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Luna MJ, Abram KM, Aaby DA, Welty LJ, Teplin LA. Inequities in Mental Health Services: A 16-Year Longitudinal Study of Youth in the Justice System. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 63:422-432. [PMID: 37516236 PMCID: PMC10818024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine: (1) if youth who have mental health disorders receive needed services after they leave detention-and as they age; and (2) inequities in service use, focusing on demographic characteristics and type of disorder. METHOD We used data from the Northwestern Juvenile Project, a longitudinal study of 1,829 youth randomly sampled from detention in Chicago, Illinois in 1995. Participants were re-interviewed up to 13 times through 2015. Interviewers assessed disorders using structured diagnostic interviews and assessed service use using the Child and Adolescent Service Assessment and the Services Assessment for Children and Adolescents. RESULTS Less than 20% of youth who needed services received them, up to median age 32 years. Female participants with any disorder had nearly twice the odds of receiving services compared with male participants (OR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.41, 2.35). Compared with Black participants with any disorder, non-Hispanic White and Hispanic participants had 2.14 (95% CI: 1.57, 2.90) and 1.50 (95% CI: 1.04, 2.15) times the odds of receiving services. People with a disorder were more likely to receive services during childhood (< age 18) than during adulthood (OR: 2.29; 95% CI: 1.32, 3.95). Disorder mattered: participants with an internalizing disorder had 2.26 times and 2.43 times the odds of receiving services compared with those with a substance use disorder (respectively, 95% CI: 1.26, 4.04; 95% CI: 1.49, 3.97). CONCLUSION Few youth who need services receive them as they age; inequities persist over time. We must implement evidence-based strategies to reduce barriers to services.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Luna
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karen M Abram
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A Aaby
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leah J Welty
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Linda A Teplin
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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Wojciechowski TW, Krupa JM. Major Depressive Disorder as a Driver of Dual Systems Model Development During Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Among Justice-Involved Youth: Is Salience Age-Graded? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2024:306624X241236717. [PMID: 38500047 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x241236717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The dual systems model is a psychological framework centered on differential development of sensation-seeking and impulse control during adolescence and emerging adulthood with implications for understanding antisocial behavior. However, there is a dearth of research which has examined mental illness as a driver of differential development of these constructs. This study examined major depressive disorder as a risk factor for elevated sensation-seeking and diminished impulse control and tested to determine whether the salience differed by age. The Pathways to Desistance data were analyzed. Mixed effects models examined the direct effect of major depressive disorder on dual systems outcomes and test for moderation by age. Findings indicated that major depressive disorder at baseline was associated with increased sensation-seeking and diminished impulse control. Relationships did not differ in salience based on age. Results suggest that treatment effective for addressing depression may have relevance for mitigating the impact of the disorder on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie M Krupa
- School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Cauffman E, Gillespie ML, Beardslee J, Davis F, Hernandez M, Williams T. Adolescent Contact, Lasting Impact? Lessons Learned From Two Longitudinal Studies Spanning 20 Years of Developmental Science Research With Justice-System-Involved Youths. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2023; 24:133-161. [PMID: 38236945 PMCID: PMC10799550 DOI: 10.1177/15291006231205173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
In this article, we summarize key findings from 20 years of research conducted at the intersection of developmental psychology and juvenile justice in the United States. We predominantly examine data from two large-scale, multisite longitudinal studies involving justice-system-involved adolescents-the Pathways to Desistance study and the Crossroads study. Topics of discussion include predictors of offending and desistance from crime; youth outcomes and psychosocial needs; and emerging research, programs, and policy initiatives. First, individual-level (e.g., age, psychosocial maturity) and contextual-level (e.g., antisocial peers, exposure to violence) risk factors associated with offending are explored. Second, we discuss short-term and long-term outcomes of justice-system contact for youths engaging in moderate offenses. We highlight main findings from the Crossroads study indicating that youths who are sanctioned by the justice system at their first arrest have worse outcomes than youths who are diverted from formal processing. Additionally, we discuss the high prevalence of youths' exposure to violence and mental health disorders as well as the differential treatment of youths of color in the justice system. Third, we extend the conversation to justice-system-involved young adults and discuss emerging, innovative legal solutions, including young adult courts. Last, we discuss real-world implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie L Gillespie
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Jordan Beardslee
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Frank Davis
- Alternate Public Defender's Office, Orange County, California
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Mueller KC, Cavitt J, Carey MT. Future orientation in justice-involved youth: The effects of adverse and positive childhood experiences, and being dual-status. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 141:106230. [PMID: 37167659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Justice-involved youth face diverse challenges and are likely to experience more adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and fewer positive childhood experiences (PCEs), which can have implications for their orientation toward their future. Future orientation is thought to influence behavior, but little is known about how it is shaped. While future orientation and its correlates likely matter for all justice-involved youth, the recently recognized subcategory of Dual Status Youths (DSYs) might be especially sensitive to influences on future orientation. OBJECTIVE This study explores the effects of cumulative adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), cumulative positive childhood experiences (PCEs), and DSY classification on the likelihood of having a positive orientation toward the future. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The researchers analyze a sample of 3604 justice-involved youth on probation in a large metropolitan area in Texas. METHOD The sample includes juveniles who received the full Positive Achievement Change Tool (PACT) risk/needs assessment. The analytical plan included t-tests and two logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Findings were that DSY are exposed to more ACEs and fewer PCEs than non-dual status justice-involved youth. Results indicated that a greater number of PCEs is associated with future orientation, but DSY status and ACEs are not. CONCLUSIONS Juvenile justice programming must strive to cultivate PCEs in justice-involved youth prior to the completion of their probation supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Curtis Mueller
- Research Analyst at Harris County Juvenile Probation Department (HCJPD), United States of America.
