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Sampedro F, Garcés-Vega F, Strickland AJ, Hedberg CW. Developing a risk management framework to improve public health outcomes by enumerating and serotyping Salmonella in ground turkey. Epidemiol Infect 2024; 152:e12. [PMID: 38185825 PMCID: PMC10804136 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica continues to be a leading cause of foodborne morbidity worldwide. A quantitative risk assessment model was developed to evaluate the impact of pathogen enumeration and serotyping strategies on public health after consumption of undercooked contaminated ground turkey in the USA. The risk assessment model predicted more than 20,000 human illnesses annually that would result in ~700 annual reported cases. Removing ground turkey lots contaminated with Salmonella exceeding 10 MPN/g, 1 MPN/g, and 1 MPN/25 g would decrease the mean number of illnesses by 38.2, 73.1, and 95.0%, respectively. A three-class mixed sampling plan was tested to allow the detection of positive lots above threshold levels with 2-6 (c = 1) and 3-8 samples per lot (c = 2) using 25-g and 325-g sample sizes for a 95% probability of rejecting a contaminated lot. Removal of positive lots with the presence of highly virulent serotypes would decrease the number of illnesses by 44.2-87.0%. Based on these model prediction results, risk management strategies should incorporate pathogen enumeration and/or serotyping. This would have a direct impact on illness incidence linking public health outcomes with measurable food safety objectives, at the cost of diverting production lots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sampedro
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Ali J. Strickland
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Craig W. Hedberg
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Sodagari HR, Shrestha RD, Agunos A, Gow SP, Varga C. Comparison of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from Canadian turkey flocks, 2013-2021. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102655. [PMID: 37030258 PMCID: PMC10113892 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella from turkeys has raised a food safety concern in Canada as certain serovars have been implicated in human salmonellosis outbreaks in recent years. While several studies evaluated AMR in broiler chickens in Canada, there are limited studies that assess AMR in turkey flocks. This study analyzed data collected between 2013 and 2021 by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) farm turkey surveillance program to determine the prevalence of AMR and differences in resistance patterns among Salmonella serovars recovered from turkey flocks. Salmonella isolates were tested for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials using a microbroth dilution method. Hierarchical clustering dendrograms were constructed to compare the individual AMR status of Salmonella serovars. Differences in the probability of resistance between Salmonella serovars were determined using generalized estimating equation logistic regression models to account for farm-level clustering. Of the 1,367 Salmonella isolates detected, 55.3% were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 25.3% were multidrug resistant (MDR) (resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes). The Salmonella isolates exhibited high resistance to tetracycline (43.3%), streptomycin (47.2%), and sulfisoxazole (29.1%). The 3 most frequently occurring serovars were S. Uganda (22.9%), S. Hadar (13.5%), and S. Reading (12.0%). Streptomycin-sulfisoxazole-tetracycline (n = 204) was the most frequent MDR pattern identified. Heatmaps showed that S. Reading exhibited coresistance to the quinolone class antimicrobials, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid; S. Heidelberg to gentamicin and sulfisoxazole; and S. Agona to ampicillin and ceftriaxone. Salmonella Hadar isolates had higher odds of resistance to tetracycline (OR: 152.1, 95% CI: 70.6-327.4) while the probability of being resistant to gentamicin and ampicillin was significantly higher in S. Senftenberg than in all the other serovars. Moreover, S. Uganda had the highest odds of being MDR (OR: 4.7, 95% CI: 3.7-6.1). The high resistance observed warrants a reassessment of the drivers for AMR, including AMU strategies and other production factors. Differences in AMR patterns highlight the need to implement serovar-specific mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Sodagari
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rima D Shrestha
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Agnes Agunos
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheryl P Gow
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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3
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Kipper D, Mascitti AK, De Carli S, Carneiro AM, Streck AF, Fonseca ASK, Ikuta N, Lunge VR. Emergence, Dissemination and Antimicrobial Resistance of the Main Poultry-Associated Salmonella Serovars in Brazil. Vet Sci 2022; 9:405. [PMID: 36006320 PMCID: PMC9415136 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infects poultry, and it is also a human foodborne pathogen. This bacterial genus is classified into several serovars/lineages, some of them showing high antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The ease of Salmonella transmission in farms, slaughterhouses, and eggs industries has made controlling it a real challenge in the poultry-production chains. This review describes the emergence, dissemination, and AMR of the main Salmonella serovars and lineages detected in Brazilian poultry. It is reported that few serovars emerged and have been more widely disseminated in breeders, broilers, and layers in the last 70 years. Salmonella Gallinarum was the first to spread on the farms, remaining as a concerning poultry pathogen. Salmonella Typhimurium and Enteritidis were also largely detected in poultry and foods (eggs, chicken, turkey), being associated with several human foodborne outbreaks. Salmonella Heidelberg and Minnesota have been more widely spread in recent years, resulting in frequent chicken/turkey meat contamination. A few more serovars (Infantis, Newport, Hadar, Senftenberg, Schwarzengrund, and Mbandaka, among others) were also detected, but less frequently and usually in specific poultry-production regions. AMR has been identified in most isolates, highlighting multi-drug resistance in specific poultry lineages from the serovars Typhimurium, Heidelberg, and Minnesota. Epidemiological studies are necessary to trace and control this pathogen in Brazilian commercial poultry production chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diéssy Kipper
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | - Andréa Karoline Mascitti
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | - Silvia De Carli
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas 92425-350, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;
| | - Andressa Matos Carneiro
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | - André Felipe Streck
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | | | - Nilo Ikuta
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94940-030, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (A.S.K.F.); (N.I.)
| | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas 92425-350, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94940-030, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (A.S.K.F.); (N.I.)
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A scoping review of factors potentially linked with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from turkeys (iAM.AMR Project). Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e153. [PMID: 35843720 PMCID: PMC9428905 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex problem that is a threat to global public health. Consumption of turkey meat may be an important source of foodborne exposure to resistant bacteria; recent outbreaks of multi-drug-resistant Salmonella Reading in Canada and the USA have implicated raw turkey products. To better understand the epidemiology of AMR in farmed turkey production, a scoping review was conducted. The objectives were to identify (1) modifiable factors potentially associated with antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter, Enterococcus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica along the farm-to-fork pathway in turkeys, and (2) data gaps with respect to factors potentially associated with AMR and Canadian commercial turkey production. A comprehensive search of the peer-reviewed literature was conducted in 2019 and updated in 2021. Thirteen references were included, reporting 36 factors. Antimicrobial use factors and their potential associations with AMR were most frequently reported (n = 15 factors; 42%), followed by biosecurity (n = 11; 31%) and management practices (n = 10; 28%). This review revealed important data gaps; no factors pertaining to S. enterica or to stages other than the farm (e.g. abattoir, retail) were identified, and only one Canadian reference was identified. These findings will inform priorities for future research and surveillance regarding turkeys and AMR.
