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Camargo-Escalante MO, Balcázar-López E, Albores Méndez EM, Winkler R, Herrera-Estrella A. LOX1- and PLP1-dependent transcriptional reprogramming is essential for injury-induced conidiophore development in a filamentous fungus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0260723. [PMID: 37943049 PMCID: PMC10714772 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02607-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In addition to being considered a biocontrol agent, the fungus Trichoderma atroviride is a relevant model for studying mechanisms of response to injury conserved in plants and animals that opens a new landscape in relation to regeneration and cell differentiation mechanisms. Here, we reveal the co-functionality of a lipoxygenase and a patatin-like phospholipase co-expressed in response to wounding in fungi. This pair of enzymes produces oxidized lipids that can function as signaling molecules or oxidative stress signals that, in ascomycetes, induce asexual development. Furthermore, we determined that both genes participate in the regulation of the synthesis of 13-HODE and the establishment of the physiological responses necessary for the formation of reproductive aerial mycelium ultimately leading to asexual development. Our results suggest an injury-induced pathway to produce oxylipins and uncovered physiological mechanisms regulated by LOX1 and PLP1 to induce conidiation, opening new hypotheses for the novo regeneration mechanisms of filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín O. Camargo-Escalante
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Edgar Balcázar-López
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Exsal M. Albores Méndez
- Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea Mexicanos, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Robert Winkler
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Papadopoulou A, Ainalidou A, Mellidou I, Karamanoli K. Metabolome and transcriptome reprogramming underlying tomato drought resistance triggered by a Pseudomonas strain. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 203:108080. [PMID: 37812990 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Although amelioration of drought stress by Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) is a well-documented phenomenon, the combined molecular and metabolic mechanisms governing this process remain unclear. In these lines, the present study aimed to provide new insights in the underlying drought attenuating mechanisms of tomato plants inoculated with a PGP Pseudomonas putida strain, by using a combination of metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches. Following Differentially Expressed Gene analysis, it became evident that inoculation resulted in a less disturbed plant transcriptome upon drought stress. Untargeted metabolomics highlighted the differential metabolite accumulation upon inoculation, as well as the less metabolic reprograming and the lower accumulation of stress-related metabolites for inoculated stressed plants. These findings were in line with morpho-physiological evidence of drought stress mitigation in the inoculated plants. The redox state modulation, the more efficient nitrogen assimilation, as well as the differential changes in amino acid metabolism, and the induction of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, were the main drought-attenuating mechanisms in the SAESo11-inoculated plants. Shifts in pathways related to hormonal signaling were also evident upon inoculation at a transcript level and in conjunction with carbon metabolism regulation, possibly contributed to a drought-attenuation preconditioning. The identified signatory molecules of SAESo11-mediated priming against drought included aspartate, myo-inositol, glutamate, along with key genes related to trehalose, tryptophan and cysteine synthesis. Taken together, SAESo11-inoculation provides systemic effects encompassing both metabolic and regulatory functions, supporting both seedling growth and drought stress amelioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Ainalidou
- Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ifigeneia Mellidou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER, Thermi, Greece
| | - Katerina Karamanoli
- Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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3
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Han S, Xu X, Yuan H, Li S, Lin T, Liu Y, Li S, Zhu T. Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanism of Rust Resistance in Resistant (Youkang) and Susceptive (Tengjiao) Zanthoxylum armatum Cultivars. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14761. [PMID: 37834210 PMCID: PMC10573174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese pepper rust is a live parasitic fungal disease caused by Coleosporium zanthoxyli, which seriously affects the cultivation and industrial development of Z. armatum. Cultivating and planting resistant cultivars is considered the most economical and environmentally friendly strategy to control this disease. Therefore, the mining of excellent genes for rust resistance and the analysis of the mechanism of rust resistance are the key strategies to achieve the targeted breeding of rust resistance. However, there is no relevant report on pepper rust resistance at present. The aim of the present study was to further explore the resistance mechanism of pepper by screening the rust-resistant germplasm resources in the early stage. Combined with the analysis of plant pathology, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, we found that compared with susceptible cultivar TJ, resistant cultivar YK had 2752 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, 1253 up-, and 1499 downregulated) and 321 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs, 133 up- and 188 down-accumulated) after pathogen infection. And the genes and metabolites related to phenylpropanoid metabolism were highly enriched in resistant varieties, which indicated that phenylpropanoid metabolism might mediate the resistance of Z. armatum. This finding was further confirmed by a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, which revealed that the expression levels of core genes involved in phenylpropane metabolism in disease-resistant varieties were high. In addition, the difference in flavonoid and MeJA contents in the leaves between resistant and susceptible varieties further supported the conclusion that the flavonoid pathway and methyl jasmonate may be involved in the formation of Chinese pepper resistance. Our research results not only help to better understand the resistance mechanism of Z. armatum rust but also contribute to the breeding and utilization of resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Han
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.H.); (X.X.); (H.Y.); (S.L.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiu Xu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.H.); (X.X.); (H.Y.); (S.L.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Huan Yuan
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.H.); (X.X.); (H.Y.); (S.L.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Shujiang Li
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.H.); (X.X.); (H.Y.); (S.L.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tiantian Lin
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.H.); (X.X.); (H.Y.); (S.L.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Yinggao Liu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.H.); (X.X.); (H.Y.); (S.L.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuying Li
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.H.); (X.X.); (H.Y.); (S.L.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tianhui Zhu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.H.); (X.X.); (H.Y.); (S.L.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Huang P, Tate M, Berg‐Falloure KM, Christensen SA, Zhang J, Schirawski J, Meeley R, Kolomiets MV. A non-JA producing oxophytodienoate reductase functions in salicylic acid-mediated antagonism with jasmonic acid during pathogen attack. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:725-741. [PMID: 36715587 PMCID: PMC10257049 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome-localized oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) reductases (OPR) are enzymes converting 12-OPDA into jasmonic acid (JA). However, the biochemical and physiological functions of the cytoplasmic non-JA producing OPRs remain largely unknown. Here, we generated Mutator-insertional mutants of the maize OPR2 gene and tested its role in resistance to pathogens with distinct lifestyles. Functional analyses showed that the opr2 mutants were more susceptible to the (hemi)biotrophic pathogens Colletotrichum graminicola and Ustilago maydis, but were more resistant to the necrotrophic fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Hormone profiling revealed that increased susceptibility to C. graminicola was associated with decreased salicylic acid (SA) but increased JA levels. Mutation of the JA-producing lipoxygenase 10 (LOX10) reversed this phenotype in the opr2 mutant background, corroborating the notion that JA promotes susceptibility to this pathogen. Exogenous SA did not rescue normal resistance levels in opr2 mutants, suggesting that this SA-inducible gene is the key downstream component of the SA-mediated defences against C. graminicola. Disease assays of the single and double opr2 and lox10 mutants and the JA-deficient opr7opr8 mutants showed that OPR2 negatively regulates JA biosynthesis, and that JA is required for resistance against C. heterostrophus. Overall, this study uncovers a novel function of a non-JA producing OPR as a major negative regulator of JA biosynthesis during pathogen infection, a function that leads to its contrasting contribution to either resistance or susceptibility depending on pathogen lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Cheng Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Morgan Tate
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | | | - Shawn A. Christensen
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
- Present address:
Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food ScienceBrigham Young UniversityProvoUtahUSA
| | - Jinglan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
- Present address:
Obstetrics and Gynecology HospitalInstitute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jan Schirawski
- Matthias‐Schleiden Institute/Genetics, Faculty of Biological SciencesFriedrich‐Schiller UniversityJenaGermany
| | | | - Michael V. Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
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5
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Liu H. Plant biology: Putting a break on stomatal opening. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R236-R237. [PMID: 36977388 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Blue light triggers stomatal opening through the phototropin-mediated pathway. A new study shows that light-induced stomatal opening is negatively regulated by three closely related plastidial phospholipases and their downstream oxylipin product.
