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Mohd Tamil A, Ismail NH, Jaafar MH, Md Isa Z, Ismail R, Mat Nasir N, Miskan M, Zainol Abidin N, Ab Razak NH, Joundi R, Yusof KH. Depressive symptoms among adults: Baseline findings of PURE Malaysia cohort study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23042. [PMID: 38192831 PMCID: PMC10772557 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Malaysia, the prevalence of depression has increased from 1.8 % to 2.3 % within a decade. Thus, this study was performed to identify depressive symptoms and its associated factors among Malaysian adults. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among the adult population aged 35-70 residing in rural and urban areas in Malaysia. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the short form Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) questionnaire. Logistic regression models were fitted to identify the associated factors related to depressive symptoms. Results About 3.7 % (95 % CI: 2.33-4.83) of the respondents reported having depressive symptoms. Younger adults aged 35-40 years old (AOR: 3.087; 95 % CI: 2.021-4.717), females (AOR: 2.318; 95 % CI: 1.669-3.219), widows and divorcees (AOR: 2.294; 95 % CI: 1.085-4.848), smokers (AOR: 1.843; 95 % CI: 1.334-2.545) and alcohol consumers (AOR: 1.843; 95 % CI: 1.264-2.688) showed a higher odds compared to their other counterparts. Underweight individuals (AOR: 1.899; 95 % CI: 1.177-3.065) and those diagnosed either with hypertension (AOR: 1.442; 95 % CI: 1.11-1.873), diabetes (AOR: 1.554; 95 % CI: 1.133-2.13), angina (AOR: 2.73; 95 % CI: 1.596-4.67), COPD (AOR: 4.187; 95 % CI: 1.528-11.472) or asthma (AOR: 1.906; 95 % CI: 1.309-2.774) were more likely to have depressive symptoms. Additionally, individuals with difficulty trusting people (AOR: 1.477; 95 % CI: 1.024-2.13) and those reported to experience either home or work-related stress (AOR: 2.584; 95 % CI: 2.003-3.331) were more prone to have depressive symptoms. Conclusion In this broad population-based study, about 3.7 % (95 % CI: 2.33-4.83) of respondents reported having depressive symptoms. Timely and well targeted collaborative intervention on the identified risk factors by the relevant authorities, would mitigate their effect on the quality of life and retard the progression into depression, especially among younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmi Mohd Tamil
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Hassim Ismail
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hasni Jaafar
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zaleha Md Isa
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rosnah Ismail
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nafiza Mat Nasir
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor Branch, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maizatullifah Miskan
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Najihah Zainol Abidin
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Diagnostic and Allied Health Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management and Science University, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Hafiza Ab Razak
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Raed Joundi
- Division of Neurology, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University and Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Khairul Hazdi Yusof
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Tavakoli-Ardakani M, Gholamzadeh Sani Z, Beyraghi N, Najarimoghadam S, Kheradmand A. Comparison between cytisine and Nicotine Replacement Therapy in smoking cessation among inpatient psychiatric patients. J Addict Dis 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37565489 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2023.2237395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Smoking is more common among people with mental disorders and is associated with adverse effects. Some compounds, including nicotine and cytisine, have been used in many individuals to increase success in smoking cessation. In this study, the effect of cytisine on the smoking status of patients hospitalized in the psychiatry department was investigated.Method: Forty-seven patients, hospitalized in the psychiatry ward, motivated to quit smoking, participated in this open-label randomized trial. Thirty patients used nicotine gums 2 mg (Nicolife®) for eight weeks, and the remaining took cytisine pills (Tabex®) according to the manufacturer's instructions for 25 days. All patients were followed up for six months. The primary outcome was smoking cessation, measured by the mood and physical symptoms scale (MPSS), the AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C), confirmatory factor analyses, and reliability of the modified cigarette evaluation questionnaire at the end of the 1st week and at 1st, 2nd and 6th months after quit day.Findings: Only two out of 30 patients (6.66%) in the group taking Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) could quit smoking entirely (no cigarettes after six months). In contrast, three out of 17 patients (17.64%) managed to do so in the cytisine group. The number of cigarettes smoked by the patients in both groups decreased, but the reduction was significant in the cytisine group.Conclusion: Cytisine is an effective and suitable agent for smoking cessation in patients with psychological problems, with fewer adverse effects and more success rate compared to NRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tavakoli-Ardakani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Gholamzadeh Sani
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Beyraghi
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shadi Najarimoghadam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Kheradmand
- Department of Psychiatry, Taleghani Hospital Research Development Committee, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kock L, Brown J, Cox S, McNeill A, Robson D, Shahab L, Tattan-Birch H, Brose LS. Association of psychological distress with smoking cessation, duration of abstinence from smoking, and use of non-combustible nicotine-containing products: A cross-sectional population survey in Great Britain. Addict Behav 2023; 138:107570. [PMID: 36493683 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking cessation is associated with improvements in mental health. This study assessed psychological distress, using the K6 non-specific screening tool ((items cover feelings of nervousness, hopelessness, restlessness, depression, 'everything an effort' and worthlessness), by smoking status, time since quit, and use of a non-combustible nicotine product. METHODS Monthly repeat cross-sectional household survey of adults (18 + ) from October 2020-February 2022 in Great Britain (N = 32,727). Using unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression (adjusted models included socio-demographic characteristics and ever diagnosis with a mental health condition), we assessed: associations between any/serious past-month psychological distress and smoking status and time since quit, whether these relationships were moderated by ever diagnosis with a mental health condition, and associations between distress and use of a nicotine product by people who formerly smoked. RESULTS In the unadjusted model, those who had not smoked for > 1y and who had never smoked had lower odds of any distress (OR = 0·42, 95 % CI 0·39-0·45; OR = 0·44, 0·41-0·47) compared with those who currently smoked. Moreover, the association of lower distress in those who had not smoked for > 1y and never smoked compared with those who currently smoked was more pronounced among those who had ever been diagnosed with a mental health condition (AOR = 0·58, 0·51-0·66; AOR = 0·60, 0·53-0·67) than among those who had not (AOR = 0·86, 0·76-0·98; AOR = 0·72, 0·65-0·81). In adjusted models of people who formerly smoked, current use of any nicotine product was associated with higher odds of distress compared with not using any nicotine product (AOR 1·23, 1·06-1·42). CONCLUSION People who had never smoked, or had not smoked for > 1y had lower levels of distress than those who currently smoked. The lower odds of distress among people who had not smoked for > 1y was more pronounced among those with an ever (vs never) diagnosis of a mental health condition. Nicotine product use among those who formerly smoked was associated with greater distress. Due to potential residual confounding and selection bias more research is needed to determine causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Kock
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, UK; SPECTRUM Consortium, UK.
