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Beurel E, Nemeroff CB. Early Life Adversity, Microbiome, and Inflammatory Responses. Biomolecules 2024; 14:802. [PMID: 39062516 PMCID: PMC11275239 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Early life adversity has a profound impact on physical and mental health. Because the central nervous and immune systems are not fully mature at birth and continue to mature during the postnatal period, a bidirectional interaction between the central nervous system and the immune system has been hypothesized, with traumatic stressors during childhood being pivotal in priming individuals for later adult psychopathology. Similarly, the microbiome, which regulates both neurodevelopment and immune function, also matures during childhood, rendering this interaction between the brain and the immune system even more complex. In this review, we provide evidence for the role of the immune response and the microbiome in the deleterious effects of early life adversity, both in humans and rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore Beurel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Charles B. Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Mulva Clinic for Neurosciences, University of Texas (UT) Dell Medical School, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Mulva Clinic for Neurosciences, UT Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Otaru N, Kourouma L, Pugin B, Constancias F, Braegger C, Mansuy IM, Lacroix C. Transgenerational effects of early life stress on the fecal microbiota in mice. Commun Biol 2024; 7:670. [PMID: 38822061 PMCID: PMC11143345 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress in early life can affect the progeny and increase the risk to develop psychiatric and cardiometabolic diseases across generations. The cross-generational effects of early life stress have been modeled in mice and demonstrated to be associated with epigenetic factors in the germline. While stress is known to affect gut microbial features, whether its effects can persist across life and be passed to the progeny is not well defined. Here we show that early postnatal stress in mice shifts the fecal microbial composition (binary Jaccard index) throughout life, including abundance of eight amplicon sequencing variants (ASVs). Further effects on fecal microbial composition, structure (weighted Jaccard index), and abundance of 16 ASVs are detected in the progeny across two generations. These effects are not accompanied by changes in bacterial metabolites in any generation. These results suggest that changes in the fecal microbial community induced by early life traumatic stress can be perpetuated from exposed parent to the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nize Otaru
- Nutrition Research Unit, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lola Kourouma
- Department of Health Science and Technology of the ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, Brain Research Institute, Medical Faculty of the University of Zurich, and Institute for Neuroscience, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroscience Zürich, ETH and University Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Pugin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florentin Constancias
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Braegger
- Nutrition Research Unit, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle M Mansuy
- Department of Health Science and Technology of the ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, Brain Research Institute, Medical Faculty of the University of Zurich, and Institute for Neuroscience, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Center for Neuroscience Zürich, ETH and University Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Christophe Lacroix
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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3
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Mulder RH, Kraaij R, Schuurmans IK, Frances-Cuesta C, Sanz Y, Medina-Gomez C, Duijts L, Rivadeneira F, Tiemeier H, Jaddoe VWV, Felix JF, Cecil CAM. Early-life stress and the gut microbiome: A comprehensive population-based investigation. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 118:117-127. [PMID: 38402916 PMCID: PMC7615798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Early-life stress (ELS) has been robustly associated with a range of poor mental and physical health outcomes. Recent studies implicate the gut microbiome in stress-related mental, cardio-metabolic and immune health problems, but research on humans is scarce and thus far often based on small, selected samples, often using retrospective reports of ELS. We examined associations between ELS and the human gut microbiome in a large, population-based study of children. ELS was measured prospectively from birth to 10 years of age in 2,004 children from the Generation R Study. We studied overall ELS, as well as unique effects of five different ELS domains, including life events, contextual risk, parental risk, interpersonal risk, and direct victimization. Stool microbiome was assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing at age 10 years and data were analyzed at multiple levels (i.e. α- and β-diversity indices, individual genera and predicted functional pathways). In addition, we explored potential mediators of ELS-microbiome associations, including diet at age 8 and body mass index at 10 years. While no associations were observed between overall ELS (composite score of five domains) and the microbiome after multiple testing correction, contextual risk - a specific ELS domain related to socio-economic stress, including risk factors such as financial difficulties and low maternal education - was significantly associated with microbiome variability. This ELS domain was associated with lower α-diversity, with β-diversity, and with predicted functional pathways involved, amongst others, in tryptophan biosynthesis. These associations were in part mediated by overall diet quality, a pro-inflammatory diet, fiber intake, and body mass index (BMI). These results suggest that stress related to socio-economic adversity - but not overall early life stress - is associated with a less diverse microbiome in the general population, and that this association may in part be explained by poorer diet and higher BMI. Future research is needed to test causality and to establish whether modifiable factors such as diet could be used to mitigate the negative effects of socio-economic adversity on the microbiome and related health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa H Mulder
