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Finseth TT, Smith B, Van Steenis AL, Glahn DC, Johnson M, Ruttle P, Shirtcliff BA, Shirtcliff EA. When virtual reality becomes psychoneuroendocrine reality: A stress(or) review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 166:107061. [PMID: 38701607 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
This review article was awarded the Dirk Hellhammer award from ISPNE in 2023. It explores the dynamic relationship between stressors and stress from a historical view as well as a vision towards the future of stress research via virtual reality (VR). We introduce the concept of a "syncytium," a permeable boundary that blurs the distinction between stress and stressor, in order to understand why the field of stress biology continues to inadequately measure stress alone as a proxy for the force of external stressors. Using Virtual Reality (VR) as an illustrative example to explicate the black box of stressors, we examine the distinction between 'immersion' and 'presence' as analogous terms for stressor and stress, respectively. We argue that the conventional psychological approaches to stress measurement and appraisal theory unfortunately fall short in quantifying the force of the stressor, leading to reverse causality fallacies. Further, the concept of affordances is introduced as an ecological or holistic tool to measure and design a stressor's force, bridging the gap between the external environment and an individual's physiological response to stress. Affordances also serve to ameliorate shortcomings in stress appraisal by integrating ecological interdependencies. By combining VR and psychobiological measures, this paper aims to unravel the complexity of the stressor-stress syncytium, highlighting the necessity of assessing both the internal and external facets to gain a holistic understanding of stress physiology and shift away from reverse causality reasoning. We find that the utility of VR extends beyond presence to include affordance-based measures of immersion, which can effectively model stressor force. Future research should prioritize the development of tools that can measure both immersion and presence, thereby providing a more comprehensive understanding of how external stressors interact with individual psychological states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon Smith
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon, USA
| | | | - David C Glahn
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Megan Johnson
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon, USA
| | - Paula Ruttle
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon, USA
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Qi W, Liao X, Wang D, Cai J. The effect of childhood harshness and unpredictability on Internet addiction among college students: The mediating effect of self-control. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31322. [PMID: 38803874 PMCID: PMC11128988 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
College students are inevitably online and at risk of becoming addicted. Life history theory provides an explanatory framework for individual differences in Internet addiction, and childhood harshness and unpredictability may be important antecedents. However, it is unclear whether and how childhood harshness and/or unpredictability affect Internet addiction during college. In this study, we recruited 483 Chinese college students and assessed their childhood harshness, unpredictability, self-control, and Internet addiction. The results of path analysis showed that childhood unpredictability was positively associated with Internet addiction among college students and was partially mediated by self-control. The effect of harshness on Internet addiction showed a suppression effect, i.e., the direct effect of harshness on Internet addiction was negative and the indirect effect through self-control was positive. This suggests that the high risk of Internet addiction stems from harshness and unpredictability in childhood, but that the effects of these factors are independent and distinct. Self-control plays an important role in this process, but many internal mechanisms remain to be tested in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qi
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Cai
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Amani N, Dehshiri G. Adverse childhood experiences, symptoms of anxiety and depression in adulthood: Mediation role of life history strategy. BIODEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38804842 DOI: 10.1080/19485565.2024.2359600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Life history theory has considered the effects of childhood experiences. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of life history strategy and the moderating role of gender in the relationship between childhood experiences and symptoms of anxiety and depression in adulthood. In this study, 248 Iranians (including 162 females and 86 males) between 18 and 53 voluntarily participated and responded to all online questionnaires regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. The data were analyzed with SPSS and macro PROCESS. The mediation analysis results demonstrated that the life history strategy mediates the relationship between childhood experiences and symptoms of anxiety and depression. The moderated mediation analysis revealed that there were no gender differences in the moderated mediation. The results have highlighted the importance of life history strategies in the association between childhood experiences and depression and anxiety symptoms and can be considered in the design of interventions based on the prevention of people's vulnerability to mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Amani
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Dehshiri
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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Epstein LH, Temple JL, Faith MS, Hostler D, Rizwan A. A psychobioecological model to understand the income-food insecurity-obesity relationship. Appetite 2024; 196:107275. [PMID: 38367912 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Food insecurity, defined by unpredictable access to food that may not meet a person's nutritional needs, is associated with higher BMI (kg/m2) and obesity. People with food insecurity often have less access to food, miss meals and go hungry, which can lead to psychological and metabolic changes that favor energy conservation and weight gain. We describe a conceptual model that includes psychological (food reinforcement and delay discounting) and physiological (thermic effect of food and substrate oxidation) factors to understand how resource scarcity associated with food insecurity evolves into the food insecurity-obesity paradox. We present both animal and human translational research to describe how behavioral and metabolic adaptations to resource scarcity based on behavioral ecology theory may occur for people with food insecurity. We conclude with ideas for interventions to prevent or modify the behaviors and underlying physiology that characterize the income-food insecurity-obesity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Temple
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Myles S Faith
- Department of Counseling, School and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - David Hostler
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ashfique Rizwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Counseling, School and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Qi W, He X, Wang Z. Childhood unpredictability and sleep quality in adulthood: the mediating roles of life history strategy and perceived stress. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1347365. [PMID: 38699575 PMCID: PMC11063338 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1347365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Early environmental risk have been found to be related to lifelong health. However, the impact of childhood unpredictability, a type of early environmental risk, on health, especially on sleep quality in adulthood, has not been adequately studied. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between childhood unpredictability and sleep quality in adulthood and to explore the possible mediating roles of life history strategy and perceived stress. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 472 participants from a university in Zhejiang Province, China. The questionnaire inquired about demography, childhood unpredictability, life history strategy (Mini-K), perceived stress (14-item Perceived Stress Scale), and Sleep Quality (Pittsburgh Global Sleep Quality Index). Results Higher childhood unpredictability was significantly associated with worse sleep quality in adulthood. Moreover, the link between higher childhood unpredictability and worse sleep quality in adulthood was explained by the chain mediation of life history strategy and perceived stress. Conclusion In line with the life history theory, individuals who have experienced higher unpredictability in childhood tend to develop a faster life history strategy and become more sensitive to stress in adulthood, and subsequently suffer a decrease in sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qi
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangyang He
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhechen Wang
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Muskens M, Frankenhuis WE, Borghans L. Math items about real-world content lower test-scores of students from families with low socioeconomic status. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2024; 9:19. [PMID: 38491021 PMCID: PMC10943209 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
In many countries, standardized math tests are important for achieving academic success. Here, we examine whether content of items, the story that explains a mathematical question, biases performance of low-SES students. In a large-scale cohort study of Trends in International Mathematics and Science Studies (TIMSS)-including data from 58 countries from students in grades 4 and 8 (N = 5501,165)-we examine whether item content that is more likely related to challenges for low-SES students (money, food, social relationships) improves their performance, compared with their average math performance. Results show that low-SES students scored lower on items with this specific content than expected based on an individual's average performance. The effect sizes are substantial: on average, the chance to answer correctly is 18% lower. From a hidden talents approach, these results are unexpected. However, they align with other theoretical frameworks such as scarcity mindset, providing new insights for fair testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Muskens
- School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University & KBA Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - Willem E Frankenhuis
