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Gonzalez R, Saha A, Campbell CJ, Nejat P, Lokker C, Norgan AP. Seeing the random forest through the decision trees. Supporting learning health systems from histopathology with machine learning models: Challenges and opportunities. J Pathol Inform 2024; 15:100347. [PMID: 38162950 PMCID: PMC10755052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpi.2023.100347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses some overlooked challenges faced when working with machine learning models for histopathology and presents a novel opportunity to support "Learning Health Systems" with them. Initially, the authors elaborate on these challenges after separating them according to their mitigation strategies: those that need innovative approaches, time, or future technological capabilities and those that require a conceptual reappraisal from a critical perspective. Then, a novel opportunity to support "Learning Health Systems" by integrating hidden information extracted by ML models from digitalized histopathology slides with other healthcare big data is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gonzalez
- DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Computational Pathology and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ashirbani Saha
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Escarpment Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clinton J.V. Campbell
- William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peyman Nejat
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Cynthia Lokker
- Health Information Research Unit, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew P. Norgan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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2
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Saunders JF, Nutter S, Waugh R, Hayden KA. Testing body-related components of objectification theory: A meta-analysis of the relations between body shame, self-objectification, and body dissatisfaction. Body Image 2024; 50:101738. [PMID: 38850716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Objectification theory has been instrumental in better understanding risk for eating disorders, depression, and sexual dysfunction, with self-objectification and body shame as serial mediators leading to these outcomes. Although originally proposed to explain these mental health outcomes in heterosexual women, researchers have extended objectification theory to individuals of various ages, racial identities, and sexual and gender identities. We conducted a systematic literature review of empirical peer-reviewed published research examining the relationship between the constructs of self-objectification, body dissatisfaction, and body shame in adult, youth, and LGBTQ+ samples. Our search yielded 5200 results, of which 318 met inclusion criteria. Of the papers included in this review, 26 reported correlations with sexual and gender diverse samples, 43 reported correlations with youth samples, and 249 reported correlations with samples of general adults (non-sexual or gender minorities). The meta-analyses yielded significant, moderate, positive correlations between body dissatisfaction and self-objectification, and between body shame and self-objectification, for each of the sub-samples. The majority of samples were predominantly White and cisgender female, suggesting the need for additional research examining these constructs among racial and gender minority populations. Overall, the results of this review highlight the unique contributions of body shame and body dissatisfaction to self-objectifying behaviors, and identify the moderating role of race and gender in these interrelations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Saunders
- Psychology Convening Group, Ramapo College of New Jersey, 505 Ramapo Valley Rd, Mahwah, NJ 07430, USA.
| | - Sarah Nutter
- Educational Psychology & Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Rachel Waugh
- Educational Psychology & Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - K Alix Hayden
- Health Sciences Library, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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3
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Giner-Sorolla R, Montoya AK, Reifman A, Carpenter T, Lewis NA, Aberson CL, Bostyn DH, Conrique BG, Ng BW, Schoemann AM, Soderberg C. Power to Detect What? Considerations for Planning and Evaluating Sample Size. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2024; 28:276-301. [PMID: 38345247 PMCID: PMC11193916 DOI: 10.1177/10888683241228328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
ACADEMIC ABSTRACT In the wake of the replication crisis, social and personality psychologists have increased attention to power analysis and the adequacy of sample sizes. In this article, we analyze current controversies in this area, including choosing effect sizes, why and whether power analyses should be conducted on already-collected data, how to mitigate the negative effects of sample size criteria on specific kinds of research, and which power criterion to use. For novel research questions, we advocate that researchers base sample sizes on effects that are likely to be cost-effective for other people to implement (in applied settings) or to study (in basic research settings), given the limitations of interest-based minimums or field-wide effect sizes. We discuss two alternatives to power analysis, precision analysis and sequential analysis, and end with recommendations for improving the practices of researchers, reviewers, and journal editors in social-personality psychology. PUBLIC ABSTRACT Recently, social-personality psychology has been criticized for basing some of its conclusions on studies with low numbers of participants. As a result, power analysis, a mathematical way to ensure that a study has enough participants to reliably "detect" a given size of psychological effect, has become popular. This article describes power analysis and discusses some controversies about it, including how researchers should derive assumptions about effect size, and how the requirements of power analysis can be applied without harming research on hard-to-reach and marginalized communities. For novel research questions, we advocate that researchers base sample sizes on effects that are likely to be cost-effective for other people to implement (in applied settings) or to study (in basic research settings). We discuss two alternatives to power analysis, precision analysis and sequential analysis, and end with recommendations for improving the practices of researchers, reviewers, and journal editors in social-personality psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Neil A. Lewis
- Cornell University & Weill Cornell Medical College, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Leduc K, Tougas AM, Robert V, Boulanger C. School Refusal in Youth: A Systematic Review of Ecological Factors. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024; 55:1044-1062. [PMID: 36422762 PMCID: PMC9686247 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To guide school practitioners in the identification and intervention of youth with anxious school refusal, this systematic review used an ecological lens to examine the factors that differentiated children and adolescents with school refusal from those without. Based on the rigorous protocol from the Center for Reviews and Dissemination's (CRD) internationally recognized guidelines, 15 studies examining 67 different factors were identified. Results reveal 44 individual, social and contextual factors that differentiate youth with school refusal from peers without school refusal. Findings highlight the centrality of anxiety, or anxiety-related symptoms, and diverse learning needs as main points of contrast between youth with school refusal and those without. Implications of an ecological understanding of the factors associated with school refusal for selective and indicative prevention by school and mental health practitioners are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karissa Leduc
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Groupe de recherche sur les inadaptations sociales de l'enfance (GRISE), Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Anne-Marie Tougas
- Groupe de recherche sur les inadaptations sociales de l'enfance (GRISE), Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychoeducation, Faculty of Education, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Institut universitaire de première ligne en santé et services sociaux (IUPLSSS), Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Virginie Robert
- Department of Learning Sciences, Faculty of Education, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Camille Boulanger
- Department of Psychoeducation, Faculty of Education, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Driebe JC, Stern J, Penke L, Gerlach TM. Stability and Change of Individual Differences in Ideal Partner Preferences Over 13 Years. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:1263-1279. [PMID: 37029599 PMCID: PMC11193321 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231164757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Ideal partner preferences for traits in a partner are said to be stable cognitive constructs. However, longitudinal studies investigating the same participants' ideals repeatedly have so far been limited to relatively short retest intervals of a maximum of 3 years. Here, we investigate the stability and change of ideals across 13 years and participants' insight into how ideals have changed. A total of 204 participants (M = 46.2 years, SD = 7.4, 104 women) reported their ideals at two time points. We found a mean rank-order stability of r = .42 and an overall profile stability of r = .73 (distinctive r = .53). Some ideals changed over time, for example, increased for status-resources in relation to age and parenthood. We found some but varying insight into how ideals had changed (mean r = .20). Results support the idea of ideals being stable cognitive constructs but suggest some variability related to the demands of different life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Stern
- University of Goettingen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Lars Penke
- University of Goettingen, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tanja M. Gerlach
- University of Goettingen, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Goettingen, Germany
- Queen’s University Belfast, UK
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Misuraca GO, Francis LM, Mansour KA, Greenwood CJ, Olsson CA, Macdonald JA. Shame and depressive symptoms in men: The moderating role of environmental mastery and purpose in life. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2024:207640241263245. [PMID: 39045796 DOI: 10.1177/00207640241263245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feelings of shame are linked to increased risk for depression. Little is known about protective factors that may buffer this effect, particularly in men. Using prospective data from a community sample of Australian men, we examine the extent to which shame is associated with depressive symptoms, and the protective role of psychological wellbeing, specifically environmental mastery and purpose in life. METHODS Participants (n = 448) were from the longitudinal Men and Parenting Pathways (MAPP) Study. Measures were the Event Related Shame and Guilt Scale for shame, the DASS-21 for depressive symptoms and Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-Being for environmental mastery and purpose in life. Linear regressions were used to test associations between shame and depressive symptoms concurrently and 1-year later, and the moderating effects of mastery and purpose in life. RESULTS Shame was strongly associated with concurrent depressive symptoms (βunadj = .76, p < .001; βadj = .63, p < .001). This effect was weaker in men with high compared to low environmental mastery (β+1SD = .46, p < .001; β-1SD = .55, p < .001) and purpose in life (β+1SD = .48, p < .001; β-1SD = .62, p < .001). Shame also predicted subsequent depressive symptoms after adjustment for prior depressive symptoms (βunadj = .59, p = .001; βadj = .34, p = .004), although environmental mastery or purpose in life did not moderate these associations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that promoting a sense of psychological wellbeing in men may confer protective proximal effects in the context of shame, potentially attenuating depression severity. The current study aligns with calls for strength-based approaches to reducing mental health problems in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gessica O Misuraca
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, SEED Lifespan Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren M Francis
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, SEED Lifespan Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Kayla A Mansour
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, SEED Lifespan Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher J Greenwood
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, SEED Lifespan Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Craig A Olsson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, SEED Lifespan Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacqui A Macdonald
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, SEED Lifespan Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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7
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Goerg SJ, Pondorfer A, Stöhr V. Regional variation in social norm nudges. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16773. [PMID: 39039116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65765-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Public support is crucial for the effectiveness of ambitious climate policies, and social norm interventions have been proven effective in fostering support. An open question is which norms should be communicated if support and estimated support for climate policies differ substantially between regions. In two studies, we investigate whether individuals accurately assess the existing support and then explore the impact of national and regional norms on public support. Our results show that the norm on climate policy support is generally misperceived, i.e., the norm is higher than expected. This misperception increases with policy ambition and varies substantially between sub-national regions. Information about the national norm increases support, mainly in regions with below or above-average support. In contrast, interventions with regional norms are ineffective and even backfire in low-support regions. This demonstrates that norm nudges need to consider the regional aspects of the reference and target groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Goerg
- Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
- TUM School of Management, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Andreas Pondorfer
- Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany.