| | - Joslyn Cavitt
- Research Analyst at Harris County Juvenile Probation Department (HCJPD), United States of America; University of Houston, Department of Psychology, Graduate Research Assistant, United States of America
| | - Marcus Tyler Carey
- Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice at Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX, United States of America
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A trauma-informed approach to understanding firearm decision-making among Black adolescents: Implications for prevention. Prev Med 2022; 165:107305. [PMID: 36252829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Firearm violence remains a public health crisis in marginalized, urban communities, with Black adolescents bearing the burden of firearm homicides and injuries. As such, the prevention of firearm violence among adolescents has moved to a high priority of the U.S. public health agenda. The current paper reviews recent literature to highlight the heterogeneity in firearm behavior among Black adolescents and underscore the need for additional research on decision-making and firearm behavior to better understand how adolescents make decisions to acquire, carry, and use firearms. Through a discussion of the disproportionate levels of trauma exposure and trauma symptoms experienced by Black adolescents, the current paper also proposes a trauma-informed approach to understanding decision-making for risky firearm behavior. We discuss the broader impacts of this approach, including the development of a more comprehensive and contextually relevant understanding of the variability in risky firearm behavior and improvements in risk screening capabilities and preventive intervention strategies.
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Espinoza D, Cancio R. Interracial Comparisons of Intimate Partner Violence Among Military Perpetrators. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP17911-NP17933. [PMID: 34284666 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211031251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Interracial violence is a high-profile issue in the United States; however, there is little empirical research on interracial intimate partner violence (IPV). Interracial relationships are becoming more common. However, interracial couples continue to face stressors (e.g., discrimination) that likely impact the relationship (e.g., IPV) than their monoracial counterparts. Research indicates that military populations more likely oppose interracial marriages than nonmilitary counterparts. Yet, no study to date has investigated IPV within military monoracial and interracial couples. To understand the intersecting effects of race/ethnicity among military couples, this study investigates male perpetrated IPV in interracial and monoracial relationships. Using structural equation modeling, this study sample contains information about 449 male veterans from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (1994-2008): Waves I and IV. Findings indicate that (a) White and Black veterans are more violent in monoracial relationships, meanwhile, Latino veterans have a higher IPV prevalence in interracial relationships; (b) Black and White veterans were more likely to use alcohol and other drugs (AOD) after IPV perpetration in interracial relationships, in contrast to Latino veterans' post IPV perpetrations AOD use in monoracial relationships; (c) veteran mental health status was affected after perpetration of IPV, similar to the effects experienced after combat. In an attempt to address the lack of research on the characteristics associated with interracial violence this study addresses the following questions: (a) Are veterans in interracial families more likely to commit IPV and use of alcohol and other drugs (AOD) than in monoracial families? (b) Among the military samples, is AOD a facilitator for IPV?
