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Li Y, Yang HS, Klasse PJ, Zhao Z. The significance of antigen-antibody-binding avidity in clinical diagnosis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39041650 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2379286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) testing are commonly used to determine infection status. Typically, the detection of IgM indicates an acute or recent infection, while the presence of IgG alone suggests a chronic or past infection. However, relying solely on IgG and IgM antibody positivity may not be sufficient to differentiate acute from chronic infections. This limitation arises from several factors. The prolonged presence of IgM can complicate diagnostic interpretations, and false positive IgM results often arise from antibody cross-reactivity with various antigens. Additionally, IgM may remain undetectable in prematurely collected samples or in individuals who are immunocompromised, further complicating accurate diagnosis. As a result, additional diagnostic tools are required to confirm infection status. Avidity is a measure of the strength of the binding between an antigen and antibody. Avidity-based assays have been developed for various infectious agents, including toxoplasma, cytomegalovirus (CMV), SARS-CoV-2, and avian influenza, and are promising tools in clinical diagnostics. By measuring the strength of antibody binding, they offer critical insights into the maturity of the immune response. These assays are instrumental in distinguishing between acute and chronic or past infections, monitoring disease progression, and guiding treatment decisions. The development of automated platforms has optimized the testing process by enhancing efficiency and minimizing the risk of manual errors. Additionally, the recent advent of real-time biosensor immunoassays, including the label-free immunoassays (LFIA), has further amplified the capabilities of these assays. These advances have expanded the clinical applications of avidity-based assays, making them useful tools for the diagnosis and management of various infectious diseases. This review is structured around several key aspects of IgG avidity in clinical diagnosis, including: (i) a detailed exposition of the IgG affinity maturation process; (ii) a thorough discussion of the IgG avidity assays, including the recently emerged biosensor-based approaches; and (iii) an examination of the applications of IgG avidity in clinical diagnosis. This review is intended to contribute toward the development of enhanced diagnostic tools through critical assessment of the present landscape of avidity-based testing, which allows us to identify the existing knowledge gaps and highlight areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - He S Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - P J Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Gozlan J, Baron A, Boyd A, Salmona M, Fofana D, Minier M, Gabassi A, Morand-Joubert L, Delaugerre C, Maylin S. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Responses in Various Populations: Use of a Rapid Surrogate Lateral Flow Assay and Correlations with Anti-RBD Antibody Levels. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:791. [PMID: 39063546 PMCID: PMC11277712 DOI: 10.3390/life14070791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After the global COVID-19 crisis, understanding post-infectious immunity and vaccine efficacy remains crucial. This study aims to assess anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity through a quantitative analysis of anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibodies and rapid functional testing of the neutralizing humoral response. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on samples from various cohorts, including partially vaccinated, fully vaccinated, post-COVID/no-vaccination, and post-COVID/vaccination individuals with various immune-competency statuses. The anti-RBD antibodies were measured using an automated chemiluminescence assay, while the neutralizing antibodies' (NAbs') activity was assessed through the lateral flow ichroma COVID-19 nAb test (LFT), a surrogate neutralization assay. RESULTS The analysis revealed various levels of anti-RBD antibodies and seroneutralization responses across cohorts, with the post-COVID/vaccination group demonstrating the most robust protection. A correlation between anti-RBD antibodies and seroneutralization was observed, albeit with varying strength depending on the subgroup analyzed. Longitudinal assessment following natural infection showed an initial surge followed by a decline in both measures. A cutoff of 3.0 log10 BAU/mL was established to predict significant seroneutralization. CONCLUSIONS The ichroma™ COVID-19 nAb test displayed high specificity and emerged as a valuable tool for monitoring anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity. These findings contribute to understand the antibody response dynamics and underscore the potential of rapid tests in predicting protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Gozlan
- AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Laboratory of Virology, 75012 Paris, France; (J.G.); (D.F.); (L.M.-J.)
- Reseach’s Department of Saint-Antoine, “Cancer Biology and Therapeutics”, University of Sorbonne, INSERM, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Audrey Baron
- AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Laboratory of Virology, 75010 Paris, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (C.D.)
| | - Anders Boyd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, 1018 WT Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Maud Salmona
- AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Laboratory of Virology, 75010 Paris, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (C.D.)
- INSERM U976, University of Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Djeneba Fofana
- AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Laboratory of Virology, 75012 Paris, France; (J.G.); (D.F.); (L.M.-J.)
| | - Marine Minier
- AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Laboratory of Virology, 75010 Paris, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (C.D.)
| | - Audrey Gabassi
- AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Laboratory of Virology, 75010 Paris, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (C.D.)
| | - Laurence Morand-Joubert
- AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Laboratory of Virology, 75012 Paris, France; (J.G.); (D.F.); (L.M.-J.)
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis of Epidémiology and Public Health, University of Sorbonne, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Constance Delaugerre
- AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Laboratory of Virology, 75010 Paris, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (C.D.)
- INSERM U944, Biology of Emerging Viruses, University of Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sarah Maylin
- AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Laboratory of Virology, 75010 Paris, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (C.D.)
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3
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Petersson A, Holmberg J, Pattison-Granberg J, Ekblom K. Differences in SARS-CoV-2 antibodies depending on age, blood group, and sex in a Swedish blood donor cohort. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38905129 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2024.2361279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to describe differences in prevalence and the long-term presence of nucleocapsid antibodies (N-antibodies) elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection in a Swedish blood donor population not subjected to lockdown. We tested 20,651 blood donor samples for nucleocapsid antibodies from the beginning of March 2020 and 27 months onwards using the Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay. The proportion of positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody samples was determined each week. After the exclusions of one-time donors and subjects with incomplete data, 19,726 samples from 4003 donors remained. Differences in antibody prevalences stratified for age, sex, and blood groups (ABO and RhD) were determined, as well as antibody loss and recovery. Lower antibody prevalence was seen for older donors, blood group AB, and RhD-negative subjects. A significant decrease in antibody titer between the first and the second antibody-positive donation was seen for the whole study group, females, older subjects, blood group O, AB, and RhD-positive subjects. The titer waned below the detection limit in 60 (3.0%) of 1983 N-antibody-positive donors, and for 18 of these donors, a second episode with antibodies was detected. We showed that N-antibodies persist for months or years and that surprisingly few antibody-positive donors lost their antibodies. We also conclude that antibody prevalence in a Swedish population never subject to lockdown did not apparently differ from populations that were subject to stricter regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Petersson
- Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Växjö Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Jimmy Holmberg
- Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Växjö Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden
| | | | - Kim Ekblom
- Department of Research and Development, Region Kronoberg, Växjö, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Zhang J, Meng Y, Yang M, Hao W, Liu J, Wu L, Yu X, Zhang Y, Lin B, Xie C, Ge L, Zhijie Zhang, Tong W, Chang Q, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Qin X. A prospective cohort-based artificial intelligence evaluation system for the protective efficacy and immune response of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccines. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112141. [PMID: 38733819 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel coronaviruses constitute a significant health threat, prompting the adoption of vaccination as the primary preventive measure. However, current evaluations of immune response and vaccine efficacy are deemed inadequate. OBJECTIVES The study sought to explore the evolving dynamics of immune response at various vaccination time points and during breakthrough infections. It aimed to elucidate the synergistic effects of epidemiological factors, humoral immunity, and cellular immunity. Additionally, regression curves were used to determine the correlation between the protective efficacy of the vaccine and the stimulated immune response. METHODS Employing LASSO for high-dimensional data analysis, the study utilised four machine learning algorithms-logistical regression, random forest, LGBM classifier, and AdaBoost classifier-to comprehensively assess the immune response following booster vaccination. RESULTS Neutralising antibody levels exhibited a rapid surge post-booster, escalating to 102.38 AU/mL at one week and peaking at 298.02 AU/mL at two weeks. Influential factors such as sex, age, disease history, and smoking status significantly impacted post-booster antibody levels. The study further constructed regression curves for neutralising antibodies, non-switched memory B cells, CD4+T cells, and CD8+T cells using LASSO combined with the random forest algorithm. CONCLUSION The establishment of an artificial intelligence evaluation system emerges as pivotal for predicting breakthrough infection prognosis after the COVID-19 booster vaccination. This research underscores the intricate interplay between various components of immunity and external factors, elucidating key insights to enhance vaccine effectiveness. 3D modelling discerned distinctive interactions between humoral and cellular immunity within prognostic groups (Class 0-2). This underscores the critical role of the synergistic effect of humoral immunity, cellular immunity, and epidemiological factors in determining the protective efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines post-booster administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Meng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Wudi Hao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxu Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Chonghong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Ge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaosong Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Delmonte OM, Oguz C, Dobbs K, Myint-Hpu K, Palterer B, Abers MS, Draper D, Truong M, Kaplan IM, Gittelman RM, Zhang Y, Rosen LB, Snow AL, Dalgard CL, Burbelo PD, Imberti L, Sottini A, Quiros-Roldan E, Castelli F, Rossi C, Brugnoni D, Biondi A, Bettini LR, D'Angio M, Bonfanti P, Anderson MV, Saracino A, Chironna M, Di Stefano M, Fiore JR, Santantonio T, Castagnoli R, Marseglia GL, Magliocco M, Bosticardo M, Pala F, Shaw E, Matthews H, Weber SE, Xirasagar S, Barnett J, Oler AJ, Dimitrova D, Bergerson JRE, McDermott DH, Rao VK, Murphy PM, Holland SM, Lisco A, Su HC, Lionakis MS, Cohen JI, Freeman AF, Snyder TM, Lack J, Notarangelo LD. Perturbations of the T-cell receptor repertoire in response to SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:1655-1667. [PMID: 38154666 PMCID: PMC11162338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional T-cell responses are essential for virus clearance and long-term protection after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, whereas certain clinical factors, such as older age and immunocompromise, are associated with worse outcome. OBJECTIVE We sought to study the breadth and magnitude of T-cell responses in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and in individuals with inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) who had received COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. METHODS Using high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics tools to characterize the T-cell receptor β repertoire signatures in 540 individuals after SARS-CoV-2 infection, 31 IEI recipients of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, and healthy controls, we quantified HLA class I- and class II-restricted SARS-CoV-2-specific responses and also identified several HLA allele-clonotype motif associations in patients with COVID-19, including a subcohort of anti-type 1 interferon (IFN-1)-positive patients. RESULTS Our analysis revealed that elderly patients with COVID-19 with critical disease manifested lower SARS-CoV-2 T-cell clonotype diversity as well as T-cell responses with reduced magnitude, whereas the SARS-CoV-2-specific clonotypes targeted a broad range of HLA class I- and class II-restricted epitopes across the viral proteome. The presence of anti-IFN-I antibodies was associated with certain HLA alleles. Finally, COVID-19 mRNA immunization induced an increase in the breadth of SARS-CoV-2-specific clonotypes in patients with IEIs, including those who had failed to seroconvert. CONCLUSIONS Elderly individuals have impaired capacity to develop broad and sustained T-cell responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Genetic factors may play a role in the production of anti-IFN-1 antibodies. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are effective in inducing T-cell responses in patients with IEIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia M Delmonte
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
| | - Cihan Oguz
- Integrated Data Sciences Section, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Kerry Dobbs
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Katherine Myint-Hpu
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Boaz Palterer
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Michael S Abers
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Deborah Draper
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Meng Truong
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | | | | | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Lindsey B Rosen
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Andrew L Snow
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md; Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md; The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md
| | - Peter D Burbelo
- Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Luisa Imberti
- Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sottini
- Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenia Quiros-Roldan
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Castelli
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Camillo Rossi
- Direzione Sanitaria, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Duilio Brugnoni
- Laboratorio Analisi Chimico-Cliniche, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Pediatric Department and Centro Tettamanti-European Reference Network on Paediatric Cancer, European Reference Network on Haematological Diseases, and European Reference Network on Hereditary Metabolic Disorders, University of Milano-Bicocca-Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Rachele Bettini
- Pediatric Department and Centro Tettamanti-European Reference Network on Paediatric Cancer, European Reference Network on Haematological Diseases, and European Reference Network on Hereditary Metabolic Disorders, University of Milano-Bicocca-Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Mariella D'Angio
- Pediatric Department and Centro Tettamanti-European Reference Network on Paediatric Cancer, European Reference Network on Haematological Diseases, and European Reference Network on Hereditary Metabolic Disorders, University of Milano-Bicocca-Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonfanti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Megan V Anderson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Annalisa Saracino
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Chironna
- Hygiene Section, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariantonietta Di Stefano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Jose Ramon Fiore
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Teresa Santantonio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Castagnoli
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mary Magliocco
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Francesca Pala
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Elana Shaw
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Helen Matthews
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Sarah E Weber
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Sandhya Xirasagar
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Jason Barnett
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Andrew J Oler
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Dimana Dimitrova
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Jenna R E Bergerson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - David H McDermott
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - V Koneti Rao
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Philip M Murphy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Andrea Lisco
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Helen C Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Alexandra F Freeman
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | | | - Justin Lack
- Integrated Data Sciences Section, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
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6
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Zhong Y, Kang AYH, Tay CJX, Li HE, Elyana N, Tan CW, Yap WC, Lim JME, Le Bert N, Chan KR, Ong EZ, Low JG, Shek LP, Tham EH, Ooi EE. Correlates of protection against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 in vaccinated children. Nat Med 2024; 30:1373-1383. [PMID: 38689059 PMCID: PMC11164684 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The paucity of information on longevity of vaccine-induced immune responses and uncertainty of the correlates of protection hinder the development of evidence-based COVID-19 vaccination policies for new birth cohorts. Here, to address these knowledge gaps, we conducted a cohort study of healthy 5-12-year-olds vaccinated with BNT162b2. We serially measured binding and neutralizing antibody titers (nAbs), spike-specific memory B cell (MBC) and spike-reactive T cell responses over 1 year. We found that children mounted antibody, MBC and T cell responses after two doses of BNT162b2, with higher antibody and T cell responses than adults 6 months after vaccination. A booster (third) dose only improved antibody titers without impacting MBC and T cell responses. Among children with hybrid immunity, nAbs and T cell responses were highest in those infected after two vaccine doses. Binding IgG titers, MBC and T cell responses were predictive, with T cells being the most important predictor of protection against symptomatic infection before hybrid immunity; nAbs only correlated with protection after hybrid immunity. The stable MBC and T cell responses over time suggest sustained protection against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, even when nAbs wane. Booster vaccinations do not confer additional immunological protection to healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Zhong
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore.