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6
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Yuan W, Yuan W, Zhou R, Lv G, Sun M, Zhao Y, Zheng W. Production of hispidin polyphenols from medicinal mushroom Sanghuangporus vaninii in submerged cultures. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
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Sun T, Zhou Q, Zhou Z, Song Y, Li Y, Wang HB, Liu B. SQUINT Positively Regulates Resistance to the Pathogen Botrytis cinerea via miR156-SPL9 Module in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1414-1432. [PMID: 35445272 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SQUINT (SQN) regulates plant maturation by promoting the activity of miR156, which functions primarily in the miR156-SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE9 (SPL9) module regulating plant growth and development. Here, we show that SQN acts in the jasmonate (JA) pathway, a major signaling pathway regulating plant responses to insect herbivory and pathogen infection. Arabidopsis thaliana sqn mutants showed elevated sensitivity to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea compared with wild type. However, SQN is not involved in the early pattern-triggered immunity response often triggered by fungal attack. Rather, SQN positively regulates the JA pathway, as sqn loss-of-function mutants treated with B. cinerea showed reduced JA accumulation, JA response and sensitivity to JA. Furthermore, the miR156-SPL9 module regulates plant resistance to B. cinerea: mir156 mutant, and SPL9 overexpression plants displayed elevated sensitivity to B. cinerea. Moreover, constitutively expressing miR156a or reducing SPL9 expression in the sqn-1 mutant restored the sensitivity of Arabidopsis to B. cinerea and JA responses. These results suggest that SQN positively modulates plant resistance to B. cinerea through the JA pathway, and the miR156-SPL9 module functions as a bridge between SQN and JA to mediate plant resistance to this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiao Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - You Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Wang
- Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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8
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Li L, Duan R, Li R, Zou Y, Liu J, Chen F, Xing G. Impacts of corn intercropping with soybean, peanut and millet through different planting patterns on population dynamics and community diversity of insects under fertilizer reduction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:936039. [PMID: 36330264 PMCID: PMC9623279 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.936039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Corn is one of the key grain crops in China and the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides seriously damages the ecological environment in fields. To explore a more scientific and reasonable way to plant corn and simultaneously reduce the overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the impact of corn intercropping with soybean, peanut, and millet, respectively, through five planting patterns, including three intercropping patterns (2 corn rows to 2, 3 and 4 rows of soybean/peanut or 2, 4 and 6 millet rows, respectively) and two monoculture patterns of corn and soybean, peanut or millet under normal (600 kg/ha) and reduced (375 kg/ha) levels of NPK (N:P2O5:K2O = 15:15:15) fertilization on the population abundance and community diversity of insects, leaf nutrients, and induced plant hormones jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) was studied in 2018 and 2019. The results showed that the insect community indexes of the species number (S), the diversity index (H), and the uniformity index (E) generally increased under intercropping and were significantly higher than those under corn monoculture. The prevalence of Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis) on the intercropping corn plants decreased by based on the average of seven surveys per year for each treatment 2.9 to 17 heads per 30 plants compared with that on the monoculture corn plants. The number of natural enemy insect species on corn plants under intercropping was significantly higher than that under corn monoculture. That is, intercropping may decrease the population of Asian corn borers by increasing S, H, E, and natural enemy insect species (NEI). Moreover, intercropping type and fertilizer level significantly affected corn leaf nutrient contents. Compared with the normal fertilizer level, fertilizer reduction significantly reduced the foliar contents of amino acids, soluble protein, and soluble sugar in corn plants. In addition, corn-soybean and corn-peanut intercropping significantly increased the three nutrient contents in corn leaves compared with corn monoculture. In terms of corn nutrients, intercropping could compensate for the effects of fertilizer reduction. The foliar content of JA in corn-soybean intercropping was significantly higher than in corn monoculture. Under corn-soybean and corn-peanut intercropping, SA was significantly lower than under corn monoculture. Overall, intercropping, not fertilizer reduction, can significantly increase insect community diversity while reducing the population abundances of the key insect pest species on corn plants. Intercropping reduced the SA content, increased amino acids and thus reduced the susceptibility of corn to the pest insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruichuan Duan
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Runzhao Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Zou
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiawen Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangnan Xing
- Soybean Research Institute & MARA National Center for Soybean Improvement & MARA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean & National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement & Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Beccaccioli M, Pucci N, Salustri M, Scortichini M, Zaccaria M, Momeni B, Loreti S, Reverberi M, Scala V. Fungal and bacterial oxylipins are signals for intra- and inter-cellular communication within plant disease. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:823233. [PMID: 36186042 PMCID: PMC9524268 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.823233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are central at various stages of host-pathogen interactions in determining virulence and modulating plant defense. Free fatty acids may act as substrates for oxidizing enzymes [e.g., lipoxygenases (LOXs) and dioxygenases (DOXs)] that synthesize oxylipins. Fatty acids and oxylipins function as modulators of several pathways in cell-to-cell communication; their structural similarity among plant, fungal, and bacterial taxa suggests potential in cross-kingdom communication. We provide a prospect of the known role of fatty acids and oxylipins in fungi and bacteria during plant-pathogen interactions. In the pathogens, oxylipin-mediated signaling pathways are crucial both in development and host infection. Here, we report on case studies suggesting that oxylipins derived from oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids are crucial in modulating the pathogenic lifestyle in the host plant. Intriguingly, overlapping (fungi-plant/bacteria-plant) results suggest that different inter-kingdom pathosystems use similar lipid signals to reshape the lifestyle of the contenders and occasionally determine the outcome of the challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Beccaccioli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Pucci
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and the Analysis of Agricultural Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Salustri
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Scortichini
- Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and the Analysis of Agricultural Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Zaccaria
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Newton, MA, United States
| | - Babak Momeni
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Newton, MA, United States
| | - Stefania Loreti
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and the Analysis of Agricultural Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Scala
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and the Analysis of Agricultural Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
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10
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Liao Z, Wang L, Li C, Cao M, Wang J, Yao Z, Zhou S, Zhou G, Zhang D, Lou Y. The lipoxygenase gene OsRCI-1 is involved in the biosynthesis of herbivore-induced JAs and regulates plant defense and growth in rice. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2827-2840. [PMID: 35538611 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The pathway mediated by jasmonic acid (JA), biosynthesized via 13-lipoxygenases (LOX), plays a central role in both plant development and defense. In rice, there are at least fourteen 13-LOXs. Yet, only two 13-LOXs have been known to be involved in the biosynthesis of JA and plant defenses in rice. Here we cloned a chloroplast-localized 13-LOX gene from rice, OsRCI-1, whose transcripts were upregulated following infestation by brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens), one of the most important pests in rice. Overexpression of OsRCI-1 (oeRCI lines) increased levels of BPH-induced JA, jasmonate-isoleucine, trypsin protease inhibitors and three volatile compounds, 2-heptanone, 2-heptanol and α-thujene. BPHs showed a decreased colonization, fecundity and mass, and developed slowly on oeRCI plants compared with wild-type (WT) plants. Moreover, BPH-infested oeRCI plants were more attractive to the egg parasitoid of BPH, Anagrus nilaparvatae than equally treated WT plants. The decreased attractiveness to BPH and enhanced attractiveness to the parasitoid of oeRCI plants correlated with higher levels of BPH-induced 2-heptanone and 2-heptanol, and 2-heptanone, respectively. Compared with oeRCI plants, WT plants had higher plant height and 1000-grain weight. These results indicate that OsRCI-1 is involved in herbivore-induced JA bursts and plays a role in plant defense and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Liao
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengzhe Li
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengjiao Cao
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
- The Promotion Station of Plant Protection, Fertilizer Utilization and Rural Energy Technology of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiani Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhangliang Yao
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Senya Zhou
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoxin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dayu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonggen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Maeda Y, Tanaka T. Molecular Insights into Lipoxygenases in Diatoms Based on Structure Prediction: a Pioneering Study on Lipoxygenases Found in Pseudo-nitzschia arenysensis and Fragilariopsis cylindrus. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:468-479. [PMID: 35397048 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms produce a variety of oxylipins which are oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids and are involved in chemical defense and intercellular communication, among other roles. Although the chemistry of diatom oxylipins has long been studied, the enzymes involved in their production, in particular lipoxygenase (LOX), which catalyzes the initial reaction of the synthesis, have not been discovered in diatom genomes. Recently, diatom LOXs were found in two species, Pseudo-nitzschia arenysensis (PaLOX) and Fragilariopsis cylindrus (FcLOX); however, the enzymology of these LOXs is largely unknown. In this review article, we discuss the potential functions of the diatom LOXs based on previously reported structures of LOXs derived from various organisms other than diatoms. Since the structures of PaLOX and FcLOX have not yet been solved, we discussed their functions, such as regio- and stereospecificities, on the basis of their structures predicted using a computational tool based on deep learning technology. Both diatom LOXs were predicted to conserve common core domains with relatively wide substrate-binding pockets. The stereo-determinant residues in PaLOX and FcLOX suggest S specificity. We assume that the highly conserved common core domain can be a clue to reveal unidentified lox genes from the accumulated diatom genome information with the aid of high-throughput structure prediction tools and structure-based alignment tools in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Maeda
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
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Kumari P, Khan S, Wani IA, Gupta R, Verma S, Alam P, Alaklabi A. Unravelling the Role of Epigenetic Modifications in Development and Reproduction of Angiosperms: A Critical Appraisal. Front Genet 2022; 13:819941. [PMID: 35664328 PMCID: PMC9157814 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.819941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics are the heritable changes in gene expression patterns which occur without altering DNA sequence. These changes are reversible and do not change the sequence of the DNA but can alter the way in which the DNA sequences are read. Epigenetic modifications are induced by DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA-mediated mechanisms which alter the gene expression, primarily at the transcriptional level. Such alterations do control genome activity through transcriptional silencing of transposable elements thereby contributing toward genome stability. Plants being sessile in nature are highly susceptible to the extremes of changing environmental conditions. This increases the likelihood of epigenetic modifications within the composite network of genes that affect the developmental changes of a plant species. Genetic and epigenetic reprogramming enhances the growth and development, imparts phenotypic plasticity, and also ensures flowering under stress conditions without changing the genotype for several generations. Epigenetic modifications hold an immense significance during the development of male and female gametophytes, fertilization, embryogenesis, fruit formation, and seed germination. In this review, we focus on the mechanism of epigenetic modifications and their dynamic role in maintaining the genomic integrity during plant development and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kumari
- Conservation and Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Botany, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Sajid Khan
- Conservation and Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Botany, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Ishfaq Ahmad Wani
- Conservation and Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Botany, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Renu Gupta
- Division of Soil Sciences & Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chatha, India
| | - Susheel Verma
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
- *Correspondence: Susheel Verma,
| | - Pravej Alam
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University (PSAU), Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alaklabi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
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Less Virulent Leptosphaeria biglobosa Immunizes the Canola Plant to Resist Highly Virulent L. maculans, the Blackleg Pathogen. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070996. [PMID: 35406977 PMCID: PMC9002471 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leptosphaeria biglobosa is a less virulent Leptosphaeria spp. that causes blackleg disease in canola. Previous studies from our lab have shown that inoculation with the less virulent L. biglobosa can boost the resistance of canola plants against the highly virulent L. maculans. The objective of this study was to confirm the effectiveness of L. biglobosa as a biocontrol agent against L. maculans utilizing morphology, fluorescence microscopy, gene quantification, and transcriptomic analysis. The in planta development of two Leptosphaeria species inoculated at different time points was assessed using fluorescent protein-tagged isolates which are GFP-tagged L. maculans and DsRed-tagged L. biglobosa. The growth inhibition of L. maculans by pre-and co-inoculated L. biglobosa was supported by no lesion development on cotyledons and no or weak fluorescence protein-tagged mycelia under the confocal microscope. The host defense-related genes, WRKY33, PR1, APX6, and CHI, were upregulated in L. biglobosa inoculated Westar cotyledons compared to L. maculans inoculated cotyledons. The quantification of each pathogen through qPCR assay and gene expressions analysis on host defense-related genes by RT-qPCR confirmed the potential of L. biglobosa “brassicae’ in the management of the blackleg disease pathogen, L. maculans ‘brassicae’, in canola.
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Padmathilake KRE, Fernando WGD. Leptosphaeria maculans-Brassica napus Battle: A Comparison of Incompatible vs. Compatible Interactions Using Dual RNASeq. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073964. [PMID: 35409323 PMCID: PMC8999614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptosphaeria maculans causes blackleg disease, which is one of the most destructive diseases of canola (Brassica napus L.). Due to the erosion of the current resistance in B. napus, it is pivotal to introduce new resistant genotypes to the growers. This study evaluated the potential of Rlm7 gene as resistance to its corresponding avirulence AvrLm7 gene is abundant. The Rlm7 line was inoculated with L. maculans isolate with AvrLm7; UMAvr7; and the CRISPR/Cas9 knockout AvrLm7 mutant, umavr7, of the same isolate to cause incompatible and compatible interactions, respectively. Dual RNA-seq showed differential gene expressions in both interactions. High expressions of virulence-related pathogen genes-CAZymes, merops, and effector proteins after 7-dpi in compatible interactions but not in incompatible interaction—confirmed that the pathogen was actively virulent only in compatible interactions. Salicyclic and jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signaling-related genes, defense-related PR1 gene (GSBRNA2T00150001001), and GSBRNA2T00068522001 in the NLR gene family were upregulated starting as early as 1- and 3-dpi in the incompatible interaction and the high upregulation of those genes after 7-dpi in compatible interactions confirmed the early recognition of the pathogen by the host and control it by early activation of host defense mechanisms in the incompatible interaction.
