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Sharma V, Ali MF, Kawashima T. Insights into dynamic coenocytic endosperm development: Unraveling molecular, cellular, and growth complexity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 81:102566. [PMID: 38830335 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The endosperm, a product of double fertilization, is one of the keys to the evolution and success of angiosperms in conquering the land. While there are differences in endosperm development among flowering plants, the most common form is coenocytic growth, where the endosperm initially undergoes nuclear division without cytokinesis and eventually becomes cellularized. This complex process requires interplay among networks of transcription factors such as MADS-box, auxin response factors (ARFs), and phytohormones. The role of cytoskeletal elements in shaping the coenocytic endosperm and influencing seed growth also becomes evident. This review offers a recent understanding of the molecular and cellular dynamics in coenocytic endosperm development and their contributions to the final seed size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijyesh Sharma
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mohammad Foteh Ali
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tomokazu Kawashima
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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2
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Doll NM, Van Hautegem T, Schilling N, De Rycke R, De Winter F, Fendrych M, Nowack MK. Endosperm cell death promoted by NAC transcription factors facilitates embryo invasion in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3785-3795.e6. [PMID: 37633282 PMCID: PMC7615161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, two fertilization products develop within the limited space of the seed: the embryo and the surrounding nutritive endosperm. The final size of the endosperm is modulated by the degree of embryo growth. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the endosperm expands rapidly after fertilization, but later gets invaded by the embryo that occupies most of the seed volume at maturity, surrounded by a single remaining aleurone-like endosperm layer.1,2,3,4 Embryo invasion is facilitated by the endosperm-expressed bHLH-type transcription factor ZHOUPI, which promotes weakening of endosperm cell walls.5,6 Endosperm elimination in zou mutants is delayed, and embryo growth is severely affected; the endosperm finally collapses around the dwarf embryo, causing the shriveled appearance of mature zou seeds.5,6,7 However, whether ZHOUPI facilitates mechanical endosperm destruction by the invading embryo or whether an active programmed cell death (PCD) process causes endosperm elimination has been subject to debate.2,8 Here we show that developmental PCD controlled by multiple NAC transcription factors in the embryo-adjacent endosperm promotes gradual endosperm elimination. Misexpressing the NAC transcription factor KIRA1 in the entire endosperm caused total endosperm elimination, generating aleurone-less mature seeds. Conversely, dominant and recessive higher-order NAC mutants led to delayed endosperm elimination and impaired cell corpse clearance. Promoting PCD in the zhoupi mutant partially rescued its embryo growth defects, while the endosperm in a zhoupi nac higher-order mutant persisted until seed desiccation. These data suggest that a combination of cell wall weakening and PCD jointly facilitates embryo invasion by an active auto-elimination of endosperm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M Doll
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGENT Center of Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Tom Van Hautegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGENT Center of Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Neeltje Schilling
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGENT Center of Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, 14476 OT Golm, Germany
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Bioimaging Core, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Freya De Winter
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGENT Center of Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGENT Center of Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moritz K Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGENT Center of Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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3
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Ali MF, Shin JM, Fatema U, Kurihara D, Berger F, Yuan L, Kawashima T. Cellular dynamics of coenocytic endosperm development in Arabidopsis thaliana. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:330-342. [PMID: 36646830 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
After double fertilization, the endosperm in the seeds of many flowering plants undergoes repeated mitotic nuclear divisions without cytokinesis, resulting in a large coenocytic endosperm that then cellularizes. Growth during the coenocytic phase is strongly associated with the final seed size; however, a detailed description of the cellular dynamics controlling the unique coenocytic development in flowering plants has remained elusive. By integrating confocal microscopy live-cell imaging and genetics, we have characterized the entire development of the coenocytic endosperm of Arabidopsis thaliana including nuclear divisions, their timing intervals, nuclear movement and cytoskeleton dynamics. Around each nucleus, microtubules organize into aster-shaped structures that drive actin filament (F-actin) organization. Microtubules promote nuclear movement after division, while F-actin restricts it. F-actin is also involved in controlling the size of both the coenocytic endosperm and the mature seed. The characterization of cytoskeleton dynamics in real time throughout the entire coenocyte endosperm period provides foundational knowledge of plant coenocytic development, insights into the coordination of F-actin and microtubules in nuclear dynamics, and new opportunities to increase seed size and our food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Foteh Ali
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ji Min Shin
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Umma Fatema
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Daisuke Kurihara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research (IAR), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Frédéric Berger
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tomokazu Kawashima
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Shin JM, Yuan L, Kawashima T. Live-cell imaging reveals the cellular dynamics in seed development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 325:111485. [PMID: 36206961 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Seed development in flowering plants is highly complex and governed by three genetically distinct tissues: the fertilization products, the diploid embryo and triploid endosperm, as well as the seed coat that has maternal origin. There are diverse cellular dynamics such as nuclear movement in gamete cells for fertilization, cell polarity establishment for embryo development, and multinuclear endosperm formation. These tissues also coordinate and synchronize the developmental timing for proper seed formation through cell-to-cell communications. Live-cell imaging using advanced microscopy techniques enables us to decipher the dynamics of these events. Especially, the establishment of a less-invasive semi-in vivo live-cell imaging approach has allowed us to perform time-lapse analyses for long period observation of Arabidopsis thaliana intact seed development dynamics. Here we highlight the recent trends of live-cell imaging for seed development and discuss where we are heading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Min Shin
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, KY, USA; Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, KY, USA; Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
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5
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Bergmann GE, Leveau JHJ. A metacommunity ecology approach to understanding microbial community assembly in developing plant seeds. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:877519. [PMID: 35935241 PMCID: PMC9355165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.877519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms have the potential to affect plant seed germination and seedling fitness, ultimately impacting plant health and community dynamics. Because seed-associated microbiota are highly variable across individual plants, plant species, and environments, it is challenging to identify the dominant processes that underlie the assembly, composition, and influence of these communities. We propose here that metacommunity ecology provides a conceptually useful framework for studying the microbiota of developing seeds, by the application of metacommunity principles of filtering, species interactions, and dispersal at multiple scales. Many studies in seed microbial ecology already describe individual assembly processes in a pattern-based manner, such as correlating seed microbiome composition with genotype or tracking diversity metrics across treatments in dispersal limitation experiments. But we see a lot of opportunities to examine understudied aspects of seed microbiology, including trait-based research on mechanisms of filtering and dispersal at the micro-scale, the use of pollination exclusion experiments in macro-scale seed studies, and an in-depth evaluation of how these processes interact via priority effect experiments and joint species distribution modeling.
