related gene expression on the acquisition and performance of fine motor skills. Finally, the potential influence of the dopamine system on the outcome of motor learning interventions in cerebral palsy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochellys Diaz Heijtz
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kim EY, Kim KW. A theoretical framework for cognitive and non-cognitive interventions for older adults: stimulation versus compensation. Aging Ment Health 2014; 18:304-15. [PMID: 24354740 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2013.868404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, interest in cognitive training for older adults has grown significantly, reflecting a need for preserving the quality of life into late adulthood. In spite of increasing interest in cognitive rehabilitation, recent meta-analyses have questioned reported training gains and determined that cognitive gain from cognitive training might be no larger than the gain observed from active controls such as unspecific, non-cognitive activities. AIMS This paper presents a theoretical framework for clarifying specificity of cognitive training by exploring mechanisms of current cognitive and non-cognitive interventions for older adults. By differentiating compensatory aspects from the components of specific and non-specific stimulation in current training, two related strategies of interventions for age-related cognitive decline, i.e., stimulation versus compensation, are proposed. OVERVIEW Current interventions for age-related cognitive decline are reviewed in terms of stimulation- and compensation-focused interventions. Stimulation-focused, cognitive and non-cognitive training, with or without specific targets, tend to result in general improvement in attention and sensory or other cognitive functions. Meanwhile, compensation-focused training is likely to be the most effective when the intervention specifically supports the frontally mediating activity in accordance with the direction of indigenous adjustments in the aging brain. CONCLUSIONS It can be inferred that stimulation-focused training is to ameliorate the adverse effects of neurological aging, whereas compensation-focused cognitive training is primarily to facilitate compensatory adaptation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Kim
- a Department of Counseling Psychology , Hanyang Cyber University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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34
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Transformation of cortical and hippocampal neural circuit by environmental enrichment. Neuroscience 2014; 280:282-98. [PMID: 25242640 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been half a century since brain volume enlargement was first reported in animals reared in an enriched environment (EE). As EE animals show improved memory task performance, exposure to EE has been a useful model system for studying the effects of experience on brain plasticity. We review EE-induced neural changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus focusing mainly on works published in the recent decade. The review is organized in three large domains of changes: anatomical, electrophysiological, and molecular changes. Finally, we discuss open issues and future outlook toward better understanding of EE-induced neural changes.
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Kolb B, Muhammad A. Harnessing the power of neuroplasticity for intervention. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:377. [PMID: 25018713 PMCID: PMC4072970 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental property of the brain is its capacity to change with a wide variety of experiences, including injury. Although there are spontaneous reparative changes following injury, these changes are rarely sufficient to support significant functional recovery. Research on the basic principles of brain plasticity is leading to new approaches to treating the injured brain. We review factors that affect synaptic organization in the normal brain, evidence of spontaneous neuroplasticity after injury, and the evidence that factors including postinjury experience, pharmacotherapy, and cell-based therapies, can form the basis of rehabilitation strategies after brain injuries early in life and in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Kolb
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Arif Muhammad
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Chau LS, Prakapenka AV, Zendeli L, Davis AS, Galvez R. Training-dependent associative learning induced neocortical structural plasticity: a trace eyeblink conditioning analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95317. [PMID: 24760074 PMCID: PMC3997347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies utilizing general learning and memory tasks have suggested the importance of neocortical structural plasticity for memory consolidation. However, these learning tasks typically result in learning of multiple different tasks over several days of training, making it difficult to determine the synaptic time course mediating each learning event. The current study used trace-eyeblink conditioning to determine the time course for neocortical spine modification during learning. With eyeblink conditioning, subjects are presented with a neutral, conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with a salient, unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit an unconditioned response (UR). With multiple CS-US pairings, subjects learn to associate the CS with the US and exhibit a conditioned response (CR) when presented with the CS. Trace conditioning is when there is a stimulus free interval between the CS and the US. Utilizing trace-eyeblink conditioning with whisker stimulation as the CS (whisker-trace-eyeblink: WTEB), previous findings have shown that primary somatosensory (barrel) cortex is required for both acquisition and retention of the trace-association. Additionally, prior findings demonstrated that WTEB acquisition results in an expansion of the cytochrome oxidase whisker representation and synaptic modification in layer IV of barrel cortex. To further explore these findings and determine the time course for neocortical learning-induced spine modification, the present study utilized WTEB conditioning to examine Golgi-Cox stained neurons in layer IV of barrel cortex. Findings from this study demonstrated a training-dependent spine proliferation in layer IV of barrel cortex during trace associative learning. Furthermore, findings from this study showing that filopodia-like spines exhibited a similar pattern to the overall spine density further suggests that reorganization of synaptic contacts set the foundation for learning-induced neocortical modifications through the different neocortical layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily S. Chau