| | - Jamie Brown
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, UK; SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
| | - Sharon Cox
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, UK; SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
| | - Ann McNeill
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK; Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Debbie Robson
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK; Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Lion Shahab
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, UK; SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
| | - Harry Tattan-Birch
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, UK; SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
| | - Leonie S Brose
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK; Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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Vong V, Simpson-Yap S, Phaiju S, Davenport RA, Neate SL, Pisano MI, Reece JC. The association between tobacco smoking and depression and anxiety in people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 70:104501. [PMID: 36621161 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The link between tobacco smoking and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) onset and progression is well-established. While clinical levels of depression and anxiety are highly prevalent in people living with MS (plwMS), and both are recognized as common MS-related symptoms, the relationships between smoking behavior and depression and anxiety are unclear. This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence on the relationships between current-smoking and former-smoking and depression and anxiety in plwMS. METHODS Systematic review of all studies investigating associations between tobacco smoking and depression and anxiety in plwMS was conducted. Relevant studies published before 26 April 2022 were identified by searching seven databases; MEDLINE® (Ovid and PubMed), Embase, CINAHL®, Cochrane Library and PsycInfo), and citation and reference list checking. Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklists for respective study designs assessed the risk of bias. RESULTS Thirteen publications reporting on 12 studies met study inclusion criteria. Nine of 12 studies examining current-smoking and depression in plwMS identified a positive association. Four prospective studies provided evidence supporting a causal smoking-depression relationship, with 1.3-2.3-fold higher depression prevalence found in current-smokers than non-smokers. Three cross-sectional studies found no smoking-depression association. Four of five included studies found current-smoking was associated with anxiety, with three prospective studies indicating anxiety prevalence was around 20% higher in current-smokers. Former-smoking was associated with increased prevalence of depression, but not anxiety. CONCLUSION We provide strong evidence for increased depression prevalence in plwMS who are either current-smokers or former-smokers. However, only current-smoking was associated with increased prevalence of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Vong
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Steve Simpson-Yap
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Spreeha Phaiju
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Rebekah A Davenport
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sandra L Neate
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Mia I Pisano
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeanette C Reece
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia.
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Hahad O, Beutel M, Gilan DA, Michal M, Schulz A, Pfeiffer N, König J, Lackner K, Wild P, Daiber A, Münzel T. The association of smoking and smoking cessation with prevalent and incident symptoms of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance in the general population. J Affect Disord 2022; 313:100-109. [PMID: 35777492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is a well-established risk factor for chronic non-communicable diseases. However, the relationship between cigarette smoking and the risk of developing mental health conditions remains largely elusive. This study examined the relationship between cigarette smoking as well as smoking cessation and prevalent and incident symptoms of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance in the general population. METHODS In a cohort of 15,010 individuals from the Gutenberg Health Study (aged 35-74 years at enrollment), prevalent (at baseline from 2007 to 2012) and incident symptoms (at follow-up from 2012 to 2017) of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance were determined by validated questionnaires and/or medical records. Smoking status, pack-years of smoking in current and former smokers, and years since quitting smoking in former smokers were assessed by a standardized computer-assisted interview. RESULTS In multivariable logistic regression models with comprehensive adjustment for covariates, smoking status was independently associated with prevalent and incident symptoms of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 ≥ 10), whereas this association was weaker for anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2 ≥ 3) and sleep disturbance (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 > 1). Among current and former smokers, smoking ≥30 or ≥10 pack-years, respectively, yielded in general the highest effect estimates. Smoking cessation was weakly associated with the prevalence and incidence of all outcomes, here consistent associations were observed for prevalent symptoms of depression. LIMITATIONS The observational nature of the study does not allow for causal inferences. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that cigarette smoking is positively and that smoking cessation is negatively associated with symptoms of common mental health conditions, in particular of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Hahad
- Department of Cardiology - Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany.
| | - Manfred Beutel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Donya A Gilan
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Michal
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Schulz
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochem König
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl Lackner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Wild
- Department of Cardiology - Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany; Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology - Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology - Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Tjora T, Skogen JC, Sivertsen B. Establishing the Association Between Snus Use and Mental Health Problems: A Study of Norwegian College and University Students. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 25:135-142. [PMID: 36037069 PMCID: PMC9717367 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking and mental health problems are public health concerns worldwide. Studies on smoke-free tobacco products, especially snus are scarce. Snus is considered less harmful than smoking and in the United States allowed to be marketed accordingly, but may still add to the burden of disease. AIMS AND METHODS Data stem from the Norwegian Students' Health and Wellbeing Study (SHoT study) in 2018 (162 512 invited, 50 054 (30.8%) completed). Smoking, snus use, health service and medication usage and mental health problems, including the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25), were assessed using self-report. The aims were to explore the associations between smoking and snus use and mental health problems and treatments. Furthermore, the association between both daily smoking and daily snus use and mental health problems. Associations were tested with χ2-, t-tests, and logistic regression. RESULTS Daily snus users had 38% increased odds (odds ratio [OR]: 1.38, CI: 1.30 to 1.46), and daily smokers had 96% increased odds (OR: 1.96, CI: 1.65 to 2.34) of having a high HSCL-25 score, adjusted for gender, low socioeconomic status (SES), using tobacco, participating in therapy and using antidepressants daily. CONCLUSIONS Both daily smoking and daily snus use were associated with an increased level of mental health problems. The adjusted probability for mental health problems was lower for snus use; however, snus use prevalence was tenfold in our sample. IMPLICATIONS Despite the lack of causal and directional conclusions, these associations may have implications for future legislation on snus. They also highlight the importance of more research, especially as snus is considered less harmful and seemingly replacing smoking in Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Tjora
- Corresponding Author: Tore Tjora,PhD, Department of Social Studies, University of Stavanger, Post Box 8600, 4036 STAVANGER, Norway. Telephone: +47 51833618; E-mail:
| | - Jens Christoffer Skogen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway,Alcohol and Drug Research Western Norway, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway,Centre for Evaluation of Public Health Measures, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Børge Sivertsen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway,Department of Research and Innovation, Helse Fonna HF, Haugesund, Norway,Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Johansen R, Espetvedt MN, Lyshol H, Clench-Aas J, Myklestad I. Mental distress among young adults - gender differences in the role of social support. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2152. [PMID: 34819040 PMCID: PMC8611886 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to examine to what extent observed gender differences in mental health are associated with the protective factors social support, sense of coherence and participation in regular physical activity and more generally, engagement in organized or unorganized activity with other people. Methods This study was based upon a cross-sectional regional health survey in Norway, conducted during the winter of 2015–2016, in three southern counties; Aust-Agder, Vest-Agder and Vestfold. The study focused on young adults, comparing three age groups; 18–24 years old (n = 624), 25–31 (n = 582), and 32–38 years old (n = 795). Results Sense of coherence was strongly associated with low mental distress in all age groups and for both genders, while the association between low social support and mental distress was significant for young women only. Regular physical activity was not positively associated with low mental distress when sense of coherence and social support were included in the analysis. Conclusion Social support appears to have a stronger role as a protective factor for mental distress among young women, compared to young men and older persons. This has implications for health promoting activities that target young women. Sense of coherence showed a strong association with low mental distress scores for all ages studied. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-12109-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Johansen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Heidi Lyshol
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jocelyne Clench-Aas
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingri Myklestad
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway
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Stea TH, Alvsvåg L, Kleppang AL. The Association between Dietary Habits, Substance Use, and Mental Distress among Adults in Southern Norway: A Cross-Sectional Study among 28,047 Adults from the General Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189731. [PMID: 34574654 PMCID: PMC8468906 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine associations between dietary habits, substance use, and mental distress among adults. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 using an online questionnaire and included 28,047 adults (≥18 years) from Southern Norway. Multivariable logistic regression models stratified by gender were used to examine the associations between different lifestyle behaviors and mental distress. The results showed increased odds of mental distress among males and females with low consumption of vegetables (OR:1.26; 95% CI:1.08–1.47 and 1.14; 1.02–1.28) and fish (1.28; 1.12–1.46 and 1.36; 1.22–1.52), and among females, but not males, with high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (1.25; 1.06–1.48) compared to those with a healthier consumption of these foods and beverages. The results also showed increased odds of mental distress among male and female smokers (1.38; 1.19–1.60 and 1.44; 1.26–1.64), and among females, but not males, reporting current use of smokeless tobacco (1.20; 1.03–1.40), compared to male and female non-smokers and female non-users of smokeless tobacco. Overall, unhealthy dietary habits, smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco was associated with increased odds of mental distress, but the relationship varied according to gender. Future studies are needed to confirm any possible causal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonje Holte Stea
- Department of Health and Nursing Science, University of Agder, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway; (L.A.); (A.L.K.)