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Alicia Y H Kang
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carina J X Tay
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui' En Li
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nurul Elyana
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Chee Yap
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joey M E Lim
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nina Le Bert
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kuan Rong Chan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eugenia Z Ong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jenny G Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lynette P Shek
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elizabeth Huiwen Tham
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Clinical Translational Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
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7
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Shengule S, Alai S, Bhandare S, Patil S, Gautam M, Mangaonkar B, Gupta S, Shaligram U, Gairola S. Validation and Suitability Assessment of Multiplex Mesoscale Discovery Immunogenicity Assay for Establishing Serological Signatures Using Vaccinated, Non-Vaccinated and Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infected Cases. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:433. [PMID: 38675815 PMCID: PMC11053742 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are multi-targeted and variable over time. Multiplex quantitative serological assays are needed to provide accurate and robust seropositivity data for the establishment of serological signatures during vaccination and or infection. We describe here the validation and evaluation of an electro-chemiluminescence (ECL)-based Mesoscale Discovery assay (MSD) for estimation of total and functional IgG relative to SARS-CoV-2 spike, nucleocapsid and receptor binding (RBD) proteins in human serum samples to establish serological signatures of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection and breakthrough cases. The 9-PLEX assay was validated as per ICH, EMA, and US FDA guidelines using a panel of sera samples, including the NIBSC/WHO reference panel (20/268). The assay demonstrated high specificity and selectivity in inhibition assays, wherein the homologous inhibition was more than 85% and heterologous inhibition was below 10%. The assay also met predetermined acceptance criteria for precision (CV < 20%), accuracy (70-130%) and dilutional linearity. The method's applicability to serological signatures was demonstrated using sera samples (n = 45) representing vaccinated, infected and breakthrough cases. The method was able to establish distinct serological signatures and thus provide a potential tool for seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 during vaccination or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sunil Gairola
- Clinical Bioanalytical Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune 411028, India; (S.S.); (S.A.); (M.G.); (U.S.)
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8
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Fumagalli V, Ravà M, Marotta D, Di Lucia P, Bono EB, Giustini L, De Leo F, Casalgrandi M, Monteleone E, Mouro V, Malpighi C, Perucchini C, Grillo M, De Palma S, Donnici L, Marchese S, Conti M, Muramatsu H, Perlman S, Pardi N, Kuka M, De Francesco R, Bianchi ME, Guidotti LG, Iannacone M. Antibody-independent protection against heterologous SARS-CoV-2 challenge conferred by prior infection or vaccination. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:633-643. [PMID: 38486021 PMCID: PMC11003867 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines have reduced severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) morbidity and mortality, yet emerging variants challenge their effectiveness. The prevailing approach to updating vaccines targets the antibody response, operating under the presumption that it is the primary defense mechanism following vaccination or infection. This perspective, however, can overlook the role of T cells, particularly when antibody levels are low or absent. Here we show, through studies in mouse models lacking antibodies but maintaining functional B cells and lymphoid organs, that immunity conferred by prior infection or mRNA vaccination can protect against SARS-CoV-2 challenge independently of antibodies. Our findings, using three distinct models inclusive of a novel human/mouse ACE2 hybrid, highlight that CD8+ T cells are essential for combating severe infections, whereas CD4+ T cells contribute to managing milder cases, with interferon-γ having an important function in this antibody-independent defense. These findings highlight the importance of T cell responses in vaccine development, urging a broader perspective on protective immunity beyond just antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Fumagalli
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Micol Ravà
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Marotta
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Di Lucia
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa B Bono
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Giustini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica De Leo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Violette Mouro
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Malpighi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Perucchini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Grillo
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara De Palma
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Charles River Laboratories, Calco, Italy
| | - Lorena Donnici
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare (INGM) 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchese
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Conti
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare (INGM) 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mirela Kuka
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Francesco
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare (INGM) 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco E Bianchi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Luca G Guidotti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
- Experimental Imaging Centre, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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9
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Shakinah S, Aini MH, Sekartini R, Soedjatmiko, Medise BE, Gunardi H, Yuniar I, Indawati W, Koesnoe S, Harimurti K, Maria S, Wirahmadi A, Sari RM, Setyaningsih L, Surachman F. Immunogenicity Assessment of the SARS-CoV-2 Protein Subunit Recombinant Vaccine (CoV2-IB 0322) in a Substudy of a Phase 3 Trial in Indonesia. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:371. [PMID: 38675753 PMCID: PMC11053672 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is one of the most devastating pandemics of the 21st century. Vaccination is one of the most effective prevention methods in combating COVID-19, and one type of vaccine being developed was the protein subunit recombinant vaccine. We evaluated the efficacy of the CoV2-IB 0322 vaccine in Depok, Indonesia. METHODS This study aimed to assess the humoral and cellular immune response of the CoV2-IB 0322 vaccine compared to an active control vaccine (COVOVAX™ Vaccine). A total of 120 subjects were enrolled and randomized into two groups, with 60 subjects in each group. Participants received either two doses of the CoV2-IB 0322 vaccine or two doses of the control vaccine with a 28-day interval between doses. Safety assessments were conducted through onsite monitoring and participant-reported adverse events. Immunogenicity was evaluated by measuring IgG anti-RBD SARS-CoV-2 and IgG-neutralizing antibodies. Cellular immunity was assessed by specific T-cell responses. Whole blood samples were collected at baseline, 14 days, 6 months, and 12 months after the second dose for cellular immunity evaluation. RESULTS Both vaccines showed high seropositive rates, with neutralizing antibody and IgG titers peaking 14 days after the second dose and declining by 12 months. The seroconversion rate of anti-S IgG was 100% in both groups, but the rate of neutralizing antibody seroconversion was lower in the CoV2-IB 0322 vaccine group at 14 days after the second dose (p = 0.004). The CoV2-IB 0322 vaccine showed higher IgG GMT levels 6 and 12 months after the second dose (p < 0.001 and p = 0.01). T-cell responses, evaluated by IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4 production by CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, showed similar results without significant differences between both groups, except for %IL-2/CD4+ cells 6 months after the second dose (p = 0.038). CONCLUSION Both vaccines showed comparable B- and T-cell immunological response that diminish over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Shakinah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General National Hospital, Jalan Diponegoro No 71, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia; (S.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Muhammad Hafiz Aini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Jl. Prof. DR. Bahder Djohan, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Rini Sekartini
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General National Hospital, Jalan Diponegoro No 71, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia; (R.S.); (S.); (W.I.)
| | - Soedjatmiko
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General National Hospital, Jalan Diponegoro No 71, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia; (R.S.); (S.); (W.I.)
| | - Bernie Endyarni Medise
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General National Hospital, Jalan Diponegoro No 71, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia; (R.S.); (S.); (W.I.)
| | - Hartono Gunardi
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General National Hospital, Jalan Diponegoro No 71, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia; (R.S.); (S.); (W.I.)
| | - Irene Yuniar
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General National Hospital, Jalan Diponegoro No 71, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia; (R.S.); (S.); (W.I.)
| | - Wahyuni Indawati
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General National Hospital, Jalan Diponegoro No 71, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia; (R.S.); (S.); (W.I.)
| | - Sukamto Koesnoe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General National Hospital, Jalan Diponegoro No 71, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia; (S.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Kuntjoro Harimurti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General National Hospital, Jalan Diponegoro No 71, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia; (S.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Suzy Maria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General National Hospital, Jalan Diponegoro No 71, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia; (S.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Angga Wirahmadi
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General National Hospital, Jalan Diponegoro No 71, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia; (R.S.); (S.); (W.I.)
| | - Rini Mulia Sari
- PT Bio Farma, Jalan Pasteur No. 28, Bandung 40161, Indonesia (L.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Lilis Setyaningsih
- PT Bio Farma, Jalan Pasteur No. 28, Bandung 40161, Indonesia (L.S.); (F.S.)
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10
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Hamad Saied M, van Straalen JW, de Roock S, Verduyn Lunel FM, de Wit J, de Rond LGH, Van Nieuwenhove E, Vastert BJ, van Montfrans JM, van Royen-Kerkhof A, de Joode-Smink GCJ, Swart JF, Wulffraat NM, Jansen MHA. Humoral and cellular immunogenicity, effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in patients with pediatric rheumatic diseases: A prospective cohort study. Vaccine 2024; 42:1145-1153. [PMID: 38262809 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate immunogenicity, effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with pediatric autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic disease (pedAIIRD). METHODS A prospective cohort study was performed at the pediatric rheumatology department of the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital in Utrecht, the Netherlands. Vaccination dates, COVID-19 cases and vaccine-related adverse events (AEs) were registered for all pedAIIRD patients during regular clinic visits from March 2021 - August 2022. SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels and T-cell responses were measured from serum samples after vaccination, and clinical and drug therapy data were collected from electronic medical records. Rate of COVID-19 disease was compared between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients in a time-varying Cox regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 157 patients were included in this study and 88 % had juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). One hundred thirty-seven patients were fully vaccinated, of which 47 % used biological agents at the time of vaccination, and 20 patients were unvaccinated. Geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of post-vaccine antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 were above the threshold for positivity in patients who did and did not use biological agents at the time of vaccination, although biological users demonstrated significantly lower antibody levels (adjusted GMC ratio: 0.38, 95 % CI: 0.21 - 0.70). T-cell responses were adequate in all but two patients (9 %). The adjusted rate of reported COVID-19 was significantly lower for fully vaccinated patients compared to non-vaccinated patients (HR: 0.53, 95 % CI: 0.29 - 0.97). JIA disease activity scores were not significantly different after vaccination, and no serious AEs were reported. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 mRNA vaccines were immunogenic (both cellular and humoral), effective and safe in a large cohort of pedAIIRD patients despite their use of immunosuppressive medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hamad Saied
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Carmel Medical Center, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Joeri W van Straalen
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sytze de Roock
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frans M Verduyn Lunel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jelle de Wit
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lia G H de Rond
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Erika Van Nieuwenhove
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bas J Vastert
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris M van Montfrans
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annet van Royen-Kerkhof
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrie C J de Joode-Smink
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joost F Swart
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nico M Wulffraat
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marc H A Jansen
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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11
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Samanta S, Banerjee J, Das A, Das S, Ahmed R, Das S, Pal A, Ali KM, Mukhopadhyay R, Giri B, Dash SK. Enhancing Immunological Memory: Unveiling Booster Doses to Bolster Vaccine Efficacy Against Evolving SARS-CoV-2 Mutant Variants. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:91. [PMID: 38311669 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
A growing number of re-infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in previously immunized individuals has sparked discussions about the potential need for a booster vaccine dosage to counteract declining antibody levels and new strains. The protective immunity produced by vaccinations, and past illnesses relies on immunological memory. CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, B cells, and long-lasting antibody responses are all components of the adaptive immune system that can generate and maintain this immunological memory. Since novel mutant variants have emerged one after the other, the world has been hit by repeated waves. Various vaccine formulations against SARS-CoV-2 have been administered across the globe. Thus, estimating the efficacy of those vaccines against gradually developed mutant stains is the essential parameter regarding the fate of those vaccine formulations and the necessity of booster doses and their frequency. In this review, focus has also been given to how vaccination stacks up against moderate and severe acute infections in terms of the longevity of the immune cells, neutralizing antibody responses, etc. However, hybrid immunity shows a greater accuracy of re-infection of variants of concern (VOCs) of SARS-CoV-2 than infection and immunization. The review conveys knowledge of detailed information about several marketed vaccines and the status of their efficacy against specific mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, this review discusses the status of immunological memory after infection, mixed infection, and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sovan Samanta
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Jhimli Banerjee
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Aparna Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourav Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Rubai Ahmed
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Swarnali Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Amitava Pal
- Department of Physiology, City College, 102/1, Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Kazi Monjur Ali
- Department of Nutrition, Maharajadhiraj Uday Chand Women's College, B.C. Road, Bardhaman, 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupanjan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Physiology, City College, 102/1, Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Biplab Giri
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Dash
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India.