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alesia V. Prakapenka
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Liridon Zendeli
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ashley S. Davis
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Roberto Galvez
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
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Mychasiuk R, Muhammad A, Kolb B. Environmental enrichment alters structural plasticity of the adolescent brain but does not remediate the effects of prenatal nicotine exposure. Synapse 2014; 68:293-305. [PMID: 24616009 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to both drugs of abuse and environmental enrichment (EE) are widely studied experiences that induce large changes in dendritic morphology and synaptic connectivity. As there is an abundance of literature using EE as a treatment strategy for drug addiction, we sought to determine whether EE could remediate the effects of prenatal nicotine (PN) exposure. Using Golgi-Cox staining, we examined eighteen neuroanatomical parameters in four brain regions [medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), orbital frontal cortex (OFC), nucleus accumben, and Par1] of Long-Evans rats. EE in adolescence dramatically altered structural plasticity in the male and female brain, modifying 60% of parameters investigated. EE normalized three parameters (OFC spine density and dendritic branching and mPFC dendritic branching) in male offspring exposed to nicotine prenatally but did not remediate any measures in female offspring. PN exposure interfered with adolescent EE-induced changes in five neuroanatomical measurements (Par1 spine density and dendritic branching in both male and female offspring, and mPFC spine density in male offspring). And in four neuroanatomical parameters examined, PN exposure and EE combined to produce additive effects [OFC spine density in females and mPFC dendritic length (apical and basilar) and branching in males]. Despite demonstrated efficacy in reversing drug addiction, EE was not able to reverse many of the PN-induced changes in neuronal morphology, indicating that modifications in neural circuitry generated in the prenatal period may be more resistant to change than those generated in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richelle Mychasiuk
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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38
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Abbott CC, Jaramillo A, Wilcox CE, Hamilton DA. Antipsychotic drug effects in schizophrenia: a review of longitudinal FMRI investigations and neural interpretations. Curr Med Chem 2014; 20:428-37. [PMID: 23157635 DOI: 10.2174/0929867311320030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The evidence that antipsychotics improve brain function and reduce symptoms in schizophrenia is unmistakable, but how antipsychotics change brain function is poorly understood, especially within neuronal systems. In this review, we investigated the hypothesized normalization of the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygen level dependent signal in the context of antipsychotic treatment. First, we conducted a systematic PubMed search to identify eight fMRI investigations that met the following inclusion criteria: case-control, longitudinal design; pre- and post-treatment contrasts with a healthy comparison group; and antipsychotic-free or antipsychotic-naive patients with schizophrenia at the start of the investigation. We hypothesized that aberrant activation patterns or connectivity between patients with schizophrenia and healthy comparisons at the first imaging assessment would no longer be apparent or "normalize" at the second imaging assessment. The included studies differed by analysis method and fMRI task but demonstrated normalization of fMRI activation or connectivity during the treatment interval. Second, we reviewed putative mechanisms from animal studies that support normalization of the BOLD signal in schizophrenia. We provided several neuronal-based interpretations of these changes of the BOLD signal that may be attributable to long-term antipsychotic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Abbott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Kolb B, Gibb R. Searching for the principles of brain plasticity and behavior. Cortex 2013; 58:251-60. [PMID: 24457097 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An important development in behavioral neuroscience in the past 25 years has been the demonstration that the brain is far more flexible in structure and function than was previously believed. Studies of laboratory animals have provided an important tool for understanding the nature of brain plasticity and behavior at many levels ranging from detailed behavioral paradigms, electrophysiology, neuronal morphology, protein chemistry, and epigenetics. Here we seek a synthesis of the multidisciplinary work on brain plasticity and behavior to identify some general principles on how the brain changes in response to a wide range of experiences over the lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Kolb
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
| | - Robbin Gibb
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Life-span plasticity of the brain and cognition: From questions to evidence and back. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2195-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mora F. Successful brain aging: plasticity, environmental enrichment, and lifestyle. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23576888 PMCID: PMC3622468 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2013.15.1/fmora] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a physiological process that can develop without the appearance of concurrent diseases. However, very frequently, older people suffer from memory loss and an accelerated cognitive decline. Studies of the neurobiology of aging are beginning to decipher the mechanisms underlying not only the physiology of aging of the brain but also the mechanisms that make people more vulnerable to cognitive dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases. Today we know that the aging brain retains a considerable functional plasticity, and that this plasticity is positively promoted by genes activated by different lifestyle factors. In this article some of these lifestyle factors and their mechanisms of action are reviewed, including environmental enrichment and the importance of food intake and some nutrients. Aerobic physical exercise and reduction of chronic stress are also briefly reviewed. It is proposed that lifestyle factors are powerful instruments to promote healthy and successful aging of the brain and delay the appearance of age-related cognitive deficits in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Mora