- TUM School of Management, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany.
| | - Valentina Stöhr
- Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
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Liao L, Zhang K, Zhou Y, Liu J. The association between negative emotion differentiation and emotion regulation flexibility in daily life. Cogn Emot 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39034767 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2381079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Emotion differentiation emphasises labelling emotional experiences in a precise and context-sensitive way. Negative emotion differentiation (NED) has been found to be associated with mental health, where emotion regulation (ER) may act as a pathway. The current study aims to explore the association between NED and flexible ER implementation in daily life. Specifically, we examined how NED was associated with two aspects of ER flexibility: contextual synchrony and temporal ER variability. 101 college students (54% female; Mage = 20.24 years) reported their momentary emotions via a 7-day experience sampling protocol, and the intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated to reflect NED. In 10-day daily diaries, they also reported information about the most negative event during the day (i.e. event type, event intensity and ER goal) and how they regulated their emotions. The results revealed that individuals with high NED showed higher levels of synchrony between change in ER use and change in event type and ER goal. In addition, NED was positively associated with both within- and between-strategy variability in ER use. The results demonstrated that the ability to differentiate between negative emotions was related to higher ER flexibility, which shed new light on understanding the role of emotion differentiation in well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyue Liao
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Keqin Zhang
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ying Zhou
- China Executive Leadership Academy Pudong, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junsheng Liu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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9
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Williams AI, Liu C, Zhou Q, Wu J, Meng L, Fang Deng X, Chen SH. Parental expressions of love in Chinese American immigrant families: Implications for children's attachment security. Dev Sci 2024:e13549. [PMID: 39020452 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Harlow's seminal work on the nature of attachment focused on the importance of warm, responsive, and loving relationships in children's healthy development. While the need for love and care is arguably universal, the ways in which these emotions are expressed can vary across cultural contexts. We examined how Chinese American parents' expressions of love were associated with children's attachment security. A total of 110 Chinese American immigrant parent-child dyads (children 7-11 years old, 49% girls) participated in 3-min conversations in which parents were instructed to communicate love and care. Proposition-level analyses in speech (total 8825 propositions) identified three types of affection: training (guan and chiao shun); relational affection (qin); and validation (acceptance and encouragement of child's own expression of emotion, thoughts, and behaviors). Higher training was observed in parents with lower American orientation and lower income. Higher relational affection was observed in parents with lower income. Higher validation was observed in parents with higher income. Using path analyses, training and validation were found to be positively associated with children's attachment security beyond parenting styles. Effects of parents' relational affection were moderated by children's American orientation. Results demonstrate how immigrant parents draw on multiple cultural scripts to express love and care. These findings expand traditional concepts of parental love in immigrant families and illustrate how bicultural expressions of love can shape attachment security in middle childhood. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/HqUfIDxkFsE RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Analyses of parent-child discussions identified three parental affection styles (i.e., training, relational affection, and validation) as expressions of love and care in Chinese American immigrant families. Training and validation were positively associated with children's attachment security. Relational affection was associated with lower attachment security for children with higher American cultural orientation, suggesting the effects of parent-child expressions of love are shaped by acculturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jinli Wu
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Lionel Meng
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Xue Fang Deng
- Department of Psychology, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen H Chen
- Department of Psychology, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Armbruster-Genç DJN, Rammensee RA, Jungmann SM, Drake P, Wessa M, Basten U. The Ambiguous Cue Task: Measurement reliability of an experimental paradigm for the assessment of interpretation bias and associations with mental health. Behav Res Methods 2024:10.3758/s13428-024-02451-y. [PMID: 38995519 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Interpretation biases in the processing of ambiguous affective information are assumed to play an important role in the onset and maintenance of emotional disorders. Reports of low reliability for experimental measures of cognitive biases have called into question previous findings on the association of these measures with markers of mental health and demonstrated the need to systematically evaluate measurement reliability for measures of cognitive biases. We evaluated reliability and correlations with self-report measures of mental health for interpretation bias scores derived from the Ambiguous Cue Task (ACT), an experimental paradigm for the assessment of approach-avoidance behavior towards ambiguous affective stimuli. For a non-clinical sample, the measurement of an interpretation bias with the ACT showed high internal consistency (rSB = .91 - .96, N = 354) and acceptable 2-week test-retest correlations (rPearson = .61 - .65, n = 109). Correlations between the ACT interpretation bias scores and mental health-related self-report measures of personality and well-being were generally small (r ≤ |.11|) and statistically not significant when correcting for multiple comparisons. These findings suggest that in non-clinical populations, individual differences in the interpretation of ambiguous affective information as assessed with the ACT do not show a clear association with self-report markers of mental health. However, in allowing for a highly reliable measurement of interpretation bias, the ACT provides a valuable tool for studies considering potentially small effect sizes in non-clinical populations by studying bigger samples as well as for work on clinical populations, for which potentially greater effects can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca A Rammensee
- Department of Psychology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Jungmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Experimental Psychopathology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy of Childhood and Adolescence, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philine Drake
- DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michèle Wessa
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrike Basten
- Department of Psychology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
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Ibbotson P, Browne WJ. The effects of family, culture and sex on linguistic development across 20 languages. Dev Sci 2024:e13547. [PMID: 38993142 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Languages vary in their complexity; caregivers vary in the way they structure their communicative interactions with children; and boys and girls can differ in their language skills. Using a multilevel modelling approach, we explored how these factors influence the path of language acquisition for young children growing up around the world (mean age 2-years 9-months; 56 girls). Across 43 different sites, we analysed 103 mother-child pairs who spoke 3,170,633 utterances, 16,209,659 morphemes, divided across 20 different languages: Afrikaans, Catalan, Cantonese, Danish, Dutch, English, Farsi, French, German, Hebrew, Icelandic, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Mandarin, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish and Turkish. Using mean length of utterance (MLU) as a measure of language complexity and developmental skill, we found that variation in children's MLU was significantly explained by (a) between-language differences; namely the rate of child MLU growth was attuned to the complexity of their mother tongue, and (b) between-mother differences; namely mothers who used higher MLUs tended to have children with higher MLUs, regardless of which language they were learning and especially in the very young (<2.5 years-old). Controlling for family and language environment, we found no evidence of MLU sex differences in child speech nor in the speech addressed to boys and girls. By modelling language as a multilevel structure with cross-cultural variation, we were able to disentangle those factors that make children's pathway to language different and those that make it alike. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The speech of 103 mother-child pairs from 20 different languages showed large variation in the path of early language development. Language, family, but not the sex of the child, accounted for a significant proportion of individual differences in child speech, especially in the very young. The rate at which children learned language was attuned to the complexity of their mother tongue, with steeper trajectories for more complex language. Results demonstrate the relative influence of culture, family, and sex in shaping the path of language acquisition for different children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ibbotson
- School of Education, Childhood, Youth and Sport, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - William J Browne
- Centre for Multilevel Modelling, School of Education, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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12
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Borsboom D, Haslbeck J. Integrating Intra- and Interindividual Phenomena in Psychological Theories. MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38989982 DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2024.2336178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Psychological science is divided into two distinct methodological traditions. One tradition seeks to understand how people function at the individual level, while the other seeks to understand how people differ from each other. Methodologies that have grown out of these traditions typically rely on different sources of data. While both use statistical models to understand the structure of the data, and these models are often similar, Molenaar (2004) showed that results from one type of analysis rarely transfer to the other, unless unrealistic assumptions hold. This raises the question how we may integrate these approaches. In this paper, we argue that formalized theories can be used to connect intra- and interindividual levels of analysis. This connection is indirect, in the sense that the relationship between theory and data is best understood through the intermediate level of phenomena: robust statistical patterns in empirical data. To illustrate this, we introduce a distinction between intra- and interindividual phenomena, and argue that many psychological theories will have implications for both types of phenomena. Formalization provides us with a methodological tool for investigating what kinds of intra- and interindividual phenomena we should expect to find if the theory under consideration were true.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denny Borsboom
- Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam
| | - Jonas Haslbeck
- Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University
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13
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Prein JC, Maurits L, Werwach A, Haun DBM, Bohn M. Variation in gaze following across the life span: A process-level perspective. Dev Sci 2024:e13546. [PMID: 38980169 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Following eye gaze is fundamental for many social-cognitive abilities, for example, when judging what another agent can or cannot know. While the emergence of gaze following has been thoroughly studied on a group level, we know little about (a) the developmental trajectory beyond infancy and (b) the sources of individual differences. In Study 1, we examined gaze following across the lifespan (N = 478 3- to 19-year-olds from Leipzig, Germany; and N = 240 20- to 80-year-old international, remotely tested adults). We found a steep performance improvement during preschool years, in which children became more precise in locating the attentional focus of an agent. Precision levels then stayed comparably stable throughout adulthood with a minor decline toward old age. In Study 2, we formalized the process of gaze following in a computational cognitive model that allowed us to conceptualize individual differences in a psychologically meaningful way (N = 60 3- to 5-year-olds, 50 adults). According to our model, participants estimate pupil angles with varying levels of precision based on observing the pupil location within the agent's eyes. In Study 3, we empirically tested how gaze following relates to vector following in non-social settings and perspective-taking abilities (N = 102 4- to 5-year-olds). We found that gaze following is associated with both of these abilities but less so with other Theory of Mind tasks. This work illustrates how the combination of reliable measurement instruments and formal theoretical models allows us to explore the in(ter)dependence of core social-cognitive processes in greater detail. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Gaze following develops beyond infancy. The highest precision levels in localizing attentional foci are reached in young adulthood with a slight decrease towards old age. We present a computational model that describes gaze following as a process of estimating pupil angles and the corresponding gaze vectors. The model explains individual differences and recovers signature patterns in the data. To estimate the relation between gaze- and vector following, we designed a non-social vector following task. We found substantial correlations between gaze following and vector following, as well as Level 2 perspective-taking. Other Theory of Mind tasks did not correlate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Christin Prein
- Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Psychology in Education, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Luke Maurits
- Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annika Werwach
- Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel B M Haun
- Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manuel Bohn
- Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Psychology in Education, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
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14
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Astola M, Bland S, Alfano M. Mandevillian vices. SYNTHESE 2024; 204:29. [PMID: 38989277 PMCID: PMC11231010 DOI: 10.1007/s11229-024-04676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Bernard Mandeville argued that traits that have traditionally been seen as detrimental or reprehensible, such as greed, ambition, vanity, and the willingness to deceive, can produce significant social goods. He went so far as to suggest that a society composed of individuals who embody these vices would, under certain constraints, be better off than one composed only of those who embody the virtues of self-restraint. In the twentieth century, Mandeville's insights were taken up in economics by John Maynard Keynes, among others. More recently, philosophers have drawn analogies to Mandeville's ideas in the domains of epistemology and morality, arguing that traits that are typically understood as epistemic or moral vices (e.g. closed-mindedness, vindictiveness) can lead to beneficial outcomes for the groups in which individuals cooperate, deliberate, and decide, for instance by propitiously dividing the cognitive labor involved in critical inquiry and introducing transient diversity. We argue that mandevillian virtues have a negative counterpart, mandevillian vices, which are traits that are beneficial to or admirable in their individual possessor, but are or can be systematically detrimental to the group to which that individual belongs. Whilst virtue ethics and epistemology prescribe character traits that are good for every moral and epistemic agent, and ideally across all situations, mandevillian virtues show that group dynamics can complicate this picture. In this paper, we provide a unifying explanation of the main mechanism responsible for mandevillian traits in general and motivate the case for the opposite of mandevillian virtues, namely mandevillian vices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandi Astola
- Section Ethics & Philosophy of Technology, Department of Values, Technology and Innovation, Delft University of Technology, Building 31, Jaffalaan 5, 2628BX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Bland
- Department of Philosophy, Huron University College at University of Western Ontario, 1349 Western Road, London, ON N6G 1H3 Canada
| | - Mark Alfano
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Levels 6 and 7, 25B Wally’s Walk, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
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15
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Kay CS. Validating the IDRIS and IDRIA: Two infrequency/frequency scales for detecting careless and insufficient effort survey responders. Behav Res Methods 2024:10.3758/s13428-024-02452-x. [PMID: 38977607 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
To detect careless and insufficient effort (C/IE) survey responders, researchers can use infrequency items - items that almost no one agrees with (e.g., "When a friend greets me, I generally try to say nothing back") - and frequency items - items that almost everyone agrees with (e.g., "I try to listen when someone I care about is telling me something"). Here, we provide initial validation for two sets of these items: the 14-item Invalid Responding Inventory for Statements (IDRIS) and the 6-item Invalid Responding Inventory for Adjectives (IDRIA). Across six studies (N1 = 536; N2 = 701; N3 = 500; N4 = 499; N5 = 629, N6 = 562), we found consistent evidence that the IDRIS is capable of detecting C/IE responding among statement-based scales (e.g., the HEXACO-PI-R) and the IDRIA is capable of detecting C/IE responding among both adjective-based scales (e.g., the Lex-20) and adjective-derived scales (e.g., the BFI-2). These findings were robust across different analytic approaches (e.g., Pearson correlations; Spearman rank-order correlations), different indices of C/IE responding (e.g., person-total correlations; semantic synonyms; horizontal cursor variability), and different sample types (e.g., US undergraduate students; Nigerian survey panel participants). Taken together, these results provide promising evidence for the utility of the IDRIS and IDRIA in detecting C/IE responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S Kay
- Psychology Department, Union College, 807 Union Street, Schenectady, NY, 12308, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
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16
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Fischer DJ, Schröer F, Denecke S, Murphy L, Kühn S. Are we afraid of the woods? - An investigation of the implicit and explicit fear reactions to forests. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024:119573. [PMID: 38972339 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of nature exposure have been repeatedly documented and encourage frequent and regular contact with nature and especially highlight forests. However, in human history, forests have also been associated with negative emotions such as fear and were seen as dangerous environments. While existing literature could demonstrate that natural environments can evoke fear, the focus was on the explicit perception. Given that research has shown the significance of additional implicit processes in fear-related behaviour, we aim to explore the presence of an implicit fear response to forests. Therefore, in an online study, we investigated the explicit and implicit fear reactions to forests by a Northern German sample of N=256. Using three explicit measurements, we investigated fear and danger perception on a semantic and visual level of the stimulus category "forest" compared to the human-made urban green space "park" and the urban setting "house". Additionally, we assessed the unconscious response tendencies towards the forest within three implicit tasks: Subliminal Priming Procedure (SPP), Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) and Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT). Within the analyzed sample, the subliminally presented word forest evoked a stronger positive valence response compared to park. In contrast to houses, the forest showed a stronger approach and weaker avoidance tendency. At the same time, both the three explicit and one implicit measurement showed a stronger fear perception of forests compared to parks or houses. Considering the increasingly utilised beneficial effects of nature in interventions, these findings should be acknowledged when implementing nature exposure in interventions and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djo Juliette Fischer
- University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Frederik Schröer
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for the History of Emotions, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Saskia Denecke
- University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lawrence Murphy
- University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Kühn
- University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lise Meiter Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Butler S. Young people on social media in a globalized world: self-optimization in highly competitive and achievement-oriented forms of life. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1340605. [PMID: 39035080 PMCID: PMC11258645 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1340605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Research investigating young people's social media use has been criticized for its limited theoretical foundations and scope. This paper elaborates young people's social media activity from a socio-ecological evolutionary perspective (SEE), where young people's online exchanges cannot be divorced from the highly competitive and achievement-oriented modern market cultures in which they live. In highly competitive and achievement-oriented forms of life, young people's social media environments are often constituted as dynamic and evolving extrinsically oriented ecological niches that afford for status and identity enhancement while also affording for peer approval, belongingness, and self-worth nested within, and subordinate to, these higher-order affordances. The extrinsic value organization of social media platforms that serve young people's status and identity-enhancement are embodied by a community of mutually interdependent criteria that are evolutionary-based, developmentally salient, and market-driven: physical attractiveness, high (educational and extracurricular) achievements, and material success. Young people's online signaling of these interdependent extrinsic criteria affords for status-allocation and self-enhancement, where each criteria becomes an arena for social competition and identity formation, enabling young people to build personal and optimal models of social success congruent with their own interests and abilities. Young people's status and identity enhancing signaling of these extrinsic criteria is moving toward increasingly idealized or perfect embodiments, informed by accelerating, short-term positive feedback processes that benefit from the technological affordances and densely rewarding peer environments instantiated on social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Butler
- Department of Psychology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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18
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Hunter CL, Shields GS. Writing about a stressful experience can impair visual working memory. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304406. [PMID: 38968241 PMCID: PMC11226025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute stress has been well-established to impair working memory. However, less is known about how writing about an unresolved stressor may influence working memory or working memory processes. We addressed these issues in the present study (N = 282) by randomly assigning participants to write about an unresolved stressful experience (stressful writing condition or the events of the previous day). We then both measured performance on a change detection task and used computational modeling to estimate the processes underlying performance: attention, capacity, and guessing bias. We found that, relative to the control condition, writing about a stressful experience impaired change detection task performance and significantly impaired task attention. These results show that the effects of writing about an unresolved stressor may mimic the effects of acute stress on working memory, rather than conforming to expectations from mood-as-information theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton L. Hunter
- Department of Psychological Science University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States of America
| | - Grant S. Shields
- Department of Psychological Science University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States of America
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19
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Paruzel-Czachura M, Workman CI, El Toukhy N, Chatterjee A. First impressions: Do faces with scars and palsies influence warmth, competence and humanization? Br J Psychol 2024. [PMID: 38963684 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
A glance is enough to assign psychological attributes to others. Attractiveness is associated with positive attributes ('beauty-is-good' stereotype). Here, we raise the question of a similar but negative bias. Are people with facial anomalies associated with negative personal characteristics? We hypothesized that biases against faces with anomalies arise because of negative stereotypes (less warmth and competence) and forms of dehumanization (animalistic and mechanistic). We enrolled 1493 mTurk participants (N = 1306 after exclusion) to assess 31 traits of photographed people using 60 pairs of photographs of the same person before and after plastic surgery. Half anomalous faces had a scar and the other half had a palsy. To calculate warmth and competence, we conducted a principal components analysis of the 31 attributes. Animalistic dehumanization was assessed by averaging reverse-scored ratings corresponding to moral sensibility and rationality/logic, and mechanistic dehumanization by averaging across reverse-scored ratings corresponding to emotional responsiveness and interpersonal warmth. We found that both kinds of anomalous faces were seen as less warm, competent and were dehumanized. Our findings suggest that an 'anomalous-is-bad' stereotype generalizes regardless of the aetiology of the anomaly. This effect may be related to a reverse halo effect, that is, the horn effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Paruzel-Czachura
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Brain Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Clifford I Workman
- Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Noha El Toukhy
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Brain Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anjan Chatterjee
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Brain Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Kim JP, Suh EM. Preference for depth versus breadth in social relationships: Childhood socioeconomic background matters. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 164:473-487. [PMID: 35975730 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2113020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the need for social connection is fundamental, people approach this need through different strategies. Drawing from life history theory, the current research explored whether individuals' early-life experiences are associated with narrow/deep (depth), or broad/shallow (breadth) approach to social relationships. Three studies revealed that participants' childhood socioeconomic status (SES) interacts with perception of economic instability to create diverging preferences in social relationship pattern. Specifically, when economic instability was salient (chronic belief, Study 1; experimentally primed, Studies 2 and 3), individuals from lower-SES childhood preferred a narrower and deeper social network, whereas those from higher-SES childhood preferred a broader and shallower network. Taken together, the present research offers a novel understanding of depth- versus breadth-focused approach to social relationships from the perspective of life history theory.