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands & Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Netherlands & Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law, Germany, Security and Law, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Lex Borghans
- School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Bush NR. Programming the next generation of prenatal programming of stress research: A review and suggestions for the future of the field. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38482548 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579424000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
In this article, I highlight core ideas, empirical findings, and advances in the study of how stress during pregnancy may prenatally program child neurodevelopmental, psychopathological, and health outcomes, emphasizing reviews, metanalyses, and recent contributions of conceptual and empirical work. The article offers a perspective on the history of this area of science, the underrecognized contributions of influential scholars from diverse fields of study, what we know from the evidence to date, the persistent challenges in sorting through what is left to learn, and suggestions for future research. I include sections focused on promoting resilience, pregnancy interventions that demonstrate positive effects across two generations, and the translational implications of the accruing data for practice and policy, highlighting opportunities for integrating across a range of fields and sectors. In the concluding sections, I discuss lessons learned from conducting this work and provide a closing summary of progress and future directions. The goal of this writing was to provide a viewpoint on some ways that emerging intergenerational transmission scholars might responsibly contribute to the future of the field of developmental psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Bush
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Health and Community, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Ding W, Xu Y, Kondracki AJ, Sun Y. Childhood adversity and accelerated reproductive events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024; 230:315-329.e31. [PMID: 37820985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accelerated female reproductive events represent the early onset of reproductive events involving puberty, menarche, pregnancy loss, first sexual intercourse, first birth, parity, and menopause. This study aimed to explore the association between childhood adversity and accelerated female reproductive events. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were systematically searched from September 22, 2022 to September 23, 2022. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Observational cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies in human populations were included if they reported the time of reproductive events for female individuals with experience of childhood adversity and were published in English. METHODS Two reviewers independently screened studies, obtained data, and assessed study quality, and conflicts were resolved by a third reviewer. Dichotomous outcomes were evaluated using meta-analysis, and pooled odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were generated using random-effects models. Moderation analysis and meta-regression were used to investigate heterogeneity. RESULTS In total, 21 cohort studies, 9 cross-sectional studies, and 3 case-control studies were identified. Overall, female individuals with childhood adversity were nearly 2 times more likely to report accelerated reproductive events than those with no adversity exposure (odds ratio, 1.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-2.76; I2=99.6%; P<.001). Moderation analysis indicated that effect sizes for the types of childhood adversity ranged from an odds ratio of 1.61 (95% confidence interval, 1.23-2.09) for low socioeconomic status to 2.13 (95% confidence interval, 1.14-3.99) for dysfunctional family dynamics. Among the 7 groups based on different reproductive events, including early onset of puberty, early menarche, early sexual initiation, teenage childbirth, preterm birth, pregnancy loss, and early menopause, early sexual initiation had a nonsignificant correlation with childhood adversity (odds ratio, 2.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.88-8.30; I2=99.9%; P<.001). Considerable heterogeneity (I2>75%) between estimates was observed for over half of the outcomes. Age, study type, and method of data collection could explain 35.9% of the variance. CONCLUSION The literature tentatively corroborates that female individuals who reported adverse events in childhood are more likely to experience accelerated reproductive events. This association is especially strong for exposure to abuse and dysfunctional family dynamics. However, the heterogeneity among studies was high, requiring caution in interpreting the findings and highlighting the need for further evaluation of the types and timing of childhood events that influence accelerated female reproductive events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Ding
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuxiang Xu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Anthony J Kondracki
- Department of Community Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Xenaki LA, Dimitrakopoulos S, Selakovic M, Stefanis N. Stress, Environment and Early Psychosis. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:437-460. [PMID: 37592817 PMCID: PMC10845077 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230817153631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing literature provides extended evidence of the close relationship between stress dysregulation, environmental insults, and psychosis onset. Early stress can sensitize genetically vulnerable individuals to future stress, modifying their risk for developing psychotic phenomena. Neurobiological substrate of the aberrant stress response to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, disrupted inflammation processes, oxidative stress increase, gut dysbiosis, and altered brain signaling, provides mechanistic links between environmental risk factors and the development of psychotic symptoms. Early-life and later-life exposures may act directly, accumulatively, and repeatedly during critical neurodevelopmental time windows. Environmental hazards, such as pre- and perinatal complications, traumatic experiences, psychosocial stressors, and cannabis use might negatively intervene with brain developmental trajectories and disturb the balance of important stress systems, which act together with recent life events to push the individual over the threshold for the manifestation of psychosis. The current review presents the dynamic and complex relationship between stress, environment, and psychosis onset, attempting to provide an insight into potentially modifiable factors, enhancing resilience and possibly influencing individual psychosis liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida-Alkisti Xenaki
- First Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72 Vas. Sophias Ave., Athens, 115 28, Greece
| | - Stefanos Dimitrakopoulos
- First Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72 Vas. Sophias Ave., Athens, 115 28, Greece
| | - Mirjana Selakovic
- First Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72 Vas. Sophias Ave., Athens, 115 28, Greece
| | - Nikos Stefanis
- First Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72 Vas. Sophias Ave., Athens, 115 28, Greece
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Gao H, Liu Q, Wang Z. Different adverse childhood experiences and adolescents' altruism: The mediating role of life history strategy. J Adolesc 2024; 96:5-17. [PMID: 37718625 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study sought to investigate whether the relationship between childhood trauma, childhood socioeconomic (SES), and adolescents' altruism were mediated by their life history strategies and different adverse childhood experiences may function diversely on altruism, with two waves of data collected 6 months apart in a longitudinal design among Chinese adolescents. METHODS A total of 658 adolescents (Mage = 13.51, SD = 0.73 at T1) were recruited and completed the online survey; their life history strategies were measured by the Mini-K, the Delayed of Gratification Questionnaire (DOG), and the Chinese version of the Adolescent Risk-Taking Questionnaire (ARQ-RB) together, and their altruism was collected again after six months. RESULTS After controlling for gender and their altruism at T1, the results showed that childhood trauma (i.e., emotional maltreatment, physical maltreatment), as well as low SES and fast life history strategy, were significantly negatively correlated with adolescents' altruism at T2. Importantly, life history strategy at T1 mediated the relationship between T1 emotional maltreatment, T1 low SES, and adolescents' altruism at T2. However, the effect of physical maltreatment on altruism was not mediated by life history strategy. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that emotional maltreatment and low SES can affect adolescents' altruism by influencing the formation of adolescents' life history strategies. The findings revealed the different influences of adverse childhood experiences on adolescents' altruism, which supplied new empirical evidence for the life history theory and provided certain reference values for cultivating adolescents' altruism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjing Gao
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qianwen Liu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenhong Wang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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Martínez JL, Maner JK. Shorter Goals for the Faster Life: Childhood Unpredictability Is Associated With Shorter Motivational Time Horizons. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023:1461672231216821. [PMID: 38146692 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231216821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Models of adaptive calibration provide an overarching theoretical framework for understanding the developmental roots of psychological and behavioral outcomes in adulthood. An adaptive calibration framework was used to examine an important dimension of motivation: goal timing. Across two studies, we saw mixed support for the hypothesis that unpredictability experienced in childhood would be negatively associated with the time horizons people use to set their goals, such that people who reported experiencing more unpredictability in their childhood tended to set goals on relatively shorter time horizons. The association was observed based on independent ratings of goal timing, but not based on participants' self-reported ratings of goal timing, and was statistically mediated by people's tendency to consider the short- versus long-term future consequences of their actions. These studies isolate a key component of childhood adversity-unpredictability-potentially underlying the time horizons people use to set, prioritize, and pursue their goals.