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Núncio ASP, Webber B, Pottker ES, Cardoso B, Esposito F, Fontana H, Lincopan N, Girardello R, Pilotto F, dos Santos LR, Rodrigues LB. Genomic characterization of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg E2 strain isolated from chicken carcass in southern Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 379:109863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Vellano IHB, Milbradt EL, Polizel DM, Oro C, Paz IC, Padovani CR, Gross L, Silva TM, Hataka A, Filho RLA. Comparison of microbiological, pathological and zootechnical aspects between broiler chickens and turkeys challenged with Salmonella Heidelberg. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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7
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Sanchez E, Simpson RB, Zhang Y, Sallade LE, Naumova EN. Exploring Risk Factors of Recall-Associated Foodborne Disease Outbreaks in the United States, 2009-2019. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19094947. [PMID: 35564342 PMCID: PMC9099668 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19094947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Earlier identification and removal of contaminated food products is crucial in reducing economic burdens of foodborne outbreaks. Recalls are a safety measure that is deployed to prevent foodborne illnesses. However, few studies have examined temporal trends in recalls or compared risk factors between non-recall and recall outbreaks in the United States, due to disparate and often incomplete surveillance records in publicly reported data. We demonstrated the usability of the electronic Foodborne Outbreak Reporting System (eFORS) and National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) for describing temporal trends and outbreak risk factors of food recalls in 1998−2019. We examined monthly trends between surveillance systems by using segmented time-series analyses. We compared the risk factors (e.g., multistate outbreak, contamination supply chain stage, pathogen etiology, and food products) of recalls and non-recalls by using logistic regression models. Out of 22,972 outbreaks, 305 (1.3%) resulted in recalls and 9378 (41%) had missing recall information. However, outbreaks with missing recall information decreased at an accelerating rate of ~25%/month in 2004−2009 and at a decelerating rate of ~13%/month after the transition from eFORS to NORS in 2009−2019. Irrespective of the contaminant etiology, multistate outbreaks according to the residence of ill persons had odds 11.00−13.50 times (7.00, 21.60) that of single-state outbreaks resulting in a recall (p < 0.001) when controlling for all risk factors. Electronic reporting has improved the availability of food recall data, yet retrospective investigations of historical records are needed. The investigation of recalls enhances public health professionals’ understanding of their annual financial burden and improves outbreak prediction analytics to reduce the likelihood and severity of recalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sanchez
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (R.B.S.); (Y.Z.); (L.E.S.)
- Army Medical Department Student Detachment, U.S. Army Medical Center of Excellence, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (E.N.N.); Tel.: +1-(608)-449-3194 (E.S.); +1-617-636-2927 (E.N.N.)
| | - Ryan B. Simpson
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (R.B.S.); (Y.Z.); (L.E.S.)
| | - Yutong Zhang
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (R.B.S.); (Y.Z.); (L.E.S.)
| | - Lauren E. Sallade
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (R.B.S.); (Y.Z.); (L.E.S.)
| | - Elena N. Naumova
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (R.B.S.); (Y.Z.); (L.E.S.)
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (E.N.N.); Tel.: +1-(608)-449-3194 (E.S.); +1-617-636-2927 (E.N.N.)
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8
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Tobolowsky FA, Cui Z, Hoekstra RM, Bruce BB. Salmonella Serotypes Associated with Illnesses after Thanksgiving Holiday, United States, 1998-2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:210-213. [PMID: 34932459 PMCID: PMC8714195 DOI: 10.3201/eid2801.211986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine which Salmonella serotypes cause illness related to the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States and to foods disproportionately eaten then (e.g., turkey). Using routine surveillance for 1998-2018 and a case-crossover design, we found serotype Reading to be most strongly associated with Thanksgiving.
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Dassanayake RP, Atkinson BM, Mullis AS, Falkenberg SM, Nicholson EM, Casas E, Narasimhan B, Bearson SMD. Bovine NK-lysin peptides exert potent antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant Salmonella outbreak isolates. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19276. [PMID: 34588573 PMCID: PMC8481502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella is a threat to public health. Non-antibiotic therapies could serve as important countermeasures to control MDR Salmonella outbreaks. In this study, antimicrobial activity of cationic α-helical bovine NK-lysin-derived antimicrobial peptides was evaluated against MDR Salmonella outbreak isolates. NK2A and NK2B strongly inhibited MDR Salmonella growth while NK1 and NK2C showed minimum-to-no growth inhibition. Scrambled-NK2A, which is devoid of α-helicity but has the same net positive charge as NK2A, also failed to inhibit bacterial growth. Incubation of negatively charged MDR Salmonella with NK2A showed increased Zeta potential, indicating bacterial-peptide electrostatic attraction. Confocal and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed NK2A-mediated damage to MDR Salmonella membranes. LPS inhibited NK2A-mediated growth suppression in a dose-dependent response, suggesting irreversible NK2A-LPS binding. LPS-NK2A binding and bacterial membrane disruption was also confirmed via electron microscopy using gold nanoparticle-NK2A conjugates. Finally, NK2A-loaded polyanhydride nanoparticles showed sustained peptide delivery and anti-bacterial activity. Together, these findings indicate that NK2A α-helicity and positive charge are prerequisites for antimicrobial activity and that MDR Salmonella killing is mediated by direct interaction of NK2A with LPS and the inner membrane, leading to bacterial membrane permeabilization. With further optimization using nano-carriers, NK2A has the potential to become a potent anti-MDR Salmonella agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohana P Dassanayake
- Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, USDA, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Briony M Atkinson
- Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Adam S Mullis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Shollie M Falkenberg
- Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eric M Nicholson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eduardo Casas
- Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Shawn M D Bearson
- Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, USDA, Ames, IA, USA.