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12
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Le Bert N, Samandari T. Silent battles: immune responses in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:159-170. [PMID: 38221577 PMCID: PMC10805869 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infections manifest with a broad spectrum of presentations, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe pneumonia and fatal outcomes. This review centers on asymptomatic infections, a widely reported phenomenon that has substantially contributed to the rapid spread of the pandemic. In such asymptomatic infections, we focus on the role of innate, humoral, and cellular immunity. Notably, asymptomatic infections are characterized by an early and robust innate immune response, particularly a swift type 1 IFN reaction, alongside a rapid and broad induction of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells. Often, antibody levels tend to be lower or undetectable after asymptomatic infections, suggesting that the rapid control of viral replication by innate and cellular responses might impede the full triggering of humoral immunity. Even if antibody levels are present in the early convalescent phase, they wane rapidly below serological detection limits, particularly following asymptomatic infection. Consequently, prevalence studies reliant solely on serological assays likely underestimate the extent of community exposure to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Le Bert
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Taraz Samandari
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Cheng SMS, Lau JJ, Tsang LCH, Leung K, Lee CK, Hachim A, Kavian N, Chaothai S, Wong RWK, Yu JKM, Chai ZYH, Mori M, Wu C, Yiu K, Hui DSC, Amarasinghe GK, Poon LLM, Wu JT, Valkenburg SA, Peiris M. Serological assays for differentiating natural COVID-19 infection from vaccine induced immunity. J Clin Virol 2024; 170:105621. [PMID: 38056114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural SARS-CoV-2 infection may elicit antibodies to a range of viral proteins including non-structural protein ORF8. RNA, adenovirus vectored and sub-unit vaccines expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike would be only expected to elicit S-antibodies and antibodies to distinct domains of nucleocapsid (N) protein may reliably differentiate infection from vaccine-elicited antibody. However, inactivated whole virus vaccines may potentially elicit antibody to wider range of viral proteins, including N protein. We hypothesized that antibody to ORF8 protein will discriminate natural infection from vaccination irrespective of vaccine type. METHODS We optimized and validated the anti-ORF8 and anti-N C-terminal domain (NCTD) ELISA assays using sera from pre-pandemic, RT-PCR confirmed natural infection sera and BNT162b2 (BNT) or CoronaVac vaccinees. We then applied these optimized assays to a cohort of blood donor sera collected in April-July 2022 with known vaccination and self-reported infection status. RESULTS We optimized cut-off values for the anti-ORF8 and anti-N-CTD IgG ELISA assays using receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curves. The sensitivity of the anti-ORF8 and anti-N-CTD ELISA for detecting past infection was 83.2% and 99.3%, respectively. Specificity of anti-ORF8 ELISA was 96.8 % vs. the pre-pandemic cohort or 93% considering the pre-pandemic and vaccine cohorts together. The anti-N-CTD ELISA specificity of 98.9% in the pre-pandemic cohort, 93% in BNT vaccinated and only 4 % in CoronaVac vaccinated cohorts. Anti-N-CTD antibody was longer-lived than anti-ORF8 antibody after natural infection. CONCLUSIONS Anti-N-CTD antibody assays provide good discrimination between natural infection and vaccination in BNT162b2 vaccinated individuals. Anti-ORF8 antibody can help discriminate infection from vaccination in either type of vaccine and help estimate infection attack rates (IAR) in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M S Cheng
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jonathan J Lau
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo C H Tsang
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kathy Leung
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cheuk Kwong Lee
- Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Niloufar Kavian
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, & Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Paris Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cochin, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Paris, France
| | - Sara Chaothai
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ricky W K Wong
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jennifer K M Yu
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zacary Y H Chai
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Masashi Mori
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Chao Wu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Guangdong, China
| | - Karen Yiu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and SH Ho Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David S C Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and SH Ho Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine at St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Leo L M Poon
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joseph T Wu
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Immunology and Infection(C2i), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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14
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Tanaka H, Sawatari H, Ando SI. Difference in the Dynamics of Antibody Titers between COVID-19 Vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Healthcare Workers - A Case Study Based on Long-Term and Densely Repeated Measurements of Antibody Titers. Jpn J Infect Dis 2024; 77:51-54. [PMID: 37779029 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2023.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is prevalent worldwide, and effective and safe vaccines against this virus have been developed. Although trends in antibody titers after vaccination and/or SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported, long-term studies with high frequency of measurements are limited. This report describes the long-term and detailed trends in the antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 S protein receptor-binding domain (S-RBD) measured repeatedly after vaccination and/or infection in 3 healthcare workers. All healthcare workers were administered 30 µg of the messenger RNA vaccine, BNT162b2, during all vaccinations. The peak value of the SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD titer was reached at 1-2 weeks after vaccination and then decreased by half within 8 weeks after vaccination; the peak values of the antibody titer increased with repeated vaccinations. In contrast, after SARS-CoV-2 infection, the peak value of the antibody titer was reached at 4-8 weeks after infection, and the antibody titer remained elevated up to 16-40 weeks after the peak. This report describes the long-term and detailed trends in the anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD titers, showing different patterns after vaccination and/or SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroyuki Sawatari
- Department of Perioperative and Critical Care Management, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ando
- Cardiovascular Division and Sleep Medicine Center, Saiseikai Futsukaichi Hospital, Japan
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15
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Lin QXX, Rajagopalan D, Gamage AM, Tan LM, Venkatesh PN, Chan WOY, Kumar D, Agrawal R, Chen Y, Fong SW, Singh A, Sun LJ, Tan SY, Chai LYA, Somani J, Lee B, Renia L, Ng LFP, Ramanathan K, Wang LF, Young B, Lye D, Singhal A, Prabhakar S. Longitudinal single cell atlas identifies complex temporal relationship between type I interferon response and COVID-19 severity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:567. [PMID: 38238298 PMCID: PMC10796319 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the paucity of longitudinal molecular studies of COVID-19, particularly those covering the early stages of infection (Days 1-8 symptom onset), our understanding of host response over the disease course is limited. We perform longitudinal single cell RNA-seq on 286 blood samples from 108 age- and sex-matched COVID-19 patients, including 73 with early samples. We examine discrete cell subtypes and continuous cell states longitudinally, and we identify upregulation of type I IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) as the predominant early signature of subsequent worsening of symptoms, which we validate in an independent cohort and corroborate by plasma markers. However, ISG expression is dynamic in progressors, spiking early and then rapidly receding to the level of severity-matched non-progressors. In contrast, cross-sectional analysis shows that ISG expression is deficient and IFN suppressors such as SOCS3 are upregulated in severe and critical COVID-19. We validate the latter in four independent cohorts, and SOCS3 inhibition reduces SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. In summary, we identify complexity in type I IFN response to COVID-19, as well as a potential avenue for host-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quy Xiao Xuan Lin
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Data Analytics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - Deepa Rajagopalan
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Data Analytics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - Akshamal M Gamage
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Le Min Tan
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Data Analytics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - Prasanna Nori Venkatesh
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Data Analytics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - Wharton O Y Chan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Dilip Kumar
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Ragini Agrawal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Yao Chen
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), A*STAR, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Siew-Wai Fong
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), A*STAR, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Louisa J Sun
- Alexandra Hospital, Singapore, 159964, Singapore
| | - Seow-Yen Tan
- Changi General Hospital, Singapore, 529889, Singapore
| | - Louis Yi Ann Chai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Jyoti Somani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), A*STAR, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Laurent Renia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), A*STAR, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), A*STAR, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Kollengode Ramanathan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- National University Hospital, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore, 168753, Singapore
| | - Barnaby Young
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious diseases, Singapore, 308442, Singapore
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - David Lye
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious diseases, Singapore, 308442, Singapore
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Amit Singhal
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), A*STAR, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.
| | - Shyam Prabhakar
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Data Analytics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138672, Singapore.
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16
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Fajfr M, Pajer P, Ruzek D, Sleha R, Janovska S, Bohonek M, Kabickova H, Kubicková P, Stefanik M, Strakova P, Bostik P. Multicentric evaluation of sensitivity of eight commercial anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays and their correlation to virus neutralization titers in seropositive subjects. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1421. [PMID: 38228735 PMCID: PMC10792077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 virus is mainly based on direct detection. Determination of specific antibodies has been used mostly for epidemiological reasons. However, select immunoassays showed good correlation to plaque reduction virus neutralization test (PRNT) in smaller patient cohorts, which suggests their potential as predictors of virus neutralization titer. A total of 3,699 samples from Covid-19 patients were included in the multicentric study performed in the Czech Republic. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels were evaluated by 8 commercial antibody assays. Simultaneously, PRNT evaluations were performed with the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.258 variant. All immunoassays showed an overall high true positive diagnostic value ranging from 79.17 to 98.04%. Several commercial EIA methods showed highly positive correlation between the assay results and PRNT levels, e.g., Liaison CoV-2 TrimericS IgG DiaSorin (Spearman r = 0.8833; Architect SASRS-CoV-2 IgG Abbott (r = 0.7298); NovaLisa SARS-CoV-2 IgG NovaTec (r = 0.7103) and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA IgG Euroimmun (r = 0.7094). While this correlation was less positive for other assays, those, conversely, presented higher true positive values. For most immunoassays, the positive percent agreement of the results was ≥ 95% in sera exhibiting PRNT levels of 1:80 and higher. The assays tested have shown variable correlation to PRNT. Those possessing high positive predictive values serve well as qualitative tests, while others can be utilised as quantitative tests highly predictive of neutralization antibody levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Fajfr
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pajer
- Military Health Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Ruzek
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Sleha
- Department of Epidemiology, Military Faculty of Medicine, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Sylva Janovska
- Department of Epidemiology, Military Faculty of Medicine, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Milos Bohonek
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Military University Hospital Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Michal Stefanik
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Military University Hospital Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Strakova
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Bostik
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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17
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Holdenrieder S, Dos Santos Ferreira CE, Izopet J, Theel ES, Wieser A. Clinical and laboratory considerations: determining an antibody-based composite correlate of risk for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 or severe COVID-19. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1290402. [PMID: 38222091 PMCID: PMC10788057 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1290402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Much of the global population now has some level of adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 induced by exposure to the virus (natural infection), vaccination, or a combination of both (hybrid immunity). Key questions that subsequently arise relate to the duration and the level of protection an individual might expect based on their infection and vaccination history. A multi-component composite correlate of risk (CoR) could inform individuals and stakeholders about protection and aid decision making. This perspective evaluates the various elements that need to be accommodated in the development of an antibody-based composite CoR for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 or development of severe COVID-19, including variation in exposure dose, transmission route, viral genetic variation, patient factors, and vaccination status. We provide an overview of antibody dynamics to aid exploration of the specifics of SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing. We further discuss anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays, sample matrices, testing formats, frequency of sampling and the optimal time point for such sampling. While the development of a composite CoR is challenging, we provide our recommendations for each of these key areas and highlight areas that require further work to be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Holdenrieder
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, German Heart Centre Munich, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jacques Izopet
- Laboratory of Virology, Toulouse University Hospital and INFINITY Toulouse Institute for Infections and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM UMR 1291 CNRS UMR 5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Elitza S. Theel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Andreas Wieser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Max Von Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Munich, Germany
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18
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Ameratunga R, Mears E, Leung E, Snell R, Woon ST, Kelton W, Medlicott N, Jordan A, Abbott W, Steele R, Rolleston W, Longhurst H, Lehnert K. Soluble wild-type ACE2 molecules inhibit newer SARS-CoV-2 variants and are a potential antiviral strategy to mitigate disease severity in COVID-19. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 214:289-295. [PMID: 37565297 PMCID: PMC10719217 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), has caused havoc around the world. While several COVID-19 vaccines and drugs have been authorized for use, these antiviral drugs remain beyond the reach of most low- and middle-income countries. Rapid viral evolution is reducing the efficacy of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies and contributing to the deaths of some fully vaccinated persons. Others with normal immunity may have chosen not to be vaccinated and remain at risk if they contract the infection. Vaccines may not protect some immunodeficient patients from SARS-CoV-2, who are also at increased risk of chronic COVID-19 infection, a dangerous stalemate between the virus and a suboptimal immune response. Intra-host viral evolution could rapidly lead to the selection and dominance of vaccine and monoclonal antibody-resistant clades of SARS-CoV-2. There is thus an urgent need to develop new treatments for COVID-19. The NZACE2-Pātari project, comprising modified soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) molecules, seeks to intercept and block SARS-CoV-2 infection of the respiratory mucosa. In vitro data presented here show that soluble wild-type ACE2 molecules retain the ability to effectively block the Spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 variants including the ancestral Wuhan, delta (B.1.617.2) and omicron (B.1.1.529) strains. This therapeutic strategy may prove effective if implemented early during the nasal phase of the infection and may act synergistically with other antiviral drugs such as Paxlovid to further mitigate disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Ameratunga
- Department of Clinical immunology, Auckland Hospital, AucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Emily Mears
- Applied Translational Genetic Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Russell Snell
- Applied Translational Genetic Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - See-Tarn Woon
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - William Kelton
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Te Aka Mātuatua School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - Anthony Jordan
- Department of Clinical immunology, Auckland Hospital, AucklandNew Zealand
| | - William Abbott
- Department of Surgery, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Steele
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Hilary Longhurst
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Klaus Lehnert
- Applied Translational Genetic Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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19
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Huang M, Jia L, Ye S, Pang R, Ma C, Zhang J, Dai S, Zhang K, Dai Y, Fu Q, Zhang L. A real-world study on the effectiveness of BBIBP-CorV and CoronaVac in Nanjing area. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21533. [PMID: 38057587 PMCID: PMC10700467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the advent of COVID-19 vaccine, the long-term monitoring and evaluation of vaccine effectiveness worldwide has never stopped. Real-world research of the mainstream vaccines in China (BBIBP-CorV and CoronaVac) is extremely valuable as a supplement to clinical research data. Venous blood of this study was collected from 111 blood donors and from 6 volunteers, who had received 2 doses of SAR-CoV-2 vaccine. Cross-sectional study and cohort study was adopted. Venous blood of 11 COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors was collected as a positive control. The seroconversion rate of neutralizing antibodies in 111 vaccine recipients was 90.99% (101/111); The level of SAR-CoV-2 antibodies peaked around 28 days after inoculation, then fast descended followed by gentle descended until it was still detectable around 280 days later. The changes in antibody levels were similar to those of the 6 participants and those of convalescent plasma donors after infection. 5 of the 6 participants still maintained a high level of neutralizing antibodies (> 60% of the peak value) around 28 days after receiving 2 doses of vaccine; one participant had an antibody reaction that was almost always negative for 4 weeks. BBIBP-CorV and CoronaVac can produce good immune effects in most vaccinators aged 20 to 59 years in Nanjing area. Nevertheless, significant individual discrepancies of the humoral immunity are still existed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- Department of Blood Screening Laboratory, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Jia
- Department of Quality Management, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Apheresis Department, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Pang
- Department of Blood Screening Laboratory, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengping Ma
- Department of Blood Screening Laboratory, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiajuan Zhang
- Department of Quality Management, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuming Dai
- Department of Quality Management, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Blood Source Management, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yudong Dai
- Blood Center Management Office, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Blood Center Management Office, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Libo Zhang
- Department of Blood Screening Laboratory, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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20
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Tan CW, Lim CK, Prestedge J, Batty M, Mah YY, O'Han M, Wang LF, Kilby D, Anderson DE. Use of a point-of-care test to rapidly assess levels of SARS-CoV-2 nasal neutralising antibodies in vaccines and breakthrough infected individuals. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20263. [PMID: 37985674 PMCID: PMC10662396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47613-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite SARS-CoV-2 vaccines eliciting systemic neutralising antibodies (nAbs), breakthrough infections still regularly occur. Infection helps to generate mucosal immunity, possibly reducing disease transmission. Monitoring mucosal nAbs is predominantly restricted to lab-based assays, which have limited application to the public. In this multi-site study, we used lateral-flow surrogate neutralisation tests to measure mucosal and systemic nAbs in vaccinated and breakthrough infected individuals in Australia and Singapore. Using three lateral flow assays to detect SARS-CoV-2 nAbs, we demonstrated that nasal mucosal nAbs were present in 71.4 (95% CI 56.3-82.9%) to 85.7% (95% CI 71.8-93.7%) of individuals with breakthrough infection (positivity rate was dependent upon the type of test), whereas only 20.7 (95% CI 17.1-49.4%) to 34.5% (95% CI 19.8-52.7%) of vaccinated individuals without breakthrough infection had detectible nasal mucosal nAbs. Of the individuals with breakthrough infection, collective mucosal anti-S antibody detection in confirmatory assays was 92.9% (95% CI 80.3-98.2%) of samples, while 72.4% (95% CI 54.1-85.5%) of the vaccinated individuals who had not experienced a breakthrough infection were positive to anti-S antibody. All breakthrough infected individuals produced systemic anti-N antibodies; however, these antibodies were not detected in the nasal cavity. Mucosal immunity is likely to play a role in limiting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and lateral flow neutralisation tests provide a rapid readout of mucosal nAbs at the point-of-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wah Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117547, Singapore
| | - Chuan Kok Lim
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Prestedge
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - Mitchell Batty
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - Yun Yan Mah
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Michelle O'Han
- Impact Biotech Healthcare, Level 30 Australia Square, 264 George St, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Dean Kilby
- Impact Biotech Healthcare, Level 30 Australia Square, 264 George St, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Danielle E Anderson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.