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Thulin EJ, Lee DB, Eisman AB, Reischl TM, Hutchison P, Franzen S, Zimmerman MA. Longitudinal effects of Youth Empowerment Solutions: Preventing youth aggression and increasing prosocial behavior. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 70:75-88. [PMID: 35050518 PMCID: PMC9296703 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Youth violence remains a significant public health problem despite efforts to address it. We describe the evaluation results of Youth Empowerment Solutions (YES), an after-school active learning program implemented by trained local teachers and designed to engage middle school youth in multi-systematic promotive behaviors at the individual-, interpersonal-, and community-level to make lasting positive changes within the context of institutional disadvantages, such as racism. First, we used a modified randomized controlled trial design to examine the direct and indirect influence of YES on prosocial and delinquent behaviors 12 months after the conclusion of the program, through youth empowerment. Next, we evaluated these models by race, to determine if the intervention equitably promotes prosocial outcomes and decreases aggressive behaviors. Among 329 middle school students, YES participation enhanced prosocial behaviors through empowerment, and directly reduced aggressive behaviors a year after the conclusion of the program. This trend was particularly pronounced for African American youth. These effects were found after controlling for age, sex, and behavioral outcomes at baseline, and across different schools and teachers, suggesting that YES can also be sustainable and readily implemented by communities. The implications of the results for youth violence prevention, empowerment theory and intervention development and practice for ethnic minority youth who face structural disenfranchisement are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse J. Thulin
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Dan B. Lee
- Minnesota Research Institute, Children’s Minnesota Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andria B. Eisman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Currently at the Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, College of Education, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tom M. Reischl
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Pete Hutchison
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Susan Franzen
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Wojciechowski TW. The influence of deviant peer association on dual systems model development: the protective role of resistance to peer influence. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2022.2102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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9
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Johnson NP, Sundaram MA, Alder J, Miller E, Ragavan MI. The Lasting Influence of a Peer-led Adolescent Relationship Abuse Prevention Program on Former Peer Leaders' Relationships, Identities, and Trajectories in Emerging Adulthood. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP7580-NP7604. [PMID: 33135542 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520967909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) has well-documented detrimental health effects. Adolescence is a window of opportunity to promote development of healthy relationship behaviors. Although peer-led interventions have a history of use in the health education field, there are few rigorously evaluated peer-led interventions targeting ARA. Start Strong leverages peer support by training adolescents to deliver ARA prevention curriculum to younger peers. Although the program has shown positive results in recipients, little is known about the impact on the peer leaders themselves. This qualitative study describes the impact of being an ARA prevention peer leader on former peer leaders' relationships and trajectories in emerging adulthood. Specific objectives include: (a) how being a peer leader shaped participants' norms around romantic relationships and ARA, and (b) the impact of participating in a peer leadership program on their emerging adult lives. Researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with former peer leaders and coded transcripts using thematic analysis. Fourteen former peer leaders aged 18-26 participated. Most participants (99%) identified as Black or Afro-Latinx. Participants described a lasting impact on their relationships, identity formation, future orientation, and professional lives. Participants highlighted the skills they use to avoid unhealthy relationships and help friends and family navigate their relationships. They identified unexpected challenges, including a sense of isolation around how their relationship expectations differ from same-aged peers, and trepidation about dating partners without advanced healthy relationship knowledge. Participants highlighted positive impacts beyond those pertaining to relationships, including their identity development and expanded sense of opportunity. Finally, they identified tangible skills gained from program participation and relevance to their professional paths. This study suggests that peer-led ARA prevention programs have a far-reaching impact on participants' lives that lasts into adulthood. Future studies may examine how professional development within peer-led interventions can influence future orientation and thus bolster protective factors against ARA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jess Alder
- Boston Public Health Commission, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Beard SJ, Wolff JM. The moderating role of positive peers in reducing substance use in college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:1059-1070. [PMID: 32669053 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1784907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveYoung adulthood (18-25) is the peak age for substance use, but friends who engage in positive behaviors may be protective. The present study examined the direct relation between positive peer affiliation and substance use, and whether positive peer affiliation moderated the relation between self-reported sensation-seeking, future orientation, self-regulation and substance use. Participants: Participants were 382 college students (Mage = 19.25, SD = 1.33). Method: Participants completed questionnaires assessing substance use, peer affiliation, sensation-seeking, future orientation, and self-regulation. Results: In structural equation models, positive peer affiliation was negatively associated with drunk driving, cigarette use, and marijuana use; and moderated relations between sensation-seeking and substance use, but not cognitive control in the predicted direction. Conclusions: Substance use remains a salient public health concern for college students, but the current study found that having friends who generally engage in positive activities is an important buffer against socioemotional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jean Beard
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Center for Mind and Brain, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Michelle Wolff
- Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- The Brown School of Social Work & Public Health, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Williams LR, Adams Rueda H. Witnessing Intimate Partner Violence Across Contexts: Mental Health, Delinquency, and Dating Violence Outcomes Among Mexican Heritage Youth. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP3152-NP3174. [PMID: 32772879 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520946818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Immigrant Mexican American (MA) youth are at greater risk for violence exposure due to risk factors associated with migration-postmigration processes and as they settle into urban U.S. communities marked by crime and poverty. Less is known about the contexts of this exposure. Specifically, what are the ecological contexts in which youth witness intimate partner violence (IPV), how do these experiences differ by immigration generational status, and what is the impact on youth's externalizing and internalizing behaviors? MA adolescents (N = 279; 15-17 years, M = 16.17, SD = 0.81) from the Southwest United States participated in an online survey. Over half of adolescents had witnessed at least one incidence of IPV in the prior 2 weeks, usually involving their peers. Adolescents who had spent more time in the United States were more likely to witness violence and rated it as more severe than more recently immigrated youth. A cross-sectional path model revealed that witnessing IPV was associated with internalizing and externalizing problems. However, the associations between witnessing IPV and dating violence perpetration and victimization were mediated through acceptance of dating violence norms. Each successive generation may be more likely to witness violence across a range of ecological contexts. Witnessing violence may be central to a host of negative outcomes, including deviancy, poor mental health, and dating violence. However, preventive interventions can help youth to challenge violence norms within intimate partnerships as well as to cope with violence in their homes, peer groups, and communities.