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Research Note: Fate and dissemination of Salmonella enterica serovar reading in turkeys at processing using an oral gavage challenge model. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101114. [PMID: 34077846 PMCID: PMC8173296 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the fate and dissemination of Salmonella Reading (SR) in turkeys using an oral gavage challenge model. One hundred twenty-eight-week-old commercial turkey hens were moved from commercial production to research facilities. Upon arrival, a combination of enrofloxacin, 10 mg/kg, and florfenicol, 20 mg/kg, were orally administered sequentially before comingled placement on fresh pine shavings. Turkeys were challenged with 108 cfu SR by oral gavage on d 4 and 7 postplacement. Subsets were subjected to simulated commercial processing on d 14 (n = 40), 21 (n = 40) and 28 (n = 32) postplacement (corresponding to 10, 11, and 12 wk of age). Stifle joint, skin, trachea, crop, lung, liver + spleen (LS), and ceca were aseptically sampled and cultured for Salmonella recovery and serotyping. SR could not be recovered from stifle joint 14 d post inoculation (PI). However, at 14 d PI, recovery of SR were: Skin 80%; crop 75%; LS 67.5%; lungs 60%; and ceca 57.5%. (P < 0.01). Interestingly, the lowest recovery of SR was observed from trachea (40%). At 21 d PI, the highest rate of positive samples to SR were observed in ceca (87.5%) and crop (67.5%). By 28 d PI, SR was only recovered from ceca (75%); crop (43.8%); lung (34.4%); and LS (21.9%). The results of this study confirms that SR is an emerging problem for the turkey industry and immediate measurements to reduce foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella should target all parts of the supply chain and consumer education about food safety.
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Oscar T. Salmonella Prevalence Alone Is Not a Good Indicator of Poultry Food Safety. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2021; 41:110-130. [PMID: 32691435 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illness (i.e., salmonellosis) outbreaks, which on occasion are attributed to ground turkey. The poultry industry uses Salmonella prevalence as an indicator of food safety. However, Salmonella prevalence is only one of several factors that determine risk of salmonellosis. Consequently, a model for predicting risk of salmonellosis from individual lots of ground turkey as a function of Salmonella prevalence and other risk factors was developed. Data for Salmonella contamination (prevalence, number, and serotype) of ground turkey were collected at meal preparation. Scenario analysis was used to evaluate effects of model variables on risk of salmonellosis. Epidemiological data were used to simulate Salmonella serotype virulence in a dose-response model that was based on human outbreak and feeding trial data. Salmonella prevalence was 26% (n = 100) per 25 g of ground turkey, whereas Salmonella number ranged from 0 to 1.603 with a median of 0.185 log per 25 g. Risk of salmonellosis (total arbitrary units (AU) per lot) was affected (p ≤ 0.05) by Salmonella prevalence, number, and virulence, by incidence and extent of undercooking, and by food consumption behavior and host resistance but was not (p > 0.05) affected by serving size, serving size distribution, or total bacterial load of ground turkey when all other risk factors were held constant. When other risk factors were not held constant, Salmonella prevalence was not correlated (r = -0.39; p = 0.21) with risk of salmonellosis. Thus, Salmonella prevalence alone was not a good indicator of poultry food safety because other factors were found to alter risk of salmonellosis. In conclusion, a more holistic approach to poultry food safety, such as the process risk model developed in the present study, is needed to better protect public health from foodborne pathogens like Salmonella.
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Park CJ, Li J, Zhang X, Gao F, Benton CS, Andam CP. Diverse lineages of multidrug resistant clinical Salmonella enterica and a cryptic outbreak in New Hampshire, USA revealed from a year-long genomic surveillance. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 87:104645. [PMID: 33246085 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica, the causative agent of gastrointestinal diseases and typhoid fever, is a human and animal pathogen that causes significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. In this study, we examine the genomic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of 63 S. enterica isolates from human-derived clinical specimens submitted to the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) in the state of New Hampshire, USA in 2017. We found a remarkably large genomic, phylogenetic and serotype variation among the S. enterica isolates, dominated by serotypes Enteritidis (sequence type [ST] 11), Heidelberg (ST 15) and Typhimurium (ST 19). Analysis of the distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the core genome suggests that the ST 15 cluster is likely a previously undetected or cryptic outbreak event that occurred in the south/southeastern part of New Hampshire in August-September. We found that nearly all of the clinical S. enterica isolates carried horizontally acquired genes that confer resistance to multiple classes of antimicrobials, most notably aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and macrolides. Majority of the isolates (76.2%) carry at least four resistance determinants per genome. We also detected the genes mdtK and mdsABC that encode multidrug efflux pumps and the gene sdiA that encodes a regulator for a third multidrug resistance pump. Our results indicate rapid microevolution and geographical dissemination of multidrug resistant lineages over a short time span. These findings are critical to aid the DHHS and similar public health laboratories in the development of effective disease control measures, epidemiological studies and treatment options for serious Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cooper J Park
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Jinfeng Li
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, 29 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH, USA
| | - Xinglu Zhang
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, 29 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH, USA
| | - Fengxiang Gao
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, 29 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH, USA
| | - Christopher S Benton
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, 29 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH, USA.
| | - Cheryl P Andam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.
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Isolation and Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. from Healthy and Diseased Turkeys. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110770. [PMID: 33147736 PMCID: PMC7692380 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella spp. can negatively impact turkey farming. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli and Salmonella spp. in healthy and diseased turkeys. A total of 30 fecal samples from healthy turkeys and 25 intestinal samples from diseased turkeys that died of enteritis were collected. Bacterial isolation and identification were based on biochemical properties and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiogram profiles were determined by disk diffusion. The tetracycline-resistance gene tetA was detected by PCR. All samples were positive for E. coli. Only 11 samples (11/30; 36.67%) were positive for Salmonella spp. from healthy turkeys, whereas 16 (16/25; 64%) samples were positive for Salmonella spp. from diseased turkeys. E. coli isolated from diseased turkeys showed higher resistance to levofloxacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Salmonella spp. isolated from healthy turkeys exhibited higher resistance to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, imipenem, and meropenem. All E. coli and Salmonella spp. from both healthy and diseased turkeys were resistant to erythromycin. Salmonella spp. from both healthy and diseased turkeys were resistant to tetracycline. Multidrug resistance was observed in both E. coli and Salmonella spp. from diseased turkeys. Finally, the tetA gene was detected in 93.1% of the E. coli isolates and in 92.59% of the Salmonella spp. isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to isolate and characterize tetA-gene-containing MDR E. coli and Salmonella spp. from healthy and diseased turkeys in Bangladesh. Both microorganisms are of zoonotic significance and represent a significant public health challenge.