- Department of Child and Adolescence Mental Health, Sørlandet Hospital, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Linn Alvsvåg
- Department of Health and Nursing Science, University of Agder, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway; (L.A.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Annette Løvheim Kleppang
- Department of Health and Nursing Science, University of Agder, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway; (L.A.); (A.L.K.)
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Smoking and Neuropsychiatric Disease-Associations and Underlying Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147272. [PMID: 34298890 PMCID: PMC8304236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts to combat cigarette smoking/tobacco use, it still remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, killing more than eight million people each year. While tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases related to the four main groups—cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, and diabetes—its impact on neuropsychiatric risk is rather elusive. The aim of this review article is to emphasize the importance of smoking as a potential risk factor for neuropsychiatric disease and to identify central pathophysiological mechanisms that may contribute to this relationship. There is strong evidence from epidemiological and experimental studies indicating that smoking may increase the risk of various neuropsychiatric diseases, such as dementia/cognitive decline, schizophrenia/psychosis, depression, anxiety disorder, and suicidal behavior induced by structural and functional alterations of the central nervous system, mainly centered on inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. From a public health perspective, preventive measures and policies designed to counteract the global epidemic of smoking should necessarily include warnings and actions that address the risk of neuropsychiatric disease.
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Kim YJ, Lee SA. The Relationship of Lifestyle Factors with the Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder by Ecological Factors. Psychiatry Investig 2021; 18:340-347. [PMID: 33951780 PMCID: PMC8103019 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2020.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between ecological/lifestyle factors and major depressive disorder (MDD) have been provided but was inconsistent as characteristics of population including race, gender, etc. METHODS Data were extracted from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and consisted of 35,839 adults including 1,537 with MDD. Ecological factors included age, sex, married status, education, family income, residence, occupation, BMI, self-recognition stress, and history of non-communicable disease. Smoking, drinking, regular exercise, total energy intake, and sleep was consisted for lifestyle factors. The relationship between MDD and ecological/lifestyle factors, was evaluated using the multiple logistic regression model after adjustment for covariates. RESULTS The increased prevalence of MDD in men was related aged, unmarried, low educated, unoccupied, high BMI, and high self-recognition stress. To women, MDD prevalence was increased as aged, low educated and family income, resided in urban, unoccupied, high self-recognition stress and history of non-communicable disease. Current smoking/drinking and lack of sleep was positively related with prevalence of MDD in women. The relationship between lifestyle factors and MDD prevalence was influenced by ecological status, predominantly in women. CONCLUSION The relationship of lifestyle factors with MDD prevalence were observed and could be attenuated by various ecological factors, in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Jin Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ah Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
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11
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Tomioka K, Shima M, Saeki K. Association between heaviness of cigarette smoking and serious psychological distress is stronger in women than in men: a nationally representative cross-sectional survey in Japan. Harm Reduct J 2021; 18:27. [PMID: 33663543 PMCID: PMC7931554 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-021-00469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher smoking prevalence in people with serious psychological distress (SPD) is well-recognized. However, gender and age differences in the association between heaviness of cigarette smoking and SPD have not been fully investigated. METHODS We used anonymized data from a nationally representative survey in Japan (33,925 men and 37,257 women). SPD was measured using the Kessler 6-item Psychological Distress Scale and defined as ≥ 13 points. Multiple logistic regression analyses stratified by gender and age-groups (20-44 years, 45-64 years, and ≥ 65 years) were used to estimate adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for SPD. RESULTS After adjusting for sociodemographic confounders including education, equivalent household expenditures, and employment contract, women had a significant association between heavier smoking and more frequent SPD: compared to never-smokers, aORs (95% CIs) of ex-smokers, current light smokers who smoked 1-10 cigarettes per day (CPD), current moderate smokers 11-20 CPD, and current heavy smokers ≥ 21 CPD were 1.22 (0.92-1.63), 1.52 (1.25-1.84), 1.75 (1.46-2.09), and 2.22 (1.59-3.10), respectively (P-trend < 0.001). A significant positive association among women was consistent across all age-groups. Among men, there was no association between heaviness of cigarette smoking and SPD in all age-groups, and only current heavy smokers aged 20-44 years had a significantly higher OR for SPD (aOR, 1.37 [95% CI, 1.02-1.85]) than never-smokers. CONCLUSIONS There was a positive association between heaviness of cigarette smoking and SPD only among women, but not among men. For female smokers experiencing mental disorders, there is a need not only to improve mental health services but also to improve smoking-cessation support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Tomioka
- Nara Prefectural Health Research Center, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Midori Shima
- Nara Prefectural Health Research Center, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Keigo Saeki
- Nara Prefectural Health Research Center, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
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12
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Erdsiek F, Brzoska P. Is exposure to secondhand smoke associated with current depression (PHQ-8) among never-smokers? Results from a survey among German adults. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1880. [PMID: 33287771 PMCID: PMC7720608 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Findings on the association between exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and depression are contradictory. Comparability of existing research is limited due to varied methods and measures. This study examines the potential association between exposure to SHS and depression and a potential moderation by sex using representative data from Germany. Methods For our study, we used data from the German Health Update (GEDA) 2014/2015 on n = 10,274 never-smokers. We calculated a logistic regression model with an interaction term for potential sex-exposure interactions. We used the self-reported duration of exposure to predict current depression of any type as defined by the Patient Health Questionnaire PHQ-8 (score ≥ 10), accounting for a large number of confounders. Results In our sample, prevalence of depression was 8.8% in women and 5.3% in men. 90.4% were never or almost never exposed to SHS, while 7.1% were exposed < 1 h per day and around 2.5% reported being exposed for ≥1 h per day. While SHS exposure for < 1 h per day was not associated with current depression (OR = 1.54; 95%-CI: 0.93–1.61), SHS exposure for at least 1 h per day was associated with increased odds for current depression (OR = 1.59; 95%-CI: 1.08–2.35). No sex-specific differences were found. Conclusions Higher levels of SHS exposure are associated with current depression, although the nature and direction of the association are still unclear. We identified no differences in the association between men and women. More studies, particularly using longitudinal data, are needed to determine the nature of the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Erdsiek
- Universität Witten/Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Strasse 50, 58448, Witten, Germany.