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21
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Spence C. Cognitive influence on the evaluation of wine: The impact and assessment of price. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114411. [PMID: 38763664 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Price is one of the most important product-extrinsic factors influencing the consumers' response to, and presumably experience of, wine. This is ironic inasmuch as the research tends to highlight either no, or else even a slightly negative relationship between price and liking in typical consumers when they taste wines blind. Nevertheless, providing price information, especially when it is high leads to enhanced taste ratings, especially for low to mid-priced wines. Similarly, bottle and label information (that makes a wine look cheaper or more expensive) has also been shown to influence the evaluation of wine by regular consumers (i.e., non-experts). Indeed, product-extrinsic information often appears to outweigh the product-intrinsic sensory attributes of wine in people's hedonic (in not necessarily in their sensory-discriminative) ratings. Such findings therefore highlight the importance of cognitive as compared to direct sensory cues in the evaluation of wine. This narrative historical review critically reviews and evaluates the published experimental literature that has examined the impact of price on wine ratings.
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22
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Kirkland K, Van Lange PAM, Gorenz D, Blake K, Amiot CE, Ausmees L, Baguma P, Barry O, Becker M, Bilewicz M, Boonyasiriwat W, Booth RW, Castelain T, Costantini G, Dimdins G, Espinosa A, Finchilescu G, Fischer R, Friese M, Gómez Á, González R, Goto N, Halama P, Hurtado-Parrado C, Ilustrisimo RD, Jiga-Boy GM, Kuppens P, Loughnan S, Mastor KA, McLatchie N, Novak LM, Onyekachi BN, Rizwan M, Schaller M, Serafimovska E, Suh EM, Swann WB, Tong EMW, Torres A, Turner RN, Vauclair CM, Vinogradov A, Wang Z, Yeung VWL, Bastian B. High economic inequality is linked to greater moralization. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae221. [PMID: 38979080 PMCID: PMC11229818 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Throughout the 21st century, economic inequality is predicted to increase as we face new challenges, from changes in the technological landscape to the growing climate crisis. It is crucial we understand how these changes in inequality may affect how people think and behave. We propose that economic inequality threatens the social fabric of society, in turn increasing moralization-that is, the greater tendency to employ or emphasize morality in everyday life-as an attempt to restore order and control. Using longitudinal data from X, formerly known as Twitter, our first study demonstrates that high economic inequality is associated with greater use of moral language online (e.g. the use of words such as "disgust", "hurt", and "respect'). Study 2 then examined data from 41 regions around the world, generally showing that higher inequality has a small association with harsher moral judgments of people's everyday actions. Together these findings demonstrate that economic inequality is linked to the tendency to see the world through a moral lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Kirkland
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul A M Van Lange
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1075 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Drew Gorenz
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Khandis Blake
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Catherine E Amiot
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, H2L 2C4, Canada
| | - Liisi Ausmees
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50090, Estonia
| | - Peter Baguma
- Department of Educational, Organizational and Social Psychology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Oumar Barry
- Department of Psychology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, 10700, Senegal
| | - Maja Becker
- CLLE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, 31058, France
| | - Michal Bilewicz
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 00-183, Poland
| | | | - Robert W Booth
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Thomas Castelain
- Serra Húnter Fellow, Department of Psychology, University of Girona, Girona, 17004, Spain
| | - Giulio Costantini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Girts Dimdins
- Department of Psychology, University of Latvia, Riga, LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Agustín Espinosa
- Departamento Académico de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, 15088, Peru
| | - Gillian Finchilescu
- Psychology Department, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2017, South Africa
| | - Ronald Fischer
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Malte Friese
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
| | - Ángel Gómez
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Roberto González
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - Nobuhiko Goto
- Graduate School of Social Sciences, Hitotsubashi University, Kunitachi, 186-8601, Japan
| | - Peter Halama
- Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, The Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 814 38, Slovakia
| | - Camilo Hurtado-Parrado
- School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Ruby D Ilustrisimo
- Department of Psychology, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, 6000, Philippines
| | | | - Peter Kuppens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Steve Loughnan
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Khairul A Mastor
- School of Liberal Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Neil McLatchie
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, England, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Lindsay M Novak
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | | | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, 46220, Pakistan
| | - Mark Schaller
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Eleonora Serafimovska
- Institute for Sociological Political and Juridical Research, Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, 1000, Macedonia
| | - Eunkook M Suh
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - William B Swann
- Psychology Department, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Eddie M W Tong
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Ana Torres
- Departamento de Psicologia, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Rhiannon N Turner
- School of Psychology, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Christin-Melanie Vauclair
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisbon, 1649-026, Portugal
| | - Alexander Vinogradov
- Faculty of Psychology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Zhechen Wang
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Victoria Wai Lan Yeung
- Department of Psychology, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong, China
- Wofoo Joseph Lee Consulting and Counselling Psychology Research Centre, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brock Bastian
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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23
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Lopategui DM, Shah HN, Herrmann TRW. Antegrade ejaculation preservation in surgical treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia: quest for balance between voiding and sexual function. Curr Opin Urol 2024; 34:286-293. [PMID: 38595170 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000001178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) carries a significant risk of ejaculation dysfunction. Preservation of antegrade ejaculation while providing effective, well tolerated, and durable treatment of BPH is a paramount component of physical and sexual well being for significant number of men. We reviewed available literature with an aim of providing status on antegrade ejaculation preserving BPH surgical therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Minimally invasive surgical therapies for BPH have been developed over the last decade, with significant marketing emphasis on their potential for preservation of antegrade ejaculation. However, the question about durability of relief of bladder outlet obstruction remains. Parallel to this technological development, the understanding of anatomical structures involved in ejaculation have resulted in technical modifications of well established surgical treatments modalities like transurethral resection of prostate, endoscopic enucleation of prostate and simple prostatectomy, thereby providing safe and durable relief of bladder outlet obstruction secondary to BPH with a satisfactory preservation of antegrade ejaculation. SUMMARY Preservation of antegrade ejaculation is an important goal for significant number of men needing BPH surgery. Novel minimally invasive surgical technologies have been developed for this purpose; but understanding of the anatomical structures essential for antegrade ejaculation have allowed technical modification of existing surgical techniques with excellent preservation of antegrade ejaculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Lopategui
- Desai Sethi Urology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Hemendra N Shah
- Desai Sethi Urology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas R W Herrmann
- Department of Urology, Spital Thurgau AG, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Gorla L, Rothenberg WA, Lansford JE, Bacchini D, Bornstein MH, Chang L, Deater-Deckard K, Di Giunta L, Dodge KA, Gurdal S, Junla D, Liu Q, Long Q, Oburu P, Pastorelli C, Skinner AT, Sorbring E, Steinberg L, Tirado LMU, Yotanyamaneewong S, Alampay LP, Al-Hassan SM. Adolescents' relationships with parents and romantic partners in eight countries. J Adolesc 2024; 96:940-952. [PMID: 38351616 PMCID: PMC11223981 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Creating romantic relationships characterized by high-quality, satisfaction, few conflicts, and reasoning strategies to handle conflicts is an important developmental task for adolescents connected to the relational models they receive from their parents. This study examines how parent-adolescent conflicts, attachment, positive parenting, and communication are related to adolescents' romantic relationship quality, satisfaction, conflicts, and management. METHOD We interviewed 311 adolescents at two time points (females = 52%, ages 15 and 17) in eight countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States). Generalized and linear mixed models were run considering the participants' nesting within countries. RESULTS Adolescents with negative conflicts with their parents reported low romantic relationship quality and satisfaction and high conflicts with their romantic partners. Adolescents experiencing an anxious attachment to their parents reported low romantic relationship quality, while adolescents with positive parenting showed high romantic relationship satisfaction. However, no association between parent-adolescent relationships and conflict management skills involving reasoning with the partner was found. No associations of parent-adolescent communication with romantic relationship dimensions emerged, nor was there any effect of the country on romantic relationship quality or satisfaction. CONCLUSION These results stress the relevance of parent-adolescent conflicts and attachment as factors connected to how adolescents experience romantic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marc H Bornstein
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, UK
- UNICEF, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qin Liu
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Long
- Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Laurence Steinberg
- Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Suha M Al-Hassan
- Abu Dhabi Early Childhood Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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25
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Meagher BR, Anderson B. There's no place like dorm: actual-ideal dorm ambiance as a unique predictor of undergraduate mental health. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2024; 37:446-459. [PMID: 37786342 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2023.2265307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTUndergraduate students are a high risk population for mental health challenges. Critically, residing in a setting that fails to evoke desired emotions and perceptions may have important implications for psychological wellbeing. Although previous research has investigated the relationship between student satisfaction and architecture/building amenities, little research has investigated how the ambiance of students' residences relates to mental health. Across a pair of studies, we evaluate the relationship between actual-ideal ambiance congruency (A-IAC) and mental health outcomes and mood. In Study 1, participants completed a pair of Q-sort tasks that required them to describe both their ideal room ambiance and their current room's actual ambiance. The discrepancy between these sorts was predictive of depressive symptoms, even when controlling for key covariates (e.g., personality, health, academics). In Study 2, these results were replicated among roommate pairs using dyadic analyses, while also being predictive of anxiety symptoms. Collectively, these studies reveal a novel environmental predictor of student wellbeing that can be of value for university staff. Ultimately, these findings suggest that having the ability to create one's ideal space may prove to be beneficial and possibly protective for the mental health of undergraduate university students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brynn Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Hope College, Holland, MI, USA
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26