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Icenogle G, Cauffman E. Adolescent decision making: A decade in review. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2021; 31:1006-1022. [PMID: 34820945 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Research in the past decade has highlighted the nuances of adolescent decision making. In this review article, we summarize several themes evident in the field of developmental science including the redefinition of adolescence and the ways in which adolescent decision-making capabilities converge with or diverge from those of adults. While the decision-making process is similar for adolescents and adults in contexts that encourage deliberation and reflection, adolescents and adults differ in contexts which preclude deliberation vis-à-vis high emotional arousal. We also discuss the reconceptualization of adolescent behavior, including risk taking, as adaptive. That is, characteristics of adolescence, including impulsivity, the importance of peers, and novelty seeking, are normative, evolutionarily advantageous, and essential for positive development. While these features manifest in negative, health-compromising ways (e.g., risky driving and criminal behavior), they also foster growth and exploration. We conclude with a discussion of potential avenues for future research.
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Villodas MT, Morelli NM, Hong K, Duong J, Evans MC, Elson D, Rose E, Picci G, Fishbein D. Differences in late adolescent psychopathology among youth with histories of co-occurring abuse and neglect experiences. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 120:105189. [PMID: 34273863 PMCID: PMC9119631 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge about the impacts of child abuse and neglect (CAN) experiences on late adolescent psychopathology has been limited by a failure to consider the frequent co-occurrence of CAN types and potential unique impacts of specific combinations. OBJECTIVE Using person-centered analyses, we aimed to identify unobserved groups of youth with similar patterns of lifetime CAN experiences before age 16 and differences in psychopathology symptom counts between groups two years later. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were 919 adolescent-caregiver dyads (56% female; 56% Black, 7% Latina/o, 13% mixed/other). METHODS Prospective, multi-informant data, including child protective services records and caregiver and youth reports were collected, and youth completed a diagnostic interview at age 18. RESULTS Latent Class Analyses classified adolescents into four distinct groups based on patterns of physical neglect, supervisory neglect, and physical, sexual, and psychological abuse: "Low-Risk" (37%), "Neglect" (19%), "Abuse" (11%), and "Multi-type CAN" (33%). The Multi-type CAN class had significantly more major depressive, generalized anxiety, and nicotine use symptoms than the Low-Risk class, and more post-traumatic stress, antisocial personality, and illicit substance use symptoms, than Low-Risk and Neglect classes. The Abuse class had significantly more generalized anxiety and attention deficit/hyperactivity symptoms than the Low-Risk class, and more major depressive, antisocial personality, and illicit substance use symptoms, than Low-Risk and Neglect classes. The Neglect class did not have elevated psychopathology symptoms. CONCLUSION Findings highlight important differences in the associations between lifetime CAN experience patterns and psychopathology. Researchers should explore mechanisms underlying psychopathology that are impacted by different CAN experience patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel T Villodas
- San Diego State University, United States of America; San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, United States of America; Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, San Diego, United States of America.