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Ndiaye A, Diallo AO, Fall NC, Diouf RD, Diouf D, Kane NA. Transcriptomic analysis of methyl jasmonate treatment reveals gene networks involved in drought tolerance in pearl millet. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5158. [PMID: 35338214 PMCID: PMC8956577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Water deficit stress at the early stage of development is one of the main factors limiting pearl millet production. One practice to counteract this limitation would be to resort to the application of hormones to stimulate plant growth and development at critical stages. Exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can improve drought tolerance by modulating signaling, metabolism, and photosynthesis pathways, therefore, we assumed that can occur in pearl millet during the early stage of development. To decipher the molecular mechanisms controlling these pathways, RNAseq was conducted in two pearl millet genotypes, drought-sensitive SosatC88 and drought-tolerant Souna3, in response to 200 μM of MeJA. Pairwise comparison between the MeJA-treated and non-treated plants revealed 3270 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among 20,783 transcripts in SosatC88 and 127 DEGs out of 20,496 transcripts in Souna3. Gene ontology (GO) classification assigned most regulated DEGs in SosatC88 to heme binding, oxidation-reduction process, response to oxidative stress and membrane, and in Souna3 to terpene synthase activity, lyase activity, magnesium ion binding, and thylakoid. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis reveals that DEGs in SosatC88 are related to the oxidation-reduction process, the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, the signal transduction, and the metabolism of terpenoids, while in Souna3, DEGs are related to the metabolism of terpenoids and the energy metabolism. Two genes encoding a diterpenoid biosynthesis-related (Pgl_GLEAN_10009413) and a Glutathione S transferase T3 (Pgl_GLEAN_10034098) were contra-regulated between SosatC88 and Souna3. Additionally, five random genes differentially expressed by RNAseq were validated using qPCR, therefore, they are potential targets for the development of novel strategies breeding schemes for plant growth under water deficit stress. These insights into the molecular mechanisms of pearl millet genotype tolerance at the early stage of development contribute to the understanding of the role of hormones in adaptation to drought-prone environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adama Ndiaye
- Centre d'Étude Régional Pour L'Amélioration de L'Adaptation À La Sècheresse (CERAAS), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Route de Khombole, Thiès, BP 3320, Sénégal.,Laboratoire Campus de Biotechnologies Végétales, Département de Biologie Végétale, Faculté Des Sciences Et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), 10700, Dakar-Fann, Dakar, Sénégal.,Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation Des Plantes Et Des Microorganismes Associés Aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Amadou Oury Diallo
- Centre d'Étude Régional Pour L'Amélioration de L'Adaptation À La Sècheresse (CERAAS), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Route de Khombole, Thiès, BP 3320, Sénégal.,Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation Des Plantes Et Des Microorganismes Associés Aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ndèye Coura Fall
- Centre d'Étude Régional Pour L'Amélioration de L'Adaptation À La Sècheresse (CERAAS), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Route de Khombole, Thiès, BP 3320, Sénégal
| | - Rose Diambogne Diouf
- Centre d'Étude Régional Pour L'Amélioration de L'Adaptation À La Sècheresse (CERAAS), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Route de Khombole, Thiès, BP 3320, Sénégal
| | - Diaga Diouf
- Laboratoire Campus de Biotechnologies Végétales, Département de Biologie Végétale, Faculté Des Sciences Et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), 10700, Dakar-Fann, Dakar, Sénégal.,Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation Des Plantes Et Des Microorganismes Associés Aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ndjido Ardo Kane
- Centre d'Étude Régional Pour L'Amélioration de L'Adaptation À La Sècheresse (CERAAS), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Route de Khombole, Thiès, BP 3320, Sénégal. .,Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation Des Plantes Et Des Microorganismes Associés Aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Dakar, Sénégal.
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Li Q, Jia E, Yan Y, Ma R, Dong J, Ma P. Using the Strategy of Inducing and Genetically Transforming Plant Suspension Cells to Produce High Value-Added Bioactive Substances. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:699-710. [PMID: 35018771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants can produce many functional bioactive substances. The suspension cell system of plants can be constructed based on its characteristics to realize the large-scale production of valuable products. In this review, we mainly talk about the main strategies, elicitation, and genetic transformation to improve the yield of active substances by using this system. Meanwhile, we focus on the challenges hiding in the practical application and the future prospects and provide new ideas and the theoretical basis for obtaining numerous bioactive substances from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Entong Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yurong Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ma
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Juane Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengda Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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Gao Y, Xiang X, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Wang B, Zhang Y, Wang C, Jiang M, Duan W, Chen D, Zhan X, Cheng S, Liu Q, Cao L. Disruption of OsPHD1, Encoding a UDP-Glucose Epimerase, Causes JA Accumulation and Enhanced Bacterial Blight Resistance in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020751. [PMID: 35054937 PMCID: PMC8775874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lesion mimic mutants (LMMs) have been widely used in experiments in recent years for studying plant physiological mechanisms underlying programmed cell death (PCD) and defense responses. Here, we identified a lesion mimic mutant, lm212-1, which cloned the causal gene by a map-based cloning strategy, and verified this by complementation. The causal gene, OsPHD1, encodes a UDP-glucose epimerase (UGE), and the OsPHD1 was located in the chloroplast. OsPHD1 was constitutively expressed in all organs, with higher expression in leaves and other green tissues. lm212-1 exhibited decreased chlorophyll content, and the chloroplast structure was destroyed. Histochemistry results indicated that H2O2 is highly accumulated and cell death is occurred around the lesions in lm212-1. Compared to the wild type, expression levels of defense-related genes were up-regulated, and resistance to bacterial pathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) was enhanced, indicating that the defense response was activated in lm212-1, ROS production was induced by flg22, and chitin treatment also showed the same result. Jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) increased, and the JA signaling pathways appeared to be disordered in lm212-1. Additionally, the overexpression lines showed the same phenotype as the wild type. Overall, our findings demonstrate that OsPHD1 is involved in the regulation of PCD and defense response in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311401, China; (Y.G.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (C.W.); (M.J.); (W.D.); (D.C.); (X.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Xiaojiao Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311401, China; (Y.G.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (C.W.); (M.J.); (W.D.); (D.C.); (X.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311401, China; (Y.G.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (C.W.); (M.J.); (W.D.); (D.C.); (X.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Yongrun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311401, China; (Y.G.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (C.W.); (M.J.); (W.D.); (D.C.); (X.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Beifang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311401, China; (Y.G.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (C.W.); (M.J.); (W.D.); (D.C.); (X.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311401, China; (Y.G.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (C.W.); (M.J.); (W.D.); (D.C.); (X.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311401, China; (Y.G.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (C.W.); (M.J.); (W.D.); (D.C.); (X.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311401, China; (Y.G.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (C.W.); (M.J.); (W.D.); (D.C.); (X.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Wenjing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311401, China; (Y.G.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (C.W.); (M.J.); (W.D.); (D.C.); (X.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Daibo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311401, China; (Y.G.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (C.W.); (M.J.); (W.D.); (D.C.); (X.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Xiaodeng Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311401, China; (Y.G.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (C.W.); (M.J.); (W.D.); (D.C.); (X.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Shihua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311401, China; (Y.G.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (C.W.); (M.J.); (W.D.); (D.C.); (X.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Qunen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311401, China; (Y.G.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (C.W.); (M.J.); (W.D.); (D.C.); (X.Z.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (L.C.); Tel.: +86-0571-6337-0218 (Q.L.); +86-0571-6337-0329 (L.C.)
| | - Liyong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311401, China; (Y.G.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (C.W.); (M.J.); (W.D.); (D.C.); (X.Z.); (S.C.)
- Northern Center of China National Rice Research Institute, China National Rice Research Institute, Shuangyashan 155100, China
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (L.C.); Tel.: +86-0571-6337-0218 (Q.L.); +86-0571-6337-0329 (L.C.)