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Abdurahman S, Atari M, Karimi-Malekabadi F, Xue MJ, Trager J, Park PS, Golazizian P, Omrani A, Dehghani M. Perils and opportunities in using large language models in psychological research. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae245. [PMID: 39015547 PMCID: PMC11249969 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has sparked considerable interest in their potential application in psychological research, mainly as a model of the human psyche or as a general text-analysis tool. However, the trend of using LLMs without sufficient attention to their limitations and risks, which we rhetorically refer to as "GPTology", can be detrimental given the easy access to models such as ChatGPT. Beyond existing general guidelines, we investigate the current limitations, ethical implications, and potential of LLMs specifically for psychological research, and show their concrete impact in various empirical studies. Our results highlight the importance of recognizing global psychological diversity, cautioning against treating LLMs (especially in zero-shot settings) as universal solutions for text analysis, and developing transparent, open methods to address LLMs' opaque nature for reliable, reproducible, and robust inference from AI-generated data. Acknowledging LLMs' utility for task automation, such as text annotation, or to expand our understanding of human psychology, we argue for diversifying human samples and expanding psychology's methodological toolbox to promote an inclusive, generalizable science, countering homogenization, and over-reliance on LLMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaib Abdurahman
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Mohammad Atari
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Farzan Karimi-Malekabadi
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Mona J Xue
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jackson Trager
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Peter S Park
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Preni Golazizian
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ali Omrani
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Morteza Dehghani
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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27
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Datu JAD, Fincham F, Buenconsejo JU. Psychometric validity and measurement invariance of the caring for Bliss Scale in the Philippines and the United States. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:1394-1400. [PMID: 35623061 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2076562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Caring for Bliss Scale (CBS) is a new measure that assesses an individuals' capacity to cultivate inner joy and happiness. Developed in the United States, its generalizability remains unknown in non-Western contexts. This research explored the scale's cross-national invariance among college students in the Philippines (n = 546) and the United States (n = 643). A multi-group confirmatory factor analysis using maximum likelihood estimation showed that the unidimensional model of caring for bliss exhibited configural, metric, scalar, and residual invariance across the Filipino and the U.S. samples. This scale also had good internal consistency estimates in both settings. In both contexts, caring for bliss was positively correlated with well-being and negatively correlated with different negative quality of life indicators (i.e., stress, anxiety, and depression). This study offered preliminary evidence regarding the cross-national applicability of the CBS in different cultural settings during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Alfonso D Datu
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, Integrated Centre for Well-Being, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Frank Fincham
- Family Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Jet U Buenconsejo
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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28
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Parsons RD, McParland JL, Halligan SL, Goubert L, Noel M, Jordan A. Looking on the bright side: The relationships between flourishing and pain-related outcomes among adolescents living with chronic pain. J Health Psychol 2024; 29:877-890. [PMID: 38102737 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231214099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A deficits-based approach to adolescent chronic pain currently dominates the literature, to the exclusion of positive approaches, such as flourishing. Addressing this knowledge gap, this study examined the relationships between flourishing and pain-related outcomes in adolescent chronic pain. Seventy-nine adolescents aged 11-24 years were asked to complete self-report measures of three domains of flourishing and four pain-related outcomes. Correlation coefficients and four hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted, controlling for age and gender. Flourishing mental health was associated with, and significantly contributed to explaining, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and social and family functioning impairment. Benefit finding and posttraumatic growth were each associated with social and family functioning impairment, while posttraumatic growth was also associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms. Additionally, benefit finding significantly contributed to explaining pain intensity. Study findings underscore the importance of assessing the relationships between flourishing and pain-related outcomes in adolescents with chronic pain.
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29
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Yan VX, Oyserman D, Kiper G, Atari M. Difficulty-as-Improvement: The Courage to Keep Going in the Face of Life's Difficulties. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:1006-1022. [PMID: 36861424 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231153680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
When a task or goal is hard to think about or do, people can infer that it is a waste of their time (difficulty-as-impossibility) or valuable to them (difficulty-as-importance). Separate from chosen tasks and goals, life can present unchosen difficulties. Building on identity-based motivation theory, people can see these as opportunities for self-betterment (difficulty-as-improvement). People use this language when they recall or communicate about difficulties (autobiographical memories, Study 1; "Common Crawl" corpus, Study 2). Our difficulty mindset measures are culture-general (Australia, Canada, China, India, Iran, New Zealand, Turkey, the United States, Studies 3-15, N = 3,532). People in Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic (WEIRD)-er countries slightly agree with difficulty-as-improvement. Religious, spiritual, conservative people, believers in karma and a just world, and people from less-WEIRD countries score higher. People who endorse difficulty-as-importance see themselves as conscientious, virtuous, and leading lives of purpose. So do endorsers of difficulty-as-improvement-who also see themselves as optimists (all scores lower for difficulty-as-impossibility endorsers).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gülnaz Kiper
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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30
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Kim MH, Buford K, Ellis A, Davis-Kean PE, Antony C, Braun C, Hurst T, Todd J. A metascience investigation of inclusive, open, and reproducible science practices in research posters at the 2021 SRCD biennial meeting. Child Dev 2024; 95:1109-1123. [PMID: 38102780 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a growing appreciation of metascience issues in psychological science. Using data collected from 2615 posters presented at the 2021 biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, this article examines the use of transparent research practices to increase rigor and reproducibility as well as generalizability through greater inclusivity of diverse samples. Research presented through poster presentations was heavily skewed toward quantitative studies featuring American researchers using Western hemisphere samples. Sharing of data/materials, preregistrations, and replications were uncommon. During a time when governments are increasingly requiring more open practices and access, this research provides an important baseline by which developmental science can benchmark progress toward the goals of greater inclusivity and openness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kristen Buford
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Alexa Ellis
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Pamela E Davis-Kean
- Department of Psychology and the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chellam Antony
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Claire Braun
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Tabetha Hurst
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Julia Todd
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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31
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Igarashi T. Loneliness and socioemotional memory. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38943484 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Do chronically high-lonely individuals exhibit specific memory biases when recalling past social episodes? We explored negative memory biases, focusing on the recall of unfavourable social experiences and social memory biases, emphasizing the recall of social experiences irrespective of emotional valence. We conducted a dictionary-based semantic analysis of autobiographical episodes obtained from 4095 participants via four datasets. Participants recalled a positive, negative or emotionally neutral episode from their recent past. High-lonely individuals predominantly exhibited a decline in recalling positive social episodes, providing partial support for negative memory biases. However, both high- and low-lonely individuals were similarly inclined to recall negative social episodes. These results suggest that the primary issue among high-lonely individuals is the limited recall of positive social experiences rather than the general negativity in memory biases or the hypersensitivity to general social memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Igarashi
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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32
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Akbari M, Seydavi M, Zahrakar K, Ferrari JR, Griffiths MD. Chronic Procrastination Among Iranians: Prevalence Estimation, Latent Profile and Network Analyses. Psychiatr Q 2024:10.1007/s11126-024-10076-9. [PMID: 38922507 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-024-10076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Procrastination is the deliberate, unjustified postponing of an intended course of action despite its costs or unfavorable effects. The present study used a self-report online survey and collected data from a large convenience sample of the general adult population (N = 2,076; females = 55.73%; Mage = 35.1 years [SD ± 12.7]) with diverse demographics. Following the ring-curve distribution, the results indicated a 15.4% prevalence rate of procrastination among the Iranian community, which was significantly higher among women and divorced individuals and lower among nomadic individuals and those with higher academic degrees. A latent profile analysis demonstrated two distinct profiles, one for procrastinators (high scores on chronic procrastination, psychological distress, neuroticism, and extraversion; and low scores on general self-efficacy, self-esteem, satisfaction with life, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) and one for non-procrastinators (demonstrating a reverse pattern compared to procrastinators). Moreover, additional network analysis suggested that the examined networks were invariant across procrastination status and gender. The results indicate that procrastination differs by demographic characteristics and is associated with a unique psychological profile. However, none of the aforementioned key study variables were considered a potential vulnerability for procrastinators due to the finding that all variables were peripheral and none were central in the examined networks. Therefore, relying on the differences in mean scores on psychometric scales does not appear to be an optimal way of determining the most important variables in a therapeutic context when treating procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Akbari
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, No.43. South Mofatteh Ave, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Seydavi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, No.43. South Mofatteh Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kianoush Zahrakar
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Educational and Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joseph R Ferrari
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, 2219 N. Kenmore Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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33
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Zhang PY, Ma WJ. Temporal discounting predicts procrastination in the real world. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14642. [PMID: 38918442 PMCID: PMC11199680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
People procrastinate, but why? One long-standing hypothesis is that temporal discounting drives procrastination: in a task with a distant future reward, the discounted future reward fails to provide sufficient motivation to initiate work early. However, empirical evidence for this hypothesis has been lacking. Here, we used a long-term real-world task and a novel measure of procrastination to examine the association between temporal discounting and real-world procrastination. To measure procrastination, we critically measured the entire time course of the work progress instead of a single endpoint, such as task completion day. This approach allowed us to compute a fine-grained metric of procrastination. We found a positive correlation between individuals' degree of future reward discounting and their level of procrastination, suggesting that temporal discounting is a cognitive mechanism underlying procrastination. We found no evidence of a correlation when we, instead, measured procrastination by task completion day or by survey. This association between temporal discounting and procrastination offers empirical support for targeted interventions that could mitigate procrastination, such as modifying incentive systems to reduce the delay to a reward and lowering discount rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yuan Zhang
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York City, 10003, USA.