| | - Patrick Brzoska
- Universität Witten/Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Strasse 50, 58448, Witten, Germany
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13
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Al-Tammemi AB, Akour A, Alfalah L. Is It Just About Physical Health? An Online Cross-Sectional Study Exploring the Psychological Distress Among University Students in Jordan in the Midst of COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2020; 11:562213. [PMID: 33240151 PMCID: PMC7677563 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.562213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the spread of COVID-19 on a global scale, most of efforts at national and international levels were directed to mitigate the spread of the disease and its physical harm, paying less attention to the psychological impacts of COVID-19 on global mental health especially at early stages of the pandemic. Objectives This study aimed to assess and explore (i) The levels of psychological distress and its correlates (ii) Motivation for distance learning (iii) Coping activities and pandemic related concerns, among university students in Jordan in the midst of COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online self-administered questionnaire. The measure of psychological distress was obtained using the 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, while other questions have explored our study's second and third aims. Results A total of 381 completed questionnaires were included in the analysis. Female participants slightly predominated the sample (n = 199, 52.2%). The respondents aged 18-38 years (mean 22.6 years, SD: 3.16). Concerning distress severity, most of respondents were regarded as having severe psychological distress (n = 265, 69.5%). 209 students (54.9%) reported that they had no motivation for distance learning. Ordinal logistic regression revealed a significant correlation between distress severity and many predictors. Among the predictors that were found to act as protective factors against higher levels of distress included older age (aOR = 0.64, P = 0.022; 95% CI: 0.44-0.94), and having a strong motivation for distance learning (aOR = 0.10, P = 0.048; 95% CI: 0.01-0.96). In contrary, being a current smoker (aOR = 1.99, P = 0.049; 95% CI: 1.10-3.39), and having no motivation for distance learning (aOR = 2.49, P = 0.007; 95% CI: 1.29-4.80) acted as risk factors for having higher levels of psychological distress among the students. The most common coping activity reported was spending more time on social media platforms (n = 269, 70.6%), and 209 students (54.9%) reported distance learning as their most distressing concern. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic and related control measures could impact the mental health of individuals, including students. We recommend a nationwide psychological support program to be incorporated into Jordan's preparedness plan and response strategy in combating the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala'a B Al-Tammemi
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Amal Akour
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Laith Alfalah
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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14
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Amiri S. The prevalence of depression symptoms after smoking cessation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Addict Dis 2020; 39:109-124. [PMID: 33084511 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2020.1826104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Smoking cessation can have positive effects on people's health, especially mental health. This study aimed to address the prevalence of depression in the smoking cessation population. Methods: In the present meta-analysis study, PRISMA protocol was used. Two databases, PubMed and Scopus, were selected. Articles in these two databases in English were targeted and the search was limited to July 2020. First, the results related to the prevalence of depression were calculated. The results were pooled. Results: Forty-nine articles with different designs were eligible for meta-analysis. The prevalence of depression in the smoking cessation population was 18% and the confidence interval was 14-22%. The highest depression prevalence was in Asia and Europe, followed by America. The prevalence of major depression in the smoking cessation population was 15% and the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 17%. The smoking cessation population had a lower odds of depression than current smokers (OR= 0.63 CI = 0.54-0.75; I2 83.9%). There was little evidence for publication bias. Discussion: The status of depression in the smoking cessation population is different from that of nonsmokers and current smokers. Therefore, in terms of health policy and encouraging people to smoking cessation, the issue of its positive effects on mental health should be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Amiri
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Maternal education, health profession and cigarette smoking are decisive factors for self-medication in children by parents. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2020; 70:249-257. [PMID: 31955142 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2020-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Self-medication of children by their parents (SMCP) is an important public health issue as the effects and potential risks may be unpredictable. The objective of this first national Montenegrin study was to assess the prevalence of and factors influencing SMCP among schoolchildren. Data were obtained from a national representative sample of 4496 schoolchildren aged 7-13 years (50.4 % boys). Parents/caregivers completed a questionnaire concerning their demographic characteristics, socio-economic and cultural status, as well as the self-medication (SM) of their children. The association between SMCP and parents' socio-economic, demographic or cultural status was assessed by logistic regression analyses. The prevalence rate of SMCP was 24.6 %. Univariate logistic regression showed that maternal socio-demographic characteristics (educational level, employment status, health care profession and smoking habits) were relevant for SMCP. In a multiple logistic regression the independent effect /adjusted odds ratio (AOR) (95 % CI)/of maternal factors on SMCP remained for: education /2.23 (1.18-4.24)/, university-level vs. no education; profession /1.50 (1.07-3.00)/, health profession vs. non-health profession; and smoking habit /1.22 (1.04-1.42)/smokers vs. non-smokers. SMCP may be expected for every fourth child in Montenegro. Specific maternal factors that independently raise the probability of SMCP are higher education, health profession and smoking.
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Associations between frequency of cigarette and alternative tobacco product use and depressive symptoms: A longitudinal study of young adults. Addict Behav 2019; 99:106078. [PMID: 31430619 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The association between cigarette use and depression has been documented in many studies. Fewer studies have examined other tobacco products such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and hookah that are used by young adults. This study examined whether increased frequency of use of these products was associated with depressive symptoms in a cohort of n = 5236 Texas college students followed from 2014 to 2017. To analyze the longitudinal data, a hierarchical model was used. Model results showed that increased frequency of single product use of cigarettes, refillable e-cigarettes and hookah was associated with depressive symptoms. Refillable and disposable e-cigarettes were examined separately and results did not provide evidence of a different association for each type of e-cigarette when cigarettes were not also used. Dual use of cigarettes with another product was also examined. Dual use was associated with higher depressive symptoms for most product combinations. However, infrequent dual use of disposable e-cigarettes and cigarettes may not be associated with depressive symptoms. Suggestions for further research are included.
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17
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Chan G, Morphett K, Gartner C, Leung J, Yong HH, Hall W, Borland R. Predicting vaping uptake, vaping frequency and ongoing vaping among daily smokers using longitudinal data from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Surveys. Addiction 2019; 114 Suppl 1:61-70. [PMID: 30575153 PMCID: PMC8137946 DOI: 10.1111/add.14537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess (1) how far smoking patterns, depression and smoking-related beliefs and intentions predict vaping uptake, current vaping and vaping frequency among daily smokers; and (2) how far the aforementioned predictors and baseline vaping frequency predict current vaping among those who reported ever vaped. DESIGN Analysis of data from six waves of a longitudinal survey over 8 years. Longitudinal associations between predictors and outcomes were examined using multi-level models. SETTING United Kingdom, United States, Canada and Australia. PARTICIPANTS A total of 6296 daily smokers (53% females) who contributed data to at least two consecutive survey waves. MEASUREMENTS The outcome variables were vaping uptake, vaping frequency and current vaping at follow-up. The key predictor variables, measured in previous waves, were time to first cigarette, cigarettes smoked per day, depressive symptoms, intention to quit smoking, quitting self-efficacy and worry about adverse health effects of smoking. FINDINGS Number of cigarettes smoked daily was associated with (1) subsequent vaping uptake [odds ratio (OR) = 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.19, 2.39 for 30+ cigarette per day; reference category: 0-10 cigarettes] and (2) a higher frequency of current vaping (OR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.36, 2.85 for 30+ cigarettes). Intention to quit was associated with a higher frequency of current vaping (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.21, 1.82). Among those who reported ever vaped, higher baseline vaping frequency (OR = 11.98, 95% CI = 6.00, 23.93 for daily vaping at baseline; reference category: vaped less than monthly) predicted current vaping. CONCLUSION Among daily smokers, amount smoked and intention to quit smoking appear to predict subsequent vaping uptake. Vaping frequency at baseline appears to predict current vaping at follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Chan
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Kylie Morphett
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Coral Gartner
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Australia,Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Janni Leung
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Australia,National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hua-Hie Yong
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Australia,Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Ron Borland
- Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
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18
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Association between Central Serous Chorioretinopathy and Risk of Depression: A Population-Based Cohort Study. J Ophthalmol 2019; 2019:2749296. [PMID: 31191993 PMCID: PMC6525878 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2749296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the association between central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and the risk of developing depression. The risk factors associated with depression in CSC patients were also assessed. Methods A population-based retrospective cohort study using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database was conducted from the beginning of 2001 through the end of 2013. CSC patients and age- and gender-matched (1 : 4 matched) control subjects without CSC were enrolled in the study. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to compare the cumulative hazard of subsequent depression between the CSC and control groups. A Cox regression analysis estimated the crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for depression. Risk factors leading to depression were investigated among the CSC patients. Results 25,939 CSC patients and 103,756 controls were enrolled in the study. The CSC group had a significantly higher cumulative hazard for depression compared to the control group (p value < 0.0001). The Cox regression model indicated that the CSC group had a significantly higher risk for depression (adjusted HR = 1.33). Within the CSC group, significant risk factors for depression included age, female gender, low income, first-onset CSC, peptic ulcer, and smoking. The recent use of steroids prior to CSC, by all routes of administration, also significantly increased the risk for depression. However, treatment of CSC did not significantly reduce the risk for depression. Conclusion Patients with CSC are at significantly greater risk of developing depression. Among CSC patients, age, female gender, low income, first-onset CSC, peptic ulcer, smoking, and recent use of steroids prior to CSC were significant risk factors for depression.