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Klaus S, Binder P, Kim J, Machado M, Funaya C, Schaaf V, Klaschka D, Kudulyte A, Cyrklaff M, Laketa V, Höfer T, Guizetti J, Becker NB, Frischknecht F, Schwarz US, Ganter M. Asynchronous nuclear cycles in multinucleated Plasmodium falciparum facilitate rapid proliferation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj5362. [PMID: 35353560 PMCID: PMC8967237 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj5362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Malaria-causing parasites proliferate within erythrocytes through schizogony, forming multinucleated stages before cellularization. Nuclear multiplication does not follow a strict geometric 2n progression, and each proliferative cycle produces a variable number of progeny. Here, by tracking nuclei and DNA replication, we show that individual nuclei replicate their DNA at different times, despite residing in a shared cytoplasm. Extrapolating from experimental data using mathematical modeling, we provide strong indication that a limiting factor exists, which slows down the nuclear multiplication rate. Consistent with this prediction, our data show that temporally overlapping DNA replication events were significantly slower than partially overlapping or nonoverlapping events. Our findings suggest the existence of evolutionary pressure that selects for asynchronous DNA replication, balancing available resources with rapid pathogen proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severina Klaus
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Binder
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juyeop Kim
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marta Machado
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Charlotta Funaya
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Violetta Schaaf
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Darius Klaschka
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aiste Kudulyte
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marek Cyrklaff
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vibor Laketa
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julien Guizetti
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils B. Becker
- Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich S. Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Ganter
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Ruan YL. CWIN-sugar transporter nexus is a key component for reproductive success. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 268:153572. [PMID: 34839101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive development is critical for completion of plant life cycle and realization of crop yield potential. Reproductive organs comprise multiple distinctive or even transgenerational tissues, which are symplasmically disconnected from each other for protection and better control of nutrition and development. Cell wall invertases (CWINs) and sugar transporters are often specifically or abundantly expressed in these apoplasmic interfaces to provide carbon nutrients and sugar signals to developing pollens, endosperm and embryo. Emerging evidence shows that some of those genes were indeed targeted for selection during crop domestication. In this Opinion paper, I discuss the functional significance of the localized expression of CWINs and sugar transporters in reproductive organs followed by an analysis on how their spatial patterning may be regulated at the molecular levels and how the localized CWIN activity may be exploited for improvement of reproductive output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental and Life Science, University of Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia; Centre of Plant Reproductive and Stress Biology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Hu Y, Song D, Gao L, Ajayo BS, Wang Y, Huang H, Zhang J, Liu H, Liu Y, Yu G, Liu Y, Li Y, Huang Y. Optimization of isolation and transfection conditions of maize endosperm protoplasts. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:96. [PMID: 32670388 PMCID: PMC7346502 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00636-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endosperm-trait related genes are associated with grain yield or quality in maize. There are vast numbers of these genes whose functions and regulations are still unknown. The biolistic system, which is often used for transient gene expression, is expensive and involves complex protocol. Besides, it cannot be used for simultaneous analysis of multiple genes. Moreover, the biolistic system has little physiological relevance when compared to cell-specific based system. Plant protoplasts are efficient cell-based systems which allow quick and simultaneous transient analysis of multiple genes. Typically, PEG-calcium mediated transfection of protoplast is simple and cost-effective. Notably, starch granules in cereal endosperm may diminish protoplast yield and integrity, if the isolation and transfection conditions are not accurately measured. Prior to this study, no PEG-calcium mediated endosperm protoplast system has been reported for cereal crop, perhaps, because endosperm cells accumulate starch grains. RESULTS Here, we showed the uniqueness of maize endosperm-protoplast system (EPS) in conducting endosperm cell-based experiments. By using response surface designs, we established optimized conditions for the isolation and PEG-calcium mediated transfection of maize endosperm protoplasts. The optimized conditions of 1% cellulase, 0.75% macerozyme and 0.4 M mannitol enzymolysis solution for 6 h showed that more than 80% protoplasts remained viable after re-suspension in 1 ml MMG. The EPS was used to express GFP protein, analyze the subcellular location of ZmBT1, characterize the interaction of O2 and PBF1 by bimolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC), and simultaneously analyze the regulation of ZmBt1 expression by ZmMYB14. CONCLUSIONS The described optimized conditions proved efficient for reasonable yield of viable protoplasts from maize endosperm, and utility of the protoplast in rapid analysis of endosperm-trait related genes. The development of the optimized protoplast isolation and transfection conditions, allow the exploitation of the functional advantages of protoplast system over biolistic system in conducting endosperm-based studies (particularly, in transient analysis of genes and gene regulation networks, associated with the accumulation of endosperm storage products). Such analyses will be invaluable in characterizing endosperm-trait related genes whose functions have not been identified. Thus, the EPS will benefit the research of cereal grain yield and quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Dalin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Babatope Samuel Ajayo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Yongbin Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Huanhuan Huang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014 China
| | - Hanmei Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014 China
| | - Yinghong Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Guowu Yu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Yangping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Yubi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
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Qu J, Xu S, Tian X, Li T, Wang L, Zhong Y, Xue J, Guo D. Comparative transcriptomics reveals the difference in early endosperm development between maize with different amylose contents. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7528. [PMID: 31523504 PMCID: PMC6717500 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In seeds, the endosperm is a crucial organ that plays vital roles in supporting embryo development and determining seed weight and quality. Starch is the predominant storage carbohydrate of the endosperm and accounts for ∼70% of the mature maize kernel weight. Nonetheless, because starch biosynthesis is a complex process that is orchestrated by multiple enzymes, the gene regulatory networks of starch biosynthesis, particularly amylose and amylopectin biosynthesis, have not been fully elucidated. Here, through high-throughput RNA sequencing, we developed a temporal transcriptome atlas of the endosperms of high-amylose maize and common maize at 5-, 10-, 15- and 20-day after pollination and found that 21,986 genes are involved in the programming of the high-amylose and common maize endosperm. A coexpression analysis identified multiple sequentially expressed gene sets that are closely correlated with cellular and metabolic programmes and provided valuable insight into the dynamic reprogramming of the transcriptome in common and high-amylose maize. In addition, a number of genes and transcription factors were found to be strongly linked to starch synthesis, which might help elucidate the key mechanisms and regulatory networks underlying amylose and amylopectin biosynthesis. This study will aid the understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns and genetic regulation of endosperm development in different types of maize and provide valuable genetic information for the breeding of starch varieties with different contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhou Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shutu Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaokang Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ting Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Licheng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuyue Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiquan Xue
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongwei Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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10
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Ren D, Wang X, Yang M, Yang L, He G, Deng XW. A new regulator of seed size control in Arabidopsis identified by a genome-wide association study. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:895-906. [PMID: 30556142 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Organ size in plants is controlled by the interaction between genotype and the environment. Seed size, an important agronomic trait, largely determines yield and is an important focus of research. However, the genetic components underpinning natural variation of seed size in undomesticated species remain largely unidentified. Here we report a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of seed size in Arabidopsis thaliana, which identified 38 significantly associated loci, including one locus associated with CYCB1;4. Natural variations in CYCB1;4, which encodes a cyclin protein involved in the cell cycle, significantly influence seed size in A. thaliana. Transgenic plants with enhanced CYCB1;4 expression show normal development, exhibit increased seed size as a result of an accelerated cell cycle progression, and tend to produce higher yields. By contrast, cycb1;4 mutants have smaller seeds, and the effect is especially pronounced in a large-seed accession. The temporal and spatial expression pattern of CYCB1;4 suggests that this gene may function in both maternal tissues and zygotic tissues to coordinate the final size of seeds. Taken together, our results provide genetic insights into natural variation in seed size in Arabidopsis. Moreover, CYCB1;4 homologs in other crops could have great potential as targets for efforts aimed at yield improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diqiu Ren
- School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xuncheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mei Yang
- School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guangming He
- School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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11