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Nguyen MM, Gil J, Brown M, Cesar Tondo E, Soraya Martins de Aquino N, Eisenberg M, Erickson S. Accurate and sensitive detection of Salmonella in foods by engineered bacteriophages. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17463. [PMID: 33060781 PMCID: PMC7567081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74587-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major causative agent of foodborne illness and rapid identification of this pathogen is essential to prevent disease. Currently most assays require high bacterial burdens or prolonged enrichment to achieve acceptable performance. A reduction in testing time without loss of sensitivity is critical to allow food processors to safely decrease product holding time. To meet this need, a method was developed to detect Salmonella using luciferase reporter bacteriophages. Bacteriophages were engineered to express NanoLuc, a novel optimized luciferase originating from the deep-sea shrimp Oplophorus gracilirostris. NanoLuc-expressing bacteriophages had a limit of detection of 10-100 CFU per mL in culture without enrichment. Luciferase reporters demonstrated a broad host range covering all Salmonella species with one reporter detecting 99.3% of 269 inclusivity strains. Cross-reactivity was limited and only observed with other members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. In food matrix studies, a cocktail of engineered bacteriophages accurately detected 1 CFU in either 25 g of ground turkey with a 7 h enrichment or 100 g of powdered infant formula with a 16 h enrichment. Use of the NanoLuc reporter assay described herein resulted in a considerable reduction in enrichment time without a loss of sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh M Nguyen
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, New Brighton, MN, 55112, USA
| | - Jose Gil
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Los Angeles, CA, 90062, USA
| | - Matthew Brown
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Burlington, NC, 27215, USA
| | - Eduardo Cesar Tondo
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Controle de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (ICTA/UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Nathanyelle Soraya Martins de Aquino
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Controle de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (ICTA/UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Marcia Eisenberg
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Burlington, NC, 27215, USA
| | - Stephen Erickson
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, New Brighton, MN, 55112, USA.
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15
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Cooper AL, Low AJ, Koziol AG, Thomas MC, Leclair D, Tamber S, Wong A, Blais BW, Carrillo CD. Systematic Evaluation of Whole Genome Sequence-Based Predictions of Salmonella Serotype and Antimicrobial Resistance. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:549. [PMID: 32318038 PMCID: PMC7147080 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is used increasingly in public-health laboratories for typing and characterizing foodborne pathogens. To evaluate the performance of existing bioinformatic tools for in silico prediction of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and serotypes of Salmonella enterica, WGS-based genotype predictions were compared with the results of traditional phenotyping assays. A total of 111 S. enterica isolates recovered from a Canadian baseline study on broiler chicken conducted in 2012-2013 were selected based on phenotypic resistance to 15 different antibiotics and isolates were subjected to WGS. Both SeqSero2 and SISTR accurately determined S. enterica serotypes, with full matches to laboratory results for 87.4 and 89.2% of isolates, respectively, and partial matches for the remaining isolates. Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were identified using several bioinformatics tools including the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database – Resistance Gene Identifier (CARD-RGI), Center for Genomic Epidemiology (CGE) ResFinder web tool, Short Read Sequence Typing for Bacterial Pathogens (SRST2 v 0.2.0), and k-mer alignment method (KMA v 1.17). All ARG identification tools had ≥ 99% accuracy for predicting resistance to all antibiotics tested except streptomycin (accuracy 94.6%). Evaluation of ARG detection in assembled versus raw-read WGS data found minimal observable differences that were gene- and coverage- dependent. Where initial phenotypic results indicated isolates were sensitive, yet ARGs were detected, repeat AMR testing corrected discrepancies. All tools failed to find resistance-determining genes for one gentamicin- and two streptomycin-resistant isolates. Further investigation found a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the nuoF coding region of one of the isolates which may be responsible for the observed streptomycin-resistant phenotype. Overall, WGS-based predictions of AMR and serotype were highly concordant with phenotype determination regardless of computational approach used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Cooper
- Research and Development, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew J Low
- Research and Development, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Adam G Koziol
- Research and Development, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew C Thomas
- Microbial Contaminants, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel Leclair
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sandeep Tamber
- Microbiology Research Division, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Wong
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Burton W Blais
- Research and Development, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine D Carrillo
- Research and Development, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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16
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Hassan R, Buuck S, Noveroske D, Medus C, Sorenson A, Laurent J, Rotstein D, Schlater L, Freiman J, Douris A, Simmons M, Donovan D, Henderson J, Tewell M, Snyder K, Oni O, Von Stein D, Dassie K, Leeper M, Adediran A, Dowell N, Gieraltowski L, Basler C. Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Infections Linked to Raw Turkey Products - United States, 2017-2019. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2019; 68:1045-1049. [PMID: 31751325 PMCID: PMC6871895 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6846a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Kawakami V, Bottichio L, Lloyd J, Carleton H, Leeper M, Olson G, Li Z, Kissler B, Angelo KM, Whitlock L, Sinatra J, Defibaugh-Chavez S, Bicknese A, Kay M, Wise ME, Basler C, Duchin J. Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- and Salmonella Infantis Infections Linked to Whole Roasted Pigs from a Single Slaughter and Processing Facility. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1615-1624. [PMID: 31441688 PMCID: PMC6957080 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We describe two outbreaks of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- infection, occurring in 2015 to 2016, linked to pork products, including whole roaster pigs sold raw from a single Washington slaughter and processing facility (establishment A). Food histories from 80 ill persons were compared with food histories reported in the FoodNet 2006 to 2007 survey of healthy persons from all 10 U.S. FoodNet sites who reported these exposures in the week before interview. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing were conducted on selected clinical, food, and environmental isolates. During 2015, a total of 192 ill persons were identified from five states; among ill persons with available information, 30 (17%) of 180 were hospitalized, and none died. More ill persons than healthy survey respondents consumed pork (74 versus 43%, P < 0.001). Seventeen (23%) of 73 ill persons for which a response was available reported attending an event where whole roaster pig was served in the 7 days before illness onset. All 25 clinical isolates tested from the 2015 outbreak and a subsequent 2016 smaller outbreak (n = 15) linked to establishment A demonstrated MDR. Whole genome sequencing of clinical, environmental, and food isolates (n = 69) collected in both investigations revealed one clade of highly related isolates, supporting epidemiologic and traceback data that establishment A as the source of both outbreaks. These investigations highlight that whole roaster pigs, an uncommon food vehicle for MDR Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- outbreaks, will need further attention from food safety researchers and educators for developing science-based consumer guidelines, specifically with a focus on the preparation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance Kawakami