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12
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Wiglesworth A, Butts J, Carosella KA, Mirza S, Papke V, Bendezú JJ, Klimes-Dougan B, Cullen KR. Stress system concordance as a predictor of longitudinal patterns of resilience in adolescence. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:2384-2401. [PMID: 37434505 PMCID: PMC10784418 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Resilience promotes positive adaptation to challenges and may facilitate recovery for adolescents experiencing psychopathology. This work examined concordance across the experience, expression, and physiological response to stress as a protective factor that may predict longitudinal patterns of psychopathology and well-being that mark resilience. Adolescents aged 14-17 at recruitment (oversampled for histories of non-suicidal self-injury; NSSI) were part of a three-wave (T1, T2, T3) longitudinal study. Multi-trajectory modeling produced four distinct profiles of stress experience, expression, and physiology at T1 (High-High-High, Low-Low-Low, High-Low-Moderate, and High-High-Low, respectively). Linear mixed-effect regressions modeled whether the profiles predicted depressive symptoms, suicide ideation, NSSI engagement, positive affect, satisfaction with life, and self-worth over time. Broadly, concordant stress response profiles (Low-Low-Low, High-High-High) were associated with resilient-like patterns of psychopathology and well-being over time. Adolescents with a concordant High-High-High stress response profile showed a trend of greater reduction in depressive symptoms (B = 0.71, p = 0.052), as well as increased global self-worth (B = -0.88, p = 0.055), from T2 to T3 compared to the discordant High-High-Low profile. Concordance across multi-level stress responses may be protective and promote future resilience, whereas blunted physiological responses in the presence of high perceived and expressed stress may indicate poorer outcomes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Butts
- Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Salahudeen Mirza
- Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Victoria Papke
- Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Kathryn R Cullen
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Kimonis ER. The Emotionally Sensitive Child-Adverse Parenting Experiences-Allostatic (Over)Load (ESCAPE-AL) Model for the Development of Secondary Psychopathic Traits. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2023; 26:1097-1114. [PMID: 37735279 PMCID: PMC10640461 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-023-00455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and treatment of antisocial behavior have improved through efforts to subtype individuals based on similar risk factors and outcomes. In particular, the presence of psychopathic traits is associated with distinct etiological factors and antisocial behavior that begins early in life, is aggressive, persistent, and less likely to normalize with traditional treatments, relative to individuals low on psychopathy or its childhood precursor, callous-unemotional (CU) traits. However, important distinctions can be made within individuals with CU/psychopathic traits according to the presence of elevated anxiety symptoms and/or adverse childhood experiences, known as secondary psychopathy/CU traits. This paper provides a broad and brief overview of theory and empirical literature supporting the existence of secondary psychopathy/CU variants as a distinct subtype of childhood antisocial behavior. It outlines the Emotionally Sensitive Child-Adverse Parenting Experiences-Allostatic (Over)Load (ESCAPE-AL) model for the developmental psychopathology of secondary psychopathic/CU traits and discusses research and theory supporting this perspective. Future research directions for testing this conceptual model and its implications for assessing and treating high-risk individuals with secondary CU/psychopathic traits are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva R Kimonis
- Parent-Child Research Clinic, School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Maurer K, Kimyaci M, Konyk K, Wekerle C. Building resilience through daily smartphone app use: results of a pilot study of the JoyPop app with social work students. Front Digit Health 2023; 5:1265120. [PMID: 38053917 PMCID: PMC10694474 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2023.1265120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The JoyPop™ smartphone app is a digital intervention designed to enhance day-to-day resilience in youth, particularly those exposed to traumatogenic events [adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)]. Processes of adaptation that foster resilience in response to high stress include affect, cognitive, and behavioral regulation, and social interaction. Digital interventions have application for youth and those who provide them support, including social work trainees navigating the stressors of university studies concurrent with practice internships. Research on resilience-enhancing apps is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms by which change occurs and who is most likely to benefit from these interventions. Methods Social work student participants (N = 91) were invited to use the JoyPop app two times daily for 28 days. Baseline ACE exposure and change-over-time in affect regulation, stress responsivity, and social support were evaluated after 2 and 4 weeks of app use with t-tests and generalized estimating equation (GEE) modeling. Results Participants identified predominantly as cisgender women of European descent, mean age 26 years (SD = 6.78), 70% undergraduates, and reported consistent daily app use (Mean days = 26.9, SD = 1.90). Self-reported baseline ACE exposure was high (30% ≥ 5+). We tested change-over-time with generalized estimating equation and saw improvement in affect regulation in the Abbreviated Dysregulation Inventory scale (β = -3.38, p = <.001), and subscales of behavioral (β = -1.63, p = <.001), affect (β = -3.24, p = <.001), and cognitive regulation (β = 1.50, p = .009). Perceived stress decreased with app use (β = -2.65, p = <.001) and even more so for participants with reported exposure to more than 4 ACEs (β = -3.786, p = .030). Conclusions The exploratory findings from our pilot study suggest that consistent use of the app may enhance multidimensional resilience amongst university students who self-report higher than average levels of baseline traumatogenic exposures. Our findings support an approach modeling resilience as a complex, dynamic, multicomponent process supported by resources within and between individuals. Further testing of the mechanisms of adaptation in response to high stress that enhance resilience and identification of the JoyPop™ app features that influence this change is needed to validate that daily app use could help youth with experiences of past and current high stress to better regulate their affect, reduce stress reactivity, and increase resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Maurer
- School of Social Work, Centre for Research on Children and Families, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mert Kimyaci
- School of Social Work, Centre for Research on Children and Families, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Katy Konyk
- School of Social Work, Centre for Research on Children and Families, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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15
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Hoffman KW, Tran KT, Moore TM, Gataviņš MM, Visoki E, DiDomenico GE, Schultz LM, Almasy L, Hayes MR, Daskalakis NP, Barzilay R. Allostatic load in early adolescence: gene / environment contributions and relevance for mental health. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.10.27.23297674. [PMID: 37961462 PMCID: PMC10635214 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.27.23297674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Allostatic load is the cumulative "wear and tear" on the body due to chronic adversity. We aimed to test poly-environmental (exposomic) and polygenic contributions to allostatic load and their combined contribution to early adolescent mental health. Methods We analyzed data on N = 5,035 diverse youth (mean age 12) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD). Using dimensionality reduction method, we calculated and overall allostatic load score (AL) using body mass index [BMI], waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glycemia, blood cholesterol, and salivary DHEA. Childhood exposomic risk was quantified using multi-level environmental exposures before age 11. Genetic risk was quantified using polygenic risk scores (PRS) for metabolic system susceptibility (type 2 diabetes [T2D]) and stress-related psychiatric disease (major depressive disorder [MDD]). We used linear mixed effects models to test main, additive, and interactive effects of exposomic and polygenic risk (independent variables) on AL (dependent variable). Mediation models tested the mediating role of AL on the pathway from exposomic and polygenic risk to youth mental health. Models adjusted for demographics and genetic principal components. Results We observed disparities in AL with non-Hispanic White youth having significantly lower AL compared to Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Black youth. In the diverse sample, childhood exposomic burden was associated with AL in adolescence (beta=0.25, 95%CI 0.22-0.29, P<.001). In European ancestry participants (n=2,928), polygenic risk of both T2D and depression was associated with AL (T2D-PRS beta=0.11, 95%CI 0.07-0.14, P<.001; MDD-PRS beta=0.05, 95%CI 0.02-0.09, P=.003). Both polygenic scores showed significant interaction with exposomic risk such that, with greater polygenic risk, the association between exposome and AL was stronger. AL partly mediated the pathway to youth mental health from exposomic risk and from MDD-PRS, and fully mediated the pathway from T2D-PRS. Conclusions AL can be quantified in youth using anthropometric and biological measures and is mapped to exposomic and polygenic risk. Main and interactive environmental and genetic effects support a diathesis-stress model. Findings suggest that both environmental and genetic risk be considered when modeling stress-related health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, US
| | - Kate T. Tran
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, US
| | - Tyler M. Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, US
| | - Mārtiņš M. Gataviņš
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, US
| | - Elina Visoki
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, US
| | - Grace E. DiDomenico
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, US
| | - Laura M. Schultz
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, US
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, US
| | - Laura Almasy
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, US
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, US
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US
| | - Matthew R. Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US
| | - Nikolaos P. Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ran Barzilay
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, US
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, US
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16
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Saba SK, Godwin J, Hong SH, Pan T, Chang Y, Brindle E, Herrenkohl TI. Associations between childhood maltreatment and physiological dysregulation in adulthood: Methodological decisions and implications. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 144:106369. [PMID: 37494760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment is linked with health problems in adulthood. Theoretical models suggest that maltreatment leads to dysregulation in several bodily systems, and this has been corroborated using measures of physiological function (i.e., biomarkers). Methodological decisions involving the measurement of maltreatment and dimension reduction with respect to biomarkers (i.e., combining information across multiple measures) may influence research findings. OBJECTIVE The present study compares associations between childhood maltreatment and adult physiological dysregulation using multiple dimension reduction approaches and measures of maltreatment. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were recruited, as children, to a prospective study of the correlates and consequences of childhood maltreatment. 253 participants were retained and provided biomarker data at midlife. Physiological dysregulation was operationalized with a conventional allostatic load approach and a novel statistical distance approach. METHODS Regression models were employed with allostatic load or statistical distance as the outcome and prospectively or retrospectively measured child maltreatment as the primary predictor. RESULTS When using allostatic load as the outcome, prospectively measured childhood maltreatment was positively associated with physiological dysregulation (b = 0.70, SE = 0.31, p = 0.02). When using statistical distance as the outcome, retrospectively measured childhood maltreatment was positively associated with physiological dysregulation (b = 0.69, SE = 0.19 p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We report a positive association between childhood maltreatment and physiological dysregulation at midlife. However, the significance and magnitude of effects varied with different maltreatment and physiological dysregulation measures. Further review of the methods used to study adult health conditions and their relation to childhood maltreatment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaddy K Saba
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, 669 W. 34th St, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States of America
| | - Jessica Godwin
- University of Washington, Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, 206 Raitt Hall, Seattle, WA 98105, United States of America
| | - Sunghyun H Hong
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, 1080 S. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Pan
- University of Washington, Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, 206 Raitt Hall, Seattle, WA 98105, United States of America
| | - Yujeong Chang
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, 1080 S. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Eleanor Brindle
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, United States of America
| | - Todd I Herrenkohl
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, 1080 S. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America.