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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Muhammad A, Mychasiuk R, Hosain S, Nakahashi A, Carroll C, Gibb R, Kolb B. Training on motor and visual spatial learning tasks in early adulthood produces large changes in dendritic organization of prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens in rats given nicotine prenatally. Neuroscience 2013; 252:178-89. [PMID: 23968593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Experience-dependent plasticity is an ongoing process that can be observed and measured at multiple levels. The first goal of this study was to examine the effects of prenatal nicotine on the performance of rats in three behavioral tasks (elevated plus maze (EPM), Morris water task (MWT), and Whishaw tray reaching). The second goal of this experiment sought to examine changes in dendritic organization following exposure to the behavioral training paradigm and/or low doses of prenatal nicotine. Female Long-Evans rats were administered daily injections of nicotine for the duration of pregnancy and their pups underwent a regimen of behavioral training in early adulthood (EPM, MWT, and Whishaw tray reaching). All offspring exposed to nicotine prenatally exhibited substantial increases in anxiety. Male offspring also showed increased efficiency in the Whishaw tray-reaching task and performed differently than the other groups in the probe trial of the MWT. Using Golgi-Cox staining we examined the dendritic organization of the medial and orbital prefrontal cortex as well as the nucleus accumbens. Participation in the behavioral training paradigm was associated with dramatic reorganization of dendritic morphology and spine density in all brain regions examined. Although both treatments (behavior training and prenatal nicotine exposure) markedly altered dendritic organization, the effects of the behavioral experience were much larger than those of the prenatal drug exposure, and in some cases interacted with the drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Muhammad
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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Noninvasive strategies to promote functional recovery after stroke. Neural Plast 2013; 2013:854597. [PMID: 23864962 PMCID: PMC3707231 DOI: 10.1155/2013/854597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a common and disabling global health-care problem, which is the third most common cause of death and one of the main causes of acquired adult disability in many countries. Rehabilitation interventions are a major component of patient care. In the last few years, brain stimulation, mirror therapy, action observation, or mental practice with motor imagery has emerged as interesting options as add-on interventions to standard physical therapies. The neural bases for poststroke recovery rely on the concept of plasticity, namely, the ability of central nervous system cells to modify their structure and function in response to external stimuli. In this review, we will discuss recent noninvasive strategies employed to enhance functional recovery in stroke patients and we will provide an overview of neural plastic events associated with rehabilitation in preclinical models of stroke.
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44
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Mychasiuk R, Muhammad A, Gibb R, Kolb B. Long-term alterations to dendritic morphology and spine density associated with prenatal exposure to nicotine. Brain Res 2013; 1499:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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Abstract
The developing normal brain shows a remarkable capacity for plastic change in response to a wide range of experiences including sensory and motor experience, psychoactive drugs, parent-child relationships, peer relationships, stress, gonadal hormones, intestinal flora, diet, and injury. The effects of injury vary with the precise age-at-injury, with the general result being that injury during cell migration and neuronal maturation has a poor functional outcome, whereas similar injury during synaptogenesis has a far better outcome. A variety of factors influence functional outcome including the nature of the behavior in question and the age at behavioral assessment as well as pre- and postinjury experiences. Here, we review the phases of brain development, how factors influence brain, and behavioral development in both the normal and perturbed brain, and propose mechanisms that may underlie these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Kolb
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
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Kolb B, Mychasiuk R, Muhammad A, Li Y, Frost DO, Gibb R. Experience and the developing prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109 Suppl 2:17186-93. [PMID: 23045653 PMCID: PMC3477383 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1121251109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) receives input from all other cortical regions and functions to plan and direct motor, cognitive, affective, and social behavior across time. It has a prolonged development, which allows the acquisition of complex cognitive abilities through experience but makes it susceptible to factors that can lead to abnormal functioning, which is often manifested in neuropsychiatric disorders. When the PFC is exposed to different environmental events during development, such as sensory stimuli, stress, drugs, hormones, and social experiences (including both parental and peer interactions), the developing PFC may develop in different ways. The goal of the current review is to illustrate how the circuitry of the developing PFC can be sculpted by a wide range of pre- and postnatal factors. We begin with an overview of prefrontal functioning and development, and we conclude with a consideration of how early experiences influence prefrontal development and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Kolb
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
