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Gupta V, Ncho CM, Goel A, Jeong CM, Choi YH. In ovo feeding of α-ketoglutaric acid improves hepatic antioxidant-gene expression, plasma antioxidant activities and decreases body temperature without affecting broiler body weight under cyclic heat stress. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103749. [PMID: 38670054 PMCID: PMC11066556 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The broiler industry is adversely affected by the rise in global temperature. This study investigated the effects of in ovo feeding of α-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) on growth performance, organ weight, plasma metabolite, plasma oxidative stress, rectal temperature (RT), and hepatic mRNA expression of antioxidant-related genes in Arbor Acres broilers subjected to cyclic heat stress (HS). Three hundred fifty fertile eggs during incubation were divided into 5 groups according to AKG concentrations and temperature conditions. After dissolving AKG in distilled water at 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5, 0% AKG was in ovo administered to 2 of the 5 groups whereas the remaining 3 groups received 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%, respectively. From d 29 to 34 of age, 4 groups of birds received heat stress (HS) at 31°C ± 1°C for 6 h per day while the other group was kept at room temperature (21°C ± 1°C; NT). So, the 5 treatment groups were: 1) 0AKG-NT, where chicks hatched from eggs receiving 0% AKG were reared under thermoneutral conditions. 2) 0AKG-HS, where chicks hatched from eggs receiving 0% AKG were reared under cyclic HS conditions. 3) 0.5AKG-HS, where chicks hatched from eggs receiving 0.5% AKG were reared under cyclic HS conditions. 4) 1.0AKG-HS, where chicks hatched from eggs receiving 1.0% AKG were reared under cyclic HS conditions. 5) 1.5AKG-HS, where chicks hatched from eggs receiving 1.5% AKG were reared under cyclic HS conditions. HS significantly reduced body weight change (ΔBW %) and average daily gain (ADG) without affecting average daily feed intake (ADFI). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly increased (P = 0.003) in all HS-treated groups. A significant linear decrease in the final RT (P = 0.005) and a change in RT (P = 0.003) were detected with increasing AKG concentration. Total antioxidant capacity (P = 0.029) and antioxidant balance (P = 0.001) in plasma increased linearly with increasing AKG concentration whereas malondialdehyde concentrations were linearly decreased (P = 0.001). Hepatic gene expression of CAT (P = 0.026) and GPX1 (P = 0.001) were dose-dependently upregulated while nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX)1, NOX4, and heat shock protein (HSP)70 were linearly downregulated (P < 0.05). Hence, in ovo injection of AKG was effective in mitigating HS-induced oxidative stress without attenuating the adverse effects on broiler growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Gupta
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Four Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Chris Major Ncho
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Akshat Goel
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Mi Jeong
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Four Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Ho Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Four Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
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Wang Y, Jin X, Wu Q. Enhancing Heat-Related Illness and Injury Management in the ICU with a Focus on Gastrointestinal Injury. Crit Care Med 2024; 52:e325-e326. [PMID: 38752824 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000006250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yucong Wang
- All authors: Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Wang YC, Jin XY, Lei Z, Liu XJ, Liu Y, Zhang BG, Gong J, Wang LT, Shi LY, Wan DY, Fu X, Wang LP, Ma AJ, Cheng YS, Yang J, He M, Jin XD, Kang Y, Wang B, Zhang ZW, Wu Q. Gastrointestinal manifestations of critical ill heatstroke patients and their associations with outcomes: A multicentre, retrospective, observational study. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:346-366. [PMID: 38313238 PMCID: PMC10835541 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i4.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extreme heat exposure is a growing health problem, and the effects of heat on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is unknown. This study aimed to assess the incidence of GI symptoms associated with heatstroke and its impact on outcomes. AIM To assess the incidence of GI symptoms associated with heatstroke and its impact on outcomes. METHODS Patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to heatstroke were included from 83 centres. Patient history, laboratory results, and clinically relevant outcomes were recorded at ICU admission and daily until up to day 15, ICU discharge, or death. GI symptoms, including nausea/vomiting, diarrhoea, flatulence, and bloody stools, were recorded. The characteristics of patients with heatstroke concomitant with GI symptoms were described. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to determine significant predictors of GI symptoms. RESULTS A total of 713 patients were included in the final analysis, of whom 132 (18.5%) patients had at least one GI symptom during their ICU stay, while 26 (3.6%) suffered from more than one symptom. Patients with GI symptoms had a significantly higher ICU stay compared with those without. The mortality of patients who had two or more GI symptoms simultaneously was significantly higher than that in those with one GI symptom. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that older patients with a lower GCS score on admission were more likely to experience GI symptoms. CONCLUSION The GI manifestations of heatstroke are common and appear to impact clinically relevant hospitalization outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cong Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xin-Yang Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Zheng Lei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Ziyang City, Ziyang 641399, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jiao Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Guanghan City, Chengdu 618399, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Lezhi County Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chengdu 641599, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bang-Guo Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Qingbaijiang District People's Hospital, Chengdu 610399, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jian Gong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ziyang People's Hospital, Chengdu 641399, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lie-Tao Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lv-Yuan Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ding-Yuan Wan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xin Fu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lu-Ping Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ai-Jia Ma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi-Song Cheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Jin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Kang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qin Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Ricci C, Serbassi F, Alberici L, Ingaldi C, Gaetani L, De Raffele E, Pironi L, Sasdelli AS, Mosconi C, Di Marco MC, Casadei R. Immunonutrition in patients who underwent major abdominal surgery: A comprehensive systematic review and component network metanalysis using GRADE and CINeMA approaches. Surgery 2023; 174:1401-1409. [PMID: 37775395 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of immunonutrition in patients who underwent major abdominal surgery have been recently established, but the optimal combination of immunonutrients has remained unclear. The aim is to clarify this point. METHODS A systematic search of randomized clinical trials about immunonutrition in major abdominal surgery was made. A frequentist random-effects component network meta-analysis was conducted, reporting the P score and odds ratio or mean difference with a 95% confidence interval. The best components and best plausible strategies were described. The critical endpoints were morbidity and mortality rates. The important endpoints were infectious complication rate and length of stay. RESULTS The meta-analysis includes 87 studies and 8,375 patients. The best approach for morbidity rate, with a moderate grade of certainty, was the use of perioperative enteral/oral immunonutrition with arginine, glutamine, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (odds ratio 0.32; 0.10 to 0.98; P score of 0.93). The mortality rate was reduced by postoperative enteral immunonutrition with RNA, arginine, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (odds ratio 59; 0.29 to 1.22; P score 0.84) but with a low grade of certainty. No significant heterogeneity or incoherence is observed. The length of stay and infectious results are "at risk" for high heterogeneity or network meta-analysis incoherence. The component analysis confirmed that postoperative oral/enteral use of 2 or 3 components is crucial to reducing morbidity rate. CONCLUSION The oral/enteral immunonutrition in the postoperative period, with multiple immunonutrients, can reduce the morbidity rate in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. The effect of immunonutrition on mortality, infectious disease, and length of stay is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Ricci
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesco Serbassi
- Biology of the Health Faculty, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Alberici
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Ingaldi
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Gaetani
- Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Emilio De Raffele
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Italy
| | - Loris Pironi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy; Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Unit, Centre for Chronic Intestinal Failure, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Simona Sasdelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy; Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Unit, Centre for Chronic Intestinal Failure, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Mosconi
- Division of Interventional Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Di Marco
- Division of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Casadei
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy
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Ricci C, Serbassi F, Alberici L, Ingaldi C, Eusebi LH, De Raffele E, Pironi L, Sasdelli AS, Mosconi C, Vicennati V, Casadei R. Value of immunonutrition in patients undergoing pancreatic resection: a trial sequential meta-analysis. HPB (Oxford) 2023; 25:1151-1160. [PMID: 37328364 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of immunonutrition (IM) in patients who underwent pancreatic surgery are unclear. METHODS A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing IM with standard nutrition (SN) in pancreatic surgery was carried out. A random-effects trial sequential meta-analysis was made, reporting Risk Ratio (RR), mean difference (MD), and required information size (RIS). If RIS was reached, false negative (type II error) and positive results (type I error) could be excluded. The endpoints were morbidity, mortality, infectious complication, postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) rates, and length of stay (LOS). RESULTS The meta-analysis includes 6 RCTs and 477 patients. Morbidity (RR 0.77; 0.26 to 2.25), mortality (RR 0.90; 0.76 to 1.07), and POPF rates were similar. The RISs were 17,316, 7,417, and 464,006, suggesting a type II error. Infectious complications were lower in the IM group, with a RR of 0.54 (0.36-0.79; 95 CI). The LOS was shorter in IM (MD -0.3 days; -0.6 to -0.1). For both, the RISs were reached, excluding type I error. CONCLUSION The IM can reduce infectious complications and LOS The small differences in mortality, morbidity, and POPF make it impossible to exclude type II error due to large RISs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Ricci