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21
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Vaughan A, Duffell E, Freidl GS, Lemos DS, Nardone A, Valenciano M, Subissi L, Bergeri I, K Broberg E, Penttinen P, Pebody R, Keramarou M. Systematic review of seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and appraisal of evidence, prior to the widespread introduction of vaccine programmes in the WHO European Region, January-December 2020. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e064240. [PMID: 37931969 PMCID: PMC10632881 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies undertaken in the WHO European Region to measure pre-existing and cumulative seropositivity prior to the roll out of vaccination programmes. DESIGN A systematic review of the literature. DATA SOURCES We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and the preprint servers MedRxiv and BioRxiv in the WHO 'COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease' database using a predefined search strategy. Articles were supplemented with unpublished WHO-supported Unity-aligned seroprevalence studies and other studies reported directly to WHO Regional Office for Europe and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies published before the widespread implementation of COVID-19 vaccination programmes in January 2021 among the general population and blood donors, at national and regional levels. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS At least two independent researchers extracted the eligible studies; a third researcher resolved any disagreements. Study risk of bias was assessed using a quality scoring system based on sample size, sampling and testing methodologies. RESULTS In total, 111 studies from 26 countries published or conducted between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2020 across the WHO European Region were included. A significant heterogeneity in implementation was noted across the studies, with a paucity of studies from the east of the Region. Sixty-four (58%) studies were assessed to be of medium to high risk of bias. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity prior to widespread community circulation was very low. National seroprevalence estimates after circulation started ranged from 0% to 51.3% (median 2.2% (IQR 0.7-5.2%); n=124), while subnational estimates ranged from 0% to 52% (median 5.8% (IQR 2.3%-12%); n=101), with the highest estimates in areas following widespread local transmission. CONCLUSIONS The low levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibody in most populations prior to the start of vaccine programmes underlines the critical importance of targeted vaccination of priority groups at risk of severe disease, while maintaining reduced levels of transmission to minimise population morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Vaughan
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erika Duffell
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Gudrun S Freidl
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Diogo Simão Lemos
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Eeva K Broberg
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Pasi Penttinen
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Richard Pebody
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Keramarou
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
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22
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Kenny G, O'Reilly S, Wrigley Kelly N, Negi R, Gaillard C, Alalwan D, Saini G, Alrawahneh T, Francois N, Angeliadis M, Garcia Leon AA, Tinago W, Feeney ER, Cotter AG, de Barra E, Yousif O, Horgan M, Doran P, Stemler J, Koehler P, Cox RJ, O'Shea D, Olesen OF, Landay A, Hogan AE, Lelievre JD, Gautier V, Cornely OA, Mallon PWG. Distinct receptor binding domain IgG thresholds predict protective host immunity across SARS-CoV-2 variants and time. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7015. [PMID: 37919289 PMCID: PMC10622572 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies provide protection against COVID-19. Evidence from early vaccine trials suggested binding antibody thresholds could serve as surrogate markers of neutralising capacity, but whether these thresholds predict sufficient neutralising capacity against variants of concern (VOCs), and whether this is impacted by vaccine or infection history remains unclear. Here we analyse individuals recovered from, vaccinated or with hybrid immunity against SARS-CoV-2. An NT50 ≥ 100 IU confers protection in vaccine trials, however, as VOC induce a reduction in NT50, we use NT50 ≥ 1000 IU as a cut off for WT NT50 that would retain neutralisation against VOC. In unvaccinated convalescent participants, a receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG of 456 BAU/mL predicts an NT50 against WT of 1000 IU with an accuracy of 80% (95%CI 73-86%). This threshold maintains accuracy in determining loss of protective immunity against VOC in two vaccinated cohorts. It predicts an NT50 < 100 IU against Beta with an accuracy of 80% (95%CI 67-89%) in 2 vaccine dose recipients. In booster vaccine recipients with a history of COVID-19 (hybrid immunity), accuracy is 87% (95%CI 77-94%) in determining an NT50 of <100 IU against BA.5. This analysis provides a discrete threshold that could be used in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kenny
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Sophie O'Reilly
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Neil Wrigley Kelly
- St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
| | - Riya Negi
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Colette Gaillard
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Dana Alalwan
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Gurvin Saini
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tamara Alrawahneh
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Nathan Francois
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Matthew Angeliadis
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Alejandro Abner Garcia Leon
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Willard Tinago
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eoin R Feeney
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Aoife G Cotter
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles St, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Eoghan de Barra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Department of International Health and Tropical Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Obada Yousif
- Endocrinology Department, Wexford General Hospital, Carricklawn, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Mary Horgan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Co Cork, Ireland
| | - Peter Doran
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jannik Stemler
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Internal Medicine and University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine Institute of Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne Department Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Koehler
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Internal Medicine and University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine Institute of Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne Department Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rebecca Jane Cox
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Donal O'Shea
- St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ole F Olesen
- European Vaccine Initiative, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alan Landay
- Department of internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew E Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | | | - Virginie Gautier
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Oliver A Cornely
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Internal Medicine and University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine Institute of Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne Department Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick W G Mallon
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
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23
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Munywoki PK, Bigogo G, Nasimiyu C, Ouma A, Aol G, Oduor CO, Rono S, Auko J, Agogo GO, Njoroge R, Oketch D, Odhiambo D, Odeyo VW, Kikwai G, Onyango C, Juma B, Hunsperger E, Lidechi S, Ochieng CA, Lo TQ, Munyua P, Herman-Roloff A. Heterogenous transmission and seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in two demographically diverse populations with low vaccination uptake in Kenya, March and June 2021. Gates Open Res 2023; 7:101. [PMID: 37990692 PMCID: PMC10661969 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.14684.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 has extensively spread in cities and rural communities, and studies are needed to quantify exposure in the population. We report seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in two well-characterized populations in Kenya at two time points. These data inform the design and delivery of public health mitigation measures. Methods Leveraging on existing population based infectious disease surveillance (PBIDS) in two demographically diverse settings, a rural site in western Kenya in Asembo, Siaya County, and an urban informal settlement in Kibera, Nairobi County, we set up a longitudinal cohort of randomly selected households with serial sampling of all consenting household members in March and June/July 2021. Both sites included 1,794 and 1,638 participants in the March and June/July 2021, respectively. Individual seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was expressed as a percentage of the seropositive among the individuals tested, accounting for household clustering and weighted by the PBIDS age and sex distribution. Results Overall weighted individual seroprevalence increased from 56.2% (95%CI: 52.1, 60.2%) in March 2021 to 63.9% (95%CI: 59.5, 68.0%) in June 2021 in Kibera. For Asembo, the seroprevalence almost doubled from 26.0% (95%CI: 22.4, 30.0%) in March 2021 to 48.7% (95%CI: 44.3, 53.2%) in July 2021. Seroprevalence was highly heterogeneous by age and geography in these populations-higher seroprevalence was observed in the urban informal settlement (compared to the rural setting), and children aged <10 years had the lowest seroprevalence in both sites. Only 1.2% and 1.6% of the study participants reported receipt of at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine by the second round of serosurvey-none by the first round. Conclusions In these two populations, SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence increased in the first 16 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya. It is important to prioritize additional mitigation measures, such as vaccine distribution, in crowded and low socioeconomic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K. Munywoki
- Division for Global Health Protection, Global Health Center, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Godfrey Bigogo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Carolyne Nasimiyu
- Global Health Program, Washington State University – Global Health Kenya (WSU-GH Kenya), Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Alice Ouma
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - George Aol
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Clifford O. Oduor
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Rono
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joshua Auko
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - George O. Agogo
- Division for Global Health Protection, Global Health Center, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ruth Njoroge
- Global Health Program, Washington State University – Global Health Kenya (WSU-GH Kenya), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dismas Oketch
- Global Health Program, Washington State University – Global Health Kenya (WSU-GH Kenya), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dennis Odhiambo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Victor W. Odeyo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Gilbert Kikwai
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Clayton Onyango
- Division for Global Health Protection, Global Health Center, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bonventure Juma
- Division for Global Health Protection, Global Health Center, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth Hunsperger
- Division for Global Health Protection, Global Health Center, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Shirley Lidechi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Terrence Q. Lo
- Division for Global Health Protection, Global Health Center, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peninah Munyua
- Division for Global Health Protection, Global Health Center, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Amy Herman-Roloff
- Division for Global Health Protection, Global Health Center, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
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24
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Servian CDP, Spadafora-Ferreira M, dos Anjos DCC, Guilarde AO, Gomes-Junior AR, Borges MASB, Masson LC, Silva JMM, de Lima MHA, Moraes BGN, Souza SM, Xavier LE, de Oliveira DCA, Batalha-Carvalho JV, Moro AM, Bocca AL, Pfrimer IAH, Costa NL, Feres VCDR, Fiaccadori FS, Souza M, Gardinassi LG, Durigon EL, Romão PRT, Jorge SAC, Coelho V, Botosso VF, Fonseca SG. Distinct anti-NP, anti-RBD and anti-Spike antibody profiles discriminate death from survival in COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1206979. [PMID: 37876932 PMCID: PMC10591157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1206979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces rapid production of IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies directed to multiple viral antigens that may have impact diverse clinical outcomes. Methods We evaluated IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies directed to the nucleocapsid (NP), IgA and IgG to the Spike protein and to the receptor-binding domain (RBD), and the presence of neutralizing antibodies (nAb), in a cohort of unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, in the first 30 days of post-symptom onset (PSO) (T1). Results This study included 193 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) participants classified as mild, moderate, severe, critical, and fatal and 27 uninfected controls. In T1, we identified differential antibody profiles associated with distinct clinical presentation. The mild group presented lower levels of anti-NP IgG, and IgA (vs moderate and severe), anti-NP IgM (vs severe, critical and fatal), anti-Spike IgA (vs severe and fatal), and anti-RBD IgG (vs severe). The moderate group presented higher levels of anti-RBD IgA, comparing with severe group. The severe group presented higher levels of anti-NP IgA (vs mild and fatal) and anti-RBD IgG (vs mild and moderate). The fatal group presented higher levels of anti-NP IgM and anti-Spike IgA (vs mild), but lower levels of anti-NP IgA (vs severe). The levels of nAb was lower just in mild group compared to severe, critical, and fatal groups, moreover, no difference was observed among the more severe groups. In addition, we studied 82 convalescent individuals, between 31 days to 6 months (T2) or more than 6 months (T3), PSO, those: 12 mild, 26 moderate, and 46 severe plus critical. The longitudinal analyzes, for the severe plus critical group showed lower levels of anti-NP IgG, IgA and IgM, anti-Spike IgA in relation T3. The follow-up in the fatal group, reveals that the levels of anti-spike IgG increased, while anti-NP IgM levels was decreased along the time in severe/critical and fatal as well as anti-NP IgG and IgA in several/critical groups. Discussion In summary, the anti-NP IgA and IgG lower levels and the higher levels of anti-RBD and anti-Spike IgA in fatal compared to survival group of individuals admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Collectively, our data discriminate death from survival, suggesting that anti-RBD IgA and anti-Spike IgA may play some deleterious effect, in contrast with the potentially protective effect of anti-NP IgA and IgG in the survival group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina do Prado Servian
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Déborah Carolina Carvalho dos Anjos
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Adriana Oliveira Guilarde
- Departamento de Patologia Tropical e Dermatologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Antonio Roberto Gomes-Junior
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Moara Alves Santa Bárbara Borges
- Departamento de Patologia Tropical e Dermatologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Letícia Carrijo Masson
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - João Marcos Maia Silva
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sueli Meira Souza
- Laboratório Prof Margarida Dobler Komma, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eterno Xavier
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Maria Moro
- Laboratório de Biofármacos, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia – Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia (III-INCT), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anamélia Lorenzetti Bocca
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Nádia Lago Costa
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiola Souza Fiaccadori
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Menira Souza
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Gardinassi
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Roosevelt Torres Romão
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Verônica Coelho
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia – Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia (III-INCT), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Histocompatibilidade e Imunidade Celular, Hospital das Clínicas Hospital da Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Gonçalves Fonseca
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia – Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia (III-INCT), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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25
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Peterhoff D, Wiegrebe S, Einhauser S, Patt AJ, Beileke S, Günther F, Steininger P, Niller HH, Burkhardt R, Küchenhoff H, Gefeller O, Überla K, Heid IM, Wagner R. Population-based study of the durability of humoral immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1242536. [PMID: 37868969 PMCID: PMC10585261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1242536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 antibody quantity and quality are key markers of humoral immunity. However, there is substantial uncertainty about their durability. We investigated levels and temporal change of SARS-CoV-2 antibody quantity and quality. We analyzed sera (8 binding, 4 avidity assays for spike-(S-)protein and nucleocapsid-(N-)protein; neutralization) from 211 seropositive unvaccinated participants, from the population-based longitudinal TiKoCo study, at three time points within one year after infection with the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 virus. We found a significant decline of neutralization titers and binding antibody levels in most assays (linear mixed regression model, p<0.01). S-specific serum avidity increased markedly over time, in contrast to N-specific. Binding antibody levels were higher in older versus younger participants - a difference that disappeared for the asymptomatic-infected. We found stronger antibody decline in men versus women and lower binding and avidity levels in current versus never-smokers. Our comprehensive longitudinal analyses across 13 antibody assays suggest decreased neutralization-based protection and prolonged affinity maturation within one year after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peterhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Wiegrebe
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Einhauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arisha J. Patt
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Beileke
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix Günther
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Steininger