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Parmar S, Sharma VK, Li T, Tang W, Li H. Fungal Seed Endophyte FZT214 Improves Dysphania ambrosioides Cd Tolerance Throughout Different Developmental Stages. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:783475. [PMID: 35058903 PMCID: PMC8764135 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.783475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoremediation is a promising remediation method of heavy metal (HM)-contaminated soils. However, lower HM tolerance of metal accumulator inhibits its practical application and effects. The current study was aimed to illustrate the role of fungal seed endophyte (FZT214) in improving Dysphania ambrosioides Cd tolerance during different developmental stages under various Cd stresses (5, 15, 30 mg kg-1) by pot experiments. The results showed that FZT214 significantly (p < 0.05) improved the host plant's growth at the flowering and fruiting stage in most of the treatment, while at the growing stage the increase was less (p > 0.05). The seed yield was also improved (p < 0.05) in the FZT214-inoculated plants (E+) and induced early flowering was observed. Moreover, the inoculation also positively affected total chlorophyll content, antioxidant process, and lipid peroxidation in most of the treatments throughout three developmental stages. Not all but in most cases, IAA and GA were more in E+ plants while JA was more in the E- plants (non-inoculated plants) during three developmental stages. The results suggested that the colonization of FZT214 to the D. ambrosioides might trigger multiple and comprehensive protective strategies against Cd stress, which mainly include activation of the dilution effects, induced biochemical changes to overcome damage from Cd toxicity, and alteration of the endogenous phytohormones. FZT214 can find competent application in the future to improve the growth of other crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobhika Parmar
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Vijay K. Sharma
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenting Tang
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Sabatino V, Orefice I, Marotta P, Ambrosino L, Chiusano ML, d'Ippolito G, Romano G, Fontana A, Ferrante MI. Silencing of a Pseudo-nitzschia arenysensis lipoxygenase transcript leads to reduced oxylipin production and impaired growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:809-822. [PMID: 34533849 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Because of their importance as chemical mediators, the presence of a rich and varied family of lipoxygenase (LOX) products, collectively named oxylipins, has been investigated thoroughly in diatoms, and the involvement of these products in important processes such as bloom regulation has been postulated. Nevertheless, little information is available on the enzymes and pathways operating in these protists. Exploiting transcriptome data, we identified and characterized a LOX gene, PaLOX, in Pseudo-nitzschia arenysensis, a marine diatom known to produce different species of oxylipins by stereo- and regio-selective oxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at C12 and C15. PaLOX RNA interference correlated with a decrease of the lipid-peroxidizing activity and oxylipin synthesis, as well as with a reduction of growth of P. arenysensis. In addition, sequence analysis and structure models of the C-terminal part of the predicted protein closely fitted with the data for established LOXs from other organisms. The presence in the genome of a single LOX gene, whose downregulation impairs both 12- and 15-oxylipins synthesis, together with the in silico 3D protein modelling suggest that PaLOX encodes for a 12/15S-LOX with a dual specificity, and provides additional support to the correlation between cell growth and oxylipin biosynthesis in diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Sabatino
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Ida Orefice
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Pina Marotta
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Luca Ambrosino
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Chiusano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Naples, 80121, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, 80055, Italy
| | - Giuliana d'Ippolito
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli - Naples, I-80078, Italy
| | - Giovanna Romano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Angelo Fontana
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli - Naples, I-80078, Italy
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, Napoli, 80126, Italy
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Xie L, Wu Y, Duan X, Li T, Jiang Y. Proteomic and physiological analysis provides an elucidation of Fusarium proliferatum infection causing crown rot on banana fruit. Microbiol Res 2021; 256:126952. [PMID: 34968824 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum causes the crown rot of harvested banana fruit but the underling infection mechanism remains unclear. Here, proteomic changes of the banana peel with and without inoculation of F. proliferatum were evaluated. In addition, we investigated the effects of F. proliferatum infection on cell structure, hormone content, primary metabolites and defense-related enzyme activities in the banana peel. Our results showed that F. proliferatum infection mainly affects cell wall components and inhibits the activities of polyphenoloxidase, peroxidase, and chitinase. Gel free quantitative proteomic analysis showed 92 down-regulated and 29 up-regulated proteins of banana peel after F. proliferatum infection. These proteins were mainly related to defense response to biotic stress, chloroplast structure and function, JA signaling pathway, and primary metabolism. Although jasmonic acid (JA) content and JA signaling component coronatine-insensitive (COI) protein were induced by F. proliferatum infection, JA-responsible defense genes/proteins were downregulated. In contrast, expression of senescence-related genes was induced by F. proliferatum, indicating that F. proliferatum modulated the JA signaling to accelerate the senescence of banana fruit. Additionally, salicylic acid (SA) content and SA signaling for resistance acquisition were inhibited by F. proliferatum. Taken together, these results suggest that F. proliferatum depolymerizes the cell wall barrier, impairs the defense system in banana fruit, and activates non-defensive JA-signaling pathway accelerated the senescence of banana fruit. This study provided the elucidation of the prominent pathways disturbed by F. proliferatum in banana fruit, which will facilitate the development of a new strategy to control crown rot of banana fruit and improvement of banana cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Xie
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yanfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Taotao Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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21
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Tomato COI gene family identification and expression under abiotic and phytohormone stress. J Genet 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-021-01331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Ambaw YA, Pagac MP, Irudayaswamy AS, Raida M, Bendt AK, Torta FT, Wenk MR, Dawson TL. Host/ Malassezia Interaction: A Quantitative, Non-Invasive Method Profiling Oxylipin Production Associates Human Skin Eicosanoids with Malassezia. Metabolites 2021; 11:700. [PMID: 34677414 PMCID: PMC8538739 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia are common components of human skin, and as the dominant human skin eukaryotic microbe, they take part in complex microbe-host interactions. Other phylogenetically related fungi (including within Ustilagomycotina) communicate with their plant host through bioactive oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids, generally known as oxylipins, by regulating the plant immune system to increase their virulence. Oxylipins are similar in structure and function to human eicosanoids, which modulate the human immune system. This study reports the development of a highly sensitive mass-spectrometry-based method to capture and quantify bioactive oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids from the human skin surface and in vitro Malassezia cultures. It confirms that Malassezia are capable of synthesizing eicosanoid-like lipid mediators in vitro in a species dependent manner, many of which are found on human skin. This method enables sensitive identification and quantification of bioactive lipid mediators from human skin that may be derived from metabolic pathways shared between skin and its microbial residents. This enables better cross-disciplinary and detailed studies to dissect the interaction between Malassezia and human skin, and to identify potential intervention points to promote or abrogate inflammation and to improve human skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Abere Ambaw
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (Y.A.A.); (F.T.T.); (M.R.W.)
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (M.R.); (A.K.B.)
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Martin P. Pagac
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; (M.P.P.); (A.S.I.)
| | - Antony S. Irudayaswamy
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; (M.P.P.); (A.S.I.)
| | - Manfred Raida
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (M.R.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Anne K. Bendt
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (M.R.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Federico T. Torta
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (Y.A.A.); (F.T.T.); (M.R.W.)
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (M.R.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (Y.A.A.); (F.T.T.); (M.R.W.)
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (M.R.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Thomas L. Dawson
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; (M.P.P.); (A.S.I.)
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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23
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Sardans J, Gargallo‐Garriga A, Urban O, Klem K, Holub P, Janssens IA, Walker TWN, Pesqueda A, Peñuelas J. Ecometabolomics of plant–herbivore and plant–fungi interactions: a synthesis study. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sardans
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Catalonia 08193 Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia 08193 Spain
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Albert Gargallo‐Garriga
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Catalonia 08193 Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia 08193 Spain
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Holub
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Ivan A. Janssens
- Department of Biology University of Antwerp Wilrijk 2610 Belgium
| | - Tom W. N. Walker
- Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Zürich Zurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Argus Pesqueda
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Catalonia 08193 Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia 08193 Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Catalonia 08193 Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia 08193 Spain
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
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24
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Wang Q, Sun Y, Wang F, Huang PC, Wang Y, Ruan X, Ma L, Li X, Kolomiets MV, Gao X. Transcriptome and Oxylipin Profiling Joint Analysis Reveals Opposite Roles of 9-Oxylipins and Jasmonic Acid in Maize Resistance to Gibberella Stalk Rot. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:699146. [PMID: 34557211 PMCID: PMC8454893 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.699146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Gibberella stalk rot caused by Fusarium graminearum is one of the devastating diseases of maize that causes significant yield losses worldwide. The molecular mechanisms regulating defense against this pathogen remain poorly understood. According to recent studies, a major oxylipin hormone produced by 13-lipoxygenases (LOX) namely jasmonic acid (JA) has been associated with maize susceptibility to GSR. However, the specific roles of numerous 9-LOX-derived oxylipins in defense against Gibberella stalk rot (GSR) remain unexplained. In this study, we have shown that disruption of a 9-LOX gene, ZmLOX5, resulted in increased susceptibility to GSR, indicating its role in defense. To understand how ZmLOX5 regulates GSR resistance, we conducted transcriptome and oxylipin profiling using a zmlox5-3 mutant and near-isogenic wild type B73, upon infection with F. graminearum. The results showed that JA biosynthetic pathway genes were highly up-regulated, whereas multiple 9-LOX pathway genes were down-regulated in the infected zmlox5-3 mutant. Furthermore, oxylipin profiling of the mutant revealed significantly higher contents of several jasmonates but relatively lower levels of 9-oxylipins in zmlox5-3 upon infection. In contrast, B73 and W438, a more resistant inbred line, displayed relatively lower levels of JAs, but a considerable increase of 9-oxylipins. These results suggest antagonistic interaction between 9-oxylipins and JAs, wherein 9-oxylipins contribute to resistance while JAs facilitate susceptibility to F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yali Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei-Cheng Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Yinying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinsen Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Michael V. Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Xiquan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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25
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Li Y, Li S, Du R, Wang J, Li H, Xie D, Yan J. Isoleucine Enhances Plant Resistance Against Botrytis cinerea via Jasmonate Signaling Pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:628328. [PMID: 34489985 PMCID: PMC8416682 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.628328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are the building blocks of biomacromolecules in organisms, among which isoleucine (Ile) is the precursor of JA-Ile, an active molecule of phytohormone jasmonate (JA). JA is essential for diverse plant defense responses against biotic and abiotic stresses. Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic nutritional fungal pathogen that causes the second most severe plant fungal disease worldwide and infects more than 200 kinds of monocot and dicot plant species. In this study, we demonstrated that Ile application enhances plant resistance against B. cinerea in Arabidopsis, which is dependent on the JA receptor COI1 and the jasmonic acid-amido synthetase JAR1. The mutant lib with higher Ile content in leaves exhibits enhanced resistance to B. cinerea infection. Furthermore, we found that the exogenous Ile application moderately enhanced plant resistance to B. cinerea in various horticultural plant species, including lettuce, rose, and strawberry, suggesting a practical and effective strategy to control B. cinerea disease in agriculture. These results together showed that the increase of Ile could positively regulate the resistance of various plants to B. cinerea by enhancing JA signaling, which would offer potential applications for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Science, and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Suhua Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ran Du
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Science, and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiou Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Science, and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Daoxin Xie
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Science, and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbin Yan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Science, and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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26
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Kehelpannala C, Rupasinghe T, Pasha A, Esteban E, Hennessy T, Bradley D, Ebert B, Provart NJ, Roessner U. An Arabidopsis lipid map reveals differences between tissues and dynamic changes throughout development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:287-302. [PMID: 33866624 PMCID: PMC8361726 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is the predominant analytical tool used in the field of plant lipidomics. However, there are many challenges associated with the mass spectrometric detection and identification of lipids because of the highly complex nature of plant lipids. Studies into lipid biosynthetic pathways, gene functions in lipid metabolism, lipid changes during plant growth and development, and the holistic examination of the role of plant lipids in environmental stress responses are often hindered. Here, we leveraged a robust pipeline that we previously established to extract and analyze lipid profiles of different tissues and developmental stages from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We analyzed seven tissues at several different developmental stages and identified more than 200 lipids from each tissue analyzed. The data were used to create a web-accessible in silico lipid map that has been integrated into an electronic Fluorescent Pictograph (eFP) browser. This in silico library of Arabidopsis lipids allows the visualization and exploration of the distribution and changes of lipid levels across selected developmental stages. Furthermore, it provides information on the characteristic fragments of lipids and adducts observed in the mass spectrometer and their retention times, which can be used for lipid identification. The Arabidopsis tissue lipid map can be accessed at http://bar.utoronto.ca/efp_arabidopsis_lipid/cgi-bin/efpWeb.cgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheka Kehelpannala
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC3010Australia
| | | | - Asher Pasha
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and FunctionUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3B2Canada
| | - Eddi Esteban
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and FunctionUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3B2Canada
| | - Thomas Hennessy
- Agilent Technologies Australia Pty Ltd679 Springvale RoadMulgraveVIC3170Australia
| | - David Bradley
- Agilent Technologies Australia Pty Ltd679 Springvale RoadMulgraveVIC3170Australia
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC3010Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Provart
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and FunctionUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3B2Canada
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC3010Australia
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27
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Mayer JA, Wone BWM, Alexander DC, Guo L, Ryals JA, Cushman JC. Metabolic profiling of epidermal and mesophyll tissues under water-deficit stress in Opuntia ficus-indica reveals stress-adaptive metabolic responses. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:717-731. [PMID: 33896444 DOI: 10.1071/fp20332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) is a high productivity species within the Cactaceae grown in many semiarid parts of the world for food, fodder, forage, and biofuels. O. ficus-indica utilises obligate crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), an adaptation that greatly improves water-use efficiency (WUE) and reduces crop water usage. To better understand CAM-related metabolites and water-deficit stress responses of O. ficus-indica, comparative metabolic profiling was performed on mesophyll and epidermal tissues collected from well-watered and water-deficit stressed cladodes at 50% relative water content (RWC). Tissues were collected over a 24-h period to identify metabolite levels throughout the diel cycle and analysed using a combination of acidic/basic ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) platforms. A total of 382 metabolites, including 210 (55%) named and 172 (45%) unnamed compounds, were characterised across both tissues. Most tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and glycolysis intermediates were depleted in plants undergoing water-deficit stress indicative of CAM idling or post-idling, while the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) accumulated in both mesophyll and epidermal tissues as osmoprotectants. Levels of reduced glutathione and other metabolites of the ascorbate cycle as well as oxylipins, stress hormones such as traumatic acid, and nucleotide degradation products were increased under water-deficit stress conditions. Notably, tryptophan accumulation, an atypical response, was significantly (24-fold) higher during all time points in water-deficit stressed mesophyll tissue compared with well-watered controls. Many of the metabolite increases were indicative of a highly oxidising environment under water-deficit stress. A total of 34 unnamed metabolites also accumulated in response to water-deficit stress indicating that such compounds might play important roles in water-deficit stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Mayer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; and Present address: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Bernard W M Wone
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, SD 57069, USA
| | | | - Lining Guo
- Metabolon Inc., 800 Capitola Drive, Suite 1, Durham, NC 27713, USA
| | - John A Ryals
- Metabolon Inc., 800 Capitola Drive, Suite 1, Durham, NC 27713, USA
| | - John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; and Corresponding author.