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesco Serbassi
- Grad Student in Biology of the Health Faculty, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Alberici
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Italy
| | - Carlo Ingaldi
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Italy
| | - Leonardo H Eusebi
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Italy; Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Italy
| | - Emilio De Raffele
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Italy
| | - Loris Pironi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy; Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Unit - Centre for Chronic Intestinal Failure, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Italy
| | - Anna S Sasdelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy; Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Unit - Centre for Chronic Intestinal Failure, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Italy
| | - Cristina Mosconi
- Division of Interventional Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Italy
| | - Valentina Vicennati
- Division of Endocrinology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Casadei
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy
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Beheshti M, Neisi N, Parsanahad M, Rasti M, Nashibi R, Cheraghian B. Correlation of vitamin D levels with serum parameters in Covid-19 patients. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 55:325-331. [PMID: 37202065 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well-established that vitamins have many beneficial roles and protect humans against inflammatory diseases. Vitamin D, a lipid-soluble vitamin, plays a crucial role in viral infections. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate if serum 25(OH)D levels affect morbidity, mortality, and levels of inflammatory parameters in COVID-19 patients. METHODS 140 COVID-19 patients participated in this study (65 outpatients and 75 inpatients). Their blood samples were collected to determine TNFα, IL-6, D-dimer, zinc, Ca2+, and 25(OH)D levels. Patients with O2 saturation <93% were admitted and hospitalized in the infectious disease ward (inpatient group). Patients with O2 saturation >93% received routine treatment and were discharged (Outpatient group). RESULTS The serum levels of 25(OH)D in the inpatient group were significantly lower than those in the outpatient group (p < 0.001). Serum TNF-α, IL-6, and D-dimer levels in the inpatient group were significantly higher than those in the outpatient group (p < 0.001). Serum TNF-α, IL-6, and D-dimer levels were inversely correlated with 25(OH)D levels. No significant differences were observed in the serum levels of zinc and Ca2+ between the studied groups (p = 0.96, p = 0.41 respectively). Ten out of 75 patients in the inpatient group were admitted to ICU (intubated). Nine out of them lost their lives (the mortality rate in ICU-admitted patients was 90%). CONCLUSIONS The lower mortality and severity of COVID-19 patients with higher 25(OH)D levels represented that this vitamin alleviates the severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Beheshti
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Department of Medical Virology, The School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Niloofar Neisi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Department of Medical Virology, The School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Parsanahad
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Department of Medical Virology, The School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Rasti
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Roohangiz Nashibi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Ward, Razi Teaching Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bahman Cheraghian
- Alimentary Tract Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Rentería LI, Zheng X, Valera I, Machin DR, Garcia CK, Leon LR, Laitano O. Ovariectomy aggravates the pathophysiological response to exertional heat stroke in mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:1224-1231. [PMID: 37022961 PMCID: PMC10151055 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00092.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Female mice have a greater capacity for exercising in the heat than male mice, reaching greater power output and longer times of heat exposure before succumbing to exertional heat stroke (EHS). Differences in body mass, size, or testosterone do not explain these distinct sex responses. Whether the ovaries could account for the superior exercise capacity in the heat in females remains unknown. Here, we determined the influence of ovariectomy (OVX) on exercise capacity in the heat, thermoregulation, intestinal damage, and heat shock response in a mouse EHS model. We performed bilateral OVX (n = 10) or sham (n = 8) surgeries in young adult (4 mo) female C57/BL6J mice. Upon recovery from surgeries, mice exercised on a forced wheel placed inside an environmental chamber set at 37.5 °C and 40% relative humidity until experiencing loss of consciousness (LOC). Terminal experiments were performed 3 h after LOC. OVX increased body mass by the time of EHS (sham = 3.8 ± 1.1, OVX = 8.3 ± 3.2 g, P < 0.05), resulted in shorter running distance (sham = 753 ± 189, OVX = 490 ± 87 m, P < 0.05), and shorter time to LOC (sham = 126.3 ± 21, OVX = 99.1 ± 19.8 min, P < 0.05). Histopathological assessment of the intestines revealed damage in the jejunum (sham = 0.2 ± 0.7, OVX = 2.1 ± 1.7 AU, P < 0.05) and ileum (sham = 0.3 ± 0.5, OVX = 1.8 ± 1.4 AU, P < 0.05). OVX increased mesenteric microvascular density (sham = 101 ± 25, OVX = 156 ± 66 10-2 mm/mm2, P < 0.05) and decreased concentration of circulatory heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) (sham = 26.7 ± 15.8, OVX = 10.3 ± 4.6 ng/mL, P < 0.05). No differences were observed in cytokines or chemokines between groups. Our findings indicate that OVX aggravates the pathophysiological response to EHS in mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Females outperform males in a mouse model of exertional heat stroke (EHS). Here, we show for the first time the impact of ovariectomy (OVX) on EHS pathophysiology. OVX resulted in a shorter exercise capacity in the heat, greater intestinal damage, and lower heat shock response following EHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana I Rentería
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Xiangyu Zheng
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Isela Valera
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Daniel R Machin
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Christian K Garcia
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
- College of Health and Human Performance, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Lisa R Leon
- College of Health and Human Performance, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Orlando Laitano
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
- College of Health and Human Performance, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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King MA, Grosche A, Ward SM, Ward JA, Sasidharan A, Mayer TA, Plamper ML, Xu X, Ward MD, Clanton TL, Vidyasagar S. Amino acid solution mitigates hypothermia response and intestinal damage following exertional heat stroke in male mice. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15681. [PMID: 37217446 PMCID: PMC10202825 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased gut permeability is implicated in the initiation and extent of the cytokine inflammatory response associated with exertional heat stroke (EHS). The primary objective of this study was to determine if a five amino acid oral rehydration solution (5AAS), specifically designed for the protection of the gastrointestinal lining, would prolong time to EHS, maintain gut function and dampen the systemic inflammatory response (SIR) measured during EHS recovery. Male C57/BL6J mice instrumented with radiotelemetry were gavaged with 150 μL of 5AAS or H2 O, and ≈12 h later were either exposed to an EHS protocol where mice exercised in a 37.5°C environmental chamber to a self-limiting maximum core temperature (Tc,max) or performed the exercise control (EXC) protocol (25°C). 5AAS pretreatment attenuated hypothermia depth and length (p < 0.005), which are indicators of EHS severity during recovery, without any effect on physical performance or thermoregulatory responses in the heat as determined by percent body weight lost (≈9%), max speed (≈6 m/min), distance (≈700 m), time to Tc,max (≈160 min), thermal area (≈550°C∙min), and Tc,max (42.2°C). EHS groups treated with 5AAS showed a significant decrease in gut transepithelial conductance, decreased paracellular permeability, increased villus height, increased electrolyte absorption and changes in tight junction protein expression pattern suggestive of improved barrier integrity (p < 0.05). No differences were witnessed between EHS groups in acute phase response markers of liver, circulating SIR markers, or indicators of organ damage during recovery. These results suggest that a 5AAS improves Tc regulation during EHS recovery through maintaining mucosal function and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. King
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine DivisionUnited States Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Astrid Grosche
- Radiation OncologyUniversity of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Shauna M. Ward
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine DivisionUnited States Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jermaine A. Ward
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine DivisionUnited States Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Anusree Sasidharan
- Radiation OncologyUniversity of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Thomas A. Mayer
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine DivisionUnited States Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Mark L. Plamper
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine DivisionUnited States Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Radiation OncologyUniversity of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Matthew D. Ward
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine DivisionUnited States Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Thomas L. Clanton
- Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Sadasivan Vidyasagar
- Radiation OncologyUniversity of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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Effects of high-/low-temperature and high-altitude hypoxic environments on gut microbiota of sports people: A retrospective analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
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10