| | - Nicholas M Morelli
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, United States of America
| | - Kajung Hong
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, United States of America
| | | | | | - Damian Elson
- San Diego State University, United States of America
| | - Emma Rose
- Pennsylvania State University, United States of America
| | - Giorgia Picci
- Pennsylvania State University, United States of America
| | - Diana Fishbein
- Pennsylvania State University, United States of America; University of North Carolina, United States of America
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Hong JS, Lee JJ, Kim J, Iadipaolo AS, Espelage DL, Voisin DR. Posttraumatic Stress, Academic Performance, and Future Orientation as Pathways to Community Violence Exposure and Sexual Risk among African American Youth in Chicago's Southside. Behav Med 2021; 47:10-20. [PMID: 31039086 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2019.1601610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress, low academic performance, and future orientation as pathways from community violence exposure to sexual risk-taking behavior were examined among 753 African American youth in a large urban school district, ranging from ages of 13 to 24 years. Youth completed a self-report instrument. Youth completed a self-report instrument of Exposure to Violence Probe, University of California at Los Angeles' PTSD Reaction Index Adolescent Version, and Coopersmith's Self-Esteem Scale. Structural equation modeling was performed to examine relationships among the major study variables. Results indicated that community violence exposure was not directly associated with sexual risk behavior. However, community violence exposure had a significantly positive impact on posttraumatic stress, which was associated with low future orientation and sexual risk behavior. Findings suggest that targeted interventions need to consider variables that mediate the association between violence exposure and sexual risk behavior, which can reduce poor sexual health outcomes among urban youth who are exposed to violence in their community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sung Hong
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University.,Department of Social Welfare, Sungkyunkwan University
| | - Jane J Lee
- School of Social Work, University of Washington
| | - Jingu Kim
- Institute of Community Education, Konkuk University
| | | | | | - Dexter R Voisin
- School of Social Service Administration, University of Chicago
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Marshall K, Abate A, Venata A. Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Recidivism in Serious Juvenile Offenders: Testing the Mediating Role of Future Orientation. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2020; 13:33-43. [PMID: 32318226 PMCID: PMC7163860 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-018-0234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests delinquent youth are more likely to suffer from posttraumatic stress symptoms and links those symptoms to subsequent aggressive behavior and criminal activity. Research also indicates the impact of decision-making capacity in this context. Specifically, future orientation has been shown to play an important role in adolescent delinquency; less future orientation has been linked with persistent delinquency. Notably, trauma exposure is associated with slower development of future orientation in delinquent youth. Using a sample of serious juvenile offenders, the current study examined the relation between posttraumatic stress symptoms and aggressive reoffending testing the hypothesis that future orientation would mediate that relation. Results did not indicate significant mediation by future orientation in the link between posttraumatic stress symptoms and aggressive reoffending. However, experiencing posttraumatic stress symptoms and low future orientation separately increased the likelihood of aggressive recidivism. Findings highlight the value of comprehensive prevention and intervention efforts, targeting both posttraumatic stress symptoms and future orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Marshall
- Department of Psychology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341 USA
| | - Anna Abate
- Department of Psychology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341 USA
| | - Amanda Venata
- Department of Psychology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341 USA
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Abstract
Over the past several decades, Gottfredson & Hirschi's (1990) SCT has dominated research on self-control and crime. In this review, I assess the current state of self-control knowledge and encourage the field to move beyond SCT, as its peculiar conceptualization of self-control and causal model presents challenges for integrative scholarship. Drawing heavily on scholarship outside criminology, I clarify the definition of self-control; describe the malleable nature of trait self-control; highlight its situational variability as state self-control; and consider the multiplicity of contextual, situational, and individual factors that affect its operation in relation to crime. This specification of contingencies and the interplay between impulse strength and control efforts in the process of self-control is intended as a springboard for research moving beyond SCT and its key premise that self-control ability is sufficient for explanation. Finally, I address what I see as important areas for further study in light of current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie H Burt
- Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology and Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University
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Warner TD, Warner DF. Precocious and Problematic? The Consequences of Youth Violent Victimization for Adolescent Sexual Behavior. JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND LIFE-COURSE CRIMINOLOGY 2019; 5:554-586. [PMID: 35937854 PMCID: PMC9355368 DOI: 10.1007/s40865-019-00122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Violent victimization is concentrated in adolescence and is disruptive to both the timing and sequencing of key life course transitions that occur during this developmental stage. Drawing on recent work establishing the interpersonal consequences of youth victimization, we examined the effect of violent victimization on adolescents' timing of sexual debut and involvement in additional sexual risk behaviors (multiple sexual partnering and inconsistent contraceptive use). METHODS This study relied on secondary data analysis of 10,070 youth from four waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). To predict sexual debut and subsequent sexual risk-taking, analyses were limited to youth not yet sexually active at their wave I interview. RESULTS Findings from Cox proportional hazards models, negative binomial regression, and repeated measures ordinal logistic regression showed that adolescent victims of violence initiated sex sooner than non-victims and accumulated more sexual partners, but patterns varied by age at victimization. Youth victimized in late adolescence displayed an accelerated trajectory of sexual activity while youth victimized in early adolescence were less likely to debut or engage in other sexual risk behaviors (although younger victims were more likely to engage in other deviant activities). CONCLUSION Sexual activity is a normative part of adolescent development, yet this study finds that violent victimization may disrupt the timing of this life course task, exacerbating deviant risk-taking and undermining youths' subsequent well-being. This study also highlights the importance of life course criminology's attention to timing in lives, given that the consequences of victimization varied by the age when it occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara D. Warner