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Arabidopsis thaliana miRNAs promote embryo pattern formation beginning in the zygote. Dev Biol 2017; 431:145-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Rangan P, Furtado A, Henry RJ. The transcriptome of the developing grain: a resource for understanding seed development and the molecular control of the functional and nutritional properties of wheat. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:766. [PMID: 29020946 PMCID: PMC5637334 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat is one of the three major cereals that have been domesticated to feed human populations. The composition of the wheat grain determines the functional properties of wheat including milling efficiency, bread making, and nutritional value. Transcriptome analysis of the developing wheat grain provides key insights into the molecular basis for grain development and quality. RESULTS The transcriptome of 35 genotypes was analysed by RNA-Seq at two development stages (14 and 30 days-post-anthesis, dpa) corresponding to the mid stage of development (stage Z75) and the almost mature seed (stage Z85). At 14dpa, most of the transcripts were associated with the synthesis of the major seed components including storage proteins and starch. At 30dpa, a diverse range of genes were expressed at low levels with a predominance of genes associated with seed defence and stress tolerance. RNA-Seq analysis of changes in expression between 14dpa and 30dpa stages revealed 26,477 transcripts that were significantly differentially expressed at a FDR corrected p-value cut-off at ≤0.01. Functional annotation and gene ontology mapping was performed and KEGG pathway mapping allowed grouping based upon biochemical linkages. This analysis demonstrated that photosynthesis associated with the pericarp was very active at 14dpa but had ceased by 30dpa. Recently reported genes for flour yield in milling and bread quality were found to influence wheat quality largely due to expression patterns at the earlier seed development stage. CONCLUSIONS This study serves as a resource providing an overview of gene expression during wheat grain development at the early (14dpa) and late (30dpa) grain filling stages for use in studies of grain quality and nutritional value and in understanding seed biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parimalan Rangan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Robert J Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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13
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Wang G, Zhong M, Shuai B, Song J, Zhang J, Han L, Ling H, Tang Y, Wang G, Song R. E+ subgroup PPR protein defective kernel 36 is required for multiple mitochondrial transcripts editing and seed development in maize and Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1563-1578. [PMID: 28277611 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are semi-autonomous organelles that are the powerhouse of the cells. Plant mitochondrial RNA editing guided by pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins is essential for energy production. We identify a maize defective kernel mutant dek36, which produces small and collapsed kernels, leading to embryos and/or seedlings lethality. Seed filling in dek36 is drastically impaired, in line with the defects observed in the organization of endosperm transfer tissue. Positional cloning reveals that DEK36, encoding a mitochondria-targeted E+ subgroup PPR protein, is required for mitochondrial RNA editing at atp4-59, nad7-383 and ccmFN -302, thus resulting in decreased activities of mitochondrial complex I, complex III and complex IV in dek36. Loss-of-function of its Arabidopsis ortholog At DEK36 causes arrested embryo and endosperm development, leading to embryo lethality. At_dek36 also has RNA editing defects in atp4, nad7, ccmFN1 and ccmFN2 , but at the nonconserved sites. Importantly, efficiency of all editing sites in ccmFN1 , ccmFN2 and rps12 is severely decreased in At_dek36, probably caused by the impairment of their RNA stabilization. These results suggest that the DEK36 orthologue pair are essential for embryo and endosperm development in both maize and Arabidopsis, but through divergent function in regulating RNA metabolism of their mitochondrial targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Mingyu Zhong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Bilian Shuai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jiandong Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Liang Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Huiling Ling
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yuanping Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Guifeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Rentao Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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14
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Chahtane H, Kim W, Lopez-Molina L. Primary seed dormancy: a temporally multilayered riddle waiting to be unlocked. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:857-869. [PMID: 27729475 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Primary seed dormancy is an important adaptive plant trait whereby seed germination is blocked under conditions that would otherwise be favorable for germination. This trait is found in newly produced mature seeds of many species, but not all. Once produced, dry seeds undergo an aging time period, called dry after-ripening, during which they lose primary dormancy and gradually acquire the capacity to germinate when exposed to favorable germination conditions. Primary seed dormancy has been extensively studied not only for its scientific interest but also for its ecological, phenological, and agricultural importance. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying primary seed dormancy and its regulation during after-ripening remain poorly understood. Here we review the principal developmental stages where primary dormancy is established and regulated prior to and during seed after-ripening, where it is progressively lost. We attempt to identify and summarize what is known about the molecular and genetic mechanisms intervening over time in each of these stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Chahtane
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Woohyun Kim
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luis Lopez-Molina
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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Transcriptional changes during ovule development in two genotypes of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) with contrast in seed size. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36304. [PMID: 27824099 PMCID: PMC5099886 DOI: 10.1038/srep36304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Litchi chinensis is a subtropical fruit crop, popular for its nutritional value and taste. Fruits with small seed size and thick aril are desirable in litchi. To gain molecular insight into gene expression that leads to the reduction in the size of seed in Litchi chinensis, transcriptomes of two genetically closely related genotypes, with contrasting seed size were compared in developing ovules. The cDNA library constructed from early developmental stages of ovules (0, 6, and 14 days after anthesis) of bold- and small-seeded litchi genotypes yielded 303,778,968 high quality paired-end reads. These were de-novo assembled into 1,19,939 transcripts with an average length of 865 bp. A total of 10,186 transcripts with contrast in expression were identified in developing ovules between the small- and large- seeded genotypes. A majority of these differences were present in ovules before anthesis, thus suggesting the role of maternal factors in seed development. A number of transcripts indicative of metabolic stress, expressed at higher level in the small seeded genotype. Several differentially expressed transcripts identified in such ovules showed homology with Arabidopsis genes associated with different stages of ovule development and embryogenesis.
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16
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Dong Y, Wang Q, Zhang L, Du C, Xiong W, Chen X, Deng F, Ma Z, Qiao D, Hu C, Ren Y, Li Y. Dynamic Proteomic Characteristics and Network Integration Revealing Key Proteins for Two Kernel Tissue Developments in Popcorn. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143181. [PMID: 26587848 PMCID: PMC4654522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and development of maize kernel is a complex dynamic physiological and biochemical process that involves the temporal and spatial expression of many proteins and the regulation of metabolic pathways. In this study, the protein profiles of the endosperm and pericarp at three important developmental stages were analyzed by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling coupled with LC-MS/MS in popcorn inbred N04. Comparative quantitative proteomic analyses among developmental stages and between tissues were performed, and the protein networks were integrated. A total of 6,876 proteins were identified, of which 1,396 were nonredundant. Specific proteins and different expression patterns were observed across developmental stages and tissues. The functional annotation of the identified proteins revealed the importance of metabolic and cellular processes, and binding and catalytic activities for the development of the tissues. The whole, endosperm-specific and pericarp-specific protein networks integrated 125, 9 and 77 proteins, respectively, which were involved in 54 KEGG pathways and reflected their complex metabolic interactions. Confirmation for the iTRAQ endosperm proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that 44.44% proteins were commonly found. However, the concordance between mRNA level and the protein abundance varied across different proteins, stages, tissues and inbred lines, according to the gene cloning and expression analyses of four relevant proteins with important functions and different expression levels. But the result by western blot showed their same expression tendency for the four proteins as by iTRAQ. These results could provide new insights into the developmental mechanisms of endosperm and pericarp, and grain formation in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Dong
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, 63 Nongye Rd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qilei Wang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, 63 Nongye Rd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Long Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, 63 Nongye Rd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunguang Du
- Deptment of Biology and Molecular Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, United States of America
| | - Wenwei Xiong
- Deptment of Biology and Molecular Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, United States of America
| | - Xinjian Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Rd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei Deng
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, 63 Nongye Rd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiyan Ma
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, 63 Nongye Rd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dahe Qiao
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, 63 Nongye Rd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunhui Hu
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, 63 Nongye Rd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yangliu Ren
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, 63 Nongye Rd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuling Li
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, 63 Nongye Rd, Zhengzhou, China
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17
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Abstract
Understanding how seed size is regulated in angiosperms is a key goal for plant science as seed size is an important component of overall seed yield. Angiosperm seeds comprise three clearly defined components, i.e. the embryo, endosperm and seed coat, with each having a distinct genetic composition which exerts different influences on seed development. Complex cross-talk and integration of signals from these different regions of the seed together determine its final size. The present review considers some of the major regulators of seed size, with a particular emphasis on the role of the seed coat in modulating endosperm proliferation and cellularization. The innermost layer of the seed coat, the endothelium, synthesizes flavonoids which are held to provide a defensive function against microbes, act as feeding deterrents, provide UV protection and to have a role in seed dormancy. A growing body of data suggests that flavonoids may also play a fundamental role in regulating communication between the seed coat and the endosperm. In the present review, we discuss how this may be achieved in the light of the fact that several flavonoids are known to be potent auxin transport regulators.