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans H. Niller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Burkhardt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Küchenhoff
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Olaf Gefeller
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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26
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Mushtaq S, Azam Khan MK, Alam Khan MQ, Rathore MA, Parveen B, Noor M, Ghani E, Tahir AB, Tipu HN, Lin B. Comparison of immune response to SARS-COV-2 vaccine in COVID-recovered versus non-infected Individuals. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:2267-2273. [PMID: 36802308 PMCID: PMC9942049 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
To determine the antibody levels at 6 months in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated individuals in COVID-recovered versus non-infected groups to determine the need to administer booster COVID vaccine in each group. Prospective longitudinal study. Pathology Department, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore for a period of eight months from July 2021 to February 2022. Two hundred and thirty three study participants in both COVID recovered and non-infected groups (105 participants in infected group, 128 participants in non-infected group) were subjected to blood sampling at 6 months post-vaccination. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody test was done using Chemiluminescence method. Comparison of antibody levels between COVID-recovered and non-infected groups was made. Results were compiled and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 21. Out of 233 study participants, males were 183 (78%) while females were 50 (22%), mean age being 35.93 years ± 8.298. Mean Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S IgG levels among COVID-recovered group was 1342 U/ml and among non-infected group was 828 U/ml at 6 months post-vaccination. Mean antibody titers in COVID-19 recovered group are higher than in non-infected group at 6 months post-vaccination in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bushra Parveen
- Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Misbah Noor
- Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Eijaz Ghani
- Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Biaoyang Lin
- University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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27
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Chavan P, Dey R, Castelino R, Kamble A, Poladia P, Bagal R, Jadhav M, Shirsat A, Chavan A, Dhumal S, Kumar S, Krishnamurty MN, Bhat V, Bhattacharjee A, Gota V. Safety, immunogenecity and effectiveness of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine during the second wave of pandemic in India: a real-world study. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2023; 38:227-236. [PMID: 37098129 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2022-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This real-world study was conducted to assess the adverse effects following immunization (AEFI) and immunogenicity of ChAdO×1 nCoV-19 vaccine in terms of neutralising antibody titers and to study the effects of covariates such as age, sex, comorbidities and prior COVID status on these outcomes. Also, the effectiveness of the vaccine based on interval between the two doses was also investigated. METHODS A total of 512 participants (M/F=274/238) aged 35(18-87) years comprising a mixed population of healthcare workers, other frontline workers and general public were enrolled between March and May 2021. Records for adverse events if any were collected telephonically by following up with participants up to 6 months post first dose and graded as per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5. Blood samples for measuring antibody titers against the receptor binding domain (RBD) were collected serially using a convenient sampling strategy up to 6 months after the first dose. Data on breakthrough COVID infection was collected telephonically till December 2021. RESULTS Incidence of local reactions was higher after first dose at 33.4 % (171/512) compared to those after second dose at 12.9 % (66/512). Commonest side effect observed was injection site pain after the first (87.1 %; 149/171) and second (87.9 %; 56/66) dose respectively. Among systemic reactions, fever was the most common manifestation followed by myalgia and headache. Female sex (p<0⸱001) and age less than 60 years (p<0⸱001) had significantly higher predilection for systemic toxicities. Age ≤60 years (p=0.024) and prior-COVID (p<0.001) were found to be significantly associated with higher antibody titers, however, no association was found between these variables and breakthrough COVID infection. Longer spacing between the doses (≥6 weeks) was found to offer better protection against breakthrough infection compared to a spacing of 4 weeks. All breakthroughs were mild-moderate in severity, not requiring hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS The ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine is apparently safe and effective against SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Prior COVID infection and younger age group achieve higher antibody titers, but no additional protection. Delaying the second dose up to at least 6 weeks is more effective compared to shorter spacing between doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chavan
- Composite Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Rajashree Dey
- Division of Biostatistics, Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Renita Castelino
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Akshay Kamble
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Pratik Poladia
- Composite Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Rajani Bagal
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
- Department of Microbiology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Monica Jadhav
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Aditi Shirsat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Ashish Chavan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Sachin Dhumal
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Sharath Kumar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Manjunath Nookala Krishnamurty
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Vivek Bhat
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
- Department of Microbiology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Atanu Bhattacharjee
- Division of Biostatistics, Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Vikram Gota
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
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28
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Lombardi F, Belmonti S, Di Giambendetto S. Response to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine of ART-experienced people living with HIV: a prospective analysis from a single-center study in Rome, Italy. LE INFEZIONI IN MEDICINA 2023; 31:359-363. [PMID: 37701380 PMCID: PMC10495060 DOI: 10.53854/liim-3103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to assess the immunologic response to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in ART-experienced people living with HIV (PLWH). Methods: In this pilot prospective study, we enrolled 20 PLWH (all on effective ART, 80% with CD4 cells count >500) and 52 immunocompetent health-care workers, as control. All subjects received two doses of vaccine 21 days apart. Serum samples were collected at different time points, immediately before first administration (BL) and 21 days after each dose (T1 and T2) and 45-50 days after second dose (T3). We evaluated the immune response in terms of frequency of responders and antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 at each timepoint. The viro-immunological parameters of PLWH were also monitored. Results We found that the participants displayed an immune response after the first dose that increased markedly at T2. At T3 a significantly descending trend of IgG levels was observed in both groups. No difference in humoral immune response assessed in terms of percentage of responders after first and second dose and in terms of IgG titers over time and at each time point was found between groups. Any significant variation in terms of viremia and immunological parameters was observed in PLWH. Conclusions BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine appears immunogenic in this setting of PLWH eliciting an immune response comparable to that of healthy donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lombardi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Malattie Infettive, Roma, Italia
| | - Simone Belmonti
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Roma Italia
| | - Simona Di Giambendetto
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Malattie Infettive, Roma, Italia
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Roma Italia
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29
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Baird S, Ashley CL, Marsh‐Wakefield F, Alca S, Ashhurst TM, Ferguson AL, Lukeman H, Counoupas C, Post JJ, Konecny P, Bartlett A, Martinello M, Bull RA, Lloyd A, Grey A, Hutchings O, Palendira U, Britton WJ, Steain M, Triccas JA. A unique cytotoxic CD4 + T cell-signature defines critical COVID-19. Clin Transl Immunology 2023; 12:e1463. [PMID: 37645435 PMCID: PMC10461786 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a spectrum of clinical disease presentation, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal. While neutralising antibody (NAb) responses correlate with protection against symptomatic and severe infection, the contribution of the T-cell response to disease resolution or progression is still unclear. As newly emerging variants of concern have the capacity to partially escape NAb responses, defining the contribution of individual T-cell subsets to disease outcome is imperative to inform the development of next-generation COVID-19 vaccines. Methods Immunophenotyping of T-cell responses in unvaccinated individuals was performed, representing the full spectrum of COVID-19 clinical presentation. Computational and manual analyses were used to identify T-cell populations associated with distinct disease states. Results Critical SARS-CoV-2 infection was characterised by an increase in activated and cytotoxic CD4+ lymphocytes (CTL). These CD4+ CTLs were largely absent in asymptomatic to severe disease states. In contrast, non-critical COVID-19 was associated with high frequencies of naïve T cells and lack of activation marker expression. Conclusion Highly activated and cytotoxic CD4+ T-cell responses may contribute to cell-mediated host tissue damage and progression of COVID-19. Induction of these potentially detrimental T-cell responses should be considered when developing and implementing effective COVID-19 control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Baird
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneyNSWCamperdownAustralia
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Caroline L Ashley
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneyNSWCamperdownAustralia
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Felix Marsh‐Wakefield
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
- Liver Injury and Cancer ProgramCentenary InstituteCamperdownNSWAustralia
- Human Cancer and Viral Immunology LaboratoryThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Sibel Alca
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneyNSWCamperdownAustralia
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Thomas M Ashhurst
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
- Sydney Cytometry Core Research FacilityCharles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute and The University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Angela L Ferguson
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
- Liver Injury and Cancer ProgramCentenary InstituteCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Hannah Lukeman
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneyNSWCamperdownAustralia
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Claudio Counoupas
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneyNSWCamperdownAustralia
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
- Tuberculosis Research ProgramCentenary InstituteSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Jeffrey J Post
- Prince of Wales Clinical SchoolUNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Medicine & HealthUNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Pamela Konecny
- Prince of Wales Clinical SchoolUNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
- St George HospitalSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Adam Bartlett
- The Kirby Institute, UNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Medicine & HealthUNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
- Sydney Children's HospitalSydneyNSWAustralia
| | | | - Rowena A Bull
- The Kirby Institute, UNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Medicine & HealthUNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Andrew Lloyd
- The Kirby Institute, UNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Medicine & HealthUNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Alice Grey
- RPA Virtual Hospital, Sydney Local Health DistrictSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Owen Hutchings
- RPA Virtual Hospital, Sydney Local Health DistrictSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
- Liver Injury and Cancer ProgramCentenary InstituteCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Tuberculosis Research ProgramCentenary InstituteSydneyNSWAustralia
- Department of Clinical ImmunologyRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Megan Steain
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneyNSWCamperdownAustralia
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - James A Triccas
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneyNSWCamperdownAustralia
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
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30
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Stoddard CI, Sung K, Yaffe ZA, Weight H, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Galloway J, Gantt S, Adhiambo J, Begnel ER, Ojee E, Slyker J, Wamalwa D, Kinuthia J, Finzi A, Matsen FA, Lehman DA, Overbaugh J. Elevated binding and functional antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in infants versus mothers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4864. [PMID: 37567924 PMCID: PMC10421871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40554-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant antibody responses to viral infection can differ from those in adults. However, data on the specificity and function of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies in infants, and direct comparisons between infants and adults are limited. Here, we characterize antibody binding and functionality against Wuhan-Hu-1 (B lineage) strain SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent plasma from 36 postpartum women and 14 of their infants infected with SARS-CoV-2 from a vaccine-naïve prospective cohort in Nairobi, Kenya. We find significantly higher antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 Spike, receptor binding domain and N-terminal domain, and Spike-expressing cell-surface staining levels in infants versus mothers. Plasma antibodies from mothers and infants bind to similar regions of the Spike S2 subunit, including the fusion peptide (FP) and stem helix-heptad repeat 2. However, infants display higher antibody levels and more consistent antibody escape pathways in the FP region compared to mothers. Finally, infants have significantly higher levels of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), though, surprisingly, Spike pseudovirus neutralization titers between infants and mothers are similar. These results suggest infants develop distinct SARS-CoV-2 binding and functional antibody activities and reveal age-related differences in humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection that could be relevant to protection and COVID-19 disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Sung
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zak A Yaffe
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Haidyn Weight
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jared Galloway
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Soren Gantt
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Judith Adhiambo
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emily R Begnel
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ednah Ojee
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jennifer Slyker
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dalton Wamalwa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Kinuthia
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Frederick A Matsen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Dara A Lehman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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31
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Wang H, Yuan Y, Wu B, Xiao M, Wang Z, Diao T, Zeng R, Chen L, Lei Y, Long P, Guo Y, Lai X, Wen Y, Li W, Cai H, Song L, Ni W, Zhao Y, Ouyang K, Wang J, Wang Q, Liu L, Wang C, Pan A, Li X, Gong R, Wu T. Neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 Delta/Omicron variants and B cell response after inactivated vaccination among COVID-19 convalescents. Front Med 2023; 17:747-757. [PMID: 36738428 PMCID: PMC9898702 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-022-0954-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants have made COVID-19 convalescents susceptible to re-infection and have raised concern about the efficacy of inactivated vaccination in neutralization against emerging variants and antigen-specific B cell response. To this end, a study on a long-term cohort of 208 participants who have recovered from COVID-19 was conducted, and the participants were followed up at 3.3 (Visit 1), 9.2 (Visit 2), and 18.5 (Visit 3) months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. They were classified into three groups (no-vaccination (n = 54), one-dose (n = 62), and two-dose (n = 92) groups) on the basis of the administration of inactivated vaccination. The neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers against the wild-type virus continued to decrease in the no-vaccination group, but they rose significantly in the one-dose and two-dose groups, with the highest NAb titers being observed in the two-dose group at Visit 3. The NAb titers against the Delta variant for the no-vaccination, one-dose, and two-dose groups decreased by 3.3, 1.9, and 2.3 folds relative to the wild-type virus, respectively, and those against the Omicron variant decreased by 7.0, 4.0, and 3.8 folds, respectively. Similarly, the responses of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific B cells and memory B cells were boosted by the second vaccine dose. Results showed that the convalescents benefited from the administration of the inactivated vaccine (one or two doses), which enhanced neutralization against highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 variants and memory B cell responses. Two doses of inactivated vaccine among COVID-19 convalescents are therefore recommended for the prevention of the COVID-19 pandemic, and vaccination guidelines and policies need to be updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Bihao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingzhong Xiao
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Tingyue Diao
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanshou Lei
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Pinpin Long
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xuefeng Lai
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuying Wen
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hao Cai
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lulu Song
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei Ni
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - Youyun Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - Kani Ouyang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - Jingzhi Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Liu
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chaolong Wang
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - An Pan
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China.