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28
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Graziani V, Potenza N, D’Abrosca B, Troiani T, Napolitano S, Fiorentino A, Scognamiglio M. NMR Profiling of Ononis diffusa Identifies Cytotoxic Compounds against Cetuximab-Resistant Colon Cancer Cell Lines. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113266. [PMID: 34071597 PMCID: PMC8198399 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search of new natural products to be explored as possible anticancer drugs, two plant species, namely Ononis diffusa and Ononis variegata, were screened against colorectal cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic activity of the crude extracts was tested on a panel of colon cancer cell models including cetuximab-sensitive (Caco-2, GEO, SW48), intrinsic (HT-29 and HCT-116), and acquired (GEO-CR, SW48-CR) cetuximab-resistant cell lines. Ononis diffusa showed remarkable cytotoxic activity, especially on the cetuximab-resistant cell lines. The active extract composition was determined by NMR analysis. Given its complexity, a partial purification was then carried out. The fractions obtained were again tested for their biological activity and their metabolite content was determined by 1D and 2D NMR analysis. The study led to the identification of a fraction enriched in oxylipins that showed a 92% growth inhibition of the HT-29 cell line at a concentration of 50 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Graziani
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (V.G.); (N.P.); (B.D.)
| | - Nicoletta Potenza
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (V.G.); (N.P.); (B.D.)
| | - Brigida D’Abrosca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (V.G.); (N.P.); (B.D.)
| | - Teresa Troiani
- Oncologia medica, Dipartimento di Medicina di precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, S. Andrea delle Dame, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (T.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Stefania Napolitano
- Oncologia medica, Dipartimento di Medicina di precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, S. Andrea delle Dame, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (T.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Antonio Fiorentino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (V.G.); (N.P.); (B.D.)
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (M.S.); Tel.: +39-0823274576 (A.F.)
| | - Monica Scognamiglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (V.G.); (N.P.); (B.D.)
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (M.S.); Tel.: +39-0823274576 (A.F.)
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29
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Al-Harrasi A, Khan AL, Rehman NU, Csuk R. Biosynthetic diversity in triterpene cyclization within the Boswellia genus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 184:112660. [PMID: 33524859 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review is not intended to describe the triterpenes isolated from the Boswellia genus, since this information has been covered elsewhere. Instead, the aim is to provide insights into the biosynthesis of triterpenes in Boswellia. This genus, which has 24 species, displays fascinating structural diversity and produces a number of medicinally important triterpenes, particularly boswellic acids. Over 300 volatile components have been reported in the essential oil of Boswellia, and more than 100 diterpenes and triterpenes have been isolated from this genus. Given that no triterpene biosynthetic enzymes have yet been isolated from any members of the Boswellia genus, this review will cover the likely biosynthetic pathways as inferred from structures in nature and the probable types of biosynthetic enzymes based on knowledge of triterpene biosynthesis in other plant species. It highlights the importance of frankincense and the factors and threats affecting its production. It covers triterpene biosynthesis in the genus Boswellia, including dammaranes, tirucallic acids, lupanes, oleananes, ursanes and boswellic acids. Strategies for elucidating triterpene biosynthetic pathways in Boswellia are considered. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms behind wound-induced resin synthesis by the tree and related gene expression profiling are covered. In addition, the influence of the environment and the genotype on the biosynthesis of resin and on variations in the compositions and types of resins will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman.
| | - Abdul Latif Khan
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Najeeb Ur Rehman
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - René Csuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Ube N, Katsuyama Y, Kariya K, Tebayashi SI, Sue M, Tohnooka T, Ueno K, Taketa S, Ishihara A. Identification of methoxylchalcones produced in response to CuCl 2 treatment and pathogen infection in barley. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 184:112650. [PMID: 33529859 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Changes in specialized metabolites were analyzed in barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaves treated with CuCl2 solution as an elicitor. LC-MS analysis of the CuCl2-treated leaves showed the induced accumulation of three compounds. Among them, two were purified by silica gel and ODS column chromatography and preparative HPLC and were identified as 2',3,4,4',6'-pentamethoxychalcone and 2'-hydroxy-3,4,4',6'-tetramethoxychalcone by spectroscopic analyses. The remaining compound was determined as 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), a major oxylipin in plants, by comparing its spectrum and retention time from LC-MS/MS analysis with those of the authentic compound. The accumulation of these compounds was reproduced in leaves inoculated with Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal agent of spot blotch of the Poaceae species. This inoculation increased the amounts of other oxylipins, including jasmonic acid (JA), JA-Ile, 9-oxooctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid (9-KODE), and 13-oxooctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid (13-KODE). The treatments of the barley leaves with JA and OPDA induced the accumulation of methoxylchalcones, but treatment with 9-KODE did not. These methoxylchalcones inhibited conidial germination of B. sorokiniana and Fusarium graminearum, thereby indicating that these compounds possessed antifungal activity. Consequently, they are considered to be involved in the chemical defense processes as phytoalexins in barley. Accumulation of methoxylchalcones in response to JA treatment was observed in all seven barley cultivars tested, but was not detected in other wild Hordeum species, wheat, and rice, thus indicating that their production was specific to cultivated barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ube
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yuhka Katsuyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kariya
- Graduate School of Sustainability Science, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Tebayashi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sue
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Takuji Tohnooka
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, 305-8518, Japan
| | - Kotomi Ueno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Shin Taketa
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishihara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.