| | - Wei Ji Ma
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York City, 10003, USA
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York City, 10003, USA
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34
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Schreieck M, Huang Y, Kupfer A, Krcmar H. The Effect of Digital Platform Strategies on Firm Value in the Banking Industry. J MANAGE INFORM SYST 2024; 41:394-421. [PMID: 38974483 PMCID: PMC11225948 DOI: 10.1080/07421222.2024.2340825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
After digital platforms have become successful in the information technology (IT) industry, incumbents from traditional industries increasingly implement digital platform strategies. However, there is mixed evidence on whether these incumbents benefit from digital platform strategies. To provide systematic insights, we focus on the banking industry. With the emergence of open banking, banks have begun implementing digital platforms to unlock the innovative power of third-party developers. We conducted an event study based on the announcement of digital platform strategies in a global sample of 165 banks. We show that, on average, investors react positively to the announcements. Contrary to our expectations, this effect is more substantial for banks from emerging markets than those from developed markets. Prior artificial intelligence (AI) orientation only partly contributes to investors' favorable perception of a digital platform strategy. These results point to the complex interplay of AI orientation and digital platform strategies, yielding questions for future research.
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35
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Velásquez P. Does educational attainment matter for attitudes toward immigrants in Chile? Assessing the causality and generalizability of higher education's so-called "liberalizing effect" on economic and cultural threat. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39031547 DOI: 10.1111/1468-4446.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite a large literature consistently showing a relationship between higher levels of education and lower levels of ethnic prejudice, some points of contention remain. First, it remains unclear whether education has a causal effect on attitudes, mainly due to a lack of longitudinal studies. Second, due to the majority of studies on prejudice being conducted in Europe and North America, we do not know to what extent the inverse relationship between education and prejudice is generalizable beyond the "global North." To answer these questions, I study attitudes toward immigrants in Chile in the years 2016-2022, using six waves of the Chilean Longitudinal Social Survey. Chile provides new variations in economic and cultural factors, with its stable albeit highly unequal economy, and increased immigration from culturally similar countries which shed light on possible scope conditions of the so-called liberalizing effect of education. I analyze whether attaining more education has an effect on reducing levels of perceived economic and cultural threat. The findings show that increases in education are associated with both lower levels of perceived economic and cultural threat, with education having a stronger effect on the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Velásquez
- Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute for Future Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Syropoulos S, Law KF, Kraft-Todd G, Mah A, Markowitz E, Young L. Responsibility to future generations: A strategy for combatting climate change across political divides. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38899725 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Individuals and governments often fail to take action to address climate change owing largely to widespread politicization of the issue and related discourse. In response to recent appeals for non-partisan approaches to pro-environmentalism, we propose that highlighting one's responsibility to future generations (RFG) could offer promise across the political spectrum. We argue that RFG may be effective because it is widely endorsed, uncorrelated with demographic indicators and less tied to political ideology compared to other forms of responsibility, such as personal responsibility for climate change mitigation. Across six main and seven supplementary studies (N = 161,633), we provide evidence for these claims. RFG is not only widely endorsed across countries and demographic groups but it also significantly predicts various measures of pro-environmental behaviour, both in correlational and pre-registered experimental contexts. These findings confirm established effects, reconcile inconsistencies and suggest prioritizing intergenerational responsibility may effectively reshape climate change narratives for the most resistant parties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Syropoulos
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle Fiore Law
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Gordon Kraft-Todd
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea Mah
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ezra Markowitz
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liane Young
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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37
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Palmier C, Rigaud AS, Ogawa T, Wieching R, Dacunha S, Barbarossa F, Stara V, Bevilacqua R, Pino M. Identification of Ethical Issues and Practice Recommendations Regarding the Use of Robotic Coaching Solutions for Older Adults: Narrative Review. J Med Internet Res 2024; 26:e48126. [PMID: 38888953 PMCID: PMC11220435 DOI: 10.2196/48126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technological advances in robotics, artificial intelligence, cognitive algorithms, and internet-based coaches have contributed to the development of devices capable of responding to some of the challenges resulting from demographic aging. Numerous studies have explored the use of robotic coaching solutions (RCSs) for supporting healthy behaviors in older adults and have shown their benefits regarding the quality of life and functional independence of older adults at home. However, the use of RCSs by individuals who are potentially vulnerable raises many ethical questions. Establishing an ethical framework to guide the development, use, and evaluation practices regarding RCSs for older adults seems highly pertinent. OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper was to highlight the ethical issues related to the use of RCSs for health care purposes among older adults and draft recommendations for researchers and health care professionals interested in using RCSs for older adults. METHODS We conducted a narrative review of the literature to identify publications including an analysis of the ethical dimension and recommendations regarding the use of RCSs for older adults. We used a qualitative analysis methodology inspired by a Health Technology Assessment model. We included all article types such as theoretical papers, research studies, and reviews dealing with ethical issues or recommendations for the implementation of these RCSs in a general population, particularly among older adults, in the health care sector and published after 2011 in either English or French. The review was performed between August and December 2021 using the PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Explore, SpringerLink, and PsycINFO databases. Selected publications were analyzed using the European Network of Health Technology Assessment Core Model (version 3.0) around 5 ethical topics: benefit-harm balance, autonomy, privacy, justice and equity, and legislation. RESULTS In the 25 publications analyzed, the most cited ethical concerns were the risk of accidents, lack of reliability, loss of control, risk of deception, risk of social isolation, data confidentiality, and liability in case of safety problems. Recommendations included collecting the opinion of target users, collecting their consent, and training professionals in the use of RCSs. Proper data management, anonymization, and encryption appeared to be essential to protect RCS users' personal data. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis supports the interest in using RCSs for older adults because of their potential contribution to individuals' quality of life and well-being. This analysis highlights many ethical issues linked to the use of RCSs for health-related goals. Future studies should consider the organizational consequences of the implementation of RCSs and the influence of cultural and socioeconomic specificities of the context of experimentation. We suggest implementing a scalable ethical and regulatory framework to accompany the development and implementation of RCSs for various aspects related to the technology, individual, or legal aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Palmier
- Maladie d'Alzheimer, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Service de Gériatrie 1 & 2, Hôpital Broca, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Rigaud
- Maladie d'Alzheimer, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Service de Gériatrie 1 & 2, Hôpital Broca, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Toshimi Ogawa
- Smart-Aging Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Rainer Wieching
- Institute for New Media & Information Systems, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Sébastien Dacunha
- Maladie d'Alzheimer, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Service de Gériatrie 1 & 2, Hôpital Broca, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Federico Barbarossa
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Nazionale di Ricovero e Cura per Anziani, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vera Stara
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Nazionale di Ricovero e Cura per Anziani, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Bevilacqua
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Nazionale di Ricovero e Cura per Anziani, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maribel Pino
- Maladie d'Alzheimer, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Service de Gériatrie 1 & 2, Hôpital Broca, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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Corso CB, Hoppe R, Kliewer W, Wike T, Winter MA. Emotion Regulation in Families: Exploring the Link between Parent-Child Alexithymia and Child Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024:10.1007/s10578-024-01728-9. [PMID: 38874751 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-024-01728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic comprises a mass trauma for children and families, and children may face particular vulnerability to post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) through processes of parent and child emotional dysregulation, such as alexithymia. With 88 U.S. children (Mage = 9.94 years; 54.5% female; 59.1% White) and their parents/caregivers (68.2% female; 59.1% White), a path model was tested in which child alexithymia symptoms partially mediated the association between parent alexithymia symptoms and child COVID-19-related posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). We also tested an alternative model in which child alexithymia symptoms moderated the association between parent alexithymia symptoms and child PTSS. The hypothesized mediation model was supported (β = 0.15, SE = 0.05, 95% CI: [0.07, 0.25], p < 0.001), whereas the hypothesized moderator model was not (β = 0.06, p = 0.44). Findings highlight the importance of parents' emotional understanding and regulation for child mental health during mass traumas such as pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey B Corso
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 808 West Franklin St, Box 842018, Richmond, VA, 23284-2018, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoppe
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 808 West Franklin St, Box 842018, Richmond, VA, 23284-2018, USA
| | - Wendy Kliewer
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 808 West Franklin St, Box 842018, Richmond, VA, 23284-2018, USA
| | - Traci Wike
- School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842027, Richmond, VA, 23284-2027, USA
| | - Marcia A Winter
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 808 West Franklin St, Box 842018, Richmond, VA, 23284-2018, USA.