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China.
| | - Rui Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Yang Y, Guo L, Yuan J, Xu Z, Gu Y, Zhang J, Guan Y, Liang J, Lu H, Liu Y. Viral and antibody dynamics of acute infection with SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant (B.1.1.529): a prospective cohort study from Shenzhen, China. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e632-e641. [PMID: 37459867 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating viral dynamics within the host is important for designing public health measures against SARS-CoV-2, particularly during the early stages of infection when transmission potential rapidly increases. We aimed to analyse the viral and antibody dynamics of the omicron variant in relation to symptom onset or laboratory confirmation and replication dynamics throughout the infection course. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were admitted to Shenzhen Third People's Hospital (Shenzhen, China) between Jan 11, 2020, and April 24, 2022, were screened for eligibility. We included immunocompetent individuals with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection without antiviral agents targeting SARS-CoV-2. Serial nasopharyngeal swabs and plasma samples were analysed for viral RNAs and specific IgG antibodies of SARS-CoV-2. The comparative viral and antibody kinetics in association with symptom onset or laboratory confirmation and replication dynamics throughout the infection course were calculated by the locally estimated scatterplot smoothing curve fitting polynomial regression. The associations between viral and antibody dynamics and vaccination, age, sex, disease severity, and underlying health conditions were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon method. FINDINGS 15 406 serial nasopharyngeal swabs and 2324 plasma samples were taken from 2043 individuals with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection (n=217 prototype [A.1] and D614G [B.1] variant [wild-type]; n=105 delta variant [B.1.617.2]; n=1721 omicron variant [B.1.1.529]) and were included for the analyses. The mean Ct value of omicron variant on the first day post symptom onset (dpo; defined as the first day post laboratory confirmation in asymptomatic participants) was 22·65 (95% CI 22·05-23·26). Peak viral load was reached with a mean Ct value of 17·63 (17·47-17·79) at a mean of 3·19 dpo (95% CI 3·09-3·28), and viral clearance (Ct values ≥35) was reached at a mean of 13·50 dpo (95% CI 13·32-13·67). Omicron variant showed faster viral replication and clearance than wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and delta variant, and the viral load at the first dpo and the peak viral load was lower than delta variant but higher than wild-type SARS-CoV-2. Age, sex, disease severity, and underlying health conditions were associated with the viral dynamics of omicron variant, with faster viral clearance found in young (aged 0-14 years), male, and asymptomatic participants, and those without underlying health conditions. Replication dynamics thoughout the infection course showed that peak viral load was reached at a mean of 5·06 dpo (4·76-5·36) and viral clearance took a mean of 14·27 days (13·6-14·93) for omicron variant. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG increased earlier and faster to significantly higher concentrations in breakthrough infection than naive infection with omicron variant, despite long intervals (≥7 months) between the last dose of vaccination and infection. INTERPRETATION Our data provide a comprehensive overview of the longitudinal viral and antibody dynamics of omicron variant in people with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, with important implications for public health strategies, including population screening, antiviral treatment, isolation periods, and vaccination. FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China and Emergency Key Program of Guangzhou Laboratory. TRANSLATION For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuchen Gu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Guan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinhu Liang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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Fang C, Yan W, Chen Y, Dou Z, Liu T, Luo F, Chen W, Li X, Chen Y, Wu W, Yuan Z, Niu Y, Wang P, Zhu W, Luo X, Chen T, Bai X, Wang X, Ning Q. Long-term SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody level prediction using multimodal deep learning: A prospective cohort study on longitudinal data in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29036. [PMID: 37621210 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing epidemic of SARS-CoV-2 is taking a substantial financial and health toll on people worldwide. Assessing the level and duration of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (Nab) would provide key information for government to make sound healthcare policies. Assessed at 3-, 6-, 12-, and 18-month postdischarge, we described the temporal change of IgG levels in 450 individuals with moderate to critical COVID-19 infection. Moreover, a data imputation framework combined with a novel deep learning model was implemented to predict the long-term Nab and IgG levels in these patients. Demographic characteristics, inspection reports, and CT scans during hospitalization were used in this model. Interpretability of the model was further validated with Shapely Additive exPlanation (SHAP) and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (GradCAM). IgG levels peaked at 3 months and remained stable in 12 months postdischarge, followed by a significant decline in 18 months postdischarge. However, the Nab levels declined from 6 months postdischarge. By training on the cohort of 450 patients, our long-term antibody prediction (LTAP) model could predict long-term IgG levels with relatively high area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, which far exceeds the performance achievable by commonly used models. Several prognostic factors including FDP levels, the percentages of T cells, B cells and natural killer cells, older age, sex, underlying diseases, and so forth, served as important indicators for IgG prediction. Based on these top 15 prognostic factors identified in IgG prediction, a simplified LTAP model for Nab level prediction was established and achieved an AUC of 0.828, which was 8.9% higher than MLP and 6.6% higher than LSTM. The close correlation between IgG and Nab levels making it possible to predict long-term Nab levels based on the factors selected by our LTAP model. Furthermore, our model identified that coagulation disorders and excessive immune response, which indicate disease severity, are closely related to the production of IgG and Nab. This universal model can be used as routine discharge tests to identify virus-infected individuals at risk for recurrent infection and determine the optimal timing of vaccination for general populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Fang
- School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiming Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuying Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyong Dou
- School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengning Luo
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Weiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xitang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajie Chen
- School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhui Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhize Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxin Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Bai
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Seekircher L, Bánki Z, Kimpel J, Rössler A, Schäfer H, Falkensammer B, Bante D, Forer L, Schönherr S, Harthaller T, Sacher M, Ower C, Tschiderer L, Ulmer H, Krammer F, von Laer D, Borena W, Willeit P. Immune response after two doses of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine and risk of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection in Tyrol, Austria: an open-label, observational phase 4 trial. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e612-e621. [PMID: 37354911 PMCID: PMC10284585 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correlates of protection could help to assess the extent to which a person is protected from SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination (so-called breakthrough infection). We aimed to clarify associations of antibody and T-cell responses after vaccination against COVID-19 with risk of a SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection and whether measurement of these responses enhances risk prediction. METHODS We did an open-label, phase 4 trial in two community centres in the Schwaz district of the Federal State of Tyrol, Austria, before the emergence of the omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of SARS-CoV-2. We included individuals (aged ≥16 years) a mean of 35 days (range 27-43) after they had received a second dose of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) COVID-19 vaccine. We quantified associations between immunological parameters and breakthrough infection and assessed whether information on these parameters improves risk discrimination. The study is registered with the European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials Database, 2021-002030-16. FINDINGS 2760 individuals (1682 [60·9%] female, 1078 [39·1%] male, mean age 47·4 years [SD 14·5]) were enrolled into this study between May 15 and May 21, 2021, 712 (25·8%) of whom had a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Over a median follow-up of 5·9 months, 68 (2·5%) participants had a breakthrough infection. In models adjusted for age, sex, and previous infection, hazard ratios for breakthrough infection for having twice the immunological parameter level at baseline were 0·72 (95% CI 0·60-0·86) for anti-spike IgG, 0·80 (0·70-0·92) for neutralising antibodies in a surrogate virus neutralisation assay, 0·84 (0·58-1·21) for T-cell response after stimulation with a CD4 peptide pool, and 0·77 (0·54-1·08) for T-cell response after stimulation with a combined CD4 and CD8 peptide pool. For neutralising antibodies measured in a nested case-control sample using a pseudotyped virus neutralisation assay, the corresponding odds ratio was 0·78 (0·62-1·00). Among participants with previous infection, the corresponding hazard ratio was 0·73 (0·61-0·88) for anti-nucleocapsid Ig. Addition of anti-spike IgG information to a model containing information on age and sex improved the C-index by 0·085 (0·027-0·143). INTERPRETATION In contrast to T-cell response, higher levels of binding and neutralising antibodies were associated with a reduced risk of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection. The assessment of anti-spike IgG enhances the prediction of incident breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection and could therefore be a suitable correlate of protection in practice. Our phase 4 trial measured both humoral and cellular immunity and had a 6-month follow-up period; however, the longer-term protection against emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Seekircher
- Institute of Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoltán Bánki
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Annika Rössler
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helena Schäfer
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - David Bante
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Forer
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Schönherr
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Teresa Harthaller
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Magdalena Sacher
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cornelia Ower
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lena Tschiderer
- Institute of Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hanno Ulmer
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wegene Borena
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Peter Willeit
- Institute of Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Ignaz Semmelweis Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Infection Research, Vienna, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Liew MY, Mathews JI, Li A, Singh R, Jaramillo SA, Weiss ZF, Bowman K, Ankomah PO, Ghantous F, Lewis GD, Neuringer I, Bitar N, Lipiner T, Dighe AS, Kotton CN, Seaman MS, Lemieux JE, Goldberg MB. Delayed and Attenuated Antibody Responses to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination With Poor Cross-Variant Neutralization in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients-A Prospective Longitudinal Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad369. [PMID: 37577118 PMCID: PMC10414143 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutically immunosuppressed transplant recipients exhibit attenuated responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines. To elucidate the kinetics and variant cross-protection of vaccine-induced antibodies in this population, we conducted a prospective longitudinal study in heart and lung transplant recipients receiving the SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) 3-dose vaccination series. Methods We measured longitudinal serum antibody and neutralization responses against the ancestral and major variants of SARS-CoV-2 in SARS-CoV-2-uninfected lung (n = 18) and heart (n = 17) transplant recipients, non-lung-transplanted patients with cystic fibrosis (n = 7), and healthy controls (n = 12) before, during, and after the primary mRNA vaccination series. Results Among healthy controls, strong anti-spike responses arose immediately following vaccination and displayed cross-neutralization against all variants. In contrast, among transplant recipients, after the first 2 vaccine doses, increases in antibody concentrations occurred gradually, and cross-neutralization was completely absent against the Omicron B.1.1.529 variant. However, most (73%) of the transplant recipients had a significant response to the third vaccine dose, reaching levels comparable to those of healthy controls, with improved but attenuated neutralization of immune evasive variants, particularly Beta, Gamma, and Omicron. Responses in non-lung-transplanted patients with cystic fibrosis paralleled those in healthy controls. Conclusions In this prospective, longitudinal analysis of variant-specific antibody responses, lung and heart transplant recipients display delayed and defective responses to the first 2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses but significantly augmented responses to a third dose. Gaps in antibody-mediated immunity among transplant recipients are compounded by decreased neutralization against Omicron variants, leaving many patients with substantially weakened immunity against currently circulating variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Y Liew
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Josh I Mathews
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rohan Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Salvador A Jaramillo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zoe F Weiss
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathryn Bowman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pierre O Ankomah
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fadi Ghantous
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory D Lewis
- Heart Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Isabel Neuringer
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natasha Bitar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Taryn Lipiner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anand S Dighe
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Camille N Kotton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob E Lemieux
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcia B Goldberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Blyakher MS, Fedorova IM, Tulskaya EA, Kapustin IV, Koteleva SI, Ramazanova ZK, Odintsov EE, Sandalova SV, Novikova LI, Aleshkin AV, Bochkareva SS. [Development and preservation of specific T-cell immunity after COVID-19 or vaccination against this infection]. Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:205-214. [PMID: 37436412 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Aim evaluation of specific T-cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in primary and secondary response to virus antigens by screening method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients were tested 11.5 months after COVID-19 and 610 months before and after vaccination. Healthy volunteers were screened before, 26 times during the vaccination course, and 68 months after revaccination with the Sputnik V vaccine. IgG and IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were detected by ELISA using commercially available kits (Vector-Best, Russia). Antigenic (AG) activation of T cells in the fraction of bloods mononuclear cells was assessed by IFN- production after AG stimulation in the wells of plates from ELISA kits intended for detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Data were processed by MS Excel and Statistica 10.0 software. RESULTS AG-specific T cells were detected in 88.5% of vaccinated healthy volunteers, half of whom were found to have T cells appearing earlier than antibodies to AG. After 6-8 months, the level of AG activation decreases. Following the revaccination, the level of AG activation of memory T cells in vitro increases within six months in 76.9100.0% of vaccinated subjects. On the contrary, after COVID-19, 86.7% of individuals had in their blood the AG-specific T cells with high activity at the time of vaccination. The activity of T cells recognizing the RBD domain of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and the proportion of individuals who had these cells in their blood increased after the vaccination of reconvalescents. CONCLUSION T-cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 antigens has been shown to persist for 6 months after illness. In vaccinated individuals without history of COVID-19, such duration of the preservation of AG-specific T cells in blood was only achieved after the revaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Blyakher
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - I M Fedorova
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - E A Tulskaya
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - I V Kapustin
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - S I Koteleva
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - Z K Ramazanova
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - E E Odintsov
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - S V Sandalova
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - L I Novikova
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - A V Aleshkin
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - S S Bochkareva
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
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Bhanothu V, Munne K, Pande S, Singh P, Jagtap D, Aranha C, Gogoi D, Bhagat S, Gaonkar R, Kerkar S, Shah K, Mukherjee N, Bhor V, Patel V, Mahale SD, Sachdeva G, Begum S. The dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated and vaccinated populations in Mumbai, India, between 28 December 2020 and 30 August 2021. Arch Virol 2023; 168:188. [PMID: 37351663 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05815-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants that could compromise vaccine efficacy (VE) with re-infections in immunized individuals have necessitated continuous surveillance of VE. Here, the occurrence and dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the context of vaccination during the second wave of infection in Mumbai were evaluated. RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values of the open reading frame (ORF)/envelope (E)/nucleocapsid (N) genes obtained from a total of 42415 samples, comprising unvaccinated (96.88%) and vaccinated cases (3.12%) were analyzed between December 28, 2020, and August 30, 2021. A lower incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in fully vaccinated cases (5.07%) compared to partially vaccinated cases (6.5%) and unvaccinated cases (13.453%) was recorded. VE was significant after the first dose of vaccination (ORF gene p-value = 0.003429, and E/N gene p-value = 0.000866). Furthermore, VE was observed to be significant when the post-immunization (first dose) period was stratified to within 30 days (ORF gene p-value = 0.0094 and E/N gene p-value = 0.0023) and to 60 days following the second dose of vaccination (ORF gene p-value = 0.0238). Also, significantly higher efficacy was observed within individuals receiving two doses compared to a single dose (ORF gene p-value = 0.0132 and E/N gene p-value = 0.0387). The emergence of breakthrough infections was also evident (odds ratio= 0.34; 95% confidence interval= 0.27-0.43). Interestingly, viral loads trended towards being higher in some groups of partially vaccinated individuals compared to completely vaccinated and unvaccinated populations. Finally, our results delineated a significantly higher incidence of SARS-CoV-2 acquisition in males, asymptomatic individuals, individuals with comorbidities, and those who were unvaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkanna Bhanothu
- Genetic Research Centre, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India.
| | - Kiran Munne
- Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Shailesh Pande
- Genetic Research Centre, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India.