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18
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Takatsuka H, Umeda-Hara C, Umeda M. Cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinases CDKD;1 and CDKD;3 are essential for preserving mitotic activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:1004-1017. [PMID: 25942995 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
For the full activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), not only cyclin binding but also CDK phosphorylation is required. This activating phosphorylation is mediated by CDK-activating kinases (CAKs). Arabidopsis has four genes showing similarity to vertebrate-type CAKs, three CDKDs (CDKD;1-CDKD;3) and one CDKF (CDKF;1). We previously found that the cdkf;1 mutant is defective in post-embryonic development, even though the kinase activities of core CDKs remain unchanged relative to the wild type. This raised a question about the involvement of CDKDs in CDK activation in planta. Here we report that the cdkd;1 cdkd;3 double mutant showed gametophytic lethality. Most cdkd;1-1 cdkd;3-1 pollen grains were defective in pollen mitosis I and II, producing one-cell or two-cell pollen grains that lacked fertilization ability. We also found that the double knock-out of CDKD;1 and CDKD;3 caused arrest and/or delay in the progression of female gametogenesis at multiple steps. Our genetic analyses revealed that the functions of CDKF;1 and CDKD;1 or CDKD;3 do not overlap, either during gametophyte and embryo development or in post-embryonic development. Consistent with these analyses, CDKF;1 expression in the cdkd;1-1 cdkd;3-1 mutant could not rescue the gametophytic lethality. These results suggest that, in Arabidopsis, CDKD;1 and CDKD;3 function as CAKs controlling mitosis, whereas CDKF;1 plays a distinct role, mainly in post-embryonic development. We propose that CDKD;1 and CDKD;3 phosphorylate and activate all core CDKs, CDKA, CDKB1 and CDKB2, thereby governing cell cycle progression throughout plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Takatsuka
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Chikage Umeda-Hara
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masaaki Umeda
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
- JST, CREST, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
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19
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Abstract
Seed size is a key determinant of evolutionary fitness, and is also one of the most important components of seed yield. In angiosperms, seed development begins with double fertilization, which leads to the formation of a diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm. The outermost layer of the seed is the seed coat, which differentiates from maternal integuments. Therefore, the size of a seed is determined by the co-ordinated growth of the embryo, endosperm, and maternal tissue. Recent studies have identified several factors that act maternally or zygotically to regulate seed size, and revealed possible mechanisms that underlie seed size control in Arabidopsis and rice. In this review, we summarize current research progress in maternal control of seed size and discuss the roles of several newly identified regulators in maternal regulation of seed growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yunhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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20
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Nwafor CC, Gribaudo I, Schneider A, Wehrens R, Grando MS, Costantini L. Transcriptome analysis during berry development provides insights into co-regulated and altered gene expression between a seeded wine grape variety and its seedless somatic variant. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1030. [PMID: 25431125 PMCID: PMC4301461 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seedless grapes are greatly appreciated for fresh and dry fruit consumption. Parthenocarpy and stenospermocarpy have been described as the main phenomena responsible for seedlessness in Vitis vinifera. However, the key genes underpinning molecular and cellular processes that play a significant role in seed development are not well characterized. To identify important regulators and mechanisms that may be altered in the seedless phenotype, we performed a comprehensive transcriptional analysis to compare the transcriptomes of a popular seeded wine cultivar (wild-type) and its seedless somatic variant (mutant) at three key developmental stages. RESULTS The transcriptomes revealed by Illumina mRNA-Seq technology had approximately 98% of grapevine annotated transcripts and about 80% of them were commonly expressed in the two lines. Differential gene expression analysis revealed a total of 1075 differentially expressed genes (DE) in the pairwise comparison of developmental stages, which included DE genes specific to the wild-type background, DE genes specific to the mutant background and DE genes commonly shared in both backgrounds. The analysis of differential expression patterns and functional category enrichment of wild-type and mutant DE genes highlighted significant coordination and enrichment of pollen and ovule developmental pathways. The expression of some selected DE genes was further confirmed by real-time RT-PCR analysis. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the most comprehensive attempt to characterize the genetic bases of seed formation in grapevine. With a high throughput method, we have shown that a seeded wine grape and its seedless somatic variant are similar in several biological processes. Nevertheless, we could identify an inventory of genes with altered expression in the mutant compared to the wild-type, which may be responsible for the seedless phenotype. The genes located within known genomic regions regulating seed content may be used for the development of molecular tools to assist table grape breeding. Therefore the data reported here have provided a rich genomic resource for practical use and functional characterization of the genes that potentially underpin seedlessness in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura Costantini
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, Via E, Mach 1-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy.
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21
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Zheng Y, Wang Z. Differentiation mechanism and function of the cereal aleurone cells and hormone effects on them. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:1779-1787. [PMID: 25007781 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1654-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The cereal aleurone cells differentiate from the endosperm epidermis with the exception of endosperm transfer cells. Aleurone cells contain proteins, lipids, and minerals, and are important for digesting the endosperm storage products to nurse the embryo under effects of several hormones during the seed germination. The differentiation of aleurone cells is related to location effect and special gene expression. Moreover, the differentiation of aleurone cells is probably affected by the cues from maternal tissues. In the paper, differentiation mechanism and function of aleurone cells and hormone effects on them are reviewed. Some speculations about the differentiation mechanism of aleurone cells are given here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Zheng
- College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
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22
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Matsushita Y, Tsuda S. Distribution of potato spindle tuber viroid in reproductive organs of petunia during its developmental stages. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 104:964-969. [PMID: 25116641 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-13-0294-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Embryo infection is important for efficient seed transmission of viroids. To identify the major pattern of seed transmission of viroids, we used in situ hybridization to histochemically analyze the distribution of Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) in each developmental stage of petunia (flowering to mature seed stages). In floral organs, PSTVd was present in the reproductive tissues of infected female × infected male and infected female × healthy male but not of healthy female × infected male before embryogenesis. After pollination, PSTVd was detected in the developed embryo and endosperm in all three crosses. These findings indicate that PSTVd is indirectly delivered to the embryo through ovule or pollen during the development of reproductive tissues before embryogenesis but not directly through maternal tissues as cell-to-cell movement during embryogenesis.
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23
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Peroxidase activity in scutella of maize in association with anatomical changes during germination and grain storage. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:399. [PMID: 25120948 PMCID: PMC4128954 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The embryo of the maize grain (Zea mays L.) is separated from the starchy endosperm by a fibrous structure, which is called the fibrous layer (FL). Using histochemical staining, it was determined that the FL is composed of collapsed cellular layers that contain phenols, neutral lipids, and 1,3-β-glucan. Due to its composition, the FL prevents free diffusion and separates the embryo from the endosperm during germination. Twenty-four hours after imbibition, the scutellum epidermis initiated a series of asynchronous spatial modifications, including cell growth, the perforation of cell walls, increased peroxidase activity in the apoplastic space, and elevated levels of superoxide, phenols, and other components that interact with the fibrous layer, enabling its transformation in addition to the free flow between compartments. During storage at high relative humidity levels, which leads to fast or slow deterioration depending on the temperature, the activity of phenol peroxidase in the scutellum was associated with a loss of vigor and reduced germination capacity when compared with low temperature and low relative humidity conditions. Such deterioration is associated with alterations in autofluorescent emissions from endogenous compounds in the scutellum, indicating changes in the microenvironment or in the differential proportions of epidermal and FL components.
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24
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Lorenz C, Rolletschek H, Sunderhaus S, Braun HP. Brassica napus seed endosperm - metabolism and signaling in a dead end tissue. J Proteomics 2014; 108:382-426. [PMID: 24906024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oilseeds are an important element of human nutrition and of increasing significance for the production of industrial materials. The development of the seeds is based on a coordinated interplay of the embryo and its surrounding tissue, the endosperm. This study aims to give insights into the physiological role of endosperm for seed development in the oilseed crop Brassica napus. Using protein separation by two-dimensional (2D) isoelectric focusing (IEF)/SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and protein identification by mass spectrometry three proteome projects were carried out: (i) establishment of an endosperm proteome reference map, (ii) proteomic characterization of endosperm development and (iii) comparison of endosperm and embryo proteomes. The endosperm proteome reference map comprises 930 distinct proteins, including enzymes involved in genetic information processing, carbohydrate metabolism, environmental information processing, energy metabolism, cellular processes and amino acid metabolism. To investigate dynamic changes in protein abundance during seed development, total soluble proteins were extracted from embryo and endosperm fractions at defined time points. Proteins involved in sugar converting and recycling processes, ascorbate metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis and redox balancing were found to be of special importance for seed development in B. napus. Implications for the seed filling process and the function of the endosperm for seed development are discussed. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The endosperm is of key importance for embryo development during seed formation in plants. We present a broad study for characterizing endosperm proteins in the oilseed plant B. napus. Furthermore, a project on the biochemical interplay between the embryo and the endosperm during seed development is presented. We provide evidence that the endosperm includes a complete set of enzymes necessary for plant primary metabolism. Combination of our results with metabolome data will further improve systems-level understanding of the seed filling process and provide rational strategies for plant bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Lorenz
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Stephanie Sunderhaus
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Braun
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany.
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25
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Hayashi-Tsugane M, Takahara H, Ahmed N, Himi E, Takagi K, Iida S, Tsugane K, Maekawa M. A mutable albino allele in rice reveals that formation of thylakoid membranes requires the SNOW-WHITE LEAF1 gene. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:3-15. [PMID: 24151203 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Active DNA transposons are important tools for gene functional analysis. The endogenous non-autonomous transposon, nDart1-0, in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is expected to generate various transposon-insertion mutants because nDart1-0 elements tend to insert into genic regions under natural growth conditions. We have developed a specific method (nDart1-0-iPCR) for efficient detection of nDart1-0 insertions and successfully identified the SNOW-WHITE LEAF1 (SWL1) gene in a variegated albino (swl1-v) mutant obtained from the nDart1-promoted rice tagging line. The variegated albino phenotype was caused by insertion and excision of nDart1-0 in the 5'-untranslated region of the SWL1 gene predicted to encode an unknown protein with the N-terminal chloroplast transit peptide. SWL1 expression was detected in various rice tissues at different developmental stages. However, immunoblot analysis indicated that SWL1 protein accumulation was strictly regulated in a tissue-specific manner. In the swl1 mutant, formations of grana and stroma thylakoids and prolamellar bodies were inhibited. This study revealed that SWL1 is essential for the beginning of thylakoid membrane organization during chloroplast development. Furthermore, we provide a developmental perspective on the nDart1-promoted tagging line to characterize unidentified gene functions in rice.