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Anlló H, Bavard S, Benmarrakchi F, Bonagura D, Cerrotti F, Cicue M, Gueguen M, Guzmán EJ, Kadieva D, Kobayashi M, Lukumon G, Sartorio M, Yang J, Zinchenko O, Bahrami B, Silva Concha J, Hertz U, Konova AB, Li J, O'Madagain C, Navajas J, Reyes G, Sarabi-Jamab A, Shestakova A, Sukumaran B, Watanabe K, Palminteri S. Comparing experience- and description-based economic preferences across 11 countries. Nat Hum Behav 2024:10.1038/s41562-024-01894-9. [PMID: 38877287 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01894-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that reward value encoding in humans is highly context dependent, leading to suboptimal decisions in some cases, but whether this computational constraint on valuation is a shared feature of human cognition remains unknown. Here we studied the behaviour of n = 561 individuals from 11 countries of markedly different socioeconomic and cultural makeup. Our findings show that context sensitivity was present in all 11 countries. Suboptimal decisions generated by context manipulation were not explained by risk aversion, as estimated through a separate description-based choice task (that is, lotteries) consisting of matched decision offers. Conversely, risk aversion significantly differed across countries. Overall, our findings suggest that context-dependent reward value encoding is a feature of human cognition that remains consistently present across different countries, as opposed to description-based decision-making, which is more permeable to cultural factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Anlló
- Human Reinforcement Learning Team, Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Paris, France.
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Bavard
- Human Reinforcement Learning Team, Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Paris, France
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France
- General Psychology Lab, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - FatimaEzzahra Benmarrakchi
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France
- School of Collective Intelligence, Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Darla Bonagura
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry, University Behavioral Health Care and Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Fabien Cerrotti
- Human Reinforcement Learning Team, Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Paris, France
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France
| | - Mirona Cicue
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maelle Gueguen
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry, University Behavioral Health Care and Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Eugenio José Guzmán
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Dzerassa Kadieva
- International Laboratory for Social Neurobiology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maiko Kobayashi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gafari Lukumon
- School of Collective Intelligence, Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Marco Sartorio
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jiong Yang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Oksana Zinchenko
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bahador Bahrami
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jaime Silva Concha
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Uri Hertz
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anna B Konova
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry, University Behavioral Health Care and Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Cathal O'Madagain
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France
- School of Collective Intelligence, Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Joaquin Navajas
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Negocios, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Reyes
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Atiye Sarabi-Jamab
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anna Shestakova
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bhasi Sukumaran
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France
- Department of Clinical Psychology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Chennai, India
| | - Katsumi Watanabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Palminteri
- Human Reinforcement Learning Team, Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Paris, France.
- Intercultural Cognitive Network, Paris, France.
- Departement d'études cognitives, Ecole normale supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
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40
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Chan CS, Smith T, He Z, Garter C. The Sequelae and Moderators of Influence of Dandruff on Mental Health Among Mainland Chinese Adults. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2024; 17:1333-1346. [PMID: 38881702 PMCID: PMC11179641 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s459498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The psychological impact of dandruff has been largely understudied. Methods In this cross-sectional study (N = 2116), we examined the consequences of self-perception of dandruff severity on mental health, quality of life, and sleep quality among Chinese adults. Additionally, we examined the moderating factors that influence these associations. Results Bivariate analyses revealed that greater self-perceived dandruff severity was associated with poorer mental health, lower quality of life, and reduced sleep quality. Furthermore, dandruff severity was positively correlated with appearance anxiety, feelings of helplessness, and perceived stigma. Individuals with more severe dandruff experienced increased teasing and ostracism and, subsequently, heightened psychological distress. Moderation analyses demonstrated that females were more adversely affected by dandruff than males, and those with comorbid skin conditions or a history of being teased and ostracized during adolescence due to dandruff experienced exacerbated negative outcomes. Discussion This study highlights the need for further research on the psychological consequences of self-perceived severity of dandruff and potential interventions to mitigate its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Chan
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Department of Psychology and Linguistics, International Christian University, Tokyo, Japan
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Bass I, Bonawitz E. Early environments and exploration in the preschool years. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305353. [PMID: 38857256 PMCID: PMC11164363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A great deal of research has demonstrated how children's exploration is driven by opportunities for learning. However, less work has investigated how individual differences across children and their environmental contexts relate to patterns in playful exploration. We performed a "mega-analysis" in which we pooled preschool-aged children's play data from four past experiments in our lab (N = 278; M(age) = 56 months) and correlated play behaviors with age and socioeconomic status (median income, modal education in children's home zip codes). We found that, with age, children performed more unique actions during play. Additionally, children from lower SES areas explored more variably; the link between this play and tendencies to focus on pedagogically demonstrated features traded off differently than it did for higher SES children. This work lays critical groundwork for understanding exploration across developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Bass
- Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Bonawitz
- Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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42
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Gumančík J, Cornelissen PL, Brokjøb LG, Ridley BJ, McCarty K, Tovée MJ, Cornelissen KK. Testing the validity of online psychophysical measurement of body image perception. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302747. [PMID: 38857270 PMCID: PMC11164378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This body image study tests the viability of transferring a complex psychophysical paradigm from a controlled in-person laboratory task to an online environment. 172 female participants made online judgements about their own body size when viewing images of computer-generated female bodies presented in either in front-view or at 45-degrees in a method of adjustment (MOA) paradigm. The results of these judgements were then compared to the results of two laboratory-based studies (with 96 and 40 female participants respectively) to establish three key findings. Firstly, the results show that the accuracy of online and in-lab estimates of body size are comparable, secondly that the same patterns of visual biases in judgements are shown both in-lab and online, and thirdly online data shows the same view-orientation advantage in accuracy in body size judgements as the laboratory studies. Thus, this study suggests that that online sampling potentially represents a rapid and accurate way of collecting reliable complex behavioural and perceptual data from a more diverse range of participants than is normally sampled in laboratory-based studies. It also offers the potential for designing stratified sampling strategies to construct a truly representative sample of a target population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Gumančík
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Piers L. Cornelissen
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lise Gulli Brokjøb
- Department of Psychology, The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bethany J. Ridley
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kristofor McCarty
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Tovée
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Katri K. Cornelissen
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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43
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Wang W, Li Z, Lin X, Sun YHP, Wang Z, Wang Y. Influence of protective clothing and masks on facial trustworthiness in an investment game: insights from a Chinese population study. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2024; 9:36. [PMID: 38856867 PMCID: PMC11164842 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00565-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Facial features are important sources of information about perceived trustworthiness. Masks and protective clothing diminish the visibility of facial cues by either partially concealing the mouth and nose or covering the entire face. During the pandemic, the use of personal protective equipment affected and redefined who trusts whom in society. This study used the classical investment game of interpersonal trust with Chinese participants to explore the impact of occlusion on interpersonal trust. Faces with moderate initial trustworthiness were occluded by a mask or protective clothing in Experiment 1 and were digitally occluded by a square in Experiment 2, and faces with three levels of initial trustworthiness were occluded by a mask in Experiment 3. Results showed that both undergraduates (Experiment 1a) and non-student adults (Experiment 1b) perceived the faces with protective clothing as more trustworthy than faces wearing standard masks and faces not wearing masks. Faces with the top halves showing were perceived as trustworthy as full faces, while faces with the bottom halves showing were perceived as less trustworthy. The effect of masks is weak and complex. Masks reduced participants' trust in faces with high initial trustworthiness, had no effect on faces with low and moderate initial trustworthiness, and only slightly increased the trust of undergraduates in faces with moderate initial trustworthiness. Our findings indicate that the lack of information caused by occlusion and the social significance associated with occlusion collectively affect people's trust behavior in Chinese society. We believe the findings of this study will be useful in elucidating the effects of personal protective equipment usage on perceptions of trustworthiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Wang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, , Beijing, 100101, China.