- Department of Criminal Justice, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 210 University Boulevard Office Building, 1201 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294-4562, USA
| | - David F. Warner
- Department of Sociology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 460 Heritage Hall, 1401 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294-1152, USA
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18
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Goldstick JE, Heinze JE, Stoddard SA, Cunningham RM, Zimmerman MA. Age-Specific Associations Between Violence Exposure and Past 30-Day Marijuana and Alcohol Use. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2019; 29:480-492. [PMID: 29683238 PMCID: PMC6201281 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using data from a cohort study of students at risk for high school dropout, we examined associations between violence exposure and past 30-day alcohol and marijuana use. We used varying-coefficient regression with person-level fixed effects to estimate how those associations changed within-person across ages approximately 14-23. Generally, violence perpetration was most strongly associated with substance use, within-person. Substance use became increasingly associated with both observed violence and violence perpetration during early/middle adolescence; this increase continued longer into development (age 18+) for alcohol use. Across most of the age range studied here, violence victimization was minimally associated with within-person changes in substance use. Results indicate age-specific associations between violence exposure and alcohol and other drug use, which may be useful for informing prevention strategies.
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Hilley CD, Lindstrom Johnson S, Cheng TL. Profiles of Future Orientation among Assault-injured Adolescents: Correlates and Concurrent Outcomes. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 48:1555-1566. [PMID: 31115785 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Future orientation has been established as having positive associations with health and educational outcomes for adolescents exposed to violence. However, conceptualizations of future orientation have been inconsistent. This study uses latent profile analysis to understand the interrelationships between measures of future orientation (e.g., commitment to learning, goal orientation, hope, expectancies, fatalism). Participants were 188 primarily African American male early adolescents ranging from 10 to 15 years old (60.6% male; Mage = 12.87, SDage = 1.52). Adolescents in the high- and low-future orientation profiles differed on academic behaviors and aggressive behavior. A discordant profile emerged with adolescents moderate on all measures of future orientation except expectancies. Relational aspects of parenting were associated with higher likelihood of adolescents being assigned to the high- and low-future orientation profiles. These findings suggest the importance of parental warmth in promoting future orientation for adolescents in risky environments, as improving future orientation might mitigate risk for future negative academic comes or engagement in violent behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanler D Hilley
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 873701, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3701, USA.
| | - Sarah Lindstrom Johnson
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 873701, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3701, USA
| | - Tina L Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St., Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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20
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Siegel JZ, Estrada S, Crockett MJ, Baskin-Sommers A. Exposure to violence affects the development of moral impressions and trust behavior in incarcerated males. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1942. [PMID: 31028269 PMCID: PMC6486592 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09962-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals exposed to community violence are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior, resulting in a dramatic increase in contact with justice and social service systems. Theoretical accounts suggest that disruptions in learning underlie the link between exposure to violence and maladaptive behaviors. However, empirical evidence specifying these processes is sparse. Here, in a sample of incarcerated males, we investigated how exposure to violence affects the ability to learn about the harmfulness of others and use this information to adaptively modulate trust behavior. Exposure to violence does not impact the ability to accurately develop beliefs about agents' harm preferences and predict their choices. However, exposure to violence disrupts the ability to form moral impressions that dissociate between agents with distinguishable harm preferences, and subsequently, the ability to adjust trust behavior towards different agents. These findings reveal a process that may explain the association between exposure to violence and maladaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Z Siegel
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Suzanne Estrada
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Molly J Crockett
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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21