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, CSELS.,Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Immunization Section, Public Health-Seattle & King County, 401 5th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Lyndsay Bottichio
- Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, NCEZID
| | - Jennifer Lloyd
- Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Immunization Section, Public Health-Seattle & King County, 401 5th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Heather Carleton
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - Molly Leeper
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - Gina Olson
- Public Health Laboratories, Washington State Department of Health, 1610 N.E. 150th Street, Shoreline, Washington 98155
| | - Zhi Li
- Public Health Laboratories, Washington State Department of Health, 1610 N.E. 150th Street, Shoreline, Washington 98155
| | - Bonnie Kissler
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 100 Alabama Street S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Kristina M Angelo
- Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, NCEZID
| | - Laura Whitlock
- Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, NCEZID
| | - Jennifer Sinatra
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 100 Alabama Street S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Stephanie Defibaugh-Chavez
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1400 Independence Avenue S.W., Washington, DC 20250
| | - Amelia Bicknese
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - Meagan Kay
- Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Immunization Section, Public Health-Seattle & King County, 401 5th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Matthew E Wise
- Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, NCEZID
| | - Collin Basler
- Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, NCEZID
| | - Jeff Duchin
- Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Immunization Section, Public Health-Seattle & King County, 401 5th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98104.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 1959 N.E. Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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18
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Denagamage TN, Wallner-Pendleton E, Jayarao BM, Xiaoli L, Dudley EG, Wolfgang D, Kariyawasam S. Detection of CTX-M-1 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase among ceftiofur-resistant Salmonella enterica clinical isolates of poultry. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:681-687. [PMID: 31342869 PMCID: PMC6727121 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719864384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) conferred by cefotaximases (blaCTX-M) is a growing concern in the United States. Among food-producing animals, poultry are a major reservoir of ESC-resistant Salmonella. A retrospective study was carried out to further characterize 38 ceftiofur-resistant clinical Salmonella enterica isolates obtained from poultry during 2007-2018. Of the isolates tested, 31 displayed resistance to ceftriaxone and harbored blaCMY-2, whereas 7 isolates demonstrated resistance or reduced susceptibility to cefepime in addition to ceftriaxone resistance. These 7 isolates displayed extended-spectrum β-lactamase activity, harbored blaCTX-M-1, and were recovered only from recent poultry diagnostic submissions made in 2011-2018 as opposed to the 31 isolates that were recovered in 2007-2018. Further characterization of the blaCTX-M-1 gene determined that it was located on conjugative IncN/ST1 and IncI1/ST87 plasmids in the isolates from commercial turkeys and broilers, respectively. These plasmids have been responsible for extensive spread of blaCTX-M-1 in livestock, poultry, and humans in Europe. Potential transfer of IncN and IncI1 plasmids and/or nontyphoidal Salmonella carrying these plasmids through the food chain, or by other means to humans, may result in treatment failures. Our study demonstrates the importance of further characterization of ceftiofur-resistant S. enterica isolates detected by veterinary diagnostic laboratories to identify the sources of blaCTX-M-1 and to mitigate the spread of ESC-resistant Salmonella in the poultry production pyramid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N. Denagamage
- Departments of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Denagamage, Wallner-Pendleton, Jayarao, Kariyawasam), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Food Science (Xiaoli, Dudley), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Bureau of Animal Health and Diagnostic Services, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Wolfgang)
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Denagamage), University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine (Kariyawasam), University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Eva Wallner-Pendleton
- Departments of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Denagamage, Wallner-Pendleton, Jayarao, Kariyawasam), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Food Science (Xiaoli, Dudley), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Bureau of Animal Health and Diagnostic Services, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Wolfgang)
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Denagamage), University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine (Kariyawasam), University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Bhushan M. Jayarao
- Departments of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Denagamage, Wallner-Pendleton, Jayarao, Kariyawasam), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Food Science (Xiaoli, Dudley), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Bureau of Animal Health and Diagnostic Services, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Wolfgang)
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Denagamage), University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine (Kariyawasam), University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Lingzi Xiaoli
- Departments of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Denagamage, Wallner-Pendleton, Jayarao, Kariyawasam), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Food Science (Xiaoli, Dudley), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Bureau of Animal Health and Diagnostic Services, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Wolfgang)
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Denagamage), University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine (Kariyawasam), University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Edward G. Dudley
- Departments of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Denagamage, Wallner-Pendleton, Jayarao, Kariyawasam), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Food Science (Xiaoli, Dudley), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Bureau of Animal Health and Diagnostic Services, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Wolfgang)
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Denagamage), University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine (Kariyawasam), University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - David Wolfgang
- Departments of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Denagamage, Wallner-Pendleton, Jayarao, Kariyawasam), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Food Science (Xiaoli, Dudley), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Bureau of Animal Health and Diagnostic Services, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Wolfgang)
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Denagamage), University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine (Kariyawasam), University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Subhashinie Kariyawasam
- Subhashinie Kariyawasam, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610.