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Chau LS, Galvez R. Amygdala's involvement in facilitating associative learning-induced plasticity: a promiscuous role for the amygdala in memory acquisition. Front Integr Neurosci 2012; 6:92. [PMID: 23087626 PMCID: PMC3468000 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the amygdala plays a critical role in acquisition and consolidation of fear-related memories. Some of the more widely employed behavioral paradigms that have assisted in solidifying the amygdala's role in fear-related memories are associative learning paradigms. With most associative learning tasks, a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with a salient unconditioned stimulus (US) that elicits an unconditioned response (UR). After multiple CS-US pairings, the subject learns that the CS predicts the onset or delivery of the US, and thus elicits a learned conditioned response (CR). Most fear-related associative paradigms have suggested that an aspect of the fear association is stored in the amygdala; however, some fear-motivated associative paradigms suggest that the amygdala is not a site of storage, but rather facilitates consolidation in other brain regions. Based upon various learning theories, one of the most likely sites for storage of long-term memories is the neocortex. In support of these theories, findings from our laboratory, and others, have demonstrated that trace-conditioning, an associative paradigm where there is a separation in time between the CS and US, induces learning-specific neocortical plasticity. The following review will discuss the amygdala's involvement, either as a site of storage or facilitating storage in other brain regions such as the neocortex, in fear- and non-fear-motivated associative paradigms. In this review, we will discuss recent findings suggesting a broader role for the amygdala in increasing the saliency of behaviorally relevant information, thus facilitating acquisition for all forms of memory, both fear- and non-fear-related. This proposed promiscuous role of the amygdala in facilitating acquisition for all memories further suggests a potential role of the amygdala in general learning disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily S Chau
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL, USA
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Aggressive experience increases dendritic spine density within the nucleus accumbens core in female Syrian hamsters. Neuroscience 2012; 227:163-9. [PMID: 23041760 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Activity within the mesolimbic dopamine system is associated with the performance of naturally motivated behaviors, one of which is aggression. In male rats, aggressive behavior induces neurochemical changes within the nucleus accumbens, a key structure within the mesolimbic dopamine system. Corresponding studies have not been done in females. Female Syrian hamsters live as isolates and when not sexually responsive are aggressive toward either male or female intruders, making them an excellent model for studying aggression in females. We took advantage of this naturally expressed behavior to examine the effects of repeated aggressive experience on the morphology of medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus, utilizing a DiOlistic labeling approach. We found that repeated aggressive experience significantly increased spine density within the nucleus accumbens core, with no significant changes in any other brain region examined. At the same time, significant changes in spine morphology were observed in all brain regions following repeated aggressive experience. These data are significant in that they demonstrate that repeated exposure to behaviors that form part of an animal's life history will alter neuronal structure in a way that may shift neurobiological responses to impact future social interactions.
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Pardey MC, Kumar NN, Goodchild AK, Clemens KJ, Homewood J, Cornish JL. Long-term effects of chronic oral Ritalin administration on cognitive and neural development in adolescent wistar kyoto rats. Brain Sci 2012; 2:375-404. [PMID: 24961199 PMCID: PMC4061802 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci2030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often results in chronic treatment with psychostimulants such as methylphenidate (MPH, Ritalin®). With increases in misdiagnosis of ADHD, children may be inappropriately exposed to chronic psychostimulant treatment during development. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of chronic Ritalin treatment on cognitive and neural development in misdiagnosed “normal” (Wistar Kyoto, WKY) rats and in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR), a model of ADHD. Adolescent male animals were treated for four weeks with oral Ritalin® (2 × 2 mg/kg/day) or distilled water (dH2O). The effect of chronic treatment on delayed reinforcement tasks (DRT) and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH-ir) in the prefrontal cortex was assessed. Two weeks following chronic treatment, WKY rats previously exposed to MPH chose the delayed reinforcer significantly less than the dH2O treated controls in both the DRT and extinction task. MPH treatment did not significantly alter cognitive performance in the SHR. TH-ir in the infralimbic cortex was significantly altered by age and behavioural experience in WKY and SHR, however this effect was not evident in WKY rats treated with MPH. These results suggest that chronic treatment with MPH throughout adolescence in “normal” WKY rats increased impulsive choice and altered catecholamine development when compared to vehicle controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margery C Pardey
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia.
| | - Natasha N Kumar
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia.
| | - Ann K Goodchild
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia.
| | - Kelly J Clemens
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia.
| | - Judi Homewood
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia.
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Vida MD, Vingilis-Jaremko L, Butler BE, Gibson LC, Monteiro S. The reorganized brain: how treatment strategies for stroke and amblyopia can inform our knowledge of plasticity throughout the lifespan. Dev Psychobiol 2012; 54:357-68. [PMID: 22415923 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural plasticity plays a crucial role in human development. During development, neural networks are shaped by experience-dependent processes that selectively strengthen and prune connections so that those that remain match the environment and process it optimally. Over time, neural connections become more stable, forming widely distributed, interconnected networks involving balanced excitation and inhibition and structural stabilizers like myelin. It was long believed that the potential for organization or reorganization existed only during early development. However, the successful treatments for adults with stroke or amblyopia discussed in this issue suggest that the potential for significant reorganization persists well into adulthood. Thus, development can be thought of as the stabilization of connections to match the current environment but with considerable residual plasticity that can be revealed if there is a shift in the excitatory: inhibitory balance or the removal of the structural stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Vida
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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