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Dhanashree Jagtap
- Cellular & Structural Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Clara Aranha
- Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Dimpu Gogoi
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Sharad Bhagat
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Reshma Gaonkar
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Shilpa Kerkar
- Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Karan Shah
- Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Nupur Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Vikrant Bhor
- Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Vainav Patel
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Smita D Mahale
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Geetanjali Sachdeva
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Shahina Begum
- Department of Biostatistics, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
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Hernández-Bello J, Sierra-García-de-Quevedo JJ, Morales-Núñez JJ, Santoscoy-Ascencio G, Díaz-Pérez SA, Gutiérrez-Brito JA, Muñoz-Valle JF. BNT162b2 Vaccination after SARS-CoV-2 Infection Changes the Dynamics of Total and Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2: A 6-Month Prospective Cohort Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1127. [PMID: 37376516 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the dynamics, duration, and production of total and neutralizing antibodies induced by the BNT162b2 vaccine and the possible effect of gender and prior SARS-CoV-2 infection on the generation of these antibodies. Total antibodies were quantified via chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA), and neutralizing antibodies were quantified using the cPass SARS-CoV-2 kit. Individuals with a history of COVID-19 produced twice as many antibodies than vaccinated individuals without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, with an exponential increase observed in just six days. In those without a COVID-19 history, similar antibody production was reached 45 days after vaccination. Although total antibodies decline considerably in the first two months, the neutralizing antibodies and their inhibitory capacity (>96%) persist up to 6 months after the first dose. There was a tendency for higher total antibodies in women than men, but not at the inhibition capacity level. We suggest that the decline in total antibodies should not be considered as an indicator of loss of protective immunity because most antibodies decay two months after the second dose, but neutralizing antibodies remain constant for at least six months. Therefore, these latter antibodies could be better indicators for estimating the time-dependent vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - José Javier Morales-Núñez
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Saúl Alberto Díaz-Pérez
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jesús Alberto Gutiérrez-Brito
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
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Tan CW, Valkenburg SA, Poon LLM, Wang LF. Broad-spectrum pan-genus and pan-family virus vaccines. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:902-916. [PMID: 37321173 PMCID: PMC10265776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the development and clinical application of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated unprecedented vaccine success in a short time frame, it also revealed a limitation of current vaccines in their inability to provide broad-spectrum or universal protection against emerging variants. Broad-spectrum vaccines, therefore, remain a dream and challenge for vaccinology. This review will focus on current and future efforts in developing universal vaccines targeting different viruses at the genus and/or family levels, with a special focus on henipaviruses, influenza viruses, and coronaviruses. It is evident that strategies for developing broad-spectrum vaccines will be virus-genus or family specific, and it is almost impossible to adopt a universal approach for different viruses. On the other hand, efforts in developing broad-spectrum neutralizing monoclonal antibodies have been more successful and it is worth considering broad-spectrum antibody-mediated immunization, or "universal antibody vaccine," as an alternative approach for early intervention for future disease X outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wah Tan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo L M Poon
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Singhealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
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Golec M, Zembala-John J, Fronczek M, Konka A, Bochenek A, Wystyrk K, Botor H, Zalewska M, Chrapiec M, Kasperczyk S, Brzoza Z, Bułdak RJ. Relationship between anthropometric and body composition parameters and anti-SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG titers in females vaccinated against COVID-19 according to the heterologous vaccination course: A cohort study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287128. [PMID: 37310975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this cohort study was to evaluate the relationship between anthropometric and body composition parameters and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers in a group of females who were vaccinated against COVID-19 with two doses of ChAdOx1 vaccine and then boosted with the BNT162b2 vaccine. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study group consisted of 63 women. Basic demographic and clinical data were collected. To assess the anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G titers following the vaccination, five blood draws were performed: 1) before the first dose, 2) before the second dose, 3) 14-21 days after the primary vaccination, 4) before the booster, and 5) 21 days after the booster. Blood samples were analyzed using a two-step enzymatic chemiluminescent assay. Body mass index and body composition were evaluated using bioelectrical impedance analysis. To select the most distinguishing parameters and correlations between anthropometric and body composition parameters and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers, factor analysis using the Principal Component Analysis was conducted. RESULTS Sixty-three females (mean age: 46.52 years) who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. 40 of them (63.50%) participated in the post-booster follow-up. After receiving two doses of the ChAdOx1 vaccine, the study group's anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers were 67.19 ± 77.44 AU/mL (mean ± SD), whereas after receiving a heterologous mRNA booster, the level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers was about three-times higher and amounted to 212.64 ± 146.40 AU/mL (mean ± SD). Our data shows that seropositivity, obesity, non-fat-related, and fat-related body composition parameters all had a significant effect on the level of IgG titer after a two-dose vaccination of ChAdOx1. However, only non-fat-related and fat-related body composition parameters had a significant effect on the IgG titer after booster vaccination. CONCLUSION COVID-19 infection before the first dose of vaccination is not related to IgG titer after booster administration. Body composition has a significant effect on the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG after booster vaccination in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Golec
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Joanna Zembala-John
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Medicine and Environmental Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
- Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Martyna Fronczek
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Adam Konka
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Aneta Bochenek
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Karolina Wystyrk
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | | | - Marzena Zalewska
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Bytom, Poland
| | - Martyna Chrapiec
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kasperczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Zenon Brzoza
- Department of Internal Diseases, Allergology, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Rafał J Bułdak
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
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Radion EI, Mukhin VE, Kholodova AV, Vladimirov IS, Alsaeva DY, Zhdanova AS, Ulasova NY, Bulanova NV, Makarov VV, Keskinov AA, Yudin SM. Functional Characteristics of Serum Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies against Delta and Omicron Variants after Vaccination with Sputnik V. Viruses 2023; 15:1349. [PMID: 37376648 DOI: 10.3390/v15061349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination leads to the production of neutralizing as well as non-neutralizing antibodies. In the current study, we investigated the temporal dynamics of both sides of immunity after vaccination with two doses of Sputnik V against SARS-CoV-2 variants Wuhan-Hu-1 SARS-CoV-2 G614-variant (D614G), B.1.617.2 (Delta), and BA.1 (Omicron). First, we constructed a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus assay to assess the neutralization activity of vaccine sera. We show that serum neutralization activity against BA.1 compared to D614G is decreased by 8.16-, 11.05-, and 11.16- fold in 1, 4, and 6 months after vaccination, respectively. Moreover, previous vaccination did not increase serum neutralization activity against BA.1 in recovered patients. Next, we used the ADMP assay to evaluate the Fc-mediated function of vaccine-induced serum antibodies. Our results show that the antibody-dependent phagocytosis triggered by S-proteins of the D614G, B.1.617.2 and BA.1 variants did not differ significantly in vaccinated individuals. Moreover, the ADMP efficacy was retained over up to 6 months in vaccine sera. Our results demonstrate differences in the temporal dynamics of neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibody functions after vaccination with Sputnik V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta I Radion
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Vladimir E Mukhin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Alyona V Kholodova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Ivan S Vladimirov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Darya Y Alsaeva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Anastasia S Zhdanova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Natalya Y Ulasova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Natalya V Bulanova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Valentin V Makarov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Anton A Keskinov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Sergey M Yudin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
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Marcinkevics R, Silva PN, Hankele AK, Dörnte C, Kadelka S, Csik K, Godbersen S, Goga A, Hasenöhrl L, Hirschi P, Kabakci H, LaPierre MP, Mayrhofer J, Title AC, Shu X, Baiioud N, Bernal S, Dassisti L, Saenz-de-Juano MD, Schmidhauser M, Silvestrelli G, Ulbrich SZ, Ulbrich TJ, Wyss T, Stekhoven DJ, Al-Quaddoomi FS, Yu S, Binder M, Schultheiβ C, Zindel C, Kolling C, Goldhahn J, Seighalani BK, Zjablovskaja P, Hardung F, Schuster M, Richter A, Huang YJ, Lauer G, Baurmann H, Low JS, Vaqueirinho D, Jovic S, Piccoli L, Ciesek S, Vogt JE, Sallusto F, Stoffel M, Ulbrich SE. Machine learning analysis of humoral and cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in young adults. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1158905. [PMID: 37313411 PMCID: PMC10258347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1158905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces B and T cell responses, contributing to virus neutralization. In a cohort of 2,911 young adults, we identified 65 individuals who had an asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and characterized their humoral and T cell responses to the Spike (S), Nucleocapsid (N) and Membrane (M) proteins. We found that previous infection induced CD4 T cells that vigorously responded to pools of peptides derived from the S and N proteins. By using statistical and machine learning models, we observed that the T cell response highly correlated with a compound titer of antibodies against the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD), S and N. However, while serum antibodies decayed over time, the cellular phenotype of these individuals remained stable over four months. Our computational analysis demonstrates that in young adults, asymptomatic and paucisymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections can induce robust and long-lasting CD4 T cell responses that exhibit slower decays than antibody titers. These observations imply that next-generation COVID-19 vaccines should be designed to induce stronger cellular responses to sustain the generation of potent neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charlyn Dörnte
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Sarah Kadelka
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Csik
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Godbersen
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Algera Goga
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lynn Hasenöhrl
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Hirschi
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hasan Kabakci
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mary P. LaPierre
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Mayrhofer
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Xuan Shu
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nouell Baiioud
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Bernal
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Dassisti
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Meret Schmidhauser
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Silvestrelli
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Z. Ulbrich
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thea J. Ulbrich
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Wyss
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J. Stekhoven
- NEXUS Personalized Health Technologies, Zurich & SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, ETH Zurich, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Faisal S. Al-Quaddoomi
- NEXUS Personalized Health Technologies, Zurich & SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, ETH Zurich, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shuqing Yu
- NEXUS Personalized Health Technologies, Zurich & SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, ETH Zurich, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mascha Binder
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christoph Schultheiβ
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Claudia Zindel
- Department of Health Science, Translational Medicine, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kolling
- Department of Health Science, Translational Medicine, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Goldhahn
- Department of Health Science, Translational Medicine, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Frank Hardung
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Marc Schuster
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Anne Richter
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Yi-Ju Huang
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Gereon Lauer
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | | | - Jun Siong Low
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Vaqueirinho
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Jovic
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luca Piccoli
- Humabs BioMed SA, a Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute of Medical Virology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julia E. Vogt
- Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Medical Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Stoffel
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne E. Ulbrich
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Lucane Z, Slisere B, Gersone G, Papirte S, Gailite L, Tretjakovs P, Kurjane N. Cytokine Response Following SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Stimulation in Patients with Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051146. [PMID: 37243231 DOI: 10.3390/v15051146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Predominantly antibody deficiencies (PADs) are inborn disorders characterized by immune dysregulation and increased susceptibility to infections. Response to vaccination, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), may be impaired in these patients, and studies on responsiveness correlates, including cytokine signatures to antigen stimulation, are sparse. In this study, we aimed to describe the spike-specific cytokine response following whole-blood stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides in patients with PAD (n = 16 with common variable immunodeficiency and n = 15 with selective IgA deficiency) and its relationship with the occurrence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during up to 10-month follow-up period. Spike-induced antibody and cytokine production was measured using ELISA (anti-spike IgG, IFN-γ) and xMAP technology (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-15, IL-17A, IL-21, TNF-α, TGF-β1). No difference was found in the production of cytokines between patients with PAD and controls. Anti-spike IgG and cytokine levels did not predict contraction of COVID-19. The only cytokine that distinguished between vaccinated and naturally infected unvaccinated PAD patients was IFN-γ (median 0.64 (IQR = 1.08) in vaccinated vs. 0.10 (IQR = 0.28) in unvaccinated). This study describes the spike-specific cytokine response to SARS-CoV-2 antigens, which is not predictive of contracting COVID-19 during the follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Lucane
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Baiba Slisere
- The Joint Laboratory, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Internal Diseases, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Gita Gersone
- Department of Human Physiology and Biochemistry, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Sindija Papirte
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Linda Gailite
- Scientific Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Peteris Tretjakovs
- Department of Human Physiology and Biochemistry, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Natalja Kurjane
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Outpatient Clinic, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
- Outpatient Clinic, Children's Clinical University Hospital, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
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Naveca FG, Nascimento VA, Nascimento F, Ogrzewalska M, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Araújo MF, Arantes I, Batista ÉR, Magalhães AÁ, Vinhal F, Mattos TP, Riediger I, Debur MDC, Grinsztejn B, Veloso VG, Brasil P, Rodrigues RR, Rovaris DB, Fernandes SB, Fernandes C, Santos JHA, Abdalla LF, Costa-Filho R, Silva M, Souza V, Costa ÁA, Mejía M, Brandão MJ, Gonçalves LF, Silva GA, de Jesus MS, Pessoa K, Corado ADLG, Duarte DCG, Machado AB, Zukeram KDA, Valente N, Lopes RS, Pereira EC, Appolinario LR, Rocha AS, Tort LFL, Sekizuka T, Itokawa K, Hashino M, Kuroda M, Dezordi FZ, Wallau GL, Delatorre E, Gräf T, Siqueira MM, Bello G, Resende PC. SARS-CoV-2 intra-host diversity, antibody response, and disease severity after reinfection by the variant of concern Gamma in Brazil. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7306. [PMID: 37147348 PMCID: PMC10160723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern (VOC) Gamma in Amazonas during early 2021 fueled a second large COVID-19 epidemic wave and raised concern about the potential role of reinfections. Very few cases of reinfection associated with the VOC Gamma have been reported to date, and their potential impact on clinical, immunological, and virological parameters remains largely unexplored. Here we describe 25 cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in Brazil. SARS-CoV-2 genomic analysis confirmed that individuals were primo-infected with distinct viral lineages between March and December 2020 (B.1.1, B.1.1.28, B.1.1.33, B.1.195, and P.2) and reinfected with the VOC Gamma between 3 to 12 months after primo-infection. We found a similar mean cycle threshold (Ct) value and limited intra-host viral diversity in both primo-infection and reinfection samples. Sera of 14 patients tested 10-75 days after reinfection displayed detectable neutralizing antibodies (NAb) titers against SARS-CoV-2 variants that circulated before (B.1.*), during (Gamma), and after (Delta and Omicron) the second epidemic wave in Brazil. All individuals had milder or no symptoms after reinfection, and none required hospitalization. These findings demonstrate that individuals reinfected with the VOC Gamma may display relatively high RNA viral loads at the upper respiratory tract after reinfection, thus contributing to onward viral transmissions. Despite this, our study points to a low overall risk of severe Gamma reinfections, supporting that the abrupt increase in hospital admissions and deaths observed in Amazonas and other Brazilian states during the Gamma wave was mostly driven by primary infections. Our findings also indicate that most individuals analyzed developed a high anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAb response after reinfection that may provide some protection against reinfection or disease by different SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Gomes Naveca