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19
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Cross-protective Salmonella vaccine reduces cecal and splenic colonization of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg. Vaccine 2019; 37:1255-1259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Antony L, Behr M, Sockett D, Miskimins D, Aulik N, Christopher-Hennings J, Nelson E, Allard MW, Scaria J. Genome divergence and increased virulence of outbreak associated Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Heidelberg. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:53. [PMID: 30603048 PMCID: PMC6304783 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Heidelberg is primarily a poultry adapted serotype of Salmonella that can also colonize other hosts and cause human disease. In this study, we compared the genomes of outbreak associated non-outbreak causing Salmonella ser. Heidelberg strains from diverse hosts and geographical regions. Human outbreak associated strains in this study were from a 2015 multistate outbreak of Salmonella ser. Heidelberg involving 15 states in the United States which originated from bull calves. Our clinicopathologic examination revealed that cases involving Salmonella ser. Heidelberg strains were predominantly young, less than weeks-old, dairy calves. Pre-existing or concurrent disease was found in the majority of the calves. Detection of Salmonella ser. Heidelberg correlated with markedly increased death losses clinically comparable to those seen in herds infected with S. Dublin, a known serious pathogen of cattle. Whole genome based single nucleotide polymorphism based analysis revealed that these calf isolates formed a distinct cluster along with outbreak associated human isolates. The defining feature of the outbreak associated strains, when compared to older isolates of S. Heidelberg, is that all isolates in this cluster contained Saf fimbrial genes which are generally absent in S. Heidelberg. The acquisition of several single nucleotide polymorphisms and the gain of Saf fimbrial genes may have contributed to the increased disease severity of these Salmonella ser. Heidelberg strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linto Antony
- 1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD USA.,South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD USA
| | - Melissa Behr
- 1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD USA
| | - Donald Sockett
- 3Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Dale Miskimins
- 1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD USA
| | - Nicole Aulik
- 3Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- 1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD USA.,South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- 1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD USA.,South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD USA
| | - Marc W Allard
- 4Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD USA
| | - Joy Scaria
- 1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD USA.,South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD USA
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21
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Humayoun SB, Hiott LM, Gupta SK, Barrett JB, Woodley TA, Johnston JJ, Jackson CR, Frye JG. An assay for determining the susceptibility of Salmonella isolates to commercial and household biocides. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209072. [PMID: 30571686 PMCID: PMC6301668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry and meat products contaminated with Salmonella enterica are a major cause of foodborne illness in the United States. The food industries use a wide variety of antimicrobial interventions to reduce bacterial contamination. However, little is known about Salmonella susceptibility to these compounds and some studies have shown a concerning link between biocide resistance and antibiotic resistance. To investigate this, a 96 well panel of 17 common household and commercially used biocides was designed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of these compounds for Salmonella. The panel contained two-fold serial dilutions of chemicals including Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DC), Benzalkonium chloride (BKC), Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HB), Hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (HC), Acetic acid (AA), Lactic acid (LA), Citric acid (CA), Peroxyacetic acid (PXA), Acidified sodium chlorite (ASC), Sodium hypochlorite (SHB), 1,3 dibromo, 5,5 dimethylhydantoin (DBH), Chlorhexidine (CHX), Sodium metasilicate (SM), Trisodium phosphate (TSP), Arsenite (ARI), and Arsenate (ARA). The assay was used to test the susceptibility of 88 multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella isolates from animal sources. Bacteria are defined as multidrug resistant (MDR) if it exhibited non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories. The concentration of biocide at which ≥50% of the isolates could not grow was designated as the minimum inhibitory concentration or MIC50 and was used as the breakpoint in this study. The MIC50 (μg ml-1) for the tested MDR Salmonella was 256 for DC, 40 for BKC, 80 for CPC. HB and HC, 1,640 for AA, 5664 for LA, 3,156 for CA, 880 for PXA, 320 for ASC, 3.0 for CHX, 1,248 for DBH, 3,152 (6%) for SHB, 60,320 for SM, 37,712 for TSP, 56 for ARI and 832 for ARA. A few isolates were not susceptible at the MIC50 breakpoint to some chemicals indicating possible resistance. Isolates with MICs of two 2-fold dilutions above the MIC50 were considered resistant. Biocides for which resistant isolates were detected included CPC (n = 1 isolate), HB (1), CA (18), ASC (7), CHX (22), ARA (16), and ARI (4). There was no correlation detected between the biocide susceptibility of Salmonella isolates and antibiotic resistance. This assay can determine the MICs of bacteria to 17 biocides in a single test and will be useful in evaluating the efficacy of biocides and to detect the development of resistance to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen B. Humayoun
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Lari M. Hiott
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Sushim K. Gupta
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - John B. Barrett
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Tiffanie A. Woodley
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - John J. Johnston
- United States Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Charlene R. Jackson
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan G. Frye
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
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22
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Developing a risk management framework to improve public health outcomes by enumerating Salmonella in ground turkey. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 147:e69. [PMID: 30520390 PMCID: PMC6518596 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881800328x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. continue to be a leading cause of foodborne morbidity worldwide. To assess the risk of foodborne disease, current national regulatory schemes focus on prevalence estimates of Salmonella and other pathogens. The role of pathogen quantification as a risk management measure and its impact on public health is not well understood. To address this information gap, a quantitative risk assessment model was developed to evaluate the impact of pathogen enumeration strategies on public health after consumption of contaminated ground turkey in the USA. Public health impact was evaluated by using several dose–response models for high- and low-virulent strains to account for potential under- or overestimation of human health impacts. The model predicted 2705–21 099 illnesses that would result in 93–727 reported cases of salmonellosis. Sensitivity analysis predicted cooking an unthawed product at home as the riskiest consumption scenario and microbial concentration the most influential input on the incidence of human illnesses. Model results indicated that removing ground turkey lots exceeding contamination levels of 1 MPN/g and 1 MPN in 25 g would decrease the median number of illnesses by 86–94% and 99%, respectively. For a single production lot, contamination levels higher than 1 MPN/g would be needed to result in a reported case to public health officials. At contamination levels of 10 MPN/g, there would be a 13% chance of detecting an outbreak, and at 100 MPN/g, the likelihood of detecting an outbreak increases to 41%. Based on these model prediction results, risk management strategies should incorporate pathogen enumeration. This would have a direct impact on illness incidence linking public health outcomes with measurable food safety objectives.