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Kerig PK. Linking childhood trauma exposure to adolescent justice involvement: The concept of posttraumatic risk‐seeking. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Musci RJ, Bettencourt AF, Sisto D, Maher B, Masyn K, Ialongo NS. Violence exposure in an urban city: A GxE interaction with aggressive and impulsive behaviors. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 60:72-81. [PMID: 30159911 PMCID: PMC6392042 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has demonstrated a reciprocal relationship between community violence exposure and disruptive behavior problems among youth. No study to date, however, has explored the potential interaction between violence exposure in early adolescence and genetics. METHODS We explore the gene x environment interaction's impact on teacher-rated aggressive and impulsive behaviors. Violence exposure during the middle school years was assessed using self-report. Genetic data collection occurred in emerging adulthood. A polygenic score was created using findings from a conduct disorder symptomatology genome-wide association study. RESULTS Three longitudinal classes of teacher reported aggressive and impulsive behavior were identified. We found a significant relationship between violence exposure and class membership. There was a significant GxE interaction, such that those with below average levels of the polygenic score and who were exposed to violence were more likely to be in the moderately high aggressive and impulsive class as compared to the no to low class. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the influence of genetic risk together with violence exposure on adolescent problem behavior. Although youth may have little control over the environments in which they live, interventions can and should focus on helping all youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashelle J. Musci
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Amie F. Bettencourt
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Danielle Sisto
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Brion Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Katherine Masyn
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Georgia State University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas S. Ialongo
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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Wojciechowski TW. The development of anxiety symptomatology among juvenile offenders: the roles of maternal substance abuse and unemployment. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2018; 30:131-148. [DOI: 10.2989/17280583.2018.1514610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Wojciechowski
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida, USA
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24
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Kersten L, Vriends N, Steppan M, Raschle NM, Praetzlich M, Oldenhof H, Vermeiren R, Jansen L, Ackermann K, Bernhard A, Martinelli A, Gonzalez-Madruga K, Puzzo I, Wells A, Rogers JC, Clanton R, Baker RH, Grisley L, Baumann S, Gundlach M, Kohls G, Gonzalez-Torres MA, Sesma-Pardo E, Dochnal R, Lazaratou H, Kalogerakis Z, Bigorra Gualba A, Smaragdi A, Siklósi R, Dikeos D, Hervás A, Fernández-Rivas A, De Brito SA, Konrad K, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Fairchild G, Freitag CM, Popma A, Kieser M, Stadler C. Community Violence Exposure and Conduct Problems in Children and Adolescents with Conduct Disorder and Healthy Controls. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:219. [PMID: 29163090 PMCID: PMC5681536 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to community violence through witnessing or being directly victimized has been associated with conduct problems in a range of studies. However, the relationship between community violence exposure (CVE) and conduct problems has never been studied separately in healthy individuals and individuals with conduct disorder (CD). Therefore, it is not clear whether the association between CVE and conduct problems is due to confounding factors, because those with high conduct problems also tend to live in more violent neighborhoods, i.e., an ecological fallacy. Hence, the aim of the present study was: (1) to investigate whether the association between recent CVE and current conduct problems holds true for healthy controls as well as adolescents with a diagnosis of CD; (2) to examine whether the association is stable in both groups when including effects of aggression subtypes (proactive/reactive aggression), age, gender, site and socioeconomic status (SES); and (3) to test whether proactive or reactive aggression mediate the link between CVE and conduct problems. Data from 1178 children and adolescents (62% female; 44% CD) aged between 9 years and 18 years from seven European countries were analyzed. Conduct problems were assessed using the Kiddie-Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia diagnostic interview. Information about CVE and aggression subtypes was obtained using self-report questionnaires (Social and Health Assessment and Reactive-Proactive aggression Questionnaire (RPQ), respectively). The association between witnessing community violence and conduct problems was significant in both groups (adolescents with CD and healthy controls). The association was also stable after examining the mediating effects of aggression subtypes while including moderating effects of age, gender and SES and controlling for effects of site in both groups. There were no clear differences between the groups in the strength of the association between witnessing violence and conduct problems. However, we found evidence for a ceiling effect, i.e., individuals with very high levels of conduct problems could not show a further increase if exposed to CVE and vice versa. Results indicate that there was no evidence for an ecological fallacy being the primary cause of the association, i.e., CVE must be considered a valid risk factor in the etiology of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Kersten
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Noortje Vriends
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Steppan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nora M. Raschle
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Praetzlich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helena Oldenhof
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert Vermeiren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lucres Jansen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katharina Ackermann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anka Bernhard
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anne Martinelli
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Ignazio Puzzo
- Broadmoor High Secure Hospital, West London Mental Health NHS Trust, Crowthorne, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Wells
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jack C. Rogers
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Roberta Clanton
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind H. Baker
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Grisley
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Baumann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Malou Gundlach
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gregor Kohls
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Roberta Dochnal
- Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of the Child Health Center, Szeged University, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Helen Lazaratou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Zacharias Kalogerakis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Areti Smaragdi