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17
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Schwartz JA, Calvi JL, Allen SL, Granger DA. Adrenocortical Responses to Daily Stressors Are Calibrated by Early Life Adversity: An Investigation of the Adaptive Calibration Model. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 21:14747049231212357. [PMID: 37964553 PMCID: PMC10647968 DOI: 10.1177/14747049231212357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies examining the impact of early adversity on physiological responsivity to environmental challenges in later life yield a complex pattern of findings and ambiguity regarding the direction of effect, with some studies reporting heightened responses and others reporting dampened responses. One potential reason for these mixed findings is an oversimplified theoretical model surrounding the connection between early life stressor exposure and subsequent stress responsivity. The adaptive calibration model offersa contemporary set of assumptions aimed at providing a better understanding of the ways that early life experiences shape the stress response system to better align with current and future environments. The current study utilized a large subsample from the National Study of Daily Experiences (N = 1,605) to examine the extent to which the association between daily stressor exposure and cortisol levels varies across levels of early life adversity. Results revealed that those individuals who experienced extremely low levels of early life adversity displayed the greatest increase in cortisol levels across the day as daily stressor exposure increased. Alternatively, those individuals who experienced extremely high levels of early life adversity displayed almost no change in diurnal production of cortisol as daily stressor exposure increased. The results are discussed within the evolutionary-developmental context of the adaptive calibration model along with suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Schwartz
- College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Jessica L. Calvi
- Nebraska Athletic Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Samantha L. Allen
- College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Douglas A. Granger
- School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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18
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Jones EE, Reed M, Meyer AH, Gaab J, Ooi YP. Stress, mental health and sociocultural adjustment in third culture kids: exploring the mediating roles of resilience and family functioning. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1093046. [PMID: 37645063 PMCID: PMC10461105 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1093046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This cross-sectional study explores the contributions of personal and contextual factors in the adjustment process of a sample of internationally mobile children and adolescents having relocated to Switzerland. Based on evolutionary developmental theories and recommendations by Research Domain Criteria and The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology theoretical frameworks, we hypothesized and tested a heuristic model of TCK adjustment, aiming to identify prevention and treatment targets tailored for our sampled population. Methods We assessed the relationships in the hypothesized models, particularly how perceived and acculturative stress influence TCK adjustment and whether the relationship between the predictors of TCK stress and the outcomes of TCK adjustment are mediated by resilience and family functioning. A total of 143 participants aged 7-17, having relocated internationally with their working parent(s), recruited in local and international schools in Switzerland, were included in this study. Data were collected using an online survey after we collected consent. We assessed factors of adjustment using validated questionnaires: perceived stress and acculturative stress and the potential mediating roles of family functioning and resilience. We measured the outcome of adjustment through mental health difficulties and sociocultural adjustment. We used path analysis to test the model. Results Results highlight the contributions of perceived stress and acculturative stress to TCK mental health and sociocultural adjustment. We also we found a mediation effect for resilience in the relationship between perceived stress and mental health. Family functioning was not a significant mediator in any relationship that we assessed. Discussion We discuss implications for future research, promoting TCK adjustment and preventative psychotherapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jens Gaab
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yoon P. Ooi
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
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19
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Vannucci A, Fields A, Hansen E, Katz A, Kerwin J, Tachida A, Martin N, Tottenham N. Interpersonal early adversity demonstrates dissimilarity from early socioeconomic disadvantage in the course of human brain development: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 150:105210. [PMID: 37141961 PMCID: PMC10247458 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been established that early-life adversity impacts brain development, but the role of development itself has largely been ignored. We take a developmentally-sensitive approach to examine the neurodevelopmental sequelae of early adversity in a preregistered meta-analysis of 27,234 youth (birth to 18-years-old), providing the largest group of adversity-exposed youth to date. Findings demonstrate that early-life adversity does not have an ontogenetically uniform impact on brain volumes, but instead exhibits age-, experience-, and region-specific associations. Relative to non-exposed comparisons, interpersonal early adversity (e.g., family-based maltreatment) was associated with initially larger volumes in frontolimbic regions until ∼10-years-old, after which these exposures were linked to increasingly smaller volumes. By contrast, socioeconomic disadvantage (e.g., poverty) was associated with smaller volumes in temporal-limbic regions in childhood, which were attenuated at older ages. These findings advance ongoing debates regarding why, when, and how early-life adversity shapes later neural outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vannucci
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Andrea Fields
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Eleanor Hansen
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ariel Katz
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - John Kerwin
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ayumi Tachida
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Nathan Martin
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Nim Tottenham
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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20
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Klimek M, Entringer S, Matras A, Blukacz M, Nenko I, Galbarczyk A, Jasienska G. Early-life adversities and later-life reproductive patterns in women with fully traced reproductive history. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9328. [PMID: 37291139 PMCID: PMC10250381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36226-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most crucial determinants of early-life development is the experience of childhood adversities. However, limited evidence is available for how these experiences shape later-life reproductive outcomes in women. Here we test the association between early-life adversities and reproductive parameters in women. Post-reproductive women (N = 105; mean age = 59.7; SD = 10.09) were recruited at the Mogielica Human Ecology Study Site in Poland within a traditional population with a low prevalence of birth control usage and fully traced reproductive histories. Reproductive parameters, as well as exposure to early-life abuse and neglect, were assessed using questionnaires. Childhood adversity was associated negatively with age at menarche (p = 0.009). Analyses on specific subtypes revealed that compared to women who did not experience any kind of early-life adversities in childhood, those who were exposed to emotional (p = 0.007) and physical (p = 0.023) neglect had an earlier age at menarche, those who experienced emotional abuse reported an earlier age at first birth (p = 0.035), and those who were exposed to physical abuse gave birth to fewer number of sons (p = 0.010). Our results suggest that women exposed to childhood adversities experience earlier physiological reproductive readiness and timing of the first birth, but their overall biological condition might be impaired as they bear fewer sons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Klimek
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Agnieszka Matras
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Blukacz
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ilona Nenko
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Galbarczyk
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grazyna Jasienska
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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21
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Ratan Y, Rajput A, Maleysm S, Pareek A, Jain V, Pareek A, Kaur R, Singh G. An Insight into Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Pathogenesis of Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051398. [PMID: 37239068 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prominent neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population. It is characterized by cognitive decline, gradual neurodegeneration, and the development of amyloid-β (Aβ)-plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which constitute hyperphosphorylated tau. The early stages of neurodegeneration in AD include the loss of neurons, followed by synaptic impairment. Since the discovery of AD, substantial factual research has surfaced that outlines the disease's causes, molecular mechanisms, and prospective therapeutics, but a successful cure for the disease has not yet been discovered. This may be attributed to the complicated pathogenesis of AD, the absence of a well-defined molecular mechanism, and the constrained diagnostic resources and treatment options. To address the aforementioned challenges, extensive disease modeling is essential to fully comprehend the underlying mechanisms of AD, making it easier to design and develop effective treatment strategies. Emerging evidence over the past few decades supports the critical role of Aβ and tau in AD pathogenesis and the participation of glial cells in different molecular and cellular pathways. This review extensively discusses the current understanding concerning Aβ- and tau-associated molecular mechanisms and glial dysfunction in AD. Moreover, the critical risk factors associated with AD including genetics, aging, environmental variables, lifestyle habits, medical conditions, viral/bacterial infections, and psychiatric factors have been summarized. The present study will entice researchers to more thoroughly comprehend and explore the current status of the molecular mechanism of AD, which may assist in AD drug development in the forthcoming era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashumati Ratan