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Yahoueian SH, Bihamta MR, Babaei HR, Bazargani MM. Proteomic analysis of drought stress response mechanism in soybean ( Glycine max L.) leaves. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:2010-2020. [PMID: 33841819 PMCID: PMC8020938 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the physiological and molecular mechanisms of drought responses is fundamental for developing genetically drought tolerant and high yielding crops. To understand molecular mechanism of drought tolerance of soybean (Glycine max L.), we compared leaf proteome patterns of in two genotypes GN-3074 (drought tolerant) and GN-2032 (drought-sensitive) under drought stress during vegetative stage. Proteins were extracted from leaves of well-watered and drought-treated plants by using the trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-acetone precipitation method and analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Out 488 reproducibly detected and analyzed on two-dimensional electrophoresis gels, 26 proteins showed significant changes in at least one genotype. The identification of 20 differentially expressed proteins using mass spectrometry revealed a coordinated expression of proteins involved in cellular metabolisms including photosynthesis, oxidative stress defense, respiration, metabolism process, signal transduction, phosphorus transduction, and methyl transduction which enable plant to cope with drought conditions. The most identified proteins involved in photosynthesis and oxidative stress defense system. The up-regulation of several photosynthetic proteins and also high abundance of oxidative stress defense proteins in GN-3074 genotypes as compare to GN-2032 genotypes might reflect the fact that drought tolerance of GN-3074 is due to effective photosynthetic machinery and more defense against oxidative stress. Our results suggest that soybean plant might response to drought stress by applying efficiently stay-green mechanism through coordinated gene expression during vegetative stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hamid Yahoueian
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Science and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | | | - Hamid Reza Babaei
- Horticulture Crops Research DepartmentKhorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education CenterAREEOMashhadIran
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An JP, Wang XF, Zhang XW, You CX, Hao YJ. Apple B-box protein BBX37 regulates jasmonic acid mediated cold tolerance through the JAZ-BBX37-ICE1-CBF pathway and undergoes MIEL1-mediated ubiquitination and degradation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2707-2729. [PMID: 33119890 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) is involved in the cold stress response, and the inducer of CBF expression 1 (ICE1)- C-repeat binding factor (CBF) regulatory cascade plays a key role in the regulation of cold stress tolerance. In this study, we showed that a novel B-box (BBX) protein MdBBX37 positively regulates JA-mediated cold-stress resistance in apple. We found that MdBBX37 bound to the MdCBF1 and MdCBF4 promoters to activate their transcription, and also interacted with MdICE1 to enhance the transcriptional activity of MdICE1 on MdCBF1, thus promoting its cold tolerance. Two JA signaling repressors, MdJAZ1 and MdJAZ2 (JAZ, JAZMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN), interacted with MdBBX37 to repress the transcriptional activity of MdBBX37 on MdCBF1 and MdCBF4, and also interfered with the interaction between MdBBX37 and MdICE1, thus negatively regulating JA-mediated cold tolerance. E3 ligase MdMIEL1 (MIEL1, MYB30-Interacting E3 Ligase1) reduced MdBBX37-improved cold resistance by mediating ubiquitination and degradation of the MdBBX37 protein. The data reveal that MIEL1 and JAZ proteins co-regulate JA-mediated cold stress tolerance through the BBX37-ICE1-CBF module in apple. These results will aid further examination of the post-translational modification of BBX proteins and the regulatory mechanism of JA-mediated cold stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yu-Jin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
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Mayetiola destructor (Diptera: Cecidmyiidae) host preference and survival on small grains with respect to leaf reflectance and phytohormone concentrations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4761. [PMID: 33637802 PMCID: PMC7910616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor (Diptera: Cecidmyiidae) is a major pest of wheat, globally. We conducted a series of laboratory choice and no-choice assays to quantify Hessian fly host preference for barley (cv. Champion), oat (cv. Cayuse), susceptible (cv. Alturas), and resistant (cv. Hollis) wheat. In addition, larval survivorship and adult emergence were compared among the evaluated host plants. We then examined whether insect preference for a host can be explained by differences in plant spectral reflectance. Further, larval survivorship and adult emergence were compared among host plants in relation to phytohormone concentrations. Hessian flies laid more eggs on wheat compared to either oat or barley. Spectral reflectance measurements of leaves were similar between susceptible and resistant wheat cultivars but different from those of barley and oat. Our results suggested that higher reflectance in the near-infrared range and lower reflectance in the visible range may be used by females for host selection. Hessian fly larvae were unable to develop into the pupal stage on resistant wheat and oat. No significant difference in larval survivorship was detected between the susceptible wheat and barley. However, adult emergence was significantly higher on barley than the susceptible wheat. Phytohormonal evaluations revealed that salicylic acid (SA) may be an important contributor to plant defense response to larval feeding as relatively higher concentrations of SA were present in oat and resistant wheat. While resistance in the resistant wheat is achieved only through antibiosis, both antibiosis and antixenosis were in effect rendering oat as a non-host for Hessian flies.
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Li L, Liu Y, Huang Y, Li B, Ma W, Wang D, Cao X, Wang Z. Genome-Wide Identification of the TIFY Family in Salvia miltiorrhiza Reveals That SmJAZ3 Interacts With SmWD40-170, a Relevant Protein That Modulates Secondary Metabolism and Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:630424. [PMID: 33679845 PMCID: PMC7930841 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.630424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (S. miltiorrhiza), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, contains numerous bioactive components with broad range of pharmacological properties. By increasing the levels of endogenous jasmonate (JA) in plants or treating them with methyl jasmonate (MeJA), the level of tanshinones and salvianolic acids can be greatly enhanced. The jasmonate ZIM (JAZ) proteins belong to the TIFY family, and act as repressors, releasing targeted transcriptional factors in the JA signaling pathway. Herein, we identified and characterized 15 TIFY proteins present in S. miltiorrhiza. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis indicated that the JAZ genes were all constitutively expressed in different tissues and were induced by MeJA treatments. SmJAZ3, which negatively regulates the tanshinones biosynthesis pathway in S. miltiorrhiza and the detailed molecular mechanism is poorly understood. SmJAZ3 acts as a bait protein to capture and identify a WD-repeat containing the protein SmWD40-170. Further molecular and genetic analysis revealed that SmWD40-170 is a positive regulator, promoting the accumulation of secondary metabolites in S. miltiorrhiza. Our study systematically analyzed the TIFY family and speculated a module of the JAZ-WD40 complex provides new insights into the mechanisms regulating the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Agrawal R, Jiří F, Thakur JK. The kinase module of the Mediator complex: an important signalling processor for the development and survival of plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:224-240. [PMID: 32945869 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mediator, a multisubunit protein complex, is a signal processor that conveys regulatory information from transcription factors to RNA polymerase II and therefore plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression. This megadalton complex comprises four modules, namely, the head, middle, tail, and kinase modules. The first three modules form the core part of the complex, whereas association of the kinase module is facultative. The kinase module is able to alter the function of Mediator and has been established as a major transcriptional regulator of numerous developmental and biochemical processes. The kinase module consists of MED12, MED13, CycC, and kinase CDK8. Upon association with Mediator, the kinase module can alter its structure and function dramatically. In the past decade, research has established that the kinase module is very important for plant growth and development, and in the fight against biotic and abiotic challenges. However, there has been no comprehensive review discussing these findings in detail and depth. In this review, we survey the regulation of kinase module subunits and highlight their many functions in plants. Coordination between the subunits to process different signals for optimum plant growth and development is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Agrawal
- Plant Mediator Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Fajkus Jiří
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitendra K Thakur
- Plant Mediator Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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Fitoussi N, Borrego E, Kolomiets MV, Qing X, Bucki P, Sela N, Belausov E, Braun Miyara S. Oxylipins are implicated as communication signals in tomato-root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) interaction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:326. [PMID: 33431951 PMCID: PMC7801703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout infection, plant-parasitic nematodes activate a complex host defense response that will regulate their development and aggressiveness. Oxylipins-lipophilic signaling molecules-are part of this complex, performing a fundamental role in regulating plant development and immunity. At the same time, the sedentary root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. secretes numerous effectors that play key roles during invasion and migration, supporting construction and maintenance of nematodes' feeding sites. Herein, comprehensive oxylipin profiling of tomato roots, performed using LC-MS/MS, indicated strong and early responses of many oxylipins following root-knot nematode infection. To identify genes that might respond to the lipidomic defense pathway mediated through oxylipins, RNA-Seq was performed by exposing Meloidogyne javanica second-stage juveniles to tomato protoplasts and the oxylipin 9-HOT, one of the early-induced oxylipins in tomato roots upon nematode infection. A total of 7512 differentially expressed genes were identified. To target putative effectors, we sought differentially expressed genes carrying a predicted secretion signal peptide. Among these, several were homologous with known effectors in other nematode species; other unknown, potentially secreted proteins may have a role as root-knot nematode effectors that are induced by plant lipid signals. These include effectors associated with distortion of the plant immune response or manipulating signal transduction mediated by lipid signals. Other effectors are implicated in cell wall degradation or ROS detoxification at the plant-nematode interface. Being an integral part of the plant's defense response, oxylipins might be placed as important signaling molecules underlying nematode parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Fitoussi
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 50250, Rishon LeZion, Bet Dagan, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eli Borrego
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 2132, College Station, 77843-2132, USA
| | - Xue Qing
- Department of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Patricia Bucki
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 50250, Rishon LeZion, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Department of Plant Sciences, Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, ARO, The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Sigal Braun Miyara
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 50250, Rishon LeZion, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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Luján MA, Soria-García Á, Claver A, Lorente P, Rubio MC, Picorel R, Alfonso M. Different Cis-Regulatory Elements Control the Tissue-Specific Contribution of Plastid ω-3 Desaturases to Wounding and Hormone Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:727292. [PMID: 34777414 PMCID: PMC8578140 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.727292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Trienoic fatty acids are essential constituents of biomembranes and precursors of jasmonates involved in plant defense responses. Two ω-3 desaturases, AtFAD7 and AtFAD8, synthetize trienoic fatty acids in the plastid. Promoter:GUS and mutagenesis analysis was used to identify cis-elements controlling AtFAD7 and AtFAD8 basal expression and their response to hormones or wounding. AtFAD7 promoter GUS activity was much higher than that of AtFAD8 in leaves, with specific AtFAD7 expression in the flower stamen and pistil and root meristem and vasculature. This specific tissue and organ expression of AtFAD7 was controlled by different cis-elements. Thus, promoter deletion and mutagenesis analysis indicated that WRKY proteins might be essential for basal expression of AtFAD7 in leaves. Two MYB target sequences present in the AtFAD7 promoter might be responsible for its expression in the flower stamen and stigma of the pistil and in the root meristem, and for the AtFAD7 wound-specific response. Two MYB target sequences detected in the distal region of the AtFAD8 gene promoter seemed to negatively control AtFAD8 expression, particularly in true leaves and flowers, suggesting that MYB transcription factors act as repressors of AtFAD8 gene basal expression, modulating the different relative abundance of both plastid ω-3 desaturases at the transcriptional level. Our data showed that the two ABA repression sequences detected in the AtFAD7 promoter were functional, suggesting an ABA-dependent mechanism involved in the different regulation of both ω-3 plastid desaturases. These results reveal the implication of different signaling pathways for the concerted regulation of trienoic fatty acid content in Arabidopsis.