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Li H, Chen J, Chen C, Xu Z, Xu J, Lin W, Wu J, Li G, Xu H, Kang Y, Wang F, Liu Y. CSF glutamate level decreases in heavy smokers and negatively correlates with BDI scores. Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:627-630. [PMID: 30384282 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is involved in mental disorders and nicotine addiction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glutamate levels and mental status in Chinese heavy smokers. Participants comprised 41 non-smokers and 77 heavy smokers (n = 118). Cerebrospinal fluid was extracted and glutamate levels were measured. We recorded age, years of education, BMI, the Barratt impulsiveness scale (BIS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). BIS action scores, total scores and BDI scores were significantly different between the groups. Partial correlation analyses with age and education years as covariates found that CSF glutamate levels negatively correlated with BDI scores, but did not correlate with SAS scores in heavy smokers. No correlation was found between CSF glutamate levels and BDI or SAS scores in non-smokers. In conclusion, heavy smokers had more impulsivity had lower levels of CSF glutamate and higher BDI scores. CSF glutamate levels negatively correlated with BDI scores in heavy smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830028, China; Psychosomatic Medicine Research Division, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010110, China
| | - Junzheng Chen
- The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling 317500, China
| | - Caiming Chen
- The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling 317500, China
| | - Zeping Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jinzhong Xu
- The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling 317500, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wenhui Lin
- The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling 317500, China
| | - Junnan Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Guohua Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830028, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830028, China; The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yimin Kang
- Psychosomatic Medicine Research Division, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010110, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830028, China; Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100096, China.
| | - Yanlong Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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Morimoto Y, Yamasaki S, Ando S, Koike S, Fujikawa S, Kanata S, Endo K, Nakanishi M, Hatch SL, Richards M, Kasai K, Hiraiwa-Hasegawa M, Nishida A. Purpose in life and tobacco use among community-dwelling mothers of early adolescents. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020586. [PMID: 29678982 PMCID: PMC5914705 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The rising prevalence of tobacco use and tobacco-attributable deaths among women is of worldwide concern. In particular, smoking prevention for mothers in early midlife is a significant international public health goal. A higher sense of purpose in life (PIL) is thought to reduce detrimental health behaviours. However, little is known about the association between a sense of PIL and tobacco use. This study investigates this association among community-dwelling mothers of early adolescents. DESIGN This population-based cross-sectional study uses a self-reported questionnaire from the Tokyo Early Adolescence Survey, a large community-based survey conducted in Japan between 2012 and 2015. SETTING Participants were randomly recruited from the resident registries of three municipalities in Tokyo, Japan. PARTICIPANTS A total of 4478 children and their primary parents participated. Responses from 4063 mothers with no missing data were analysed (mean age=42.0 years (SD=4.2)). MEASURES Participants' tobacco use, including the number of cigarettes smoked per day, was documented using a questionnaire. PIL was assessed using a Purpose in Life scale derived from Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scale. RESULTS Greater PIL was associated with a decreased likelihood of tobacco use, even when adjusted for confounders (OR=0.80, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.91). Multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed that PIL was inversely associated with tobacco consumption among mothers. These associations remained after controlling for psychological distress, socioeconomic factors and frequency of alcohol consumption among moderate to heavy smokers (OR=0.70, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.86), while attenuated among light smokers. CONCLUSIONS Increasing PIL may be a valuable intervention for reducing tobacco use among women in early midlife. This study can contribute to our understanding of the psychology of smoking behaviour and shed light on the targeted intervention to reduce tobacco use among early midlife mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Morimoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Syudo Yamasaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ando
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Fujikawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Kanata
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Endo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miharu Nakanishi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stephani L Hatch
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Aging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Hiraiwa-Hasegawa
- School of Advanced Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishida
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Triandafilidis Z, Ussher JM, Perz J, Huppatz K. Young Australian women's accounts of smoking and quitting: a qualitative study using visual methods. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2018; 18:5. [PMID: 29301518 PMCID: PMC5755039 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-017-0500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Although the overall rate of smoking in Australia continues to decline, the rate of decline has begun to slow. Rates of smoking among young women in Australia have been a particular concern, which has led to the development of targeted public health campaigns. Poststructuralist theory has successfully been used in research to explore the way in which young women experience smoking. However, there is an absence of poststructuralist analysis of young women’s experiences of quitting. This study aims to address this gap. Methods We carried out 27 interviews with young Australian women smokers and ex-smokers. Eighteen of those women then participated in a photography activity and follow-up interviews. A Foucauldian discourse analysis of the data was conducted. Results Through our analysis, we identified three discourses: ‘The irresponsibility of smoking: Quitting as responsible’, ‘The difficulties of quitting: Smoking as addictive’, and ‘Making a decision to quit: Smoking as a choice’. In relation to these discourses, participants took up contradictory positions of responsibility and resistance, addiction and agency. Taking up these positions had implications for young women’s subjectivity, and the way they engaged with tobacco controls and cessation support. Conclusions The analysis highlights the complex and contradictory nature of young women’s experiences with smoking and quitting. The study’s findings are considered in relation to the improvement of tobacco control policies and cessation support programmes targeted at young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Triandafilidis
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - Jane M Ussher
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Janette Perz
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Kate Huppatz
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, NSW, 2751, Australia
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Muscatello MRA, Scimeca G, Lorusso S, Battaglia F, Pandolfo G, Zoccali RA, Bruno A. Anger, Smoking Behavior, and the Mediator Effects of Gender: An Investigation of Heavy and Moderate Smokers. Subst Use Misuse 2017; 52:587-593. [PMID: 28026974 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1245343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The existing literature suggests the presence of a possible relationship between high anger levels and smoking behavior; however, there are no available data highlighting possible differences between moderate and heavy smokers and the putative effect of gender on smoking behavior. OBJECTIVES The aims of the current study were to assess the relationship among anger, depression, and anxiety and smoking patterns taking into account the possible mediator role of gender. METHODS 150 smokers and 50 nonsmokers volunteers were recruited from the staff of the University of Messina, Italy. The final sample consisted of 90 smokers, divided in 50 heavy smokers (HS: more than 40 cigarettes per day), 40 moderate smokers (MS: 10-30 cigarettes per day), and 42 nonsmokers (NS). All subjects were assessed by State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2, Self-Rating Depression Scale, and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale. RESULTS On anger, depression, and anxiety measures the HS group scored higher than MS and NS groups. HS showed higher than expected levels of trait-anger, a greater tendency to control anger reactions and to access to anger-management techniques. A moderate consumption of cigarettes (10-30 cigarettes per day) was not associated with negative emotions, as MS only showed higher than expected levels of state-anger. Cigarettes consumption was related to gender-specific anger features. Conclusions/Importance: Our study highlighted the importance of anger in smoking behavior and its related gender differences. Recognizing the link among anger, gender differences and smoking behavior could improve the knowledge for future-focused interventions on smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Anna Muscatello
- a Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scimeca
- a Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Simona Lorusso
- a Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Fortunato Battaglia
- b School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University , South Orange , New Jersey , USA
| | - Gianluca Pandolfo
- a Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Rocco A Zoccali
- a Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Antonio Bruno
- a Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
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Park SH, Lee L, Shearston JA, Weitzman M. Patterns of electronic cigarette use and level of psychological distress. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173625. [PMID: 28278239 PMCID: PMC5344459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological distress has been correlated with higher levels of nicotine dependence. To date, the possible association between individuals' levels of psychological distress and e-cigarette use has not been investigated, despite the dramatic growth of e-cigarette use in the US. We examined this possible association using a nationally representative sample of US adults. METHODS A total of 36,697 adults from the 2014 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were included. The Kessler 6 scale was used to measure psychological distress. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between level of psychological distress and e-cigarette use. RESULTS Both e-cigarette and cigarette use varied according to level of psychological distress as well as multiple socio-demographic characteristics. In a multivariate model, psychological distress was significantly associated with the following groups: (a) exclusive e-cigarette ever-use (aOR = 3.7; 95% CI = 1.6, 8.6), (b) current dual use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes (aOR = 4.6; 95% CI = 3.1, 6.7), (c) former cigarette use and ever use of e-cigarette (aOR = 3.2; 95% CI = 2.2, 4.8) and (d) current use of cigarettes only (aOR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.7, 2.6). CONCLUSION These are the first data to demonstrate that, as is true for cigarettes, e-cigarette use is associated with increased levels of psychological distress. Further large-scale, longitudinal studies are needed to determine the direction of this relationship and to evaluate the long-term positive and negative consequences of such use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hyun Park