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Tan GHC, Chia CS, Wong JSM, Ong WS, Zhu HY, Ong CAJ, Teo MCC. Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating Perioperative Immunonutrition for Patients Undergoing Cytoreductive Surgery (CRS) and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC). Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:777-789. [PMID: 36180619 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-12509-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunonutrition has been shown to reduce hospital stay and postoperative morbidity in patients undergoing gastrointestinal, and head and neck surgery. However, its use has not been demonstrated in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS-HIPEC). This study aims to determine the effectiveness of perioperative immunonutrition on patients undergoing CRS-HIPEC in reducing length of hospitalization and postoperative complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS From April 2017 to December 2018, patients undergoing CRS-HIPEC for peritoneal metastases in a single center were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial. Patients with evidence of intestinal obstruction or with diabetes mellitus were excluded. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 fashion to receive perioperative oral immunonutrition or standard nutritional feeds. Length of hospital stay and rates of wound infection and complications were recorded and compared between the two groups in an intention-to-treat manner. RESULTS A total of 62 patients were recruited and randomized into two groups. Compliance to nutritional feeds in the preoperative period was significantly higher in the standard nutrition group (95.2% versus 75.4%, p = 0.004). There was no difference in postoperative compliance rates. Length of hospital stay and rates of wound infection and postoperative complications were higher in the standard nutrition group when compared with patients on immunonutrition (15.5 versus 11.1 days, p = 0.186; 19% versus 9.7%, p = 0.473; 16% versus 9.7%, p = 0.653; respectively). CONCLUSIONS Patients undergoing CRS-HIPEC who received perioperative immunonutrition had shorter hospitalization and less wound infections and postoperative complications, although the differences with the standard nutrition group were not statistically significant. Potential benefits of perioperative immunonutrition need to be further evaluated in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hwei Ching Tan
- Department of Sarcoma, Peritoneal and Rare Tumours (SPRinT), Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Sarcoma, Peritoneal and Rare Tumours (SPRinT), Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Claramae Shulyn Chia
- Department of Sarcoma, Peritoneal and Rare Tumours (SPRinT), Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Sarcoma, Peritoneal and Rare Tumours (SPRinT), Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Program, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Clinical Trials & Epidemiological Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jolene Si Min Wong
- Department of Sarcoma, Peritoneal and Rare Tumours (SPRinT), Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Sarcoma, Peritoneal and Rare Tumours (SPRinT), Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Program, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Clinical Trials & Epidemiological Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Whee Sze Ong
- Division of Clinical Trials & Epidemiological Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong-Yuan Zhu
- Department of Sarcoma, Peritoneal and Rare Tumours (SPRinT), Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Sarcoma, Peritoneal and Rare Tumours (SPRinT), Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Laboratory of Applied Human Genetics, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chin-Ann Johnny Ong
- Department of Sarcoma, Peritoneal and Rare Tumours (SPRinT), Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Sarcoma, Peritoneal and Rare Tumours (SPRinT), Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Program, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Clinical Trials & Epidemiological Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Laboratory of Applied Human Genetics, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melissa Ching Ching Teo
- Department of Sarcoma, Peritoneal and Rare Tumours (SPRinT), Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Sarcoma, Peritoneal and Rare Tumours (SPRinT), Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Program, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Clinical Trials & Epidemiological Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Acute heat stress-indued apoptosis in mouse skeletal muscle is not associated with alteration of glutamine homeostasis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278176. [PMID: 36441734 PMCID: PMC9704566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that exposing mice to heat causes functional and ultrastructural mitochondrial alterations and apoptosis in skeletal muscle. Emerging evidence indicates that glutamine (Gln) deprivation may increase cell susceptibility to apoptosis whereas Gln supplementation may protect cells against heat stress. In this study, we investigated the effect of short-term Gln treatment on heat-induced changes in mouse skeletal muscle. Male mice received vehicle, low-dose Gln (100 mg/kg/d) or high-dose Gln (300 mg/kg/d) through daily gavage for 10 days before a heat exposure test. During heat exposure, mice displayed a hyperthermic response and no significant differences in peak core body temperature were noted across the three groups. Neither heat exposure nor pretreatment with low-dose or high-dose Gln significantly affected Gln concentrations in plasma and gastrocnemius muscles. Heat-exposed mice had significantly higher caspase 3/7 levels in gastrocnemius muscle compared to unexposed controls. Heat exposure significantly increased ROS production and mitochondrial fragmentation and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in flexor digitorum brevis muscle. These changes were not affected by low- or high-dose Gln pretreatment. Together, acute heat stress did not disrupt Gln homeostasis in mouse skeletal muscle and Gln supplementation did not protect mouse skeletal muscle against heat-induced injury. The results of this study do not support a role of Gln in heat-induced skeletal muscle apoptosis.
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12
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Chen X, Liu W, Li H, Zhang J, Hu C, Liu X. The adverse effect of heat stress and potential nutritional interventions. Food Funct 2022; 13:9195-9207. [PMID: 36040720 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01813f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress can cause tissue damage and metabolic disturbances, including intestinal and liver dysfunction, acid-base imbalance, oxidative damage, inflammatory response, and immune suppression. Serious cases can lead to heatstroke, which can be life-threatening. The body often finds it challenging to counteract these adverse effects, and traditional cooling methods are limited by the inconvenience of tool portability and the difficulty of determining the cooling endpoint. Consequently, more research was conducted to prevent and mitigate the negative effect of heat stress via nutritional intervention. This article reviewed the pathological changes and altered metabolic mechanisms caused by heat stress and discussed the protein (amino acid), vitamin, trace element, and electrolyte action pathways and mechanisms to mitigate heat stress and prevent heat-related disease. The main food sources for these nutrients and the recommended micronutrient supplementation forms were summarized to provide scientific dietary protocols for special populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Chen
- National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.
| | - Wanlu Liu
- National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.
| | - He Li
- National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.
| | - Changli Hu
- Jinmailang Beverage Corporation Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.
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13
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Zhang B, Zhong Q, Liu N, Song P, Zhu P, Zhang C, Sun Z. Dietary Glutamine Supplementation Alleviated Inflammation Responses and Improved Intestinal Mucosa Barrier of LPS-Challenged Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131729. [PMID: 35804628 PMCID: PMC9265045 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In commercial intense industry, birds have to undergo a series of physical, social and microbial stress. LPS, a structural substance of gram-negative bacterial membrane and an effective immune stimulator for human and animal immune system, can impair growth performance, elevate the production of inflammatory cytokines and destroy the morphology of broilers’ small intestine. Moreover, LPS challenge also can reduce the expression levels of tight junction proteins and ruin the integrity of mucosal barrier of broilers. However, glutamine is considered to be conditionally essential for gut homeostasis and barrier function and maybe a useful strategy to attenuate immunological stress and improve intestine function in response to stressful conditions. Our study showed that 1% Gln supplementation improved the growth performance, alleviated the inflammatory responses and ameliorated the intestinal permeability and the integrity of intestinal mucosa barrier of LPS-challenged broilers. Abstract The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of glutamine (Gln) supplementation on intestinal inflammatory reaction and mucosa barrier of broilers administrated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimuli. A total of 120 1-d-old male broilers were randomly divided into four treatments in a 2 × 2 experimental arrangement, containing immune challenge (injected with LPS in a dose of 0 or 500 μg/kg of body weight) and dietary treatments (supplemented with 1.22% alanine or 1% Gln). The results showed that growth performance of broilers intra-abdominally injected with LPS was impaired, and Gln administration alleviated the adverse effects on growth performance induced by LPS challenge. Furthermore, Gln supplementation reduced the increased concentration of circulating tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β induced by LPS challenge. Meanwhile, D-lactic acid and diamine oxidase concentration in plasma were also decreased by Gln supplementation. In addition, the shorter villus height, deeper crypt depth and the lower ratio of villus height to crypt depth of duodenum, jejunum and ileum induced by LPS stimulation were reversed by Gln supplementation. Gln administration beneficially increased LPS-induced reduction in the expression of intestine tight junction proteins such as zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1), claudin-1 and occludin except for the ZO-1 in duodenum and occludin in ileum. Moreover, Gln supplementation downregulated the mRNA expression of toll-like receptor 4, focal adhesion kinase, myeloid differentiation factor 88 and IL-1R-associated kinase 4 in TLR4/FAK/MyD88 signaling pathway. Therefore, it can be concluded that Gln administration could attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory responses and improve intestinal barrier damage of LPS-challenged broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Zhang
- Department of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal College, Ping’an Avenue, Hong Huagang District, Zunyi 563006, China; (B.Z.); (N.L.); (P.S.); (P.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Qingzhen Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, No. 2888, Xincheng Road, Jingyue District, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal College, Ping’an Avenue, Hong Huagang District, Zunyi 563006, China; (B.Z.); (N.L.); (P.S.); (P.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Peiyong Song
- Department of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal College, Ping’an Avenue, Hong Huagang District, Zunyi 563006, China; (B.Z.); (N.L.); (P.S.); (P.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Peng Zhu
- Department of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal College, Ping’an Avenue, Hong Huagang District, Zunyi 563006, China; (B.Z.); (N.L.); (P.S.); (P.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Caichao Zhang
- Department of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal College, Ping’an Avenue, Hong Huagang District, Zunyi 563006, China; (B.Z.); (N.L.); (P.S.); (P.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Zewei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, No. 2888, Xincheng Road, Jingyue District, Changchun 130118, China;
- Correspondence:
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14