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aishwarya Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sushmita Maleysm
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aaushi Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vivek Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ashutosh Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ranjeet Kaur
- Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Bathinda 151101, Punjab, India
| | - Gurjit Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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22
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Wang X, Lu HJ, Li H, Chang L. Childhood Environmental Unpredictability and Experimentally Primed Uncertainty in Relation to Intuitive versus Deliberate Visual Search. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37359686 PMCID: PMC10141834 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Visual search is an integral part of animal life. Two search strategies, intuitive vs. deliberate search, are adopted by almost all animals including humans to adapt to different extent of environmental uncertainty. In two eye-tracking experiments involving simple visual search (Study 1) and complex information search (Study 2), we used the evolutionary life history (LH) approach to investigate the interaction between childhood environmental unpredictability and primed concurrent uncertainty in enabling these two search strategies. The results indicate that when individuals with greater childhood unpredictability were exposed to uncertainty cues, they exhibited intuitive rather than deliberate visual search (i.e., fewer fixations, reduced dwell time, a larger saccade size, and fewer repetitive inspections relative to individuals with lower childhood unpredictability). We conclude that childhood environment is crucial in calibrating LH including visual and cognitive strategies to adaptively respond to current environmental conditions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-023-04667-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Wang
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hui Jing Lu
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Hanran Li
- Department of Psychology, Humanities and Social Sciences Building E21-3045, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao China
| | - Lei Chang
- Department of Psychology, Humanities and Social Sciences Building E21-3045, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao China
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23
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Gruber J, Hinshaw SP, Clark LA, Rottenberg J, Prinstein MJ. Young Adult Mental Health Beyond the COVID-19 Era: Can Enlightened Policy Promote Long-Term Change? POLICY INSIGHTS FROM THE BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES 2023; 10:75-82. [PMID: 36942264 PMCID: PMC10018249 DOI: 10.1177/23727322221150199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The status of mental health for adolescents and young adults has aptly been termed a "crisis" across research, clinical, and policy quarters. Arguably, the status quo provision of mental health services for adolescents and young adults is neither acceptable nor salvageable in its current form. Instead, only a wholesale policy transformation of mental health sciences can address crises of this scope. Pandemic-related impacts on mental health, particularly among young adults, have clearly exposed the need for the mental healthcare field to develop a set of transformative priorities to achieve long overdue, systemic changes: (1) frequent mental health tracking, (2) increased access to mental health care, (3) working with and within communities, (4) collaboration across disciplines and stakeholders, (5) prevention-focused emphasis, (6) use of dimensional descriptions over categorical pronouncements, and (7) addressing systemic inequities. The pandemic required changes in mental healthcare that can and should be the beginning of long-needed reform, calling upon all mental health care disciplines to embrace innovation and relinquish outdated traditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Gruber
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- June Gruber, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 345 UCB, Muenzinger Hall #D321C, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Stephen P. Hinshaw
- University of California, Berkeley, California, CA, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, California, CA, USA
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24
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Vannucci A, Fields A, Hansen E, Katz A, Kerwin J, Tachida A, Martin N, Tottenham N. Interpersonal early adversity demonstrates dissimilarity from early socioeconomic disadvantage in the course of human brain development: A meta-analysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.16.528877. [PMID: 36824818 PMCID: PMC9949158 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.16.528877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
It has been established that early-life adversity impacts brain development, but the role of development itself has largely been ignored. We take a developmentally-sensitive approach to examine the neurodevelopmental sequelae of early adversity in a preregistered meta-analysis of 27,234 youth (birth to 18-years-old), providing the largest group of adversity-exposed youth to date. Findings demonstrate that early-life adversity does not have an ontogenetically uniform impact on brain volumes, but instead exhibits age-, experience-, and region-specific associations. Relative to non-exposed comparisons, interpersonal early adversity (e.g., family-based maltreatment) was associated with initially larger volumes in frontolimbic regions until ~10-years-old, after which these exposures were linked to increasingly smaller volumes. By contrast, socioeconomic disadvantage (e.g., poverty) was associated with smaller volumes in temporal-limbic regions in childhood, which were attenuated at older ages. These findings advance ongoing debates regarding why, when, and how early-life adversity shapes later neural outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vannucci
- Columbia University, Department of Psychology, Developmental Affective Neuroscience Laboratory (409A Schermerhorn Hall), 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, MC 5501, New York, NY, USA 10027
| | - Andrea Fields
- Columbia University, Department of Psychology, Developmental Affective Neuroscience Laboratory (409A Schermerhorn Hall), 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, MC 5501, New York, NY, USA 10027
| | - Eleanor Hansen
- Columbia University, Department of Psychology, Developmental Affective Neuroscience Laboratory (409A Schermerhorn Hall), 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, MC 5501, New York, NY, USA 10027
| | - Ariel Katz
- Columbia University, Department of Psychology, Developmental Affective Neuroscience Laboratory (409A Schermerhorn Hall), 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, MC 5501, New York, NY, USA 10027
| | - John Kerwin
- Columbia University, Department of Psychology, Developmental Affective Neuroscience Laboratory (409A Schermerhorn Hall), 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, MC 5501, New York, NY, USA 10027
| | - Ayumi Tachida
- Columbia University, Department of Psychology, Developmental Affective Neuroscience Laboratory (409A Schermerhorn Hall), 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, MC 5501, New York, NY, USA 10027
| | - Nathan Martin
- Columbia University, Department of Psychology, Developmental Affective Neuroscience Laboratory (409A Schermerhorn Hall), 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, MC 5501, New York, NY, USA 10027
| | - Nim Tottenham
- Columbia University, Department of Psychology, Developmental Affective Neuroscience Laboratory (409A Schermerhorn Hall), 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, MC 5501, New York, NY, USA 10027
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Gutiérrez F, Valdesoiro F. The evolution of personality disorders: A review of proposals. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1110420. [PMID: 36793943 PMCID: PMC9922784 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1110420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Personality disorders (PDs) are currently considered dysfunctions. However, personality differences are older than humanity and are ubiquitous in nature, from insects to higher primates. This suggests that a number of evolutionary mechanisms-other than dysfunctions-may be able to maintain stable behavioral variation in the gene pool. First of all, apparently maladaptive traits may actually improve fitness by enabling better survival or successful mating or reproduction, as exemplified by neuroticism, psychopathy, and narcissism. Furthermore, some PDs may harm important biological goals while facilitating others, or may be globally beneficial or detrimental depending on environmental circumstances or body condition. Alternatively, certain traits may form part of life history strategies: Coordinated suites of morphological, physiological and behavioral characters that optimize fitness through alternative routes and respond to selection as a whole. Still others may be vestigial adaptations that are no longer beneficial in present times. Finally, variation may be adaptative in and by itself, as it reduces competition for finite resources. These and other evolutionary mechanisms are reviewed and illustrated through human and non-human examples. Evolutionary theory is the best-substantiated explanatory framework across the life sciences, and may shed light on the question of why harmful personalities exist at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gutiérrez