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Robert Kraaij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Isabel K Schuurmans
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Carlos Frances-Cuesta
- Microbiome, Nutrition & Health Research Unit. Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbiome, Nutrition & Health Research Unit. Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Liesbeth Duijts
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Charlotte A M Cecil
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Bai Y, Shu C, Hou Y, Wang GH. Adverse childhood experience and depression: the role of gut microbiota. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1309022. [PMID: 38628262 PMCID: PMC11019508 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1309022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder that burdens modern society heavily. Numerous studies have shown that adverse childhood experiences can increase susceptibility to depression, and depression with adverse childhood experiences has specific clinical-biological features. However, the specific neurobiological mechanisms are not yet precise. Recent studies suggest that the gut microbiota can influence brain function and behavior associated with depression through the "microbe-gut-brain axis" and that the composition and function of the gut microbiota are influenced by early stress. These studies offer a possibility that gut microbiota mediates the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and depression. However, few studies directly link adverse childhood experiences, gut microbiota, and depression. This article reviews recent studies on the relationship among adverse childhood experiences, gut microbiota, and depression, intending to provide insights for new research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bai
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Hou
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, Beijing, China
| | - Gao-Hua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Tone EB, Henrich CC. Principles, policies, and practices: Thoughts on their integration over the rise of the developmental psychopathology perspective and into the future. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38415398 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579424000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Developmental psychopathology has, since the late 20th century, offered an influential integrative framework for conceptualizing psychological health, distress, and dysfunction across the lifespan. Leaders in the field have periodically generated predictions about its future and have proposed ways to increase the macroparadigm's impact. In this paper, we examine, using articles sampled from each decade of the journal Development and Psychopathology's existence as a rough guide, the degree to which the themes that earlier predictions have emphasized have come to fruition and the ways in which the field might further capitalize on the strengths of this approach to advance knowledge and practice in psychology. We focus in particular on two key themes first, we explore the degree to which researchers have capitalized on the framework's capacity for principled flexibility to generate novel work that integrates neurobiological and/or social-contextual factors measured at multiple levels and offer ideas for moving this kind of work forward. Second, we discuss how extensively articles have emphasized implications for intervention or prevention and how the field might amplify the voice of developmental psychopathology in applied settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Tone
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Keirns BH, Keirns NG, Tsotsoros CE, Layman HM, Stout ME, Medlin AR, Sciarrillo CM, Teague TK, Emerson SR, Hawkins MAW. Adverse childhood experiences and obesity linked to indicators of gut permeability and inflammation in adult women. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114319. [PMID: 37562704 PMCID: PMC10592146 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Gut permeability may increase cardiovascular disease risk by allowing bacterial components (e.g., lipopolysaccharide or LPS) to enter the bloodstream, leading to low-grade inflammation. People with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) consistently display evidence of chronic inflammation, but the source of this inflammation, and whether gut permeability may contribute, is unknown. Moreover, whether ACE status may further perturb obesity-associated gut permeability and inflammation is unknown. Women (N = 79, aged 18-84y) free of cardiometabolic diseases and inflammatory conditions and not regularly taking anti-inflammatory medications were included in a 2 × 2 factorial design with low or high ACE status (either 0 ACEs or 3+ ACEs) and body mass index (BMI) (either normal-weight [18.5-24.9 kg/m2; NW] or obesity [>30 kg/m2; OB]) as factors (n = 15-27/group). Serum LPS binding protein (LBP), soluble CD14 (sCD14), fatty-acid binding protein-2 (FABP2), LPS core IgM, and the ratio of LBP:sCD14 were used as indicators of gut permeability. Inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 were also measured. Data were analyzed using 2-way ANCOVA (age-adjusted). LBP, LBP:sCD14 and FABP2 were higher in OB versus NW, regardless of ACE status (PBMI < 0.05). Higher ACE status was associated with increased circulating LBP:sCD14 and LPS core IgM (PACE < 0.05). sCD14 was unrelated to BMI or ACEs. CRP was elevated in OB versus NW (PBMI < 0.001) and tended to be higher with 3+ ACEs compared to 0 ACEs (PACE = 0.06). Moreover, TNF-α was greater in 3+ ACEs relative to 0 ACEs (PACE = 0.03). IL-6 was unrelated to BMI or ACE status. No interaction effects were observed for any marker of gut permeability or inflammation. In sum, ACE status and obesity were independently associated with evidence of gut permeability and systemic inflammation but did not interact in relation to indicators of gut permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant H Keirns
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, United States of America.