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Garcia CK, Renteria LI, Leite-Santos G, Leon LR, Laitano O. Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors. BMJ MEDICINE 2022; 1:e000239. [PMID: 36936589 PMCID: PMC9978764 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exertional heat stroke, the third leading cause of mortality in athletes during physical activity, is the most severe manifestation of exertional heat illnesses. Exertional heat stroke is characterised by central nervous system dysfunction in people with hyperthermia during physical activity and can be influenced by environmental factors such as heatwaves, which extend the incidence of exertional heat stroke beyond athletics only. Epidemiological data indicate mortality rates of about 27%, and survivors display long term negative health consequences ranging from neurological to cardiovascular dysfunction. The pathophysiology of exertional heat stroke involves thermoregulatory and cardiovascular overload, resulting in severe hyperthermia and subsequent multiorgan injury due to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome and coagulopathy. Research about risk factors for exertional heat stroke remains limited, but dehydration, sex differences, ageing, body composition, and previous illness are thought to increase risk. Immediate cooling remains the most effective treatment strategy. In this review, we provide an overview of the current literature emphasising the pathophysiology and risk factors of exertional heat stroke, highlighting gaps in knowledge with the objective to stimulate future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K Garcia
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Liliana I Renteria
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Gabriel Leite-Santos
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Lisa R Leon
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Orlando Laitano
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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15
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Stanculescu D, Sepúlveda N, Lim CL, Bergquist J. Lessons From Heat Stroke for Understanding Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Front Neurol 2021; 12:789784. [PMID: 34966354 PMCID: PMC8710546 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.789784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We here provide an overview of the pathophysiological mechanisms during heat stroke and describe similar mechanisms found in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Both conditions are characterized by disturbed homeostasis in which inflammatory pathways play a central role. Splanchnic vasoconstriction, increased gut permeability, gut-related endotoxemia, systemic inflammatory response, central nervous system dysfunction, blood coagulation disorder, endothelial-cell injury, and mitochondrial dysfunction underlie heat stroke. These mechanisms have also been documented in ME/CFS. Moreover, initial transcriptomic studies suggest that similar gene expressions are altered in both heat stroke and ME/CFS. Finally, some predisposing factors for heat stroke, such as pre-existing inflammation or infection, overlap with those for ME/CFS. Notwithstanding important differences - and despite heat stroke being an acute condition - the overlaps between heat stroke and ME/CFS suggest common pathways in the physiological responses to very different forms of stressors, which are manifested in different clinical outcomes. The human studies and animal models of heat stroke provide an explanation for the self-perpetuation of homeostatic imbalance centered around intestinal wall injury, which could also inform the understanding of ME/CFS. Moreover, the studies of novel therapeutics for heat stroke might provide new avenues for the treatment of ME/CFS. Future research should be conducted to investigate the similarities between heat stroke and ME/CFS to help identify the potential treatments for ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nuno Sepúlveda
- CEAUL-Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chin Leong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,The ME/CFS Collaborative Research Center at Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Wen C, Wei S, Zong X, Wang Y, Jin M. Microbiota-gut-brain axis and nutritional strategy under heat stress. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:1329-1336. [PMID: 34786505 PMCID: PMC8570956 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress is a very universal stress event in recent years. Various lines of evidence in the past literatures indicate that gut microbiota composition is susceptible to variable temperature. A varied microbiota is necessary for optimal regulation of host signaling pathways and disrupting microbiota-host homeostasis that induces disease pathology. The microbiota–gut–brain axis involves an interactive mode of communication between the microbes colonizing the gut and brain function. This review summarizes the effects of heat stress on intestinal function and microbiota–gut–brain axis. Heat stress negatively affects intestinal immunity and barrier functions. Microbiota-gut-brain axis is involved in the homeostasis of the gut microbiota, at the same time, heat stress affects the metabolites of microbiota which could alter the function of microbiota–gut–brain axis. We aim to bridge the evidence that the microbiota is adapted to survive and thrive in an extreme environment. Additionally, nutritional strategies for alleviating intestinal heat stress are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyue Wen
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Siyu Wei
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin Zong
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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17
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Fung AA, Zhou A, Vanos JK, Schmid-Schönbein GW. Enhanced intestinal permeability and intestinal co-morbidities in heat strain: A review and case for autodigestion. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 8:223-244. [PMID: 34527763 PMCID: PMC8436972 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1922261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced intestinal permeability is a pervasive issue in modern medicine, with implications demonstrably associated with significant health consequences such as sepsis, multiorgan failure, and death. Key issues involve the trigger mechanisms that could compromise intestinal integrity and increase local permeability allowing the passage of larger, potentially dangerous molecules. Heat stress, whether exertional or environmental, may modulate intestinal permeability and begs interesting questions in the context of global climate change, increasing population vulnerabilities, and public health. Emerging evidence indicates that intestinal leakage of digestive enzymes and associated cell dysfunctions--a process referred to as autodigestion--may play a critical role in systemic physiological damage within the body. This increased permeability is exacerbated in the presence of elevated core temperatures. We employed Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling methods to analyze the relationship between heat stress and the nascent theory of autodigestion in a systematic, quantifiable, and unbiased manner. From a corpus of 11,233 scientific articles across four relevant scientific journals (Gut, Shock, Temperature, Gastroenterology), it was found that over 1,000 documents expressed a relationship between intestine, enhanced permeability, core temperature, and heat stress. The association has grown stronger in recent years, as heat stress and potential autodigestion are investigated in tandem, yet still by a limited number of specific research studies. Such findings justify the design of future studies to critically test novel interventions against digestive enzymes permeating the intestinal tract, especially the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A. Fung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andy Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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18
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Evaluation of the Mechanisms Underlying Amino Acid and Microbiota Interactions in Intestinal Infections Using Germ-Free Animals. INFECTIOUS MICROBES AND DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/im9.0000000000000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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King MA, Rollo I, Baker LB. Nutritional considerations to counteract gastrointestinal permeability during exertional heat stress. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1754-1765. [PMID: 33955260 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00072.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier integrity and function are compromised during exertional heat stress (EHS) potentially leading to consequences that range from minor gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances to fatal outcomes in exertional heat stroke or septic shock. This mini-review provides a concise discussion of nutritional interventions that may protect against intestinal permeability during EHS and suggests physiological mechanisms responsible for this protection. Although diverse nutritional interventions have been suggested to be protective against EHS-induced GI permeability, the ingestion of certain amino acids, carbohydrates, and fluid per se is potentially effective strategy, whereas evidence for various polyphenols and pre/probiotics is developing. Plausible physiological mechanisms of protection include increased blood flow, epithelial cell proliferation, upregulation of intracellular heat shock proteins, modulation of inflammatory signaling, alteration of the GI microbiota, and increased expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins. Further clinical research is needed to propose specific nutritional candidates and recommendations for their application to prevent intestinal barrier disruption and elucidate mechanisms during EHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A King
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo R&D Life Sciences, Barrington, Illinois
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo R&D Life Sciences, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay B Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo R&D Life Sciences, Barrington, Illinois
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20
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Su X, Li Y, Zhang Y, Han S. Efficacy of alanyl glutamine in nutritional support therapy for patients with sepsis: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24861. [PMID: 33725958 PMCID: PMC7982144 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response caused by infection, which is a common complication after severe infection, trauma, shock, and surgery, and is also an important factor in inducing septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and has become one of the important causes of death in critically ill patients. Septic patients with gastrointestinal transport function weakened, are prone to malnutrition, resulting in decreased immune function, thereby affecting the therapeutic effect. Clinical practice shows that the nutritional metabolism and immune response of patients with sepsis can be effectively improved by giving alanyl glutamine nutritional support treatment, but there is no evidence of evidence-based medicine. The study carried out in this protocol aims to evaluate the effectiveness of alanyl glutamine in nutritional support therapy for patients with sepsis. METHODS The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, CNKI, CBM, VIP, and Wanfang databases were searched by computer, to retrieve all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on nutritional support for the treatment of sepsis with alanyl glutamine from the date of database establishment to December 2020. Two researchers independently selected the study, extracted and managed the data. RevMan5.3 software was used to analyze the included literature. RESULTS This study observed the changes of serum albumin (ALB), prealbumin (PAB), hemoglobin (Hb), C-reactive protein (CRP), immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, and IgM), APACHE II score before and after treatment to evaluate the efficacy of alanyl glutamine in nutritional support therapy for patients with sepsis. CONCLUSION This study will provide reliable evidence for the application of alanyl glutamine in nutritional support therapy for patients with sepsis. OSF REGISTRATION NUMBER DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/VRZPJ.