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhifan Li
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Hao P Sun
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, , Beijing, 100101, China.
- The Research Center for Psychological Education, University of International Relations, Beijing, China.
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Schwartze MM, Frenzel AC, Goetz T, Lohbeck A, Bednorz D, Kleine M, Pekrun R. Boredom due to being over- or under-challenged in mathematics: A latent profile analysis. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38853009 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research on boredom suggests that it can emerge in situations characterized by over- and under-challenge. In learning contexts, this implies that high boredom may be experienced both by low- and high-achieving students. AIMS This research aimed to explore the existence and prevalence of boredom due to being over- and under-challenged in mathematics, for which empirical evidence is lacking. SAMPLE We employed a sample of 1.407 students (fifth to ninth graders) from all three secondary school tracks (lower, middle and upper) in Bavaria (Germany). METHODS Boredom was assessed via self-report and achievement via a standardized mathematics test. We used latent profile analysis to identify groups characterized by different levels of boredom and achievement, and we additionally examined gender and school track as group membership predictors. RESULTS Results revealed four distinct groups, of which two showed considerably high boredom. One was coupled with low achievement on the test (i.e. 'over-challenged group', 13% of the total sample), and one was coupled with high achievement (i.e. 'under-challenged group', 21%). Furthermore, we found a low boredom and high achievement (i.e. 'well-off group', 27%) and a relatively low boredom low achievement group (i.e. 'indifferent group', 39%). Girls were overrepresented in the over-challenged group, and students from the upper school track were underrepresented in the under-challenged group. CONCLUSION Our research emphasizes the need to openly discuss and further investigate boredom due to being over- and under-challenged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel M Schwartze
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne C Frenzel
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Goetz
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Annette Lohbeck
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - David Bednorz
- Department of Mathematics Education, IPN - Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Kleine
- Institute of Didactic Mathematics (IDM), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Reinhard Pekrun
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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45
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McPherson CB, O'Donnell L, Moes E, Edgar H. No relationship found between dental fluctuating asymmetry, birthweight, and birth term in two modern North American samples. Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24114. [PMID: 38842218 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deciduous dental crowns primarily develop during gestation and early infancy and embody early life stress exposures. Composite measures of dental fluctuating asymmetry (DFA) generated from the deciduous teeth may therefore indicate cumulative gestational stress in developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) studies. This study examines whether higher composite measures of deciduous DFA are associated with low birthweight and prematurity, two aspects of birth phenotype consistently associated with increased morbidity and mortality risks in adulthood. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We evaluated associations between composite deciduous DFA, birthweight, and birth term in two contemporary North American samples: an autopsy sample from New Mexico (n = 94), and sample from a growth cohort study in Burlington, Ontario (n = 304). Dental metric data for each sample was collected from postmortem CT scans and dental casts, respectively. Composite DFA was estimated using buccolingual (BL) and mesiodistal (MD) crown diameters from paired deciduous teeth. RESULTS Contrary to expectations, the results of linear regression indicated no significant relationship between birthweight and DFA, or birth term and DFA, in either sample. CONCLUSIONS Deciduous DFA does not predict aspects of birth phenotype associated with gestational stress. Birthweight and birth term are plastic relative to the more developmentally stable deciduous dentition, which may only subtly embody early life stress. We suggest that deciduous DFA should be utilized with caution in DOHaD studies until its relationship with gestational stress is clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cait B McPherson
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lexi O'Donnell
- College of Population Health, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Emily Moes
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, University of St. Francis, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Heather Edgar
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Schoenthaler AM, Richardson S, Mann D. Navigating Remote Blood Pressure Monitoring-The Devil Is in the Details. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2413739. [PMID: 38829621 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette M Schoenthaler
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York
- Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Safiya Richardson
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York
- Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
- Medical Center Information Technology Department of Health Informatics, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Devin Mann
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York
- Medical Center Information Technology Department of Health Informatics, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
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47
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Angele B, Duñabeitia JA. Closing the eye-tracking gap in reading research. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1425219. [PMID: 38887629 PMCID: PMC11180887 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1425219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Angele
- Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), Facultad de Lenguas y Educación, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
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Rueda HA, Ward KP, Hoffman S. Parent Physical and Psychological Aggression and Youth Dating Violence: A Latent Class Analysis Approach. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:2460-2486. [PMID: 38149627 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231218224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent dating violence is a national public health issue and research suggests that aggressive parenting may predict the likelihood that a child will subsequently experience abuse. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of parent physical and psychological aggression on adolescent dating violence perpetration and victimization. Data derived from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study resulted in a racially and ethnically diverse sample of adolescents in dating relationships at the age of 15 years (N = 952). Utilizing both parent and adolescent data which assessed parenting practices at ages 3, 5, 9, and 15, and adolescent dating violence victimization and perpetration at age 15, we analyzed the data using a latest class analysis. Youth were typologized into three classes: the non-physically aggressive parenting, nonaggressive dating class (Class 1; 16% of youth), the aggressive parenting, nonaggressive dating class (Class 2; 76% of youth), and the aggressive parenting, aggressive dating class (Class 3; 8% of youth). Parents across all three classes utilized high levels of psychologically aggressive parenting. An important finding from this study is that parents' use of both physically and psychologically aggressive parenting only predicted subsequent dating violence victimization and perpetration among a small portion of adolescents. Findings suggest that additional risk factors, including household income and adolescent impulsivity, may help to elucidate pathways to adolescent dating violence. There is also a need to further explore the resiliency factors at play for youth who, despite having experienced both psychologically and physically aggressive parenting across the lifespan, did not experience dating violence victimization or perpetration.
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Santos JA, Giovannetti F, Smulski MC, Hermida MJ, Petetta DR, Segretin MS, Lipina S. A systematic review of the concept of self-regulation in infants between 0 and 36 months in Latin America. Infant Behav Dev 2024; 75:101954. [PMID: 38763014 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2024.101954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
This paper aims to identify how cognitive and emotional self-regulation (SR) processes in infants from 0 to 36 months are defined within the Latin American academic context. A systematic review based on the PRISMA methodology was implemented to review the conceptual and operational definition of SR, the type of study, the country of origin of the authors, and the reference to the adequacy of the research to the specific cultural context of Latin America. Twenty-two papers that met the selection criteria were selected. The study identified four types of conceptual definitions for SR, each associated with different constructs or sets of constructs: executive functions, temperament, the integration of executive functions and temperament, and physiological homeostasis. These definitions were based on mainstream approaches to SR rather than being specific to the Latin American region. The study also found compatibility between the sample and some observed trends. On one hand, there was an underrepresentation of the Latin American population in high-impact publications on the subject. However, from 2010 to the present, there is evidence of growth in publications on SR in the analyzed sample. On the other hand, the sample also indicates a disparate representation of the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean in existing publications. Finally, concerning the adaptation to the cultural context of the research, a small number of studies addressed this variable in a specific and significant way. However, even in these cases, the approach is based on models and hypotheses that are limited to understanding the Latin American region's cultural, socioeconomic, and demographic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alejandro Santos
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (UNA, CEMIC-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Federico Giovannetti
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (UNA, CEMIC-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Maria Julia Hermida
- Universidad Nacional de Hurlingham, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNAHUR, CONICET), Villa Tesei, Pcia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Roberto Petetta
- Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos (INDEC), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Segretin
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (UNA, CEMIC-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Lipina
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (UNA, CEMIC-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Vikhanova A, Tibber MS, Mareschal I. Post-migration living difficulties and poor mental health associated with increased interpretation bias for threat. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:1154-1168. [PMID: 37477179 PMCID: PMC11103921 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231191442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has found associations between mental health difficulties and interpretation biases, including heightened interpretation of threat from neutral or ambiguous stimuli. Building on this research, we explored associations between interpretation biases (positive and negative) and three constructs that have been linked to migrant experience: mental health symptoms (Global Severity Index [GSI]), Post-Migration Living Difficulties (PMLD), and Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire (PEDQ). Two hundred thirty students who identified as first- (n = 94) or second-generation ethnic minority migrants (n = 68), and first-generation White migrants (n = 68) completed measures of GSI, PEDQ, and PMLD. They also performed an interpretation bias task using Point Light Walkers (PLW), dynamic stimuli with reduced visual input that are easily perceived as humans performing an action. Five categories of PLW were used: four that clearly depicted human forms undertaking positive, neutral, negative, or ambiguous actions, and a fifth that involved scrambled animations with no clear action or form. Participants were asked to imagine their interaction with the stimuli and rate their friendliness (positive interpretation bias) and aggressiveness (interpretation bias for threat). We found that the three groups differed on PEDQ and PMLD, with no significant differences in GSI, and the three measured were positively correlated. Poorer mental health and increased PMLD were associated with a heightened interpretation for threat of scrambled animations only. These findings have implications for understanding of the role of threat biases in mental health and the migrant experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Vikhanova
- Department of Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Marc S Tibber
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Isabelle Mareschal
- Department of Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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