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Harvey AR. Injury, illness, and emotion: A review of the motivational continuum from trauma through recovery from an ecological perspective. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 27:100586. [PMID: 36655055 PMCID: PMC9841046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
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27
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Ross AJ, Handley ED, Toth SL. An integrated review of social information processing as a mechanism in the association between maltreatment and depression among youth of color. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 135:105956. [PMID: 36459888 PMCID: PMC9839652 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment is a potent risk factor for depression across the life course, with maltreatment and depression demonstrated to disproportionately impact youth of color. Despite evidence for mechanisms (e.g., social information processing; SIP) accounting for the effects of maltreatment on youth broadly, pathways of risk for depression among maltreated youth of color specifically remain largely under-investigated. OBJECTIVE In an effort to address this gap in the literature, the present review synthesizes available research regarding SIP as a mechanism underlying the impact of maltreatment on the development of depression in general, and among youth of color specifically. PARTICIPANTS & SETTING A review of literature was conducted on English language articles published between 1989 and 2022 involving maltreatment, depression, social information processing, and/or youth of color. METHODS An electronic database search using terms "Maltreatment," "Depression," "Social Information Processing," "Social Cognition," and "Youth of Color" identified relevant literature. RESULTS Synthesis of literature supports SIP as a salient mechanism in the effect of maltreatment on depressive symptomatology for youth broadly, identifying the need for additional empirical work explicitly assessing this pathway among youth of color. CONCLUSION In addition to support for SIP as a risk pathway for youth broadly, this review highlights associated processes that can lend support to SIP as a meaningful mechanism of risk for youth of color. Additionally, this review addresses the deficit-based approach through which research and intervention tools evaluate youth of color experiencing maltreatment and depression, proposing alternative approaches towards prevention and intervention efforts with this marginalized population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ross
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, United States of America.
| | | | - Sheree L Toth
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, United States of America
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28
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Carter S, Mekawi Y, Sheikh I, Sanders AS, Packard G, Harnett NG, Metzger IW. Approaching Mental Health Equity in Neuroscience for Black Women Across the Lifespan: Biological Embedding of Racism From Black Feminist Conceptual Frameworks. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:1235-1241. [PMID: 36038046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Black women in the United States are faced with unrelenting chronic stressors that are often driven by racism and oppression and that result in mental health inequities. Similar to common U.S. societal views of Black women, ideological values about Black women's lives also permeate psychiatry and neuroscience research to prevent likely impactful research that fully examines the role of social power structures in the biological embedding of racism. This article's overall aim is to highlight the most urgent areas to address in mental health inequities utilizing a Black feminist lens that include 1) culturally grounded and contextually relevant considerations for the biological embedding of racism on mental health outcomes for Black women across the lifespan and 2) intersectional frameworks that address mental health inequities ingrained in multiple marginalization. We conclude with a call to action informed by Black feminist thought for the field of neuroscience to make a concerted effort to address mental health inequities among Black women and other disenfranchised groups from a frame of compassion, cultural humility, and a continuous pursuit of social justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Carter
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Yara Mekawi
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Ifrah Sheikh
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Grace Packard
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nathaniel G Harnett
- Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isha W Metzger
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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29
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Robertson OC, Marceau K, Moding KJ, Knopik VS. Developmental pathways linking obesity risk and early puberty: The thrifty phenotype and fetal overnutrition hypotheses. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2022.101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Diamond LM, Alley J. Rethinking minority stress: A social safety perspective on the health effects of stigma in sexually-diverse and gender-diverse populations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104720. [PMID: 35662651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For over two decades, the minority stress model has guided research on the health of sexually-diverse individuals (those who are not exclusively heterosexual) and gender-diverse individuals (those whose gender identity/expression differs from their birth-assigned sex/gender). According to this model, the cumulative stress caused by stigma and social marginalization fosters stress-related health problems. Yet studies linking minority stress to physical health outcomes have yielded mixed results, suggesting that something is missing from our understanding of stigma and health. Social safety may be the missing piece. Social safety refers to reliable social connection, inclusion, and protection, which are core human needs that are imperiled by stigma. The absence of social safety is just as health-consequential for stigmatized individuals as the presence of minority stress, because the chronic threat-vigilance fostered by insufficient safety has negative long-term effects on cognitive, emotional, and immunological functioning, even when exposure to minority stress is low. We argue that insufficient social safety is a primary cause of stigma-related health disparities and a key target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Diamond
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Jenna Alley
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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31
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Wade M, Wright L, Finegold KE. The effects of early life adversity on children's mental health and cognitive functioning. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:244. [PMID: 35688817 PMCID: PMC9187770 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that partially distinct mechanisms may underlie the association between different dimensions of early life adversity (ELA) and psychopathology in children and adolescents. While there is minimal evidence that different types of ELA are associated with specific psychopathology outcomes, there are partially unique cognitive and socioemotional consequences of specific dimensions of ELA that increase transdiagnostic risk of mental health problems across the internalizing and externalizing spectra. The current review provides an overview of recent findings examining the cognitive (e.g., language, executive function), socioemotional (e.g., attention bias, emotion regulation), and mental health correlates of ELA along the dimensions of threat/harshness, deprivation, and unpredictability. We underscore similarities and differences in the mechanisms connecting different dimensions of ELA to particular mental health outcomes, and identify gaps and future directions that may help to clarify inconsistencies in the literature. This review focuses on childhood and adolescence, periods of exquisite neurobiological change and sensitivity to the environment. The utility of dimensional models of ELA in better understanding the mechanistic pathways towards the expression of psychopathology is discussed, with the review supporting the value of such models in better understanding the developmental sequelae associated with ELA. Integration of dimensional models of ELA with existing models focused on psychiatric classification and biobehavioral mechanisms may advance our understanding of the etiology, phenomenology, and treatment of mental health difficulties in children and youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wade
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Liam Wright
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Katherine E. Finegold
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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32
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Yang A, Zhu N, Lu HJ, Chang L. Environmental risks, life history strategy, and developmental psychology. Psych J 2022; 11:433-447. [DOI: 10.1002/pchj.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anting Yang
- Department of Psychology University of Macau Macau China
| | - Nan Zhu
- Department of Psychology University of Macau Macau China
| | - Hui Jing Lu
- Department of Applied Social Sciences the Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Lei Chang
- Department of Psychology University of Macau Macau China