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21
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Jovic TH, Ali SR, Ibrahim N, Jessop ZM, Tarassoli SP, Dobbs TD, Holford P, Thornton CA, Whitaker IS. Could Vitamins Help in the Fight Against COVID-19? Nutrients 2020; 12:E2550. [PMID: 32842513 PMCID: PMC7551685 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are limited proven therapeutic options for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. The role of vitamin and mineral supplementation or "immunonutrition" has previously been explored in a number of clinical trials in intensive care settings, and there are several hypotheses to support their routine use. The aim of this narrative review was to investigate whether vitamin supplementation is beneficial in COVID-19. A systematic search strategy with a narrative literature summary was designed, using the Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Trials Register, WHO International Clinical Trial Registry, and Nexis media databases. The immune-mediating, antioxidant and antimicrobial roles of vitamins A to E were explored and their potential role in the fight against COVID-19 was evaluated. The major topics extracted for narrative synthesis were physiological and immunological roles of each vitamin, their role in respiratory infections, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and COVID-19. Vitamins A to E highlighted potentially beneficial roles in the fight against COVID-19 via antioxidant effects, immunomodulation, enhancing natural barriers, and local paracrine signaling. Level 1 and 2 evidence supports the use of thiamine, vitamin C, and vitamin D in COVID-like respiratory diseases, ARDS, and sepsis. Although there are currently no published clinical trials due to the novelty of SARS-CoV-2 infection, there is pathophysiologic rationale for exploring the use of vitamins in this global pandemic, supported by early anecdotal reports from international groups. The final outcomes of ongoing trials of vitamin supplementation are awaited with interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Jovic
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
| | - Stephen R Ali
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
| | - Nader Ibrahim
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
| | - Zita M Jessop
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
| | - Sam P Tarassoli
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
| | - Thomas D Dobbs
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
| | - Patrick Holford
- Institute for Optimum Nutrition, Ambassador House, Paradise Road, Richmond TW9 1SQ, UK;
| | - Catherine A Thornton
- Institute of Life Sciences 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PY, UK;
| | - Iain S Whitaker
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
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Ribeiro Hudson AS, Nascimento Soares AD, Coelho Horta NA, Fuscaldi LL, Machado-Moreira CA, Soares DD, Coimbra CC, de Oliveira Poletini M, Cardoso VN, Wanner SP. The magnitude of physical exercise-induced hyperthermia is associated with changes in the intestinal permeability and expression of tight junction genes in rats. J Therm Biol 2020; 91:102610. [PMID: 32716860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether the magnitude of exercise-induced hyperthermia influences intestinal permeability and tight junction gene expression. Twenty-nine male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: rest at 24 °C and exercise at 13 °C, 24 °C or 31 °C. The exercise consisted of a 90-min treadmill run at 15 m/min, and different ambient temperatures were used to produce distinct levels of exercise-induced hyperthermia. Before the experimental trials, the rats were treated by gavage with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid labeled with technetium-99 metastable as a radioactive probe. The rats' core body temperature (TCORE) was measured by telemetry. Immediately after the trials, the rats were euthanized, and the intestinal permeability was assessed by measuring the radioactivity of blood samples. The mRNA levels of occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) genes were determined in duodenum samples. Exercise at 24 °C increased TCORE to values close to 39 °C, without changing permeability compared with the resting trial at the same environment. Meanwhile, rats' TCORE exceeded 40 °C during exercise at 31 °C, leading to greater permeability relative to those observed after exercise in the other ambient temperatures (e.g., 0.0037%/g at 31 °C vs. 0.0005%/g at 13 °C; data expressed as medians; p < 0.05). Likewise, the rats exercised at 31 °C exhibited higher mRNA levels of ZO-1 and occludin genes than the rats exercised at 24 °C or 13 °C. The changes in permeability and gene expression were positively and significantly associated with the magnitude of hyperthermia. We conclude that marked hyperthermia caused by exercise in the warmer environment increases intestinal permeability and mRNA levels of tight junction genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Sérvulo Ribeiro Hudson
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Anne Danieli Nascimento Soares
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Nayara Abreu Coelho Horta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lima Fuscaldi
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Christiano Antônio Machado-Moreira
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Danusa Dias Soares
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cândido Celso Coimbra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maristela de Oliveira Poletini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Samuel Penna Wanner
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Yi H, Xiong Y, Wu Q, Wang M, Liu S, Jiang Z, Wang L. Effects of dietary supplementation with l-arginine on the intestinal barrier function in finishing pigs with heat stress. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:1134-1143. [PMID: 31879983 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed heat stress reduces body weight gain and feed intake associated with damaged intestinal barrier function, and l-arginine (L-Arg) enhanced intestinal barrier function in young animals under stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of L-Arg on serum hormones, intestinal morphology, nutrients absorption and epithelial barrier functions in finishing pigs with heat stress. Forty-eight finishing pigs (Landrace) were balanced for sex and then randomly assigned to six groups: TN group, thermal neutral (22°C, ~80% humidity) with a basal diet; HS group, heat stress (cyclical 35°C for 12 hr and 22°C for 12 hr, ~80% humidity) with a basal diet; PF group, thermal neutral (22°C, ~80% humidity) and pair-fed with the HS; the TNA, HSA and PFA groups were the basal diet of TN group, HS group and PF group supplemented with 1% L-Arg. Results showed that HS decreased (p < .05) the thyroxine concentrations and increased (p < .05) the insulin concentrations in serum compared with the TN group, but 1% L-Arg had no significant effects on them. Both HS and PF significantly increased (p < .05) the mRNA expression of cationic amino acid transporters (CAT1 and CAT2) and decreased the mRNA expression of solute carrier family 5 member 10 (SGLT1) in the jejunum compared with the TN group. Compared with the TN group, HS reduced the expression of tight junction (TJ) protein zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) and occludin, but PF only decreased ZO-1 expression in the jejunum. Results exhibited that dietary supplementation with 1% L-Arg improved the intestinal villous height, the ratio of villous height to crypt depth, and the expression of occludin and porcine beta-defensin 2 (pBD2) in the jejunum of intermittent heat-treated finishing pigs. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 1% L-Arg could partly attenuate the intermittent heat-induced damages of intestinal morphology and epithelial barrier functions in finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Yi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunxia Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengzhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Barekatain R, Chrystal PV, Howarth GS, McLaughlan CJ, Gilani S, Nattrass GS. Performance, intestinal permeability, and gene expression of selected tight junction proteins in broiler chickens fed reduced protein diets supplemented with arginine, glutamine, and glycine subjected to a leaky gut model. Poult Sci 2019; 98:6761-6771. [PMID: 31328774 PMCID: PMC6869755 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Changing dietary protein and amino acids may impact intestinal barrier function. Experiments were conducted in broiler chickens to evaluate supplementation of L-glutamine, glycine, and L-arginine in a reduced protein (RP) diet. Experiment 1 examined the growth performance of broilers fed 5 dietary treatments: 1) a standard diet; 2) an RP diet (193.9 g/kg CP in grower and 176.9 g/kg CP in finisher); 3) RP diet supplemented with 10 g/kg L-Gln; 4) RP diet supplemented with 10 g/kg Gly; 5) RP diet supplemented with 5 g/kg L-Arg. Each experimental diet was replicated 6 times with 10 birds per replicate. In a subset of 96 birds, experiment 2 tested the 4 RP diets with and without dexamethasone (DEX) to induce leaky gut. Each diet was replicated 24 times. Fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) was used to test intestinal permeability (IP). Gene expression of selected tight junction proteins in ileal and jejunal tissues was assayed by quantitative PCR. From day 7 to 35, the RP diet increased feed intake (FI) (P < 0.05) and body weight gain (BWG) compared with the standard diet while Gln reduced FI and BWG (P < 0.05) compared with RP. Gly had no effect on BWG or FCR. Supplementation of Arg improved FCR from day 21 to 35 and day 7 to 35. In experiment 2, Arg tended to lower FITC-d (P = 0.086). DEX increased passage of FITC-d into the serum (P < 0.001). The villi surface area was increased in birds fed higher Arg (P < 0.05). DEX and diet interacted (P < 0.01) for jejunal claudin-3 mRNA level where DEX upregulated claudin-3 for all diets except the Arg diet. In summary, with a moderate reduction of protein, satisfactory performance can be obtained. Although Gln and Gly had no demonstrable positive effect on IP and performance of broilers, increasing the dietary Arg by approximately 140% improved FCR and showed indications of improved intestinal barrier function of birds fed an RP diet under a stress model.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barekatain
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - P V Chrystal
- Baiada Poultry, Pendle Hill, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - G S Howarth
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - C J McLaughlan
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - S Gilani
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - G S Nattrass
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