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lily Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Brooklyn College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jenni A. Shearston
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- New York University/ Abu Dhabi Public Health Research Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Michael Weitzman
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Brooklyn College, New York, New York, United States of America
- New York University/ Abu Dhabi Public Health Research Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
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Fluharty M, Taylor AE, Grabski M, Munafò MR. The Association of Cigarette Smoking With Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:3-13. [PMID: 27199385 PMCID: PMC5157710 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies report a positive association between smoking and mental illness. However, the literature remains mixed regarding the direction of this association. We therefore conducted a systematic review evaluating the association of smoking and depression and/or anxiety in longitudinal studies. METHODS Studies were identified by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science and were included if they: (1) used human participants, (2) were longitudinal, (3) reported primary data, (4) had smoking as an exposure and depression and/or anxiety as an outcome, or (5) had depression and/or anxiety as the exposure and smoking as an outcome. RESULTS Outcomes from 148 studies were categorized into: smoking onset, smoking status, smoking heaviness, tobacco dependence, and smoking trajectory. The results for each category varied substantially, with evidence for positive associations in both directions (smoking to later mental health and mental health to later smoking) as well as null findings. Overall, nearly half the studies reported that baseline depression/anxiety was associated with some type of later smoking behavior, while over a third found evidence that a smoking exposure was associated with later depression/anxiety. However, there were few studies directly supporting a bidirectional model of smoking and anxiety, and very few studies reporting null results. CONCLUSIONS The literature on the prospective association between smoking and depression and anxiety is inconsistent in terms of the direction of association most strongly supported. This suggests the need for future studies that employ different methodologies, such as Mendelian randomization (MR), which will allow us to draw stronger causal inferences. IMPLICATIONS We systematically reviewed longitudinal studies on the association of different aspects of smoking behavior with depression and anxiety. The results varied considerably, with evidence for smoking both associated with subsequent depression and anxiety, and vice versa. Few studies supported a bidirectional relationship, or reported null results, and no clear patterns by gender, ethnicity, clinical status, length to follow-up, or diagnostic test. Suggesting that despite advantages of longitudinal studies, they cannot alone provide strong evidence of causality. Therefore, future studies investigating this association should employ different methods allowing for stronger causal inferences to be made, such as MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Fluharty
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom;
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E Taylor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Meryem Grabski
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Du Plooy JL, Macharia M, Verster C. Cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence, and motivation to quit smoking in South African male psychiatric inpatients. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:403. [PMID: 27852297 PMCID: PMC5112714 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide and the prevalence is particularly high among psychiatric patients but recent international studies demonstrated that psychiatric patients are able and motivated to quit. The aim of this study was to evaluate cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence, and motivation for smoking cessation in male psychiatric inpatients in a sample of South African acute-care male psychiatric inpatients. METHODS All inpatients admitted during a 2-month period (April to May 2016) to the Stikland Hospital Acute Male Admissions Unit in Cape Town, Western Cape, were included. Subjects completed a survey including a set of tests: Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and the Decisional Balance for Cigarette Smoking (DBCS) (6-item version). Demographic data were obtained from patients' clinical charts. RESULTS Among the 160 new inpatients, 72.5% (n = 116) completed the survey. Of the 116 participants, 91.4% (n = 106) were current smokers of whom 82% (n = 87) smoked daily and 55.6% (n = 59) were identified as having high nicotine dependence (FTND ≥ 6). Although a large majority (71.7%; n = 76) of current smokers expressed positive perceptions regarding smoking, a notable proportion (59.4%; n = 63) still attempted to quit the habit in the preceding 12 months and daily smokers were less likely to quit. However, only a minor proportion of all current (43.4%; n = 46) and specifically daily (40.2%; n = 35) smokers were advised on smoking cessation by a health worker. CONCLUSION This study confirms that, similar to populations elsewhere, rates of cigarette smoking among psychiatric inpatients in South Africa is exceedingly high. While patients are motivated to quit smoking, few were provided with the necessary advice. Our findings provide further support for the integration of smoking cessation support in mental health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Du Plooy
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muiruri Macharia
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Chris Verster
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Skov-Ettrup LS, Nordestgaard BG, Petersen CB, Tolstrup JS. Does High Tobacco Consumption Cause Psychological Distress? A Mendelian Randomization Study. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 19:32-38. [PMID: 27613883 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that smoking influences mental health negatively. This study investigated whether high tobacco consumption is causally related to psychological distress in a Mendelian randomization design, using a variant in the nicotine acetylcholine receptor gene CHRNA3-known to influence individual tobacco consumption-as instrumental variable for tobacco consumption. METHODS Data from 90 108 participants in the Copenhagen General Population Study was used. Exposures included self-reported cigarettes/day and pack years and the CHRNA3 rs1051730 genotype as instrumental variable for tobacco consumption. Three dimensions of psychological distress were studied: Stress, fatigue, and hopelessness. Analyses with the CHRNA3 genotype were stratified by smoking status. RESULTS Self-reported amount of smoking was associated with all three dimensions of psychological distress. For instance among participants smoking 30 cigarettes/day or more, the odds ratio (OR) for stress was 1.67 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.47-1.89) compared to never-smokers. Corresponding ORs for fatigue and hopelessness were 2.18 (95% CI 1.92-2.47) and 3.08 (95% CI 2.62-3.62). Among current smokers, homozygotes and heterozygotes for the CHRNA3 genotype had higher tobacco consumption than noncarriers. Nevertheless, the CHRNA3 genotype was not associated with psychological distress neither in current nor in former or never-smokers. For instance among current smokers, the OR for stress was 1.02 (95% CI 0.91-1.15) among homozygotes compared to noncarriers of the CHRNA3 genotype. CONCLUSIONS Though a strong association between tobacco consumption and psychological distress was found, there was no clear evidence that high tobacco consumption was causally related to psychological distress. IMPLICATIONS Smoking is associated with several mental health outcomes and smoking cessation is associated with improved mental health. Causality in the association between smoking and mental health is difficult to establish using observational data. Using a genotype known to influence tobacco consumption as instrumental variable for amount of smoking, we found no clear evidence of a direct causal path between high tobacco consumption and psychological distress. Whatever causes the strong association between tobacco consumption and psychological distress, the co-occurrence is important to consider both in interventions for smoking prevention and cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise S Skov-Ettrup
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and The Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Christina B Petersen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janne S Tolstrup
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Baiden P, Tarshis S, Antwi-Boasiako K, den Dunnen W. Examining the independent protective effect of subjective well-being on severe psychological distress among Canadian adults with a history of child maltreatment. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 58:129-140. [PMID: 27372801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the independent protective effect of subjective well-being on severe psychological distress among adult Canadians with a history of child maltreatment. Data for this study were obtained from the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health (CCHS-MH). A sample of 8126 respondents aged 20-69 years old who experienced at least one child maltreatment event was analyzed using binary logistic regression with severe psychological distress as the outcome variable. Of the 8126 respondents with a history of child maltreatment, 3.9% experienced severe psychological distress within the past month. Results from the multivariate logistic regression revealed that emotional and psychological well-being each had a significant effect on severe psychological distress. For each unit increase in emotional well-being, the odds of a respondent having severe psychological distress were predicted to decrease by a factor of 28% and for each unit increase in psychological well-being, the odds of a respondent having severe psychological distress were predicted to decrease by a factor of 10%, net the effect of demographic, socioeconomic, and health factors. Other factors associated with psychological distress included: younger age, poor self-perceived physical health, and chronic condition. Having post-secondary education, having a higher income, and being non-White predicted lower odds of severe psychological distress. Although, child maltreatment is associated with stressful life events later in adulthood, subjective well-being could serve as a protective factor against severe psychological distress among adults who experienced maltreatment when they were children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Baiden
- University of Toronto, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, 246 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1V4.