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Zhang L, Jiang D, Pang J, Chen R, Wang X, Yang D. The endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by highly expressed OsrAAT reduces seed size via pre-mature programmed cell death. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 83:153-61. [PMID: 23564402 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The high accumulation of a recombinant protein in rice endosperm causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and in turn dramatically affects endogenous storage protein expression, protein body morphology and seed phenotype. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes in transgenic rice seeds, we analyzed the expression profiles of endogenous storage proteins, ER stress-related and programmed cell death (PCD)-related genes in transgenic lines with different levels of Oryza sativa recombinant alpha antitrypsin (OsrAAT) expression. The results indicated that OsrAAT expression induced the ER stress and that the strength of the ER stress was dependent on OsrAAT expression levels. It in turn induced upregulation of the expression of the ER stress response genes and downregulation of the expression of the endogenous storage protein genes in rice endosperm. Further experiments showed that the ER stress response upregulated the expression of PCD-related genes to disturb the rice endosperm development and induced pre-mature PCD. As consequence, it resulted in decrease of grain weight and size. The mechanisms for the detriment seed phenotype in transgenic lines with high accumulation of the recombinant protein were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Gao Y, Xu H, Shen Y, Wang J. Transcriptomic analysis of rice (Oryza sativa) endosperm using the RNA-Seq technique. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 81:363-78. [PMID: 23322175 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The endosperm plays an important role in seed formation and germination, especially in rice (Oryza sativa). We used a high-throughput sequencing technique (RNA-Seq) to reveal the molecular mechanisms involved in rice endosperm development. Three cDNA libraries were taken from rice endosperm at 3, 6 and 10 days after pollination (DAP), which resulted in the detection of 21,596, 20,910 and 19,459 expressed gens, respectively. By ERANGE, we identified 10,371 differentially expressed genes (log(2)Ratio ≥1, FDR ≤0.001). The results were compared against three public databases (Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and MapMan) in order to annotate the gene descriptions, associate them with gene ontology terms and to assign each to pathways. A large number of genes related to ribosomes, the spliceosome and oxidative phosphorylation were found to be expressed in the early and middle stages. Plant hormone, galactose metabolism and carbon fixation related genes showed a significant increase in expression at the middle stage, whereas genes for defense against disease or response to stress as well as genes for starch/sucrose metabolism were strongly expressed during the later stages of endosperm development. Interestingly, most metabolic pathways were down-regulated between 3 and 10 DAP except for those involved in the accumulation of material, such as starch/sucrose and protein metabolism. We also identified the expression of 1,118 putative transcription factor genes in endosperm development. The RNA-Seq results provide further systematic understanding of rice endosperm development at a fine scale and a foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Sreenivasulu N, Wobus U. Seed-development programs: a systems biology-based comparison between dicots and monocots. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 64:189-217. [PMID: 23451786 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Seeds develop differently in dicots and monocots, especially with respect to the major storage organs. High-resolution transcriptome data have provided the first insights into the molecular networks and pathway interactions that function during the development of individual seed compartments. Here, we review mainly recent data obtained by systems biology-based approaches, which have allowed researchers to construct and model complex metabolic networks and fluxes and identify key limiting steps in seed development. Comparative coexpression network analyses define evolutionarily conservative (FUS3/ABI3/LEC1) and divergent (LEC2) networks in dicots and monocots. Finally, we discuss the determination of seed size--an important yield-related characteristic--as mediated by a number of processes (maternal and epigenetic factors, fine-tuned regulation of cell death in distinct seed compartments, and endosperm growth) and underlying genes defined through mutant analyses. Altogether, systems approaches can make important contributions toward a more complete and holistic knowledge of seed biology and thus support strategies for knowledge-based molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Sreenivasulu
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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Gutierrez-Marcos JF, Constância M, Burton GJ. Maternal to offspring resource allocation in plants and mammals. Placenta 2012; 33 Suppl 2:e3-10. [PMID: 22995735 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate allocation of resources to the offspring is critical for successful reproduction, particularly in species that reproduce on more than one occasion. The offspring must be provisioned adequately to ensure its vigour, whereas the parent must not become so depleted such that its survival is endangered. In both flowering plants and mammals specialised structures have evolved to support the offspring during its development. In this review we consider common themes that may indicate conservation of nutrient transfer function and regulation by genomic imprinting across the two kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Gutierrez-Marcos
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne Campus, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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30
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Wang L, Ruan YL. New insights into roles of cell wall invertase in early seed development revealed by comprehensive spatial and temporal expression patterns of GhCWIN1 in cotton. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:777-87. [PMID: 22864582 PMCID: PMC3461555 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.203893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial evidence on the essential roles of cell wall invertase (CWIN) in seed filling, it remains largely unknown how CWIN exerts its regulation early in seed development, a critical stage that sets yield potential. To fill this knowledge gap, we systematically examined the spatial and temporal expression patterns of a major CWIN gene, GhCWIN1, in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seeds from prefertilization to prestorage phase. GhCWIN1 messenger RNA was abundant at the innermost seed coat cell layer at 5 d after anthesis but became undetectable at 10 d after anthesis, at the onset of its differentiation into transfer cells characterized by wall ingrowths, suggesting that CWIN may negatively regulate transfer cell differentiation. Within the filial tissues, GhCWIN1 transcript was detected in endosperm cells undergoing nuclear division but not in those cells at the cellularization stage, with similar results observed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) endosperm for CWIN, AtCWIN4. These findings indicate a function of CWIN in nuclear division but not cell wall biosynthesis in endosperm, contrasting to the role proposed for sucrose synthase (Sus). Further analyses revealed a preferential expression pattern of GhCWIN1 and AtCWIN4 in the provascular region of the torpedo embryos in cotton and Arabidopsis seed, respectively, indicating a role of CWIN in vascular initiation. Together, these novel findings provide insights into the roles of CWIN in regulating early seed development spatially and temporally. By comparing with previous studies on Sus expression and in conjunction with the expression of other related genes, we propose models of CWIN- and Sus-mediated regulation of early seed development.