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Barekatain R, Toghyani M. High dietary zinc and glutamine do not improve the performance or reduce excreta moisture of broiler chickens fed diets with and without magnesium supplementation. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4066-4072. [PMID: 30843058 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of supplemental L-glutamine (L-Gln) and a higher concentration of zinc (Zn) on excreta moisture under nutritionally induced wet droppings via decreased intestinal water reabsorption. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to investigate 3 dietary factors of L-Gln supplementation (0 or 10 g/kg), and added Zn concentration (80 and 160 mg/kg) with or without magnesium chloride (MgCl) (2 g/kg-only in grower diets). A total of 576 male day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned to the experimental diets. Each diet was replicated 6 times with 12 birds per replicate. Wheat-based diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Starter diets were given from day 0 to 9 followed by grower (day 10 to 23) and finisher diets (day 24 to 35). Excreta moisture was measured for all the growth phases. The moisture content of different segments of intestine was assessed for starter and grower phases of feeding. There was no significant effect of any of the 3 main treatments on body weight gain or feed intake of birds during the experiment. Birds fed higher Zn (160 mg/kg) tended (P = 0.09) to have higher weight gain only in the first 9 days of age. Feeding 10 g/kg L-Gln increased the feed conversion ratio of the birds only from hatch until day 9 after which there was no significant effect. No effect of experimental treatments was found on digesta or excreta moisture, except a reduction in ileal moisture at the starter phase resulting from higher Zn concentration in the diets. MgCl at 2 g/kg was not effective in inducing wet droppings in birds fed grower diets. Under the conditions of this study, no positive response was observed in terms of performance or reduction in excreta moisture when birds were fed diets containing 10 g/kg L-Gln or higher concentration of Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barekatain
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - M Toghyani
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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Dushianthan A, Cusack R, Burgess VA, Grocott MPW, Calder PC. Immunonutrition for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 1:CD012041. [PMID: 30677127 PMCID: PMC6353063 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012041.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an overwhelming systemic inflammatory process associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Pharmacotherapies that moderate inflammation in ARDS are lacking. Several trials have evaluated the effects of pharmaconutrients, given as part of a feeding formula or as a nutritional supplement, on clinical outcomes in critical illness and ARDS. OBJECTIVES To systematically review and critically appraise available evidence on the effects of immunonutrition compared to standard non-immunonutrition formula feeding on mechanically ventilated adults (aged 18 years or older) with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). SEARCH METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, conference proceedings, and trial registries for appropriate studies up to 25 April 2018. We checked the references from published studies and reviews on this topic for potentially eligible studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing immunonutrition versus a control or placebo nutritional formula in adults (aged 18 years or older) with ARDS, as defined by the Berlin definition of ARDS or, for older studies, by the American-European Consensus Criteria for both ARDS and acute lung injury. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed the quality of studies and extracted data from the included trials. We sought additional information from study authors. We performed statistical analysis according to Cochrane methodological standards. Our primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, ventilator days, indices of oxygenation, cardiac adverse events, gastrointestinal adverse events, and total number of adverse events. We used GRADE to assess the quality of evidence for each outcome. MAIN RESULTS We identified 10 randomized controlled trials with 1015 participants. All studies compared an enteral formula or additional supplemental omega-3 fatty acids (i.e. eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), and antioxidants. We assessed some of the included studies as having high risk of bias due to methodological shortcomings. Studies were heterogenous in nature and varied in several ways, including type and duration of interventions given, calorific targets, and reported outcomes. All studies reported mortality. For the primary outcome, study authors reported no differences in all-cause mortality (longest period reported) with the use of an immunonutrition enteral formula or additional supplements of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants (risk ratio (RR) 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59 to 1.07; participants = 1015; studies = 10; low-quality evidence).For secondary outcomes, we are uncertain whether immunonutrition with omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants reduces ICU length of stay (mean difference (MD) -3.09 days. 95% CI -5.19 to -0.99; participants = 639; studies = 8; very low-quality evidence) and ventilator days (MD -2.24 days, 95% CI -3.77 to -0.71; participants = 581; studies = 7; very low-quality evidence). We are also uncertain whether omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants improve oxygenation, defined as ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO₂) to fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂), at day 4 (MD 39 mmHg, 95% CI 10.75 to 67.02; participants = 676; studies = 8), or whether they increase adverse events such as cardiac events (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.09 to 8.46; participants = 339; studies = 3; very low-quality evidence), gastrointestinal events (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.75; participants = 427; studies = 4; very low-quality evidence), or total adverse events (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.23; participants = 517; studies = 5; very low-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis of 10 studies of varying quality examined effects of omega-3 fatty acids and/or antioxidants in adults with ARDS. This intervention may produce little or no difference in all-cause mortality between groups. We are uncertain whether immunonutrition with omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants improves the duration of ventilator days and ICU length of stay or oxygenation at day 4 due to the very low quality of evidence. Adverse events associated with immunonutrition are also uncertain, as confidence intervals include the potential for increased cardiac, gastrointestinal, and total adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahilanandan Dushianthan
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustGeneral Intensive Care UnitTremona RoadSouthamptonHampshireUKSO16 6YD
| | - Rebecca Cusack
- University of SouthamptonIntegrative Physiology and Critical Illness GroupTremona RoadSouthamptonUKSO16 6YD
| | - Victoria A Burgess
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustDepartment of AnaestheticsTremona RoadSouthamptonUKSO16 6YD
| | - Michael PW Grocott
- Faculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonCritical Care Group, Clinical and Experimental SciencesTremona RoadSouthamptonHampshireUKSO16 6YD
| | - Philip C Calder
- University of SouthamptonHuman Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of MedicineMP887 IDS Building, Southampton General HospitalTremona RoadSouthamptonUKSO16 6YD
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Pires W, Veneroso CE, Wanner SP, Pacheco DAS, Vaz GC, Amorim FT, Tonoli C, Soares DD, Coimbra CC. Association Between Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia and Intestinal Permeability: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:1389-1403. [PMID: 27943148 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged and strenuous physical exercise increases intestinal permeability, allowing luminal endotoxins to translocate through the intestinal barrier and reach the bloodstream. When recognized by the immune system, these endotoxins trigger a systemic inflammatory response that may affect physical performance and, in severe cases, induce heat stroke. However, it remains to be elucidated whether there is a relationship between the magnitude of exercise-induced hyperthermia and changes in intestinal permeability. OBJECTIVE In this systematic review, we evaluated whether an exercise-induced increase in core body temperature (T Core) is associated with an exercise-induced increase in intestinal permeability. METHODS The present systematic review screened the MEDLINE/PubMed and Web of Science databases in September 2016, without any date restrictions. Sixteen studies that were performed in healthy participants, presented original data, and measured both the exercise-induced changes in T Core and intestinal permeability were selected. These studies assessed intestinal permeability through the measurement of sugar levels in the urine and measurement of intestinal fatty acid binding protein or lipopolysaccharide levels in the blood. RESULTS Exercise increased both T Core and intestinal permeability in most of the 16 studies. In addition, a positive and strong correlation was observed between the two parameters (r = 0.793; p < 0.001), and a T Core exceeding 39 °C was always associated with augmented permeability. CONCLUSION The magnitude of exercise-induced hyperthermia is directly associated with the increase in intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Washington Pires
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 6627 Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Christiano E Veneroso
- Graduate Program in Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Samuel P Wanner
- Graduate Program in Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diogo A S Pacheco
- Graduate Program in Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gisele C Vaz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 6627 Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Fabiano T Amorim
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Health, Exercise Science and Sport, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Cajsa Tonoli
- Department of Human Physiology and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Danusa D Soares
- Graduate Program in Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cândido C Coimbra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 6627 Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil. .,Graduate Program in Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Sheahen BL, Fell JW, Zadow EK, Hartley TF, Kitic CM. Intestinal damage following short-duration exercise at the same relative intensity is similar in temperate and hot environments. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1314-1320. [PMID: 29874478 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing temperature and exercise disrupt tight junctions of the gastrointestinal tract although the contribution of environmental temperature to intestinal damage when exercising is unknown. This study investigated the effect of 2 different environmental temperatures on intestinal damage when exercising at the same relative intensity. Twelve men (mean ± SD; body mass, 81.98 ± 7.95 kg; height, 182.6 ± 7.4 cm) completed randomised cycling trials (45 min, 70% maximal oxygen uptake) in 30 °C/40% relative humidity (RH) and 20 °C/40%RH. A subset of participants (n = 5) also completed a seated passive trial (30 °C/40%RH). Rectal temperature and thermal sensation (TSS) were recorded during each trial and venous blood samples collected at pre- and post-trial for the analysis of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) level as a marker of intestinal damage. Oxygen uptake was similar between 30 °C and 20 °C exercise trials, as intended (p = 0.94). I-FABP increased after exercise at 30 °C (pre-exercise: 585 ± 188 pg·mL-1; postexercise: 954 ± 411 pg·mL-1) and 20 °C (pre-exercise: 571 ± 175 pg·mL-1; postexercise: 852 ± 317 pg·mL-1) (p < 0.0001) but the magnitude of damage was similar between temperatures (p = 0.58). There was no significant increase in I-FABP concentration following passive heat exposure (p = 0.59). Rectal temperature increased during exercise trials (p < 0.001), but not the passive trial (p = 0.084). TSS increased more when exercising in 30 °C compared with 20 °C (p < 0.001). There was an increase in TSS during the passive heat trial (p = 0.03). Intestinal damage, as measured by I-FABP, following exercise in the heat was similar to when exercising in a cooler environment at the same relative intensity. Passive heat exposure did not increase I-FABP. It is suggested that when exercising in conditions of compensable heat stress, the increase in intestinal damage is predominantly attributable to the exercise component, rather than environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brodie L Sheahen