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23
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Møller FT, Mølbak K, Ethelberg S. Analysis of consumer food purchase data used for outbreak investigations, a review. Euro Surveill 2018; 23:1700503. [PMID: 29921346 PMCID: PMC6152197 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.24.1700503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundInvestigations of food-borne outbreaks are frequently unsuccessful and new investigation methods should be welcomed. Aim: Describe the use of consumer purchase datasets in outbreak investigations and consider methodological and practical difficulties. Methods: We reviewed published papers describing the use of consumer purchase datasets, where electronic data on the foods that case-patients had purchased before onset of symptoms were obtained and analysed as part of outbreak investigations. Results: For the period 2006-17, scientific articles were found describing 20 outbreak investigations. Most outbreaks involved salmonella or Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and were performed in eight different countries. The consumer purchase datasets were most frequently used to generate hypotheses about the outbreak vehicle where case-interviews had not been fruitful. Secondly, they were used to aid trace-back investigation, where a vehicle was already suspected. A number of methodological as well as (in some countries) legal and practical impediments exist. Conclusions: Several of the outbreaks were unlikely to have been solved without the use of consumer purchase datasets. The method is potentially powerful and with future improved access to big data purchase information, may become a widely applicable tool for outbreak investigations, enabling investigators to quickly find hypotheses and at the same time estimate odds ratios or relative risks hereof. We suggest using the term 'consumer purchase data' to refer to the approach in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik T Møller
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kåre Mølbak
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Ethelberg
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Murray K, Tremblay C, Rghei A, Warriner K. Challenges and options for enhancing Salmonella control in partially cooked breaded poultry products. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Odoch T, Wasteson Y, L’Abée-Lund T, Muwonge A, Kankya C, Nyakarahuka L, Tegule S, Skjerve E. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and risk factors associated with non-typhoidal Salmonella on Ugandan layer hen farms. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:365. [PMID: 29187195 PMCID: PMC5707898 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are among the leading global foodborne pathogens and a significant public health threat. Their occurrence in animal reservoirs and their susceptibilities to commonly used antimicrobials are poorly understood in developing countries. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, determine antimicrobial susceptibility and identify risk factors associated with NTS presence in laying hen farms in Uganda through a cross-sectional study. RESULTS Pooled faecal samples were collected from 237 laying hen farms and these were analysed for NTS following standard laboratory procedures. In total, 49 farms (20.7%; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 15.6-25.6%) were positive for NTS presence. Altogether, ten Salmonella serotypes were identified among the confirmed 78 isolates, and the predominant serotypes were Salmonella Newport (30.8%), S. Hadar (14.1%), S. Aberdeen (12.8%), S. Heidelberg (12.8%), and S. Bolton (12.8%). Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was detected in 45(57.7%) of the isolates and the highest resistance was against ciprofloxacin (50.0%) followed by sulphonamides (26.9%) and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (7.7%). Resistance was significantly associated with sampled districts (p = 0.034). Resistance to three or more drugs, multi-drug resistance (MDR) was detected in 12 (15.4%) of the isolates, 9 (75%) of these were from Wakiso district. A multivariable logistic model identified large farm size (OR = 7.0; 95% CI: 2.5-19.8) and the presence of other animal species on the farm (OR = 5.9; 95% CI: 2.1-16.1) as risk factors for NTS prevalence on farms. Having a separate house for birds newly brought to the farms was found to be protective (OR = 0,4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.8). CONCLUSION This study has highlighted a high prevalence and diversity of NTS species in laying hen farms in Uganda and identified associated risk factors. In addition, it has demonstrated high levels of antimicrobial resistance in isolates of NTS. This could be because of overuse or misuse of antimicrobials in poultry production. Also importantly, the insights provided in this study justifies a strong case for strengthening One Health practices and this will contribute to the development of NTS control strategies at local, national and international levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Odoch
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine L’Abée-Lund
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- Divisions of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) Vet School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Clovice Kankya
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah Tegule
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eystein Skjerve
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
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Karp BE, Tate H, Plumblee JR, Dessai U, Whichard JM, Thacker EL, Hale KR, Wilson W, Friedman CR, Griffin PM, McDermott PF. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System: Two Decades of Advancing Public Health Through Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:545-557. [PMID: 28792800 PMCID: PMC5650714 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant bacterial infections pose a serious and growing public health threat globally. In this review, we describe the role of the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) in providing data that help address the resistance problem and show how such a program can have broad positive impacts on public health. NARMS was formed two decades ago to help assess the consequences to human health arising from the use of antimicrobial drugs in food animal production in the United States. A collaboration among the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the United States Department of Agriculture, and state and local health departments, NARMS uses an integrated "One Health" approach to monitor antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacteria from humans, retail meat, and food animals. NARMS has adapted to changing needs and threats by expanding surveillance catchment areas, examining new isolate sources, adding bacteria, adjusting sampling schemes, and modifying antimicrobial agents tested. NARMS data are not only essential for ensuring that antimicrobial drugs approved for food animals are used in ways that are safe for human health but they also help address broader food safety priorities. NARMS surveillance, applied research studies, and outbreak isolate testing provide data on the emergence of drug-resistant enteric bacteria; genetic mechanisms underlying resistance; movement of bacterial populations among humans, food, and food animals; and sources and outcomes of resistant and susceptible infections. These data can be used to guide and evaluate the impact of science-based policies, regulatory actions, antimicrobial stewardship initiatives, and other public health efforts aimed at preserving drug effectiveness, improving patient outcomes, and preventing infections. Many improvements have been made to NARMS over time and the program will continue to adapt to address emerging resistance threats, changes in clinical diagnostic practices, and new technologies, such as whole genome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth E. Karp
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Heather Tate
- Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Jodie R. Plumblee
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
| | - Uday Dessai
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jean M. Whichard
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eileen L. Thacker
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kis Robertson Hale
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Wanda Wilson
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Cindy R. Friedman
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Patricia M. Griffin
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Patrick F. McDermott
- Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
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Bearson BL, Bearson SMD, Looft T, Cai G, Shippy DC. Characterization of a Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Heidelberg Outbreak Strain in Commercial Turkeys: Colonization, Transmission, and Host Transcriptional Response. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:156. [PMID: 28993809 PMCID: PMC5622158 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg (S. Heidelberg) has been associated with numerous human foodborne illness outbreaks due to consumption of poultry. For example, in 2011, an MDR S. Heidelberg outbreak associated with ground turkey sickened 136 individuals and resulted in 1 death. In response to this outbreak, 36 million pounds of ground turkey were recalled, one of the largest meat recalls in U.S. history. To investigate colonization of turkeys with an MDR S. Heidelberg strain isolated from the ground turkey outbreak, two turkey trials were performed. In experiment 1, 3-week-old turkeys were inoculated with 108 or 1010 CFU of the MDR S. Heidelberg isolate, and fecal shedding and tissue colonization were detected following colonization for up to 14 days. Turkey gene expression in response to S. Heidelberg exposure revealed 18 genes that were differentially expressed at 2 days following inoculation compared to pre-inoculation. In a second trial, 1-day-old poults were inoculated with 104 CFU of MDR S. Heidelberg to monitor transmission of Salmonella from inoculated poults (index group) to naive penmates (sentinel group). The transmission of MDR S. Heidelberg from index to sentinel poults was efficient with cecum colonization increasing 2 Log10 CFU above the inoculum dose at 9 days post-inoculation. This differed from the 3-week-old poults inoculated with 1010 CFU of MDR S. Heidelberg in experiment 1 as Salmonella fecal shedding and tissue colonization decreased over the 14-day period compared to the inoculum dose. These data suggest that young poults are susceptible to colonization by MDR S. Heidelberg, and interventions must target turkeys when they are most vulnerable to prevent Salmonella colonization and transmission in the flock. Together, the data support the growing body of literature indicating that Salmonella establishes a commensal-like condition in livestock and poultry, contributing to the asymptomatic carrier status of the human foodborne pathogen in our animal food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley L Bearson