- Center of Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Réka Siklósi
- Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of the Child Health Center, Szeged University, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dimitris Dikeos
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Amaia Hervás
- University Hospital Mutua Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Kerstin Konrad
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Graeme Fairchild
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Christine M. Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Arne Popma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Meinhard Kieser
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Stadler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Butler K, Klaus K, Edwards L, Pennington K. Elevated cortisol awakening response associated with early life stress and impaired executive function in healthy adult males. Horm Behav 2017; 95:13-21. [PMID: 28760691 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Experiencing early life stress (ELS) and subsequent dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may play a role in the aetiology of mental health disorders. However, the exact mechanisms linking HPA-axis dysregulation with the development of psychopathology have not been fully delineated. Progress in this area is hampered by the complex and often conflicting associations found between markers of HPA-axis function and risk factors for mental health disorders such as impaired executive function (EF) and ELS. This study investigated the association of the cortisol awakening response (CAR) with ELS and EF in a healthy adult male population (n=109, aged 21-63). As previous inconsistencies in CAR and ELS association studies may be the result of not considering ELS-related factors such as cumulative exposure, type of stressor and developmental timing of ELS, these were also investigated. The main findings were that the CAR was significantly elevated in individuals reporting ELS compared to those reporting no ELS (p=0.007) and that an elevated CAR predicted poorer problem solving/planning (p=0.046). Cumulative exposure, type of stressor and developmental timing of ELS were also found to impact significantly on the CAR. These results suggest that ELS is associated with chronic changes in HPA-axis function and that these changes may be associated with impairments in problem solving/planning. Future work should investigate further the neurobiological mechanisms linking ELS, the CAR and EF and their role in conferring risk for the development of mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Butler
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Kristel Klaus
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Laura Edwards
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
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26
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Davis JP, Dumas TM, Berey BL, Merrin GJ, Cimpian JR, Roberts BW. Effect of Victimization on Impulse Control and Binge Drinking among Serious Juvenile Offenders from Adolescence to Young Adulthood. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46:1515-1532. [PMID: 28439741 PMCID: PMC8009312 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A vast literature has found longitudinal effects of early life stress on substance use and self-regulatory processes. These associations may vary by period-specific development among youth involved in the juvenile justice system. The current study used an accelerated longitudinal design and auto-regressive latent trajectory with structure residuals (ALT-SR) model to examine the within-person cross-lagged associations between binge drinking, impulse control, and victimization from 15 to 25 years of age. A large sample (N = 1100) of justice-involved youth were followed longitudinally for 7 years (M age baseline = 15.8, M age conclusion = 22.8). In general, the sample was ethnically diverse (41% Black, 34% Hispanic, 21% White, 4.3% Other) and primarily male (87.2%). Participants reported on their frequency of binge drinking, impulse control, and frequency of victimization at each time point. The results indicated that, during adolescence, victimization and binge drinking attenuated impulse control, which resulted in more binge drinking and victimization during young adulthood. The current study highlights the importance of assessing developmental processes and period-specific transitions among at risk youth, especially for youth experiencing early life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan P Davis
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - Tara M Dumas
- Huron University College at Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Brent W Roberts
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
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27
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Littlefield AK, Stevens AK, Ellingson JM, King KM, Jackson KM. Changes in negative urgency, positive urgency, and sensation seeking across adolescence. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016; 90:332-337. [PMID: 26949280 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development and potential co-development of traits related to impulsivity and sensation seeking across adolescence has garnered substantial attention within the extant literature. Some prior research suggests that facets show distinct patterns of change across adolescence and that intraindividual changes in these traits may be unrelated. However, the extant literature is somewhat hampered by measurement issues and inconsistent findings. Using an accelerated longitudinal design in a sample of adolescents (n = 1018; ages 11-16), changes in negative urgency, positive urgency, and sensation seeking were examined. The three facets showed similar trajectories across time (i.e., increasing during early adolescence before leveling off). Across all facets, there was strong evidence of correlated change, suggesting these traits are, developmentally, strongly related phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Littlefield
- Texas Tech University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Box 42051, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Angela K Stevens
- Texas Tech University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Box 42051, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Jarrod M Ellingson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO 65203, USA
| | - Kevin M King
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA
| | - Kristina M Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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28
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Delinquent Effects of Childhood Exposure to Violent Victimization: A Latent Longitudinal Class Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1108/s1530-353520150000009012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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