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Ellis BJ, Sheridan MA, Belsky J, McLaughlin KA. Why and how does early adversity influence development? Toward an integrated model of dimensions of environmental experience. Dev Psychopathol 2022; 34:447-471. [PMID: 35285791 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421001838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Two extant frameworks - the harshness-unpredictability model and the threat-deprivation model - attempt to explain which dimensions of adversity have distinct influences on development. These models address, respectively, why, based on a history of natural selection, development operates the way it does across a range of environmental contexts, and how the neural mechanisms that underlie plasticity and learning in response to environmental experiences influence brain development. Building on these frameworks, we advance an integrated model of dimensions of environmental experience, focusing on threat-based forms of harshness, deprivation-based forms of harshness, and environmental unpredictability. This integrated model makes clear that the why and the how of development are inextricable and, together, essential to understanding which dimensions of the environment matter. Core integrative concepts include the directedness of learning, multiple levels of developmental adaptation to the environment, and tradeoffs between adaptive and maladaptive developmental responses to adversity. The integrated model proposes that proximal and distal cues to threat-based and deprivation-based forms of harshness, as well as unpredictability in those cues, calibrate development to both immediate rearing environments and broader ecological contexts, current and future. We highlight actionable directions for research needed to investigate the integrated model and advance understanding of dimensions of environmental experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Ellis
- Departments of Psychology and Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Margaret A Sheridan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jay Belsky
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Frankenhuis WE, Amir D. What is the expected human childhood? Insights from evolutionary anthropology. Dev Psychopathol 2022; 34:473-497. [PMID: 34924077 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421001401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In psychological research, there are often assumptions about the conditions that children expect to encounter during their development. These assumptions shape prevailing ideas about the experiences that children are capable of adjusting to, and whether their responses are viewed as impairments or adaptations. Specifically, the expected childhood is often depicted as nurturing and safe, and characterized by high levels of caregiver investment. Here, we synthesize evidence from history, anthropology, and primatology to challenge this view. We integrate the findings of systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and cross-cultural investigations on three forms of threat (infanticide, violent conflict, and predation) and three forms of deprivation (social, cognitive, and nutritional) that children have faced throughout human evolution. Our results show that mean levels of threat and deprivation were higher than is typical in industrialized societies, and that our species has experienced much variation in the levels of these adversities across space and time. These conditions likely favored a high degree of phenotypic plasticity, or the ability to tailor development to different conditions. This body of evidence has implications for recognizing developmental adaptations to adversity, for cultural variation in responses to adverse experiences, and for definitions of adversity and deprivation as deviation from the expected human childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem E Frankenhuis
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law, Germany
| | - Dorsa Amir
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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35
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Ugarte E, Johnson LE, Robins RW, Guyer AE, Hastings PD. The impact of social disadvantage on autonomic physiology of latinx adolescents: The role of environmental risks. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2022; 2022:91-124. [PMID: 35634899 PMCID: PMC9492630 DOI: 10.1002/cad.20462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The experience of poverty embodies complex, multidimensional stressors that may adversely affect physiological and psychological domains of functioning. Compounded by racial/ethnic discrimination, the financial aspect of family poverty typically coincides with additional social and physical environmental risks such as pollution exposure, housing burden, elevated neighborhood unemployment, and lower neighborhood education levels. In this study, we investigated the associations of multidimensional social disadvantage throughout adolescence with autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning at 17 years. Two hundred and twenty nine low-income Mexican-American adolescents (48.6% female) and their parents were assessed annually between the ages of 10 and 16. Participants' census tracts were matched with corresponding annual administrative data of neighborhood housing burden, education, unemployment, drinking water quality, and fine particulate matter. We combined measures of adolescents' electrodermal response and respiratory sinuses arrhythmia at rest and during a social exclusion challenge (Cyberball) to use as ANS indices of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, respectively. Controlling for family income-to-needs, youth exposed to greater cumulative water and air pollution from ages 10-16 displayed altered patterns of autonomic functioning at rest and during the social challenge. Conversely, youth living in areas with higher housing burden displayed healthy patterns of autonomic functioning. Altogether, results suggest that toxin exposure in youths' physical environments disrupts the ANS, representing a plausible mechanism by which pollutants and social disadvantage influence later physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ugarte
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis
- Center for Mind & Brain, University of California Davis
| | - Lisa E. Johnson
- Center for Mind & Brain, University of California Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
| | | | - Amanda E. Guyer
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis
- Center for Mind & Brain, University of California Davis
| | - Paul D. Hastings
- Center for Mind & Brain, University of California Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
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Zhang J, Zheng L. Adverse Childhood Experiences Predict Preference for Male Facial Masculinity in Gay Men in China. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-022-00317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Perceptions of childhood unpredictability, delay discounting, risk-taking, and adult externalizing behaviors: A life-history approach. Dev Psychopathol 2022; 34:705-717. [PMID: 35039110 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421001607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Guided by principles from life-history theory, theories of adaptive calibration provide an overarching theoretical framework for understanding the developmental roots of impulsivity and externalizing psychopathology. The current research provides evidence for robust associations between perceptions of childhood unpredictability, delay discounting (Studies 1a and 1b), and adult externalizing traits and behaviors (Study 2). Both associations were observed while controlling for perceptions of the harshness of childhood environments, as well as a range of demographic characteristics. The association with externalizing traits and behavior was observed over and above current mood and depressive symptoms. Study 2 also replicated a previously documented association between changes in maternal employment, residence, and cohabitation during childhood and externalizing behavior and, furthermore, suggested that this association was mediated by perceptions of unpredictability. These studies provided no evidence for links between perceived childhood unpredictability and basic forms of risk-taking (Studies 1a and 1c). This research adds to a growing body of work leveraging principles from life-history theory to demonstrate links between childhood experiences, impulsivity, and potentially debilitating forms of mental illness. This work also highlights the value of assessing people's perceptions of their childhood environments.
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Osei F, Block A, Wippert PM. Association of primary allostatic load mediators and metabolic syndrome (MetS): A systematic review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:946740. [PMID: 36482995 PMCID: PMC9724739 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.946740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Allostatic load (AL) exposure may cause detrimental effects on the neuroendocrine system, leading to metabolic syndrome (MetS). The primary mediators of AL involve serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS; a functional HPA axis antagonist); further, cortisol, urinary norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (EPI) excretion levels (assessed within 12-h urine as a golden standard for the evaluation of the HPA axis activity and sympathetic nervous system activity). However, the evidence of an association between the primary mediators of AL and MetS is limited. This systematic review aimed to critically examine the association between the primary mediators of AL and MetS. PubMed and Web of Science were searched for articles from January 2010 to December 2021, published in English. The search strategy focused on cross-sectional and case-control studies comprising adult participants with MetS, obesity, overweight, and without chronic diseases. The STROBE checklist was used to assess study quality control. Of 770 studies, twenty-one studies with a total sample size (n = 10,666) met the eligibility criteria. Eighteen studies were cross-sectional, and three were case-control studies. The included studies had a completeness of reporting score of COR % = 87.0 ± 6.4%. It is to be noted, that cortisol as a primary mediator of AL showed an association with MetS in 50% (urinary cortisol), 40% (serum cortisol), 60% (salivary cortisol), and 100% (hair cortisol) of the studies. For DHEAS, it is to conclude that 60% of the studies showed an association with MetS. In contrast, urinary EPI and urinary NE had 100% no association with MetS. In summary, there is a tendency for the association between higher serum cortisol, salivary cortisol, urinary cortisol, hair cortisol, and lower levels of DHEAS with MetS. Future studies focusing on longitudinal data are warranted for clarification and understanding of the association between the primary mediators of AL and MetS.