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Çetinbaş-Genç A, Vardar F. Effect of methyl jasmonate on in-vitro pollen germination and tube elongation of Pinus nigra. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:1655-1665. [PMID: 32734410 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the main research was to investigate the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (0.05, 0.25, 0.5, and 2.5 mM) on the pollen germination and tube elongation of Pinus nigra. Total pollen germination rate increased after MeJA treatments while the most enhancement was observed at 0.05-mM MeJA. No germination was observed at 2.5-mM MeJA. Although the unipolar and bipolar germination were observed in all groups, no significant changes were observed in unipolar and bipolar pollen germination rates after MeJA treatments. Tube length increased only at 0.05-mM MeJA. Although branched tubes were observed in all groups, branched tube rate increased only at 0.05-mM MeJA. Although two branched, three branched, and consecutive branched tubes were observed in all groups, the most common branching type was two branched type in all groups. Although anisotropy of actin filaments in the shank and apex of unbranched tubes decreased after MeJA treatments, the most decrease was observed at 0.05-mM MeJA. Also, anisotropy of actin filaments in the shank and in pre-branching region of branched tubes decreased only at 0.25-mM MeJA. Anisotropy of both two apexes of a branched tube changed only at 0.25- and 0.5-mM MeJA. Callose accumulation in the apex of unbranched and branched tubes increased in parallel with the increase in MeJA concentration. However, more callose is accumulated in one apex than the other apex of a branched tube. In conclusion, MeJA affected the actin organization, changed the callose distribution, and altered the pollen tube growth of Pinus nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslıhan Çetinbaş-Genç
- Department of Biology, Marmara University, Göztepe Campus, Kadıköy, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Filiz Vardar
- Department of Biology, Marmara University, Göztepe Campus, Kadıköy, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey
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Verma G, Srivastava D, Narayan S, Shirke PA, Chakrabarty D. Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate alleviates arsenic toxicity by modulating its uptake and translocation in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 201:110735. [PMID: 32480163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (Me-JA) is a plant growth regulator known for modulating plant responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses. The unavoidable arsenic (As) contamination in rice (Oryza sativa) results in reduced crop yield and greater carcinogenic risk to humans. The present work examines the significance of Me-JA induced molecular signaling and tolerance towards arsenic toxicity in rice. The arsenite (AsIII; 25 μM) stress hampered the overall growth and development of the rice seedling. However, the co-application (25 μM AsIII+0.25 μM Me-JA) resulted in increased biomass, chlorophyll content, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities as compared to AsIII treated plants. The co-application also demonstrated a marked decrease in malondialdehyde content, electrolyte leakage and accumulation of total AsIII content (root + shoot) as compared to AsIII treated plants. The co-application also modulated the expression of genes involved in downstream JA signaling pathway (OsCOI, OsJAZ3, OsMYC2), AsIII uptake (OsLsi1, OsLsi2, OsNIP1;1, OsNIP3;1), translocation (OsLsi6, and OsINT5) and detoxification (OsNRAMP1, OsPCS2, and OsABCC2) which revealed the probable adaptive response of the rice plant to cope up arsenic stress. Our findings reveal that Me-JA alleviates AsIII toxicity by modulating signaling components involved in As uptake, translocation, and detoxification and JA signaling in rice. This study augments our knowledge for the future use of Me-JA in improving tolerance against AsIII stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giti Verma
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow, 226001, India.
| | - Dipali Srivastava
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Shiv Narayan
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research -National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Pramod Arvind Shirke
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research -National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Debasis Chakrabarty
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow, 226001, India.
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Jan R, Khan MA, Asaf S, Lee IJ, Kim KM. Overexpression of OsF 3H modulates WBPH stress by alteration of phenylpropanoid pathway at a transcriptomic and metabolomic level in Oryza sativa. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14685. [PMID: 32895423 PMCID: PMC7477192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), has become a devastating pest for rice crops, causes serious yield losses each year, and urgently needs biological control. Here, we developed a WBPH-resistant rice cultivar by overexpressing the OsF3H gene. A genetic functional analysis of the OsF3H gene confirmed its role in facilitating flavonoid contents and have indicated that the expression of the OsF3H gene is involved in regulation of the downstream genes (OsDFR and OsFLS) of the flavonoid pathway and genes (OsSLR1 and OsWRKY13) involved in other physiological pathways. OxF3H (OsF3H transgenic) plants accumulated significant amounts of the flavonols kaempferol (Kr) and quercetin (Qu) and the anthocyanins delphinidin and cyanidin, compared to the wild type, in response to the stress induced by WBPH. Similarly, OsF3H-related proteins were significantly expressed in OxF3H lines after WBPH infestation. The present study, indicated that the regulation of JA in OxF3H plants was suppressed due the overexpression of the OsF3H gene, which induced the expression of downstream genes related to anthocyanin. Similarly, the OsWRKY13 transcriptional factor was significantly suppressed in OxF3H plants during WBPH infestation. Exogenous application of Kr and Qu increased the survival rates of susceptible TN1 lines in response to WBPH, while decreased the survival rate of first instar WBPHs, indicating that both flavonols exhibit pesticide activity. Phenotypic demonstration also affirms that OxF3H plants show strong resistance to WBPH compared with wild type. Collectively, our result suggested that OsF3H overexpression led to the up-regulation of defense related genes and enhanced rice resistance to WBPH infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmatullah Jan
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, 80 Dahak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Aqil Khan
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, 80 Dahak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sajjad Asaf
- Natural and Medical Science Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, 616, Oman
| | - In-Jung Lee
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, 80 Dahak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, 80 Dahak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Hanik N, Best M, Schueller MJ, Tappero R, Ferrieri RA. Defense Priming in Nicotiana tabacum Accelerates and Amplifies 'New' C/N Fluxes in Key Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E851. [PMID: 32640641 PMCID: PMC7411752 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the struggle to survive herbivory by leaf-feeding insects, plants employ multiple strategies to defend themselves. One mechanism by which plants increase resistance is by intensifying their responsiveness in the production of certain defense agents to create a rapid response. Known as defense priming, this action can accelerate and amplify responses of metabolic pathways, providing plants with long-lasting resistance, especially when faced with waves of attack. In the work presented, short-lived radiotracers of carbon administered as 11CO2 and nitrogen administered as 13NH3 were applied in Nicotiana tabacum, to examine the temporal changes in 'new' C/N utilization in the biosynthesis of key amino acids (AAs). Responses were induced by using topical application of the defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA). After a single treatment, metabolic partitioning of recently fixed carbon (designated 'new' carbon and reflected as 11C) increased through the shikimate pathway, giving rise to tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan. Amplification in 'new' carbon fluxes preceded changes in the endogenous (12C) pools of these AAs. Testing after serial JA treatments revealed that fluxes of 'new' carbon were accelerated, amplified and sustained over time at this higher rate, suggesting a priming effect. Similar results were observed with recently assimilated nitrogen (designated 'new' nitrogen reflected as 13N) with its partitioning into serine, glycine and glutamine, which play important roles supporting the shikimate pathway and downstream secondary metabolism. Finally, X-ray fluorescence imaging revealed that levels of the element Mn, an important co-factor for enzyme regulation in the shikimate pathway, increased within JA treated tissues, suggesting a link between plant metal ion regulation and C/N metabolic priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hanik
- Fachbereich Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany; (N.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Marcel Best
- Fachbereich Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany; (N.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Michael J. Schueller
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ryan Tappero
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Synchrotron Light Source Division, Upton, NY 11973, USA;
| | - Richard A. Ferrieri
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Division of Plant Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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del Rosario Cappellari L, Chiappero J, Palermo TB, Giordano W, Banchio E. Impact of Soil Rhizobacteria Inoculation and Leaf-Chewing Insect Herbivory on Mentha piperita Leaf Secondary Metabolites. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:619-630. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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43
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Bakhtiari M, Rasmann S. Variation in Below-to Aboveground Systemic Induction of Glucosinolates Mediates Plant Fitness Consequences under Herbivore Attack. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:317-329. [PMID: 32060668 DOI: 10.1101/810432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants defend themselves against herbivore attack by constitutively producing toxic secondary metabolites, as well as by inducing them in response to herbivore feeding. Induction of secondary metabolites can cross plant tissue boundaries, such as from root to shoot. However, whether the potential for plants to systemically induce secondary metabolites from roots to shoots shows genetic variability, and thus, potentially, is under selection conferring fitness benefits to the plants is an open question. To address this question, we induced 26 maternal plant families of the wild species Cardamine hirsuta belowground (BG) using the wound-mimicking phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA). We measured resistance against a generalist (Spodoptera littoralis) and a specialist (Pieris brassicae) herbivore species, as well as the production of glucosinolates (GSLs) in plants. We showed that BG induction increased AG resistance against the generalist but not against the specialist, and found substantial plant family-level variation for resistance and GSL induction. We further found that the systemic induction of several GSLs tempered the negative effects of herbivory on total seed set production. Using a widespread natural system, we thus confirm that BG to AG induction has a strong genetic component, and can be under positive selection by increasing plant fitness. We suggest that natural variation in systemic induction is in part dictated by allocation trade-offs between constitutive and inducible GSL production, as well as natural variation in AG and BG herbivore attack in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Bakhtiari
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Crespo-Salvador Ó, Sánchez-Giménez L, López-Galiano MJ, Fernández-Crespo E, Schalschi L, García-Robles I, Rausell C, Real MD, González-Bosch C. The Histone Marks Signature in Exonic and Intronic Regions Is Relevant in Early Response of Tomato Genes to Botrytis cinerea and in miRNA Regulation. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9030300. [PMID: 32121544 PMCID: PMC7154849 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Research into the relationship between epigenetic regulation and resistance to biotic stresses provides alternatives for plant protection and crop improvement. To unravel the mechanisms underlying tomato responses to Botrytis cinerea, we performed a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis showing the increase in H3K9ac mark along the early induced genes SlyDES, SlyDOX1, and SlyLoxD encoding oxylipin-pathway enzymes, and SlyWRKY75 coding for a transcriptional regulator of hormonal signaling. This histone mark showed a more distinct distribution than the previously studied H3K4me3. The RNAPol-ChIP analysis reflected the actual gene transcription associated with increased histone modifications. A different pattern of marks in the oxylipin-related genes against P. syringae supported a pathogen-specific profile, while no significant differences occurred in SlyWRKY75. The epigenetic regulation of SlyWRKY75 by the intron-binding miR1127-3p was supported by the presence of SlyWRKY75 pre-mRNA in control plants. Interestingly, mRNA was found to be accumulated in response to B. cinerea and P. syringae, while reduction in miRNA only occurred against B. cinerea. The intronic region presented a similar pattern of marks than the rest of the gene in both pathosystems, except for H3K4me3 in the miRNA binding site upon B. cinerea. We located the gene encoding Sly-miR1127-3p, which presented reduced H3K4me3 on its promoter against B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Crespo-Salvador
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Agrochemical and Food Technology Institute (CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (Ó.C.-S.); (L.S.-G.)
| | - Lorena Sánchez-Giménez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Agrochemical and Food Technology Institute (CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (Ó.C.-S.); (L.S.-G.)
| | - Mª José López-Galiano
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.L.-G.); (I.G.-R.); (C.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Emma Fernández-Crespo
- Plant Physiology Area, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department CAMN, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain; (E.F.-C.); (L.S.)
| | - Loredana Schalschi
- Plant Physiology Area, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department CAMN, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain; (E.F.-C.); (L.S.)