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MESH Headings
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Nucleus Division
- Cell Wall/enzymology
- Cell Wall/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Giant Cells/metabolism
- Glucosyltransferases/genetics
- Glucosyltransferases/metabolism
- Gossypium/embryology
- Gossypium/enzymology
- Gossypium/genetics
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plant Vascular Bundle/genetics
- Plant Vascular Bundle/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- Seeds/enzymology
- Seeds/genetics
- Seeds/growth & development
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Time Factors
- beta-Fructofuranosidase/genetics
- beta-Fructofuranosidase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Improvement and School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Improvement and School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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Wang G, Wang G, Zhang X, Wang F, Song R. Isolation of high quality RNA from cereal seeds containing high levels of starch. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2012; 23:159-63. [PMID: 21739496 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cereals are an important source of food, feed and fuel with a rapidly increasing global demand. However, cereal seeds contain high levels of starch and polysaccharides, making the isolation of high quality RNA extremely difficult. OBJECTIVE To develop a novel method for extracting high quality total RNA from various starch- and polysaccharides-rich cereal seeds, such as maize, rice, sorghum and wheat. METHODOLOGY We developed a modified sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)/TRIzol method. The combined use of a Tris buffer (pH 9.0) and SDS before TRIzol extraction effectively resolved the problem of seed homogenate solidification in such a buffer. A high concentration of SDS was used separately, not only to promote cell lysis but also to effectively dissolve seed sample containing high levels of starch. Moreover, acid phenol saturated with 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.3) was used to separate RNA from DNAs, proteins and high levels of starch. This rapid protocol was compared with other RNA isolation methods preferentially used for plants rich in polysaccharides and secondary metabolites. RESULTS Gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that the extracted total RNA had good integrity without apparent DNA contamination. Furthermore, an A₂₆₀/₂₈₀ ratio of approximately 2.0, an A₂₆₀/₂₃₀ ratio of more than 2.0 and RIN values of more than 8.6 indicated that the isolated RNA was of high purity. The isolated RNA was suitable for subsequent molecular manipulations, such as reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and real-time PCR. CONCLUSION The study has described an easy, efficient and highly reproducible method for RNA isolation from various cereal seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, No. 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
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32
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Youn MY, Takada I, Imai Y, Yasuda H, Kato S. Transcriptionally active nuclei are selective in mature multinucleated osteoclasts. Genes Cells 2010; 15:1025-35. [PMID: 20831632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2010.01441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Multinucleation is indispensable for the bone-resorbing activity of mature osteoclasts. Although multinucleation is evident in mature osteoclasts and certain other cell types, putative regulatory networks among nuclei remain poorly characterized. To address this issue, transcriptional activity of each nucleus in a multinucleated osteoclast was assessed by detecting the distributions of nuclear proteins by immunocytochemistry and primary transcripts by RNA FISH. Patterns of epigenetic histone markers governing transcription as well as localization of tested nuclear receptor proteins appeared indistinguishable among nuclei in differentiated Raw264 cells and mouse mature osteoclasts. However, RNAPII-Ser5P/2P and NFATc1 proteins were selectively distributed in certain nuclei in the same cell. Similarly, the distributions of primary transcripts for osteoclast-specific genes (Nfatc1, Ctsk and Acp5) as well as a housekeeping gene (beta-tubulin) were limited in certain nuclei within individual cells. By fusing two Raw264 cell lines that stably expressed ZsGreen-NLS and DsRed-NLS proteins, transmission of nuclear proteins across all of the nuclei in a cell could be observed, presumably through the shared cytoplasm. Taken together, we conclude that although nuclear proteins are diffusible among nuclei, only certain nuclei within a multinucleated osteoclast are transcriptionally active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Young Youn
- Laboratory of Nuclear Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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33
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Wang D, Zhang C, Hearn DJ, Kang IH, Punwani JA, Skaggs MI, Drews GN, Schumaker KS, Yadegari R. Identification of transcription-factor genes expressed in the Arabidopsis female gametophyte. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:110. [PMID: 20550711 PMCID: PMC3236301 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In flowering plants, the female gametophyte is typically a seven-celled structure with four cell types: the egg cell, the central cell, the synergid cells, and the antipodal cells. These cells perform essential functions required for double fertilization and early seed development. Differentiation of these distinct cell types likely involves coordinated changes in gene expression regulated by transcription factors. Therefore, understanding female gametophyte cell differentiation and function will require dissection of the gene regulatory networks operating in each of the cell types. These efforts have been hampered because few transcription factor genes expressed in the female gametophyte have been identified. To identify such genes, we undertook a large-scale differential expression screen followed by promoter-fusion analysis to detect transcription-factor genes transcribed in the Arabidopsis female gametophyte. RESULTS Using quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR, we analyzed 1,482 Arabidopsis transcription-factor genes and identified 26 genes exhibiting reduced mRNA levels in determinate infertile 1 mutant ovaries, which lack female gametophytes, relative to ovaries containing female gametophytes. Spatial patterns of gene transcription within the mature female gametophyte were identified for 17 transcription-factor genes using promoter-fusion analysis. Of these, ten genes were predominantly expressed in a single cell type of the female gametophyte including the egg cell, central cell and the antipodal cells whereas the remaining seven genes were expressed in two or more cell types. After fertilization, 12 genes were transcriptionally active in the developing embryo and/or endosperm. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that our quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR differential-expression screen is sufficiently sensitive to detect transcription-factor genes transcribed in the female gametophyte. Most of the genes identified in this study have not been reported previously as being expressed in the female gametophyte. Therefore, they might represent novel regulators and provide entry points for reverse genetic and molecular approaches to uncover the gene regulatory networks underlying female gametophyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Wang
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036, USA
| | - Changqing Zhang
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036, USA
- Current Address: The Section of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0159, USA
| | - David J Hearn
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036, USA
- Current Address: Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252-0001, USA
| | - Il-Ho Kang
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0840, USA
- Current Address: Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1100, USA
| | - Jayson A Punwani
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0840, USA
- Current Address: Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280, USA
| | - Megan I Skaggs
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036, USA
| | - Gary N Drews
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0840, USA
| | - Karen S Schumaker
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036, USA
| | - Ramin Yadegari
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036, USA
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Wang G, Wang H, Zhu J, Zhang J, Zhang X, Wang F, Tang Y, Mei B, Xu Z, Song R. An expression analysis of 57 transcription factors derived from ESTs of developing seeds in Maize (Zea mays). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:545-59. [PMID: 20336461 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0843-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Maize seeds are an important source of food, animal feed, and industrial raw materials. To understand global gene expression and regulation during maize seed development, a normalized cDNA library, covering most of the developmental stages of maize seeds, was constructed. Sequencing analysis of 10,848 randomly selected clones identified 6,630 unique ESTs. Among them, 57 putative transcription factors (TFs) were identified. The TFs belong to seven different super-families, specifically 17 Zinc-finger, 13 bZIP, 8 bHLH, 6 MADS, 7 MYB, 3 Homedomain, and 3 AP2/EREBP. The spatial and temporal expression of the TFs was analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR with representative tissue types and seeds at different developmental stages, revealing their diverse expression patterns and expression levels. One-third (19) of the maize TFs was found their putative orthologs in Arabidopsis. Similar expression patterns were observed in both maize and Arabidopsis for the majority of orthologous pairs (15 out of 19), suggesting their conserved functions during seed development. In conclusion, the systematic analysis of maize seed TFs has provided valuable insight into transcriptional regulation during maize seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, No. 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Jahnke S, Sarholz B, Thiemann A, Kühr V, Gutiérrez-Marcos JF, Geiger HH, Piepho HP, Scholten S. Heterosis in early seed development: a comparative study of F1 embryo and endosperm tissues 6 days after fertilization. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2010; 120:389-400. [PMID: 19915820 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-009-1207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Heterosis specifies the superior performance of heterozygous individuals and although used in plant breeding the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain largely elusive. In this study, we demonstrate the manifestation of heterosis in hybrid maize embryo and endosperm tissue 6 days after fertilization in crosses of several inbred lines. We provide a comparative analysis of heterosis-associated gene expression in these tissues by a combined approach of suppression subtractive hybridization and microarray hybridizations. Non-additive expression pattern indicated a trans-regulatory mechanism to act early after fertilization in hybrid embryo and endosperm although the majority of genes showed mid-parental expression levels in embryo and dosage dependent expression levels in endosperm. The consistent expression pattern within both tissues and both inbred line genotype combinations of genes coding for chromatin related proteins pointed to heterosis-related epigenetic processes. These and genes involved in other biological processes, identified in this study, might provide entry points for the investigation of regulatory networks associated with the specification of heterosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jahnke
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
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Molecular cloning, sequence and expression analysis of ZmArf2, a maize ADP-ribosylation factor. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:755-61. [PMID: 19562507 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A full-length cDNA encoding a maize GTP-binding protein of the ADP-ribosylation factor family was cloned by suppression subtractive hybridization and an in silico cloning approach. The cDNA was 938 bp in length and contained a complete ORF of 612 bp, which encodes a protein of 203 amino acid residues. Its deduced amino acids sequence had an 83% identity with that of a GTP-binding protein in rice. The gene was designated ZmArf2. The ZmArf2 gene consists of G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5 boxes, and Switch I and Switch II regions. Eight nucleotides differed and five amino acids changed between the popcorn inbred N04 and the dent corn inbred Dan232. One changed amino acid was in the G1 box. RT-PCR analysis showed that ZmArf2 expression increased in the early stages of endosperm development and was not tissue-specific.