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Szepsenwol O. Identifying developmental adaptations to
early‐life
stress. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Szepsenwol
- Department of Education and Educational Counseling The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College Yezreel Valley Israel
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40
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Kira IA, Shuwiekh HA, Alhuwailah A, Balaghi D. Does COVID-19 Type III Continuous Existential Trauma Deplete the Traditional Coping, Diminish Health and Mental Health, and Kindle Spirituality?: An Exploratory Study on Arab Countries. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2021.2006501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A. Kira
- Center for Cumulative Trauma Studies, Stone Mountain, GA, USA
- Affiliate of Center for Stress, Trauma and Resiliency, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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41
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Kawamoto T, van der Linden D, Dunkel CS, Ando J. Genetic and environmental correlations between the General Factor of Personality (GFP) and working memory. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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42
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Life History Evolution Forms the Foundation of the Adverse Childhood Experience Pyramid. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-021-00299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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43
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Dickerson KL, Quas JA. Perceived life expectancy, environmental unpredictability, and behavior in high-risk youth. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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44
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Zimmer Z, Korinek K, Young Y, Teerawichitchainan B, Toan TK. Early-Life War Exposure and Later-Life Frailty Among Older Adults in Vietnam: Does War Hasten Aging? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 77:1674-1685. [PMID: 34637517 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the nature and degree of association between exposure to potentially-traumatic wartime experiences in early life, such as living in a heavily bombed region or witnessing death first-hand, and later-life frailty. METHODS The Vietnam Health and Aging Study included war survivors in Vietnam, 60+, who completed a survey and health exam between May and August 2018. Latent Class Analysis is used to construct classes exposed to similar numbers and types of wartime experiences. Frailty is measured using a deficit accumulation approach that proxies biological aging. Fractional logit regression associates latent classes with frailty scores. Coefficients are used to calculate predicted frailty scores and expected age at which specific levels of frailty are reached across wartime exposure classes. RESULTS LCA yields nine unique wartime exposure classes, ranging from extreme exposure to non-exposed. Higher frailty is found among those with more heavy/severe exposures with a combination of certain types of experiences, including intense bombing, witnessing death first-hand, having experienced sleep disruptions during wartime, and having feared for one's life during war. The difference in frailty-associated aging between the most and least affected individuals is more than 18 years. DISCUSSION War trauma hastens aging and warrants greater attention toward long-term implications of war on health among vast post-conflict populations across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Zimmer
- Department of Gerontology and Family Studies and Global Aging and Community Initiative, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kim Korinek
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Yvette Young
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Tran Khanh Toan
- Family Medicine Department, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Ho TC, King LS. Mechanisms of neuroplasticity linking early adversity to depression: developmental considerations. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:517. [PMID: 34628465 PMCID: PMC8501358 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early exposure to psychosocial adversity is among the most potent predictors of depression. Because depression commonly emerges prior to adulthood, we must consider the fundamental principles of developmental neuroscience when examining how experiences of childhood adversity, including abuse and neglect, can lead to depression. Considering that both the environment and the brain are highly dynamic across the period spanning gestation through adolescence, the purpose of this review is to discuss and integrate stress-based models of depression that center developmental processes. We offer a general framework for understanding how psychosocial adversity in early life disrupts or calibrates the biobehavioral systems implicated in depression. Specifically, we propose that the sources and nature of the environmental input shaping the brain, and the mechanisms of neuroplasticity involved, change across development. We contend that the effects of adversity largely depend on the developmental stage of the organism. First, we summarize leading neurobiological models that focus on the effects of adversity on risk for mental disorders, including depression. In particular, we highlight models of allostatic load, acceleration maturation, dimensions of adversity, and sensitive or critical periods. Second, we expound on and review evidence for the formulation that distinct mechanisms of neuroplasticity are implicated depending on the timing of adverse experiences, and that inherent within certain windows of development are constraints on the sources and nature of these experiences. Finally, we consider other important facets of adverse experiences (e.g., environmental unpredictability, perceptions of one's experiences) before discussing promising research directions for the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Lucy S King
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Womack SR, Clifford S, Wilson MN, Shaw DS, Lemery-Chalfant K. Genetic Moderation of the Association Between Early Family Instability and Trajectories of Aggressive Behaviors from Middle Childhood to Adolescence. Behav Genet 2021; 51:476-491. [PMID: 34085180 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-021-10069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study tested models of polygenic by environment interaction between early childhood family instability and polygenic risk for aggression predicting developmental trajectories of aggression from middle childhood to adolescence. With a longitudinal sample of 515 racially and ethnically diverse children from low-income families, primary caregivers reported on multiple components of family instability annually from child ages 2-5 years. A conservative polygenic risk score (p = 0.05) was generated based on a prior meta-genome wide association study. Trajectories of aggression were identified using a curve of factors model based on a composite of primary caregiver, alternate caregiver, and teacher reports at five ages from 7.5 to 14 years. The family instability by polygenic interaction predicted growth in children's aggression such that children with lower levels of family instability and lower polygenic risk exhibited a steeper decline in aggression from 7.5 to 14. Findings support the need to model gene-environment interplay to elucidate the role of genetics in the development of aggressive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Womack
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Millmont Building 316, 1023 Millmont Street, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
| | - Sierra Clifford
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Melvin N Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Millmont Building 316, 1023 Millmont Street, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Daniel S Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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May AK, Pitman MM. The association between sensory processing sensitivity, the five-factor model and university adjustment amongst South African university students. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Mohammadi S, Zandi M, Dousti Kataj P, Karimi Zandi L. Chronic stress and Alzheimer's disease. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1451-1458. [PMID: 34152660 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stress is a key factor in the development and progress of diseases. In neurodegenerative conditions, stress management can play an important role in maintaining the quality of life and the capacity to improve. Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, cause the motor and cognitive malfunctions that are spontaneously stressful and also can disturb the neural circuits that promote stress responses. The interruption of those circuits leads to aggressive and inappropriate behavior. In addition, stress contributes to illness and may exacerbate symptoms. In this review, we present stress-activated neural pathways involved in Alzheimer's disease from a clinical and experimental point of view, as well as supportive drugs and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Mohammadi
- Neuroscience and Addiction Studies Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Zandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Dousti Kataj
- Neuroscience and Addiction Studies Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Karimi Zandi
- Neuroscience and Addiction Studies Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ellis BJ, Horn AJ, Carter CS, van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. Developmental programming of oxytocin through variation in early-life stress: Four meta-analyses and a theoretical reinterpretation. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 86:101985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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50
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Vaughn-Coaxum RA, Weisz JR. Leveraging the developmental science of psychosocial risk to strengthen youth psychotherapy. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:670-683. [PMID: 33719995 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
More than 50 years of randomized clinical trials for youth psychotherapies have resulted in moderate effect sizes for treatments targeting the most common mental health problems in children and adolescents (i.e., anxiety, depression, conduct problems, and attention disorders). Despite having psychotherapies that are effective for many children, there has been a dearth of progress in identifying the contextual factors that likely influence who will respond to a given psychotherapy, and under what conditions. The developmental psychopathology evidence base consistently demonstrates that psychosocial risk exposures (e.g., childhood adversities, interpersonal stressors, family dysfunction) significantly influence the onset and course of youth psychopathology. However, the developmental psychopathology framework remains to be well integrated into treatment development and psychotherapy research. We argue that advances in basic developmental psychopathology research carry promising implications for the design and content of youth psychotherapies. Research probing the effects of psychosocial risks on youth development can enrich efforts to identify contextual factors in psychotherapy effectiveness and to personalize treatment. In this article we review empirically supported and hypothesized influences of individual- and family-level risk factors on youth psychotherapy outcomes, and we propose a framework for leveraging developmental psychopathology to strengthen psychotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Vaughn-Coaxum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John R Weisz
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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