| | - Inmaculada García-Robles
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.L.-G.); (I.G.-R.); (C.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Carolina Rausell
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.L.-G.); (I.G.-R.); (C.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - M Dolores Real
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.L.-G.); (I.G.-R.); (C.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Carmen González-Bosch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Agrochemical and Food Technology Institute (CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (Ó.C.-S.); (L.S.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963900022
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Maynard D, Kumar V, Sproï J, Dietz KJ. 12-Oxophytodienoic Acid Reductase 3 (OPR3) Functions as NADPH-Dependent α,β-Ketoalkene Reductase in Detoxification and Monodehydroascorbate Reductase in Redox Homeostasis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:584-595. [PMID: 31834385 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) 12-oxophytodienoic acid reductase isoform 3 (OPR3) is involved in the synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) by reducing the α,β-unsaturated double bond of the cyclopentenone moiety in 12-oxophytodienoic acid (12-OPDA). Recent research revealed that JA synthesis is not strictly dependent on the peroxisomal OPR3. The ability of OPR3 to reduce trinitrotoluene suggests that the old yellow enzyme homolog OPR3 has additional functions. Here, we show that OPR3 catalyzes the reduction of a wide spectrum of electrophilic species that share a reactivity toward the major redox buffers glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate (ASC). Furthermore, we show that 12-OPDA reacts with ASC to form an ASC-12-OPDA adduct, but in addition OPR3 has the ability to regenerate ASC from monodehydroascorbate. The presented data characterize OPR3 as a bifunctional enzyme with NADPH-dependent α,β-ketoalkene double-bond reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase activities (MDHAR). opr3 mutants showed a slightly less-reduced ASC pool in leaves in line with the MDHAR activity of OPR3 in vitro. These functions link redox homeostasis as mediated by ASC and GSH with OPR3 activity and metabolism of reactive electrophilic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Maynard
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universit�tsstr. 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universit�tsstr. 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Jens Sproï
- Department of Chemistry, Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Bielefeld, Universit�tsstra�e 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universit�tsstr. 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
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46
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Wei H, Movahedi A, Xu C, Sun W, Wang X, Li D, Zhuge Q. Overexpression of PtDefensin enhances resistance to Septotis populiperda in transgenic poplar. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110379. [PMID: 32005384 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant defensins have been implicated in the plant defense system, but their role in poplar immunity is still unclear. In the present study, we present evidence that PtDefensin, a putative plant defensin, participates in the defense of poplar plants against Septotis populiperda infection. After the construction of recombinant plasmid PET-32a-PtDefensin, PtDefensin protein was expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) and purified through Ni-IDA resin affinity chromatography. The Trx-PtDefensin fusion protein displayed no cytotoxic activity against RAW264.7 cells but had cytotoxic activity against E. coli K12D31 cells. Analyses of PtDefensin transcript abundance showed that the expression levels of PtDefensin responded to abiotic and biotic stresses. Overexpression of PtDefensin in 'Nanlin 895' poplars (Populus × euramericana cv 'Nanlin895') increased resistance to Septotis populiperda, coupled with upregulation of MYC2 (basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor) related to jasmonic acid (JA) signal transduction pathways and downregulation of Jasmonate-zim domain (JAZ), an inhibitor in the JA signal transduction pathway. We speculate that systemic acquired resistance (SAR) was activated in non-transgenic poplars after S. populiperda incubation, and that induced systemic resistance (ISR) was activated more obviously in transgenic poplars after S. populiperda incubation. Hence, overexpression of PtDefensin may improve the resistance of poplar plants to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University. Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Ali Movahedi
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University. Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University. Nanjing, 210037, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Construction Laboratory of Special Biomass Resource Utilization, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, 211171, China
| | - Weibo Sun
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University. Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University. Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University. Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Qiang Zhuge
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University. Nanjing, 210037, China.
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Deng G, Zhou L, Wang Y, Zhang G, Chen X. Hydrogen sulfide acts downstream of jasmonic acid to inhibit stomatal development in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2020; 251:42. [PMID: 31907619 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Main conclusion: Jasmonic acid (JA) negatively regulates stomatal development by promoting LCD expression and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) biosynthesis. H2S inhibits the initiation of stomata formation and acts upstream of SPEECHLESS. Abstract: Stomatal development is strictly regulated by endogenous signals and environmental cues. We recently revealed that jasmonic acid (JA) negatively regulates stomatal development in Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledons (Han et al., Plant Physiol 176:2871-2885, 2018), but the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we uncovered a role for H2S in regulating stomatal development. The H2S scavenger hypotaurine reversed the JA-induced repression of stomatal development in the epidermis of wild-type Arabidopsis. The H2S-deficient mutant lcd displayed increased stomatal density and stomatal index values, which were rescued by treatment with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS; an H2S donor) but not JA, suggesting that JA-mediated repression of stomatal development is dependent on H2S biosynthesis. The high stomatal density of JA-deficient mutants was rescued by exogenous NaHS treatment. Further analysis indicated that JA positively regulates LCD expression, L-cysteine desulfhydrases (L-CDes) activity, and endogenous H2S content. Furthermore, H2S represses the expression of stomate-associated genes and functions downstream of stomate-related signaling pathway components TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM) and STOMATAL DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION1 (SDD1) and upstream of SPEECHLESS (SPCH). Therefore, H2S acts downstream of JA signaling to regulate stomatal development in Arabidopsis cotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Deng
- Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Lijuan Zhou
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Gensong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaolan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China.
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Zang Z, Lv Y, Liu S, Yang W, Ci J, Ren X, Wang Z, Wu H, Ma W, Jiang L, Yang W. A Novel ERF Transcription Factor, ZmERF105, Positively Regulates Maize Resistance to Exserohilum turcicum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:850. [PMID: 32612628 PMCID: PMC7308562 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ethylene response factor (ERF) plays a crucial role in plant innate immunity. However, the molecular function of ERF in response to Exserohilum turcicum (E. turcicum) remains unknown in maize. In this study, a novel ERF gene, designated as ZmERF105, was firstly isolated and characterized. The ZmERF105 protein contains an APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) domain and a conserved LSPLSPHP motif in its C-terminal region. ZmERF105 protein was exclusively localized to the nucleus. ZmERF105 expression responded to E. turcicum treatment. Yeast one-hybrid and transcription activity assays revealed that ZmERF105 is an activator of transcription and binds to GCC-box elements. Over-expression of ZmERF105 was shown to increase maize resistance against E. turcicum, and erf105 mutant lines displayed opposite phenotype. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in the ZmERF105 over-expression lines were markedly higher than in the wild-type maize lines (WT) after infection with E. turcicum, and were compromised in the erf105 mutant lines. Simultaneously, ZmERF105 over-expression lines enhanced the expression of several pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, including ZmPR1a, ZmPR2, ZmPR5, ZmPR10.1, and ZmPR10.2 after infection with E. turcicum. In contrast, the expression of PR genes was reduced in erf105 mutant lines. Our work reveals that ZmERF105 as a novel player of the ERF network and positively regulates the maize resistance response to E. turcicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyuan Zang
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Lv
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiabin Ci
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuejiao Ren
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenyu Ma
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Liangyu Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Crop Science Post-doctoral Station, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Liangyu Jiang, ; Weiguang Yang,
| | - Weiguang Yang
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Liangyu Jiang, ; Weiguang Yang,
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49
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Deboever E, Deleu M, Mongrand S, Lins L, Fauconnier ML. Plant-Pathogen Interactions: Underestimated Roles of Phyto-oxylipins. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:22-34. [PMID: 31668451 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant (or phyto-) oxylipins (POs) are produced under a wide range of stress conditions and although they are well known to activate stress-related signalling pathways, the nonsignalling roles of POs are poorly understood. We describe oxylipins as direct biocidal agents and propose that structure-function relationships play here a pivotal role. Based on their chemical configuration, POs, such as reactive oxygen and electrophile species, activate defence-related gene expression. We also propose that their ability to interact with pathogen membranes is important, but still misunderstood, and that they are involved in cross-kingdom communication. Taken as a whole, the current literature suggests that POs have a high potential as biocontrol agents. However, the mechanisms underlying these multifaceted compounds remain largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Deboever
- Molecular Biophysics at Interface Laboratory (LBMI), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2, Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; Laboratory of Natural Molecules Chemistry (LCMN), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2, Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Magali Deleu
- Molecular Biophysics at Interface Laboratory (LBMI), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2, Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis (LBM), Research Mix Unity (UMR) 5200, National Scientific Research Center (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurence Lins
- Molecular Biophysics at Interface Laboratory (LBMI), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2, Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Natural Molecules Chemistry (LCMN), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2, Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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50
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Cappellari LDR, Santoro MV, Schmidt A, Gershenzon J, Banchio E. Improving Phenolic Total Content and Monoterpene in Mentha x piperita by Using Salicylic Acid or Methyl Jasmonate Combined with Rhizobacteria Inoculation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E50. [PMID: 31861733 PMCID: PMC6981552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of plant inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and those resulting from the exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) or methyl jasmonte (MeJA) on total phenolic content (TPC) and monoterpenes in Mentha x piperita plants were investigated. Although the PGPR inoculation response has been studied for many plant species, the combination of PGPR and exogenous phytohormones has not been investigated in aromatic plant species. The exogenous application of SA produced an increase in TPC that, in general, was of a similar level when applied alone as when combined with PGPR. This increase in TPC was correlated with an increase in the activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). Also, the application of MeJA at different concentrations in combination with inoculation with PGPR produced an increase in TPC, which was more relevant at 4 mM, with a synergism effect being observed. With respect to the main monoterpene concentrations present in peppermint essential oil (EO), it was observed that SA or MeJA application produced a significant increase similar to that of the combination with rhizobacteria. However, when plants were exposed to 2 mM MeJA and inoculated, an important increase was produced in the concentration on menthol, pulegone, linalool, limonene, and menthone concentrations. Rhizobacteria inoculation, the treatment with SA and MeJA, and the combination of both were found to affect the amount of the main monoterpenes present in the EO of M. piperita. For this reason, the expressions of genes related to the biosynthesis of monoterpene were evaluated, with this expression being positively affected by MeJA application and PGPR inoculation, but was not modified by SA application. Our results demonstrate that MeJA or SA application combined with inoculation with PGPR constitutes an advantageous management practice for improving the production of secondary metabolites from M. piperita.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maricel Valeria Santoro
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.V.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.V.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.V.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Erika Banchio
- INBIAS (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto), Campus Universitario, 5800 Río Cuarto, Argentina;
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