| | - Sarah Tarshis
- University of Toronto, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, 246 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1V4
| | - Kofi Antwi-Boasiako
- University of Toronto, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, 246 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1V4
| | - Wendy den Dunnen
- University of Ottawa, School of Psychology, 136 Jean Jacques Lussier, Vanier Hall, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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Psychological distress, optimism and general health in breast cancer survivors: a data linkage study using the Scottish Health Survey. Support Care Cancer 2015; 24:1755-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-015-2968-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Taylor AE, Fluharty ME, Bjørngaard JH, Gabrielsen ME, Skorpen F, Marioni RE, Campbell A, Engmann J, Mirza SS, Loukola A, Laatikainen T, Partonen T, Kaakinen M, Ducci F, Cavadino A, Husemoen LLN, Ahluwalia TS, Jacobsen RK, Skaaby T, Ebstrup JF, Mortensen EL, Minica CC, Vink JM, Willemsen G, Marques-Vidal P, Dale CE, Amuzu A, Lennon LT, Lahti J, Palotie A, Räikkönen K, Wong A, Paternoster L, Wong APY, Horwood LJ, Murphy M, Johnstone EC, Kennedy MA, Pausova Z, Paus T, Ben-Shlomo Y, Nohr EA, Kuh D, Kivimaki M, Eriksson JG, Morris RW, Casas JP, Preisig M, Boomsma DI, Linneberg A, Power C, Hyppönen E, Veijola J, Jarvelin MR, Korhonen T, Tiemeier H, Kumari M, Porteous DJ, Hayward C, Romundstad PR, Smith GD, Munafò MR. Investigating the possible causal association of smoking with depression and anxiety using Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis: the CARTA consortium. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e006141. [PMID: 25293386 PMCID: PMC4187451 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether associations of smoking with depression and anxiety are likely to be causal, using a Mendelian randomisation approach. DESIGN Mendelian randomisation meta-analyses using a genetic variant (rs16969968/rs1051730) as a proxy for smoking heaviness, and observational meta-analyses of the associations of smoking status and smoking heaviness with depression, anxiety and psychological distress. PARTICIPANTS Current, former and never smokers of European ancestry aged ≥16 years from 25 studies in the Consortium for Causal Analysis Research in Tobacco and Alcohol (CARTA). PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Binary definitions of depression, anxiety and psychological distress assessed by clinical interview, symptom scales or self-reported recall of clinician diagnosis. RESULTS The analytic sample included up to 58 176 never smokers, 37 428 former smokers and 32 028 current smokers (total N=127 632). In observational analyses, current smokers had 1.85 times greater odds of depression (95% CI 1.65 to 2.07), 1.71 times greater odds of anxiety (95% CI 1.54 to 1.90) and 1.69 times greater odds of psychological distress (95% CI 1.56 to 1.83) than never smokers. Former smokers also had greater odds of depression, anxiety and psychological distress than never smokers. There was evidence for positive associations of smoking heaviness with depression, anxiety and psychological distress (ORs per cigarette per day: 1.03 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.04), 1.03 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.04) and 1.02 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.03) respectively). In Mendelian randomisation analyses, there was no strong evidence that the minor allele of rs16969968/rs1051730 was associated with depression (OR=1.00, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.05), anxiety (OR=1.02, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.07) or psychological distress (OR=1.02, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.06) in current smokers. Results were similar for former smokers. CONCLUSIONS Findings from Mendelian randomisation analyses do not support a causal role of smoking heaviness in the development of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Taylor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Meg E Fluharty
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Johan H Bjørngaard
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Forensic Department, Research Centre Bröset St. Olav's University Hospital Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maiken Elvestad Gabrielsen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frank Skorpen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Archie Campbell
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jorgen Engmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Saira Saeed Mirza
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anu Loukola
- University of Helsinki, Hjelt institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health & Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Hospital District of North Karelia, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Timo Partonen
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Institute of Health Sciences, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Francesca Ducci
- South West London and St George's Mental Health Trust, London, UK
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | | | - Tarunveer Singh Ahluwalia
- Metabolic Genetics Section, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Kart Jacobsen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Tea Skaaby
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | | | - Erik Lykke Mortensen
- Institute of Public Health and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camelia C Minica
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline E Dale
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Antoinette Amuzu
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lucy T Lennon
- Department of Primary Care & Population Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- The Medical and Population Genomics Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health, Ageing at UCL, UK
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Angelita Pui-Yee Wong
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - L John Horwood
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Michael Murphy
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Martin A Kennedy
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Institute for Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health, Ageing at UCL, UK
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
| | | | - Juan P Casas
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK
| | - Martin Preisig
- Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup University Hospital, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chris Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
- School of Population Health and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Juha Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tellervo Korhonen
- University of Helsinki, Hjelt institute, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health & Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pål R Romundstad
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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von Soest T, Pedersen W. Hardcore adolescent smokers? An examination of the hardening hypothesis by using survey data from two Norwegian samples collected eight years apart. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 16:1232-9. [PMID: 24727485 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The hardening hypothesis states that with the declining prevalence and growing social disapproval of smoking, remaining smokers are more unwilling and unable to quit as well as increasingly characterized by low socioeconomic status and psychiatric comorbidity. However, few studies have examined whether such characteristics do in fact change in tandem with substantially decreased smoking prevalence. METHODS Two nationwide population-based surveys of 16- to 17-year-old Norwegian adolescents were conducted according to identical procedures in 2002 and 2010. In 2002, 3,438 students participated while 2,813 did so in 2010, yielding response rates of 91.0% and 83.2%, respectively. Data on smoking behavior and a variety of psychosocial variables were obtained. RESULTS The prevalence of daily smoking dropped from 23.7% in 2002 to 7.0% in 2010. The association between smoking and parental characteristics, adjustment to school, and social integration also shifted, indicating smokers to be more socially disadvantaged in 2010 than 2002. However, no changes in the relationship between smoking and mental health or use of substances such as alcohol and cannabis were found, nor did the number of cigarettes smoked by daily smokers differ between 2002 and 2010. CONCLUSIONS The results support the hardening hypothesis, as smokers became increasingly socially disadvantaged with decreasing smoking prevalence. However, despite reduced prevalence of smoking and growing stigmatization, neither greater psychological distress nor increased substance use among adolescent daily smokers was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann von Soest
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Social Research, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Willy Pedersen
- Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Smoking patterns, depression, and sociodemographic variables among Flemish women during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Nurs Res 2014; 62:394-404. [PMID: 24165215 DOI: 10.1097/nnr.0b013e3182a59d96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relationships among feelings of depression, smoking behavior, and educational level during pregnancy have been documented. Feelings of depression may contribute to persistent smoking during pregnancy. No longitudinal studies assessing feelings of depression in women with different antepartum and postpartum smoking patterns are available. OBJECTIVES The aim was to determine relationships between depressive symptoms, sociodemographic characteristics, and smoking pattern during and after pregnancy. METHODS An observational, prospective, noninterventional study was conducted. Data were collected during two stages of pregnancy (T0: <;16 weeks and T1: 32-34 weeks) and postpartum (T2: >6 weeks) in 523 Flemish women. Feelings of depression (measured using the Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]), smoking behavior, and sociodemographic variables were analyzed using a general linear mixed model implemented in SAS Proc MIXED. RESULTS Smokers and initial smokers reported significantly more depressive symptoms at all time points compared with recent ex-smokers, nonsmokers, and initial nonsmokers (p <; .001). The three-way interaction among time point, smoking pattern, and educational level was significant (p = .02). Evolution of mean BDI over time differed by educational level. Among participants with a secondary school certificate or less, differences were observed between smokers and nonsmokers, recent ex-smokers and initial nonsmokers, and nonsmokers and initial nonsmokers. Among participants with a college or university degree, no differences were observed. DISCUSSION A wide variety of smoking patterns were observed during pregnancy and early postpartum. Smoking patterns were associated with depression and showed complex interactions with educational level. Assessment and intervention for both smoking and depression are needed throughout the perinatal period to support the health of mothers, their infants, and families.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is widely known that cigarette use and depressive symptoms co-occur during adolescence and young adulthood and that there are gender differences in smoking initiation, progression, and co-occurrence with other drug use. Given that females have an earlier onset of depressive symptoms while males have an earlier onset of cigarette use, this study explored the possible bidirectional development of cigarette use and depressive symptoms by gender across the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. Gender differences in the stability and crossed effects of depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking during the transition to young adulthood, controlling for other known risk factors, were examined using a nationally representative longitudinal sample. METHODS A bivariate autoregressive multi-group structural equation model examined the longitudinal stability and crossed relationships between a latent construct of depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking over four waves of data. Data for this study came from four waves of participants (N = 6,501) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health. At each of four waves, participants completed a battery of measures including questions on depressive symptoms and an ordinal measure of number of cigarettes smoked per day. RESULTS The best-fitting bivariate autoregressive models were gender-specific, included both crossed and parallel associations between depressive symptoms and cigarette use during the transition to adulthood, and controlled for wave-specific parental smoking, alcohol use, and number of friends who smoke. For females, greater depressive symptoms at each wave, except the first one, were associated with greater subsequent cigarette use. There were bidirectional associations between depressive symptoms and cigarette use only for females during young adulthood, but not for males. CONCLUSIONS The development of depressive symptoms and cigarette use from adolescence and into young adulthood follows similar patterns for males and females. Controlling for the correlation and stability between initial levels of depressive symptoms and cigarette use from adolescence into young adulthood, there remains a crossed association between cigarette use and depressive symptoms specific to females during young adulthood. The findings suggest that prevention interventions focused on mental health should include warnings that cigarette use may exacerbate depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina B Bares
- a School of Social Work , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA
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McAninch J, Greene C, Sorkin JD, Lavoie MC, Smith GS. Higher psychological distress is associated with unintentional injuries in US adults. Inj Prev 2013; 20:258-65. [PMID: 24174466 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2013-040958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Links between mental illness, self-inflicted injury and interpersonal violence are well recognised, but the association between poor mental health and unintentional injuries is not well understood. METHODS We used the 2010 National Health Interview Survey to assess the association between psychological distress and unintentional non-occupational injuries among US adults. Psychological distress was measured by the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, a symptom scale shown to identify community-dwelling persons with mental illness. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted ORs (AOR) and 95% CIs. RESULTS Of the 26,776 individuals analysed, 2.5% reported a medically attended unintentional injury in the past 3 months. Those with moderate and severe psychological distress had 1.5 (1.2 to 1.8) and 2.0 (1.4 to 2.8) times higher odds of injury, respectively, as compared to those with low distress levels, after adjusting for age, sex, race, marital status, education level, alcohol use, physical functional limitation, medical comorbidity, employment status and health insurance status. Psychological distress was significantly associated with falls (AOR 1.4 (1.1 to 1.9)) and sprain/strain injuries (AOR 2.0 (1.5 to 2.8)), but not transportation-related injuries (AOR 1.2 (0.7 to 1.9)) or fractures (AOR 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6)). CONCLUSIONS Among community-dwelling US adults, psychological distress is significantly associated with unintentional non-occupational injury, and the magnitude of association increases with severity of distress. The association between psychological distress and injury may be particularly strong for falls and sprain/strain injuries. These findings draw attention to a large group of at-risk individuals that may merit further targeted research, including longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana McAninch
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina Greene
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John D Sorkin
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA University of Maryland School of Medicine Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marie-Claude Lavoie
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gordon S Smith
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR)-Organized Research Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Gariépy G, Smith KJ, Clyde M, Schmitz N. Letter to the editor: smoking and mental health in young women - challenges in interpretation. Psychol Med 2013; 43:445. [PMID: 23089482 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712001778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Leung J, Gartner C, Hall W, Lucke J, Dobson A. Smoking and mental health in young women – challenges in interpretation : a reply. Psychol Med 2013; 43:445-447. [PMID: 23413453 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712002371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Gartner C, Scollo M, Marquart L, Mathews R, Hall W. Analysis of national data shows mixed evidence of hardening among Australian smokers. Aust N Z J Public Health 2013; 36:408-14. [PMID: 23025359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2012.00908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE According to the 'hardening hypothesis', the proportion of smokers that are 'low-probability quitters' will increase as societal disapproval of smoking increases. This paper examines whether there has been increased hardening in Australian smokers over the past decade as reflected in an increased prevalence of psychological distress and social disadvantage among current smokers. METHODS The relationship between psychological distress, living in a disadvantaged area and level of education was determined using logistic regression at two time points 7 to 10 years apart in three cross-sectional household survey series: National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS), National Health Survey (NHS) and National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being (NSMHW). RESULTS The relationships between smoking and living in the most disadvantaged areas and having completed less than 12 years of schooling strengthened between 2001 and 2010 in the NDSHS, but there were no significant changes between survey years in the NHS and NSMHW. There was no significant change in the relationship between smoking and psychological distress between survey years in any of the survey series. CONCLUSION Social disadvantage may be increasing among current smokers, but the results were inconsistent between survey series, presenting weak evidence that the population of Australian smokers hardened as smoking prevalence declined by approximately 4% over the last decade. IMPLICATIONS A greater focus on intensive individual-level tobacco cessation interventions does not appear warranted at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral Gartner
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Australia.
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