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
| | - James W Fell
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
| | - Emma K Zadow
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
| | - Thomas F Hartley
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
| | - Cecilia M Kitic
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
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Theanine supplementation prevents liver injury and heat shock response by normalizing hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis hyperactivity in mice subjected to whole body heat stress. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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30
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Costa MC, Mata LM, Ribeiro NDQ, Santos APN, Oliveira LVN, Vilela RVR, Cardoso VN, Fernandes SOA, Santos DA. A new method for studying cryptococcosis in a murine model using 99mTc-Cryptococcus gattii. Med Mycol 2018; 56:479-484. [PMID: 28992125 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus gattii is one of the etiologic agents of cryptococcosis, a systemic mycosis that occurs in healthy and immunosuppressed humans and animals worldwide. Primary pulmonary infection caused by C. gattii is usually followed by fungal dissemination to the central nervous system, resulting in high mortality rates. In this context, animal models of cryptococcosis are useful in the study of fungal pathogenesis and host response against the pathogen, and for testing novel therapeutic options. The most frequently applied method to study fungal dissemination from the lungs to other organs is by culturing tissues, which is not accurate for the detection and quantification of fungal load at early stages of the infection. To overcome this problem, the purpose of this study was to develop a new method for the quantification of Cryptococcus dissemination. One C. gattii strain was efficiently radiolabeled with technetium-99m (99mTc), without affecting viability of the cells. Further, the 99mTc-C. gattii (111 MBq) strain was used to infect mice by intratracheal and intravenous route for biodistribution studies. 99mTc-C. gattii was successfully used in detection of the yeast in the brain of mice 6 hours postinoculation, while the detection using colony forming units was possible only 24 hours postinfection. Our results provided an alternative method that could be applied in further investigations regarding the efficacy of antifungals, fungal virulence, and host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lays Murta Mata
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos, Departamento de Análises Clinicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia-UFMG
| | | | | | | | - Raquel Virgínia Rocha Vilela
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia - UFMG
| | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos, Departamento de Análises Clinicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia-UFMG
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31
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Interactions of Gut Microbiota, Endotoxemia, Immune Function, and Diet in Exertional Heatstroke. JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2018; 2018:5724575. [PMID: 29850597 PMCID: PMC5926483 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5724575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exertional heatstroke (EHS) is a medical emergency that cannot be predicted, requires immediate whole-body cooling to reduce elevated internal body temperature, and is influenced by numerous host and environmental factors. Widely accepted predisposing factors (PDF) include prolonged or intense exercise, lack of heat acclimatization, sleep deprivation, dehydration, diet, alcohol abuse, drug use, chronic inflammation, febrile illness, older age, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. The present review links these factors to the human intestinal microbiota (IM) and diet, which previously have not been appreciated as PDF. This review also describes plausible mechanisms by which these PDF lead to EHS: endotoxemia resulting from elevated plasma lipopolysaccharide (i.e., a structural component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria) and tissue injury from oxygen free radicals. We propose that recognizing the lifestyle and host factors which are influenced by intestine-microbial interactions, and modifying habitual dietary patterns to alter the IM ecosystem, will encourage efficient immune function, optimize the intestinal epithelial barrier, and reduce EHS morbidity and mortality.
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32
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Zhu H, Wang H, Wang S, Tu Z, Zhang L, Wang X, Hou Y, Wang C, Chen J, Liu Y. Flaxseed Oil Attenuates Intestinal Damage and Inflammation by Regulating Necroptosis and TLR4/NOD Signaling Pathways Following Lipopolysaccharide Challenge in a Piglet Model. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700814. [PMID: 29510469 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Flaxseed oil is a rich source of α-linolenic acid (ALA), which is the precursor of the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). This study investigates the protective effect of flaxseed oil against intestinal injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MATERIALS AND RESULTS Twenty-four weaned pigs were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment with dietary treatment (5% corn oil vs 5% flaxseed oil) and LPS challenge (saline vs LPS). On day 21 of the experiment, pigs were administrated with LPS or saline. At 2 h and 4 h post-administration, blood samples were collected. After the blood harvest at 4 h, all piglets were slaughtered and intestinal samples were collected. Flaxseed oil supplementation led to the enrichment of ALA, EPA, and total n-3 PUFAs in intestine. Flaxseed oil improved intestinal morphology, jejunal lactase activity, and claudin-1 protein expression. Flaxseed oil downregulated the mRNA expression of intestinal necroptotic signals. Flaxseed oil also downregulated the mRNA expression of intestinal toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) and its downstream signals myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins 1, 2 (NOD1, NOD2) and its adapter molecule, receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2). CONCLUSION These results suggest that dietary addition of flaxseed oil enhances intestinal integrity and barrier function, which is involved in modulating necroptosis and TLR4/NOD signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Zhu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixiao Tu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiuying Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunwei Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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33
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Bortoluzzi C, Rochell SJ, Applegate TJ. Threonine, arginine, and glutamine: Influences on intestinal physiology, immunology, and microbiology in broilers. Poult Sci 2018; 97:937-945. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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34
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Bruchim Y, Horowitz M, Aroch I. Pathophysiology of heatstroke in dogs - revisited. Temperature (Austin) 2017; 4:356-370. [PMID: 29435477 PMCID: PMC5800390 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2017.1367457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heatstroke results from a failure to dissipate accumulated heat during exposure to hot environments, or during strenuous physical exercise under heat stress. It is characterized by core body temperatures > 41°C, with central nervous system dysfunction. Functional morphology and thermoregulatory effectors differences between dogs and humans may require special heatstroke protective adaptations in dogs, however, the risk factors for developing heatstroke are similar in both. In dogs, these include hot, especially highly humid environments, excessive physical activity, obesity, large (>15 kg) body weight, being of certain breed (e.g., Labrador retrievers and brachycephalic breeds), upper airway obstruction and prolonged seizures. Lack of acclimation to heat and physical fitness decreases the survival of heat stroked dogs. At the systemic level, blood pooling within the large internal organs (e.g., spleen, liver) is a major contributor to the development of shock and consequent intestinal ischemia, hypoxia and endothelial hyperpermeability, commonly occurring in heatstroke patients. Evoked serious complications include rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and ultimately, sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The most common clinical signs in dogs include acute collapse, tachypnea, spontaneous bleeding, shock signs and mental abnormalities, including depression, disorientation or delirium, seizures, stupor and coma. In such dogs, presence of peripheral blood nucleated red blood cells uniquely occurs, and is a highly sensitive diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. Despite early, appropriate body cooling, and intensive supportive treatment, with no available specific treatment to ameliorate the severe inflammatory and hemostatic derangements, the mortality rate is around 50%, similar to that of human heatstroke victims. This review discusses the pathophysiology of canine heatstroke from a veterinarian's point of view, integrating new and old studies and knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Bruchim
- The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Hadassah Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
| | - Michal Horowitz
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Hadassah Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
| | - Itamar Aroch
- The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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35
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Probst P, Ohmann S, Klaiber U, Hüttner FJ, Billeter AT, Ulrich A, Büchler MW, Diener MK. Meta-analysis of immunonutrition in major abdominal surgery. Br J Surg 2017; 104:1594-1608. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential benefits of immunonutrition in major abdominal surgery with special regard to subgroups and influence of bias.