- National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), ARS, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shawn M D Bearson
- National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), ARS, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Torey Looft
- National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), ARS, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Guohong Cai
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), ARS, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Daniel C Shippy
- National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), ARS, Ames, IA, United States
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Shahid N, Daniell H. Plant-based oral vaccines against zoonotic and non-zoonotic diseases. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:2079-2099. [PMID: 27442628 PMCID: PMC5095797 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The shared diseases between animals and humans are known as zoonotic diseases and spread infectious diseases among humans. Zoonotic diseases are not only a major burden to livestock industry but also threaten humans accounting for >60% cases of human illness. About 75% of emerging infectious diseases in humans have been reported to originate from zoonotic pathogens. Because antibiotics are frequently used to protect livestock from bacterial diseases, the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of epidemic and zoonotic pathogens is now a major concern. Live attenuated and killed vaccines are the only option to control these infectious diseases and this approach has been used since 1890. However, major problems with this approach include high cost and injectable vaccines is impractical for >20 billion poultry animals or fish in aquaculture. Plants offer an attractive and affordable platform for vaccines against animal diseases because of their low cost, and they are free of attenuated pathogens and cold chain requirement. Therefore, several plant-based vaccines against human and animals diseases have been developed recently that undergo clinical and regulatory approval. Plant-based vaccines serve as ideal booster vaccines that could eliminate multiple boosters of attenuated bacteria or viruses, but requirement of injectable priming with adjuvant is a current limitation. So, new approaches like oral vaccines are needed to overcome this challenge. In this review, we discuss the progress made in plant-based vaccines against zoonotic or other animal diseases and future challenges in advancing this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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29
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Mostafa MM, Nassef M, Badr A. Computational determination of the effects of virulent Escherichia coli and salmonella bacteriophages on human gut. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 135:27-35. [PMID: 27586477 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Salmonella and Escherichia coli are different types of bacteria that cause food poisoning in humans. In the elderly, infants and people with chronic conditions, it is very dangerous if Salmonella or E. coli gets into the bloodstream and then they must be treated by phage therapy. Treating Salmonella and E. coli by phage therapy affects the gut flora. This research paper presents a system for detecting the effects of virulent E. coli and Salmonella bacteriophages on human gut. METHODS A method based on Domain-Domain Interactions (DDIs) model is implemented in the proposed system to determine the interactions between the proteins of human gut bacteria and the proteins of bacteriophages that infect virulent E. coli and Salmonella. The system helps gastroenterologists to realize the effect of injecting bacteriophages that infect virulent E. coli and Salmonella on the human gut. RESULTS By testing the system over Enterobacteria phage 933W, Enterobacteria phage VT2-Sa and Enterobacteria phage P22, it resulted in four interactions between the proteins of the bacteriophages that infect E. coli O157:H7, E. coli O104:H4 and Salmonella typhimurium and the proteins of human gut bacterium strains. CONCLUSION Several effects were detected such as: antibacterial activity against a number of bacterial species in human gut, regulation of cellular differentiation and organogenesis during gut, lung, and heart development, ammonia assimilation in bacteria, yeasts, and plants, energizing defense system and its function in the detoxification of lipopolysaccharide, and in the prevention of bacterial translocation in human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mostafa Mostafa
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Mohammad Nassef
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Amr Badr
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Cairo University, Egypt.
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Gieraltowski L, Higa J, Peralta V, Green A, Schwensohn C, Rosen H, Libby T, Kissler B, Marsden-Haug N, Booth H, Kimura A, Grass J, Bicknese A, Tolar B, Defibaugh-Chávez S, Williams I, Wise M. National Outbreak of Multidrug Resistant Salmonella Heidelberg Infections Linked to a Single Poultry Company. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162369. [PMID: 27631492 PMCID: PMC5025200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This large outbreak of foodborne salmonellosis demonstrated the complexity of investigating outbreaks linked to poultry products. The outbreak also highlighted the importance of efforts to strengthen food safety policies related to Salmonella in chicken parts and has implications for future changes within the poultry industry. OBJECTIVE To investigate a large multistate outbreak of multidrug resistant Salmonella Heidelberg infections. DESIGN Epidemiologic and laboratory investigations of patients infected with the outbreak strains of Salmonella Heidelberg and traceback of possible food exposures. SETTING United States. Outbreak period was March 1, 2013 through July 11, 2014. PATIENTS A case was defined as illness in a person infected with a laboratory-confirmed Salmonella Heidelberg with 1 of 7 outbreak pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) XbaI patterns with illness onset from March 1, 2013 through July 11, 2014. A total of 634 case-patients were identified through passive surveillance; 200/528 (38%) were hospitalized, none died. RESULTS Interviews were conducted with 435 case-patients: 371 (85%) reported eating any chicken in the 7 days before becoming ill. Of 273 case-patients interviewed with a focused questionnaire, 201 (74%) reported eating chicken prepared at home. Among case-patients with available brand information, 152 (87%) of 175 patients reported consuming Company A brand chicken. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was completed on 69 clinical isolates collected from case-patients; 67% were drug resistant, including 24 isolates (35%) that were multidrug resistant. The source of Company A brand chicken consumed by case-patients was traced back to 3 California production establishments from which 6 of 7 outbreak strains were isolated. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiologic, laboratory, traceback, and environmental investigations conducted by local, state, and federal public health and regulatory officials indicated that consumption of Company A chicken was the cause of this outbreak. The outbreak involved multiple PFGE patterns, a variety of chicken products, and 3 production establishments, suggesting a reservoir for contamination upstream from the production establishments. Sources of bacteria and genes responsible for resistance, such as farms providing birds for slaughter or environmental reservoir on farms that raise chickens, might explain how multiple PFGE patterns were linked to chicken from 3 separate production establishments and many different poultry products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gieraltowski
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeffrey Higa
- California Department of Public Health, Gardena, Richmond, and Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Vi Peralta
- California Department of Public Health, Gardena, Richmond, and Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Alice Green
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Colin Schwensohn
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hilary Rosen
- California Department of Public Health, Gardena, Richmond, and Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Tanya Libby
- California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Bonnie Kissler
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Nicola Marsden-Haug
- Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hillary Booth
- Oregon Public Health Division, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Akiko Kimura
- California Department of Public Health, Gardena, Richmond, and Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Julian Grass
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amelia Bicknese
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Beth Tolar
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Defibaugh-Chávez
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Ian Williams
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthew Wise
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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One-Step Identification of Five Prominent Chicken Salmonella Serovars and Biotypes. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:3881-3. [PMID: 26378281 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01976-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on bacterial genomic data, we developed a one-step multiplex PCR assay to identify Salmonella and simultaneously differentiate the two invasive avian-adapted S. enterica serovar Gallinarum biotypes Gallinarum and Pullorum, and the most frequent, specific, and asymptomatic colonizers of chickens, serovars Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Kentucky.
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