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Valdinete Alves Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Maria Ogrzewalska
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mia Ferreira Araújo
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ighor Arantes
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Tirza Peixoto Mattos
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Amazonas (LACEN-AM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Irina Riediger
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Paraná (LACEN-PR) Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Debur
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Paraná (LACEN-PR) Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valdiléa G Veloso
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Darcita Buerger Rovaris
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Santa Catarina (LACEN-SC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Sandra Bianchini Fernandes
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Santa Catarina (LACEN-SC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Fernandes
- Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas-Dra Rosemary Costa Pinto, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marineide Silva
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Amazonas (LACEN-AM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Victor Souza
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ágatha Araújo Costa
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Matilde Mejía
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Maria Júlia Brandão
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Luciana Fé Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
- Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas-Dra Rosemary Costa Pinto, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - George Allan Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Michele Silva de Jesus
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Karina Pessoa
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - André de Lima Guerra Corado
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Debora Camila Gomes Duarte
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Machado
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ketiuce de Azevedo Zukeram
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Natalia Valente
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata Serrano Lopes
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elisa Cavalcante Pereira
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Reis Appolinario
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alice Sampaio Rocha
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Lopez Tort
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kentaro Itokawa
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Masanori Hashino
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | | | - Gabriel Luz Wallau
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Edson Delatorre
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tiago Gräf
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Marilda Mendonça Siqueira
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paola Cristina Resende
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Owusu-Boaitey N, Russell TW, Meyerowitz-Katz G, Levin AT, Herrera-Esposito D. Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 seroassay sensitivity: a systematic review and modelling study. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2200809. [PMID: 37227301 PMCID: PMC10283460 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.21.2200809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSerological surveys have been the gold standard to estimate numbers of SARS-CoV-2 infections, the dynamics of the epidemic, and disease severity. Serological assays have decaying sensitivity with time that can bias their results, but there is a lack of guidelines to account for this phenomenon for SARS-CoV-2.AimOur goal was to assess the sensitivity decay of seroassays for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections, the dependence of this decay on assay characteristics, and to provide a simple method to correct for this phenomenon.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of SARS-CoV-2 serology studies. We included studies testing previously diagnosed, unvaccinated individuals, and excluded studies of cohorts highly unrepresentative of the general population (e.g. hospitalised patients).ResultsOf the 488 screened studies, 76 studies reporting on 50 different seroassays were included in the analysis. Sensitivity decay depended strongly on the antigen and the analytic technique used by the assay, with average sensitivities ranging between 26% and 98% at 6 months after infection, depending on assay characteristics. We found that a third of the included assays departed considerably from manufacturer specifications after 6 months.ConclusionsSeroassay sensitivity decay depends on assay characteristics, and for some types of assays, it can make manufacturer specifications highly unreliable. We provide a tool to correct for this phenomenon and to assess the risk of decay for a given assay. Our analysis can guide the design and interpretation of serosurveys for SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens and quantify systematic biases in the existing serology literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Owusu-Boaitey
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Timothy W Russell
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew T Levin
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
- National Bureau for Economic Research, Cambridge, United States
- Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Herrera-Esposito
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro Interdisciplinario en Ciencia de Datos y Aprendizaje Automático, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Syrimi N, Sourri F, Giannakopoulou MC, Karamanis D, Pantousas A, Georgota P, Rokka E, Vladeni Z, Tsiantoula E, Soukara E, Lavda N, Gkaragkanis D, Zisaki A, Vakalidis P, Goula V, Loupou E, Palaiodimos L, Hatzigeorgiou D. Humoral and Cellular Response and Associated Variables Nine Months following BNT162b2 Vaccination in Healthcare Workers. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093172. [PMID: 37176612 PMCID: PMC10179201 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to illustrate the trajectory of humoral and cellular immunity nine months after primary vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine among 189 healthcare workers (HCWs). Additionally, we endeavored to identify correlations between immunity parameters and a number of common variables and comorbidities. A total of 189 healthcare workers (HCWs), vaccinated against COVID-19, were finally included in the study. All of the subjects had received two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine; had undergone antibody tests one, four and nine months post-vaccination; and had completed a medical questionnaire. Further samples taken at nine months were tested for cellular immunity. No participants had evidence of COVID-19 infection pre- or post-vaccination. An anti-S1 receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody assay was used to assess humoral response, and cellular immunity was estimated with an INF-γ release assay (IGRA). Statistical analysis was performed using STATA. We report a statistically significant antibody drop over time. Being above the age of 40 or a smoker reduces the rise of antibodies by 37% and 28%, respectively. More than half of the participants did not demonstrate T-cell activation at nine months. Female gender and antibody levels at four months predispose detection of cellular immunity at nine months post-immunization. This study furthers the qualitative, quantitative, and temporal understanding of the immune response to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine and the effect of correlated factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Syrimi
- Paediatric Department, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Flora Sourri
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Christina Giannakopoulou
- COVID-19 Ward, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
- Medical Directorate, Hellenic National and Defence General Staff, Mesogeion 227-231, 15561 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Karamanis
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, 65 Bergen St., Newark, NJ 07107, USA
- Department of Economics, University of Piraeus, Karaoli and Dimitriou 80, 18534 Piraeus, Greece
| | - Asterios Pantousas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece
| | - Persefoni Georgota
- Immunology Laboratory, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Rokka
- Oncology Ward, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Zoe Vladeni
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Euaggelia Tsiantoula
- Biochemistry Laboratory, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Soukara
- COVID-19 Ward, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Lavda
- COVID-19 Ward, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gkaragkanis
- COVID-19 Ward, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Zisaki
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Vakalidis
- Biochemistry Laboratory, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Goula
- Biochemistry Laboratory, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Evdokia Loupou
- Biochemistry Laboratory, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Palaiodimos
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Dimitrios Hatzigeorgiou
- Medical Directorate, Hellenic National and Defence General Staff, Mesogeion 227-231, 15561 Athens, Greece
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47
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Montgomerie I, Bird TW, Palmer OR, Mason NC, Pankhurst TE, Lawley B, Hernández LC, Harfoot R, Authier-Hall A, Anderson DE, Hilligan KL, Buick KH, Mbenza NM, Mittelstädt G, Maxwell S, Sinha S, Kuang J, Subbarao K, Parker EJ, Sher A, Hermans IF, Ussher JE, Quiñones-Mateu ME, Comoletti D, Connor LM. Incorporation of SARS-CoV-2 spike NTD to RBD protein vaccine improves immunity against viral variants. iScience 2023; 26:106256. [PMID: 36845030 PMCID: PMC9940465 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants pose a threat to human health worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD)-based vaccines are suitable candidates for booster vaccines, eliciting a focused antibody response enriched for virus neutralizing activity. Although RBD proteins are manufactured easily, and have excellent stability and safety properties, they are poorly immunogenic compared to the full-length spike protein. We have overcome this limitation by engineering a subunit vaccine composed of an RBD tandem dimer fused to the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the spike protein. We found that inclusion of the NTD (1) improved the magnitude and breadth of the T cell and anti-RBD response, and (2) enhanced T follicular helper cell and memory B cell generation, antibody potency, and cross-reactive neutralization activity against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants, including B.1.1.529 (Omicron BA.1). In summary, our uniquely engineered RBD-NTD-subunit protein vaccine provides a promising booster vaccination strategy capable of protecting against known SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Montgomerie
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Thomas W Bird
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Olga R Palmer
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Blair Lawley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Leonor C Hernández
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri Harfoot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Danielle E Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kerry L Hilligan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kaitlin H Buick
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Naasson M Mbenza
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gerd Mittelstädt
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Samara Maxwell
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Shubhra Sinha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joanna Kuang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily J Parker
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Alan Sher
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ian F Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - James E Ussher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Miguel E Quiñones-Mateu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Webster Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Davide Comoletti
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lisa M Connor
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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Cavic M, Nesic A, Mirjacic Martinovic K, Vuletic A, Besu Zizak I, Tisma Miletic N, Krivokuca A, Jankovic R, Gavrovic-Jankulovic M. Detection of humoral and cellular immune response to anti-SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine in breastfeeding women and naïve and previously infected individuals. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6271. [PMID: 37069315 PMCID: PMC10109231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored humoral and cellular responses to anti-SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in breastfeeding women and naïve and seropositive individuals in the first six months after vaccination.Sixty-one volunteers vaccinated with two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine were enrolled in the study. In-house developed ELISA was used for the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific antibodies. Cell surface marker expression and intracellular IFN-γ analysis were carried out by flow cytometry. The concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-6 and TNF were determined by ELISA. A significant rise in anti-RBD IgG antibody levels was observed 14 days after the first vaccine dose (p < 0.0001) in serum and milk. The expression of CD28 on CD4+ T cells was significantly higher compared to baseline (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in B cell lymphocyte subset after revaccination, and increased percentage of CD80+ B cells. The expression of IFN-γ in peripheral blood lymphocytes, CD3+ T cells and serum was significantly increased (p < 0.05). No significant difference in immune response was observed between breastfeeding women and other study participants. The anti-SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine-induced measurable and durable immune response in breastfeeding women and in naïve and previously infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Cavic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Andrijana Nesic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Mirjacic Martinovic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Vuletic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irina Besu Zizak
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Tisma Miletic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Krivokuca
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Radmila Jankovic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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49
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Solforosi L, Costes LMM, Tolboom JTBM, McMahan K, Anioke T, Hope D, Murdza T, Sciacca M, Bouffard E, Barrett J, Wu C, Hachmann N, Miller J, Yu J, He X, Jacob-Dolan C, Huber SKR, Dekking L, Chamanza R, Choi Y, Boer KFD, Barouch DH, Schuitemaker H, Zahn RC, Wegmann F. Booster with Ad26.COV2.S or Omicron-adapted vaccine enhanced immunity and efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron in macaques. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1944. [PMID: 37029141 PMCID: PMC10080532 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Omicron spike (S) encoding vaccines as boosters, are a potential strategy to improve COVID-19 vaccine efficacy against Omicron. Here, macaques (mostly females) previously immunized with Ad26.COV2.S, are boosted with Ad26.COV2.S, Ad26.COV2.S.529 (encoding Omicron BA.1 S) or a 1:1 combination of both vaccines. All booster vaccinations elicit a rapid antibody titers increase against WA1/2020 and Omicron S. Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 antibody responses are most effectively boosted by vaccines including Ad26.COV2.S.529. Independent of vaccine used, mostly WA1/2020-reactive or WA1/2020-Omicron BA.1 cross-reactive B cells are detected. Ad26.COV2.S.529 containing boosters provide only slightly higher protection of the lower respiratory tract against Omicron BA.1 challenge compared with Ad26.COV2.S-only booster. Antibodies and cellular immune responses are identified as complementary correlates of protection. Overall, a booster with an Omicron-spike based vaccine provide only moderately improved immune responses and protection compared with the original Wuhan-Hu-1-spike based vaccine, which still provide robust immune responses and protection against Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lea M M Costes
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Katherine McMahan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tochi Anioke
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Hope
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tetyana Murdza
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michaela Sciacca
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Bouffard
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia Barrett
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cindy Wu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Hachmann
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Miller
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuan He
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Jacob-Dolan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Ronnie Chamanza
- Non-Clinical Safety Toxicology/Pathology, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ying Choi
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Roland C Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Frank Wegmann
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, Netherlands.
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50
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Horndler L, Delgado P, Romero-Pinedo S, Quesada M, Balabanov I, Laguna-Goya R, Almendro-Vázquez P, Llamas MA, Fresno M, Paz-Artal E, van Santen HM, Álvarez-Fernández S, Olmo A, Alarcón B. Decreased breadth of the antibody response to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 after repeated vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1157263. [PMID: 37081876 PMCID: PMC10111966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1157263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The rapid development of vaccines to prevent COVID-19 has raised the need to compare the capacity of different vaccines in terms of developing a protective humoral response. Previous studies have shown inconsistent results in this area, highlighting the importance of further research to evaluate the efficacy of different vaccines. Methods This study utilized a highly sensitive and reliable flow cytometry method to measure the titers of IgG1 isotype antibodies in the blood of healthy volunteers after receiving one or two doses of various vaccines administered in Spain. The method was also used to simultaneously measure the reactivity of antibodies to the S protein of the original Wuhan strain and variants B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.617.2 (Delta), and B.1.617.1 (Kappa). Results Significant differences were observed in the titer of anti-S antibodies produced after a first dose of the vaccines ChAdOx1 nCov-19/AstraZeneca, mRNA-1273/Moderna, BNT162b2/Pfizer-BioNTech, and Ad26.COV.S/Janssen. Furthermore, a relative reduction in the reactivity of the sera with the Alpha, Delta, and Kappa variants, compared to the Wuhan strain, was observed after the second boosting immunization. Discussion The findings of this study provide a comparison of different vaccines in terms of anti-S antibody generation and cast doubts on the convenience of repeated immunization with the same S protein sequence. The multiplexed capacity of the flow cytometry method utilized in this study allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy of various vaccines in generating a protective humoral response. Future research could focus on the implications of these findings for the development of effective COVID-19 vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Horndler
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Delgado
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ivaylo Balabanov
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Laguna-Goya
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hisse M. van Santen
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Balbino Alarcón
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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