Methods
A systematic literature search from January 1985 to July 2015 was performed in MEDLINE, Embase and CENTRAL. Only RCTs investigating immunonutrition in major abdominal surgery were included. Outcomes evaluated were mortality, overall complications, infectious complications and length of hospital stay. The influence of different domains of bias was evaluated in sensitivity analyses. Evidence was rated according to the GRADE Working Group grading of evidence.
Results
A total of 83 RCTs with 7116 patients were included. Mortality was not altered by immunonutrition. Taking all trials into account, immunonutrition reduced overall complications (odds ratio (OR) 0·79, 95 per cent c.i. 0·66 to 0·94; P = 0·01), infectious complications (OR 0·58, 0·51 to 0·66; P < 0·001) and shortened hospital stay (mean difference –1·79 (95 per cent c.i. –2·39 to –1·19) days; P < 0·001) compared with control groups. However, these effects vanished after excluding trials at high and unclear risk of bias. Publication bias seemed to be present for infectious complications (P = 0·002). Non-industry-funded trials reported no positive effects for overall complications (OR 1·13, 0·88 to 1·46; P = 0·34), whereas those funded by industry reported large effects (OR 0·66, 0·48 to 0·91; P = 0·01).
Conclusion
Immunonutrition after major abdominal surgery did not seem to alter mortality (GRADE: high quality of evidence). Immunonutrition reduced overall complications, infectious complications and shortened hospital stay (GRADE: low to moderate). The existence of bias lowers confidence in the evidence (GRADE approach).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Probst
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Study Centre of the German Surgical Society, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Ohmann
- Study Centre of the German Surgical Society, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - U Klaiber
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Study Centre of the German Surgical Society, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F J Hüttner
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Study Centre of the German Surgical Society, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A T Billeter
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Ulrich
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M W Büchler
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M K Diener
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Study Centre of the German Surgical Society, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Gilani S, Howarth GS, Tran CD, Barekatain R, Kitessa SM, Forder REA, Hughes RJ. Reduced fasting periods increase intestinal permeability in chickens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e486-e492. [PMID: 28447376 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fasting of up to 24 hr has been shown to increase intestinal permeability (IP) in chickens. The aim of this study was to determine whether fasting duration of 4.5 and 9 hr increased IP and whether l-glutamine (a non-essential amino acid) supplementation before fasting provided some protection of barrier function as shown in other species. Ross 308 male broilers (n = 96) were fed either a control diet or the same diet supplemented with 1% glutamine from d0 to d38 post-hatch. On d37, the birds were assigned to single-bird metabolism cages and were fasted for either 0, 4.5, 9 or 19.5 hr. This study design was 2 × 4 factorial with two levels of glutamine and four levels of fasting. Birds in the 0-hr fasting group had free access to feed. All birds had ad libitum access to water. To measure IP on day 38, following their respective fasting periods, birds were administered two separate oral gavages of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) followed by lactulose, mannitol and rhamnose (LMR) sugars, 60 min apart. Whole blood was collected from the jugular vein 90 min post-LMR sugar gavage. FITC-d and L/M/R ratios were measured by spectrophotometry and high-performance ionic chromatography respectively. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxins in plasma of the birds fed the control diet were also measured using chicken-specific LPS antibody ELISA. Serum FITC-d and plasma L/M and L/R ratios for 4.5, 9 and 19.5 hr were significantly (p < .05) higher compared to the non-fasting group. However, IP was not different in the glutamine-supplemented group (p > .05) compared to the control group. LPS concentrations measured by the ELISA were below the detectable range. We conclude that fasting periods of 4.5 and 9 hr increased IP compared to non-fasted birds and dietary glutamine supplementation did not ameliorate changes in IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gilani
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Poultry CRC, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - G S Howarth
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - C D Tran
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Health and Bio-Security, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - R Barekatain
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - S M Kitessa
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - R E A Forder
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - R J Hughes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
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37
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Krentz T, Allen S. Bacterial translocation in critical illness. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:191-198. [PMID: 28186322 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial translocation involves the passage of intestinal bacteria to extraintestinal sites and has been shown to increase morbidity and mortality in critical illness. This review outlines the pathophysiology of bacterial translocation, host defence mechanisms, and reviews the evidence for the clinical management of critically ill patients in order to minimise the negative outcomes associated with bacterial translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Krentz
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
| | - S Allen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
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38
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Dokladny K, Zuhl MN, Moseley PL. Intestinal epithelial barrier function and tight junction proteins with heat and exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:692-701. [PMID: 26359485 PMCID: PMC4868372 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00536.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A single layer of enterocytes and tight junctions (intercellular multiprotein complexes) form the intestinal epithelial barrier that controls transport of molecules through transcellular and paracellular pathways. A dysfunctional or "leaky" intestinal tight junction barrier allows augmented permeation of luminal antigens, endotoxins, and bacteria into the blood stream. Various substances and conditions have been shown to affect the maintenance of the intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier. The primary focus of the present review is to analyze the effects of exertional or nonexertional (passive hyperthermia) heat stress on tight junction barrier function in in vitro and in vivo (animals and humans) models. Our secondary focus is to review changes in tight junction proteins in response to exercise or hyperthermic conditions. Finally, we discuss some pharmacological or nutritional interventions that may affect the cellular mechanisms involved in maintaining homeostasis of the intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier during heat stress or exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Dokladny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Health Exercise & Sports Science of University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico;
| | - Micah N Zuhl
- School of Health Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan; and
| | - Pope L Moseley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Health Exercise & Sports Science of University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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39
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Dushianthan A, Cusack R, Grocott MPW. Immunonutrition for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults. Hippokratia 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahilanandan Dushianthan
- University of Southampton; Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group; Southampton UK
| | - Rebecca Cusack
- University of Southampton; Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group; Southampton UK
| | - Michael PW Grocott
- UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health; University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment (CASE) Medicine; London UK
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40
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Cottrell JJ, Liu F, Hung AT, DiGiacomo K, Chauhan SS, Leury BJ, Furness JB, Celi P, Dunshea FR. Nutritional strategies to alleviate heat stress in pigs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an15255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are comparatively less heat tolerant than other species of production animals, which poses challenges for stock productivity and management during seasonal heat waves that occur in summer. The issues surrounding heat and pig production are predicted to increase, based on the actions of climate change increasing the intensity, frequency and duration of heat waves. Furthermore, future growth areas of pig production are going to be in tropical regions such as South-east Asia and Latin America. Efforts by the pig to dissipate excess body heat come at a cost to health and divert energy away from growth, compromising efficient pig production. Management of heat stress requires multiple strategies, and recent research is improving the understanding of the application of nutritional strategies to ameliorate the effects of heat stress. In particular the use of feed additives is an important, flexible and economical method to alleviate heat stress and the intensive nature of pig production lends itself to the use of additives. Some specific examples include antioxidants, betaine and chromium, which have been proved effective or being tested in mitigating some certain impacts of heat stress in pigs. The aim of this review is to summarise recent advances in the nutritional management of heat stress in pigs.
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