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Burton RA, Collins HM, Fincher GB. The Role of Endosperm Cell Walls in Barley Malting Quality. ADVANCED TOPICS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01279-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Xu SB, Li T, Deng ZY, Chong K, Xue Y, Wang T. Dynamic proteomic analysis reveals a switch between central carbon metabolism and alcoholic fermentation in rice filling grains. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 148:908-25. [PMID: 18753281 PMCID: PMC2556828 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.125633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of reserve materials in filling grains involves the coordination of different metabolic and cellular processes, and understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the interconnections remains a major challenge for proteomics. Rice (Oryza sativa) is an excellent model for studying grain filling because of its importance as a staple food and the available genome sequence database. Our observations showed that embryo differentiation and endosperm cellularization in developing rice seeds were completed approximately 6 d after flowering (DAF); thereafter, the immature seeds mainly underwent cell enlargement and reached the size of mature seeds at 12 DAF. Grain filling began at 6 DAF and lasted until 20 DAF. Dynamic proteomic analyses revealed 396 protein spots differentially expressed throughout eight sequential developmental stages from 6 to 20 DAF and determined 345 identities. These proteins were involved in different cellular and metabolic processes with a prominently functional skew toward metabolism (45%) and protein synthesis/destination (20%). Expression analyses of protein groups associated with different functional categories/subcategories showed that substantially up-regulated proteins were involved in starch synthesis and alcoholic fermentation, whereas the down-regulated proteins in the process were involved in central carbon metabolism and most of the other functional categories/subcategories such as cell growth/division, protein synthesis, proteolysis, and signal transduction. The coordinated changes were consistent with the transition from cell growth and differentiation to starch synthesis and clearly indicated that a switch from central carbon metabolism to alcoholic fermentation may be important for starch synthesis and accumulation in the developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Bao Xu
- Research Center of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ruan YL, Llewellyn DJ, Liu Q, Xu SM, Wu LM, Wang L, Furbank RT. Expression of sucrose synthase in the developing endosperm is essential for early seed development in cotton. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:382-393. [PMID: 32688795 DOI: 10.1071/fp08017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Successful seed development requires coordinated interaction of the endosperm and embryo. In most dicotyledonous seeds, the endosperm is crushed and absorbed by the expanding embryo in the later stages of seed development. Little is known about the metabolic interaction between the two filial tissues early in seed development. We examined the potential role of sucrose synthase (Sus) in the endosperm development of cotton. Sus was immunologically localised in the cellularising endosperm, but not in the heart-stage embryo at 10 days after anthesis. The activities of Sus and acid invertase were significantly higher in the endosperm than in the young embryos, which corresponded to a steep concentration difference in hexoses between the endosperm and the embryo. This observation indicates a role for the endosperm in generating hexoses for the development of the two filial tissues. Interestingly, Sus expression and starch deposition were spatially separated in the seeds. Silencing the expression of Sus in the endosperm using an RNAi approach led to the arrest of early seed development. Histochemical analyses revealed a significant reduction in cellulose and callose in the deformed endosperm cells of the Sus-suppressed seed. The data indicate a critical role of Sus in early seed development through regulation of endosperm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | | | - Qing Liu
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Shou-Min Xu
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Li-Min Wu
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Robert T Furbank
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Abstract
Apomixis is a special asexual reproduction that plants can form embryo and produce progenies via seeds without sperm-egg fusion. Since apomitic embryo is a complete genetic clone of maternal parent without the participation of sperm, it is an ideal pathway to fix and utilize hybrid vigor and has unpredictable potential value in crop breeding, thus be called "the asexual revolution". According to the formation of the apomitic embryos, apomixis could be divided into three major types: diplospory, apospory and adventive embryony. This review is focused on the recent research progresses of related genes in the development of embryo, endosperm, and miosis, and several genes may involved in the regulation of apomitic development.
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Mitsuhashi N, Kondo M, Nakaune S, Ohnishi M, Hayashi M, Hara-Nishimura I, Richardson A, Fukaki H, Nishimura M, Mimura T. Localization of myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase to the endosperm in developing seeds of Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:3069-76. [PMID: 18603618 PMCID: PMC2504351 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Expression and localization of myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase (MIPS) in developing seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated. MIPS is an essential enzyme for production of inositol and inositol phosphates via its circularization of glucose-6-phosphate as the initial step. myo-inositol-6-phosphate (InsP(6) or phytic acid) is the predominant form of phosphorus found in seeds and accumulates as a consequence of MIPS action. Three MIPS genes have been identified in Arabidopsis, all of which were expressed not only in siliques but in both leaves and roots. Immunoelectron microscopy using a MIPS antibody showed that MIPS localizes to the cytosol primarily in the endosperm during seed development and not in the embryo. This is consistent with results obtained using fluorescent microscopy and western blot analysis that showed a similar pattern of localization. However, InsP(6), which is the final product of inositol phosphate metabolism, was present mainly in the embryo. This suggests that a complex interaction between the endosperm and embryo occurs during the synthesis and subsequent accumulation of InsP(6) in developing seeds of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Mitsuhashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
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42
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Ranganath RM. Asymmetric cell division--how flowering plant cells get their unique identity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 45:39-60. [PMID: 17585495 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69161-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A central question in biology is how cell fate is specified during development of a multicellular organism. Flowering plants use two major pathways of asymmetric cell divisions in a spatio-temporal manner to achieve required cellular differentiation. In the 'one mother--two different daughters' pathway, a mother cell mitotically divides to produce two daughter cells of different size and fate. By contrast, the 'coenocyte-cellularization' pathway involves formation of a coenocyte, nuclear migration to specific locations of the coenocyte and cellularization of these nuclei by unique wall forming processes. Given that cell fate determinants play a key role in establishing cell identity, their allocation to daughter cells in the two pathways needs to be understood in terms of the unique cell cycle regulatory mechanisms involved. Most of the information available on cell fate determination in flowering plants is in the form of genes identified from mutant analysis. Novel techniques of interrogating individual plant cells in vivo are necessary to advance the extant knowledge from genetics to functional genomics data bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Ranganath
- Department of Botany, Bangalore University, Jnanabharathi Campus, Bangalore 560056, India.
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43
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Baroux C, Pecinka A, Fuchs J, Schubert I, Grossniklaus U. The triploid endosperm genome of Arabidopsis adopts a peculiar, parental-dosage-dependent chromatin organization. THE PLANT CELL 2007; 19:1782-94. [PMID: 17557811 PMCID: PMC1955730 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.046235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The endosperm is a seed tissue unique to flowering plants. Due to its central role in nourishing and protecting the embryo, endosperm development is subject to parental conflicts and adaptive processes, which led to the evolution of parent-of-origin-dependent gene regulation. The role of higher-order chromatin organization in regulating the endosperm genome was long ignored due to technical hindrance. We developed a combination of approaches to analyze nuclear structure and chromatin organization in Arabidopsis thaliana endosperm. Endosperm nuclei showed a less condensed chromatin than other types of nuclei and a peculiar heterochromatin organization, with smaller chromocenters and additional heterochromatic foci interspersed in euchromatin. This is accompanied by a redistribution of the heterochromatin mark H3K9me1 from chromocenters toward euchromatin and interspersed heterochromatin. Thus, endosperm nuclei have a specific nuclear architecture and organization, which we interpret as a relaxed chromocenter-loop model. The analysis of endosperm with altered parental genome dosage indicated that the additional heterochromatin may be predominantly of maternal origin, suggesting differential regulation of maternal and paternal genomes, possibly linked to genome dosage regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Baroux
- Institute of Plant Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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44
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Méchin V, Thévenot C, Le Guilloux M, Prioul JL, Damerval C. Developmental analysis of maize endosperm proteome suggests a pivotal role for pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 143:1203-19. [PMID: 17237188 PMCID: PMC1820922 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.092148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the morphological steps of maize (Zea mays) endosperm development are well described, very little is known concerning the coordinated accumulation of the numerous proteins involved. Here, we present a proteomic study of maize endosperm development. The accumulation pattern of 409 proteins at seven developmental stages was examined. Hierarchical clustering analysis allowed four main developmental profiles to be recognized. Comprehensive investigation of the functions associated with clusters resulted in a consistent picture of the developmental coordination of cellular processes. Early stages, devoted to cellularization, cell division, and cell wall deposition, corresponded to maximal expression of actin, tubulins, and cell organization proteins, of respiration metabolism (glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle), and of protection against reactive oxygen species. An important protein turnover, which is likely associated with the switch from growth and differentiation to storage, was also suggested from the high amount of proteases. A relative increase of abundance of the glycolytic enzymes compared to tricarboxylic acid enzymes is consistent with the recent demonstration of anoxic conditions during starch accumulation in the endosperm. The specific late-stage accumulation of the pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase may suggest a critical role of this enzyme in the starch-protein balance through inorganic pyrophosphate-dependent restriction of ADP-glucose synthesis in addition to its usually reported influence on the alanine-aromatic amino acid synthesis balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Méchin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 206, Chimie Biologique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon, France.
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45
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Quesnelle PE, Emery RN. cis-Cytokinins that predominate inPisum sativumduring early embryogenesis will accelerate embryo growth in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1139/b06-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Correlative data from monocots suggest that cytokinin (CK) regulates seed development. The involvement of CKs in seed growth was investigated using pea, a eudicot with an unknown CK profile, as a model system. CK profiles were measured by liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry against major stages of embryogenesis, which were documented histologically. Like other grain legumes, CK levels of developing pea seeds fluctuated through development and had mainly nucleotide and riboside forms. Among the 11 CKs detected, cis-isomers (cis-[9R]Z (zeatin riboside), and cis-[9RMP]Z (zeatin riboside 5′ monophosphate)), along with their isopentenyl precursors, were the major forms during pea embryogenesis, whereas corresponding trans-isomers appeared as minor constituents. Highest CK concentrations occurred at the heart-shape stage, when there are high rates of cell division and sugar metabolism. To assess the significance of high CK concentrations observed at the heart-shape stage, a bioassay was developed wherein heart-shaped embryos were excised and cultured on medium containing either cis-[9R]Z, trans-[9R]Z, or kinetin. Growth of cultured heart-shaped embryo explants was significantly augmented by all exogenous CKs relative to controls that were not supplemented with CK. Moreover, at concentrations equivalent to those experienced by an embryo in vivo, cis-[9R]Z was active in enhancing the growth of cultured pea embryos to an extent equal to that of trans-[9R]Z. Overall, the results endorse a growth-promoting role for cis-CKs during seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R.J. Neil Emery
- Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
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Penfield S, Li Y, Gilday AD, Graham S, Graham IA. Arabidopsis ABA INSENSITIVE4 regulates lipid mobilization in the embryo and reveals repression of seed germination by the endosperm. THE PLANT CELL 2006; 18:1887-99. [PMID: 16844907 PMCID: PMC1533976 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.041277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of seed germination requires coordinate action by the embryo and surrounding endosperm. We used Arabidopsis thaliana to establish the relative roles of embryo and endosperm in the control of seed germination and seedling establishment. We previously showed that endospermic oil reserves are used postgerminatively via gluconeogenesis to fuel seedling establishment and that lipid breakdown is repressed by abscisic acid (ABA) in embryo but not endosperm tissues. Here, we use RNA amplification to describe the transcriptome of the endosperm and compare the hormone responses of endosperm and embryo tissues. We show that the endosperm responds to both ABA and gibberellin but that ABA in particular regulates nuclear but not plastid-encoded photosynthetic gene expression in the embryo. We also show that ABA INSENSITIVE4 (ABI4) expression is confined to the embryo, accounts for the major differences in embryo response to ABA, and defines a role for ABI4 as a repressor of lipid breakdown. Furthermore, ABI5 expression in the endosperm defines a second region of altered ABA signaling in the micropylar endosperm cap. Finally, embryo and endosperm ABA signaling mutants demonstrate the spatial specificity of ABA action in seed germination. We conclude that the single cell endosperm layer plays an active role in the regulation of seed germination in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Penfield
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
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Philippe S, Saulnier L, Guillon F. Arabinoxylan and (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-glucan deposition in cell walls during wheat endosperm development. PLANTA 2006; 224:449-61. [PMID: 16404577 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Arabinoxylans (AX) and (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-glucans are major components of wheat endosperm cell walls. Their chemical heterogeneity has been described but little is known about the sequence of their deposition in cell walls during endosperm development. The time course and pattern of deposition of the (1-->3) and (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-glucans and AX in the endosperm cell walls of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Recital) during grain development was studied using specific antibodies. At approximately 45 degrees D (degree-days) after anthesis the developing walls contained (1-->3)-beta-glucans but not (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-glucans. In contrast, (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-glucans occurred widely in the walls of maternal tissues. At the end of the cellularization stage (72 degrees D), (1-->3)-beta-glucan epitopes disappeared and (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-glucans were found equally distributed in all thin walls of wheat endosperm. The AX were detected at the beginning of differentiation (245 degrees D) in wheat endosperm, but were missing in previous stages. However, epitopes related to AX were present in nucellar epidermis and cross cells surrounding endosperm at all stages but not detected in the maternal outer tissues. As soon as the differentiation was apparent, the cell walls exhibited a strong heterogeneity in the distribution of polysaccharides within the endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sully Philippe
- INRA Unité de Recherches Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes Cedex 03, France
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48
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David-Assael O, Berezin I, Shoshani-Knaani N, Saul H, Mizrachy-Dagri T, Chen J, Brook E, Shaul O. AtMHX is an auxin and ABA-regulated transporter whose expression pattern suggests a role in metal homeostasis in tissues with photosynthetic potential. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 33:661-672. [PMID: 32689275 DOI: 10.1071/fp05295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
AtMHX is a vacuolar transporter encoded by a single gene in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. It exchanges protons with Mg2+, Zn2+, and Fe2+ ions. Proper homeostasis of these metals is essential for photosynthesis and numerous enzymatic reactions. In particular, very little is known about mechanisms involved in Mg2+ homeostasis in plants. Expression analysis using reporter-gene constructs suggested that AtMHX functions in metal homeostasis mainly in tissues with photosynthetic potential. This balancing is conducted by expression in the vascular region, the cortex of stems, trichomes, and hydathodes. Expression in stems is developmentally regulated, suggesting that minerals are accumulated in the upper regions of young stems, and are released during silique development. Mineral content in different stem parts was consistent with this possibility. Expression was induced by auxin and ABA, but not by the metal content of the growth medium, suggesting that expression is mainly regulated by endogenous developmental programs. AtMHX exhibits two distinguished regulatory properties. Its leader intron is absolutely essential for expression, and mediates an 86-fold enhancement of expression. This enhancement is the highest reported thus far for any dicot intron. Another remarkable feature is that a repetitive genomic element of 530 bp (or part of it) functions as an enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ora David-Assael
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Irina Berezin
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Noa Shoshani-Knaani
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Helen Saul
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Talya Mizrachy-Dagri
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Jianxin Chen
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Emil Brook
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Orit Shaul
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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49
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Tiwari S, Spielman M, Day RC, Scott RJ. Proliferative phase endosperm promoters from Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2006; 4:393-407. [PMID: 17177805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Endosperm accounts for a large proportion of human nutrition and is also a major determinant of seed viability and size, not only in cereals, but also in species with ephemeral endosperms, such as soybean and oilseed rape. The extent of endosperm proliferation early in seed development is a crucial component in setting seed size; therefore, a biotechnological approach for the modification of this trait requires promoters active in early endosperm. To find such promoters, we constructed an array based on cDNAs extracted from developing Arabidopsis seeds enriched for proliferating endosperm. Hybridization with RNA extracted from vegetative and reproductive tissues, including endosperm, and subsequent data filtering yielded sets of endosperm-expressed and endosperm-preferred genes, including many hundreds not previously identified in array experiments designed to detect genes expressed in Arabidopsis seeds. Of eight promoters selected for validation, seven were active in early endosperm, three with no detected activity elsewhere in the plant. Therefore, this strategy has yielded proliferative phase endosperm promoters which should be useful in altering seed size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Tiwari
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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50
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Philippe S, Robert P, Barron C, Saulnier L, Guillon F. Deposition of cell wall polysaccharides in wheat endosperm during grain development: Fourier transform-infrared microspectroscopy study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:2303-8. [PMID: 16536611 DOI: 10.1021/jf052922x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The time course and pattern deposition of the cell wall polysaccharides in the starchy endosperm of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Recital) during grain development was studied using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (micro-FTIR). Three stages of grain development identified as key stages for cell wall construction were retained as follows: the end cellularization, the beginning of cell differentiation, and the beginning of maturation. Micro-FTIR revealed that beta-(1-->3),(1-->4) glucans and arabinoglactan proteins are the main cell wall components of endosperm at the end of the cellularization stage, whereas arabinoxylans (AX) appeared only at the cell differentiation stage. Past the differentiation stage, FTIR spectra were dominated by AX features. Cell walls at the beginning of cell differentiation and at endosperm maturation could be distinguished by spectral features that were ascribed to AX substitution. AX appeared more substituted at the beginning of cell differentiation. Moreover, a difference in the degree of AX substitution was found between peripheral and central parts of the grain at the cell differentiation stage; AX in central cells was less substituted. Thus, dramatic changes in endosperm cell wall composition were detected during wheat grain development with respect to both the relative occurrence of individual constituents and the fine structure of the AX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sully Philippe
- Unité de Recherches Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, INRA, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France
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