| | - Natalie G Keirns
- Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Cindy E Tsotsoros
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Rhode Island, 2 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States of America
| | - Harley M Layman
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, 116 Psychology Building, Stillwater, OK, US 74078, United States of America
| | - Madison E Stout
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, 116 Psychology Building, Stillwater, OK, US 74078, United States of America
| | - Austin R Medlin
- Department of Health & Wellness Design, Indiana University School of Public Health, 1025 E. Seventh St., Bloomington, IN 47405, United States of America
| | - Christina M Sciarrillo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 301 Nancy Randolph Davis, Stillwater, OK, US 74078, United States of America
| | - T Kent Teague
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74135, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74135, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107
| | - Sam R Emerson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 301 Nancy Randolph Davis, Stillwater, OK, US 74078, United States of America
| | - Misty A W Hawkins
- Department of Health & Wellness Design, Indiana University School of Public Health, 1025 E. Seventh St., Bloomington, IN 47405, United States of America
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Anmella G, Amoretti S, Safont G, Meseguer A, Vieta E, Pons-Cabrera MT, Alfonso M, Hernández C, Sanchez-Autet M, Pérez-Baldellou F, González-Blanco L, García-Portilla MP, Bernardo M, Arranz B. Intestinal permeability and low-grade chronic inflammation in schizophrenia: A multicentre study on biomarkers. Rationale, objectives, protocol and preliminary results. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND MENTAL HEALTH 2023:S2950-2853(23)00040-6. [PMID: 38591828 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpmh.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered intestinal permeability and low-grade chronic inflammation disrupt the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (microbiota-gut-brain axis), probably playing a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. However, studies assessing the microbiota-gut-brain axis are inconsistent. This article describes the rationale, objectives, protocol, and presents descriptive results for a new project. METHODS The sample of this study came from an observational, cross-sectional and multisite study including four centers in Spain (PI17/00246) recruiting adult patients with DSM-5 schizophrenia-spectrum disorders at any stage of the disease. The aims of the project are to assess the interrelation between intestinal permeability and low-grade chronic inflammation in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and the role of peripheral biomarkers, diet, exercise, metabolic syndrome, disease severity and functioning as well as cognition. Assessments included the following variables: (1) anthropometric, (2) intestinal permeability, diet, and physical exercise, (3) clinical and functional, (4) neuropsychological and cognitive reserve, and (5) peripheral biomarkers from blood. RESULTS A total of 646 patients were enrolled (257, 39.7% female). Mean age was 43.2±13.6 years, illness duration 15.1±11.5 years. 55.8% consumed tobacco. Positive PANSS score was 13.68±6.55, and 20.38±8.69 in the negative symptoms. CGI was 4.16±2.22 and GAF was 60.00±14.84. CONCLUSION The results obtained by this project are expected to contribute toward the understanding of the physiopathology of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. This will likely aid to personalize treatments in real-world clinical practice, potentially including variables related to intestinal permeability and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Anmella
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Spain
| | - Silvia Amoretti
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Spain; Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gemma Safont
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Meseguer
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Spain
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Pons-Cabrera
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Spain
| | - Miqueu Alfonso
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Hernández
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Sanchez-Autet
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Pérez-Baldellou
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leticia González-Blanco
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oviedo, Servicio de Salud Mental del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), INEUROPA, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maria Paz García-Portilla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oviedo, Servicio de Salud Mental del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), INEUROPA, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Miquel Bernardo
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Spain.
| | - Belén Arranz
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
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Querdasi FR, Vogel SC, Thomason ME, Callaghan BL, Brito NH. A comparison of the infant gut microbiome before versus after the start of the covid-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13289. [PMID: 37587195 PMCID: PMC10432475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting public health directives led to many changes in families' social and material environments. Prior research suggests that these changes are likely to impact composition of the gut microbiome, particularly during early childhood when the gut microbiome is developing most rapidly. Importantly, disruption to the gut microbiome during this sensitive period can have potentially long-lasting impacts on health and development. In the current study, we compare gut microbiome composition among a socioeconomically and racially diverse group of 12-month old infants living in New York City who provided stool samples before the pandemic (N = 34) to a group who provided samples during the first 9-months of the pandemic (March-December 2020; N = 20). We found that infants sampled during the pandemic had lower alpha diversity of the microbiome, lower abundance of Pasteurellaceae and Haemophilus, and significantly different beta diversity based on unweighted Unifrac distance than infants sampled before the pandemic. Exploratory analyses suggest that gut microbiome changes due to the pandemic occurred relatively quickly after the start of the pandemic and were sustained. Our results provide evidence that pandemic-related environmental disruptions had an impact on community-level taxonomic diversity of the developing gut microbiome, as well as abundance of specific members of the gut bacterial community.
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Querdasi FR, Enders C, Karnani N, Broekman B, Yap Seng C, Gluckman PD, Mary Daniel L, Yap F, Eriksson JG, Cai S, Chong MFF, Toh JY, Godfrey K, Meaney MJ, Callaghan BL. Multigenerational adversity impacts on human gut microbiome composition and socioemotional functioning in early childhood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2213768120. [PMID: 37463211 PMCID: PMC10372691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213768120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Adversity exposures in the prenatal and postnatal period are associated with an increased risk for psychopathology, which can be perpetuated across generations. Nonhuman animal research highlights the gut microbiome as a putative biological mechanism underlying such generational risks. In a sample of 450 mother-child dyads living in Singapore, we examined associations between three distinct adversity exposures experienced across two generations-maternal childhood maltreatment, maternal prenatal anxiety, and second-generation children's exposure to stressful life events-and the gut microbiome composition of second-generation children at 2 y of age. We found distinct differences in gut microbiome profiles linked to each adversity exposure, as well as some nonaffected microbiome features (e.g., beta diversity). Remarkably, some of the microbial taxa associated with concurrent and prospective child socioemotional functioning shared overlapping putative functions with those affected by adversity, suggesting that the intergenerational transmission of adversity may have a lasting impact on children's mental health via alterations to gut microbiome functions. Our findings open up a new avenue of research into the underlying mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of mental health risks and the potential of the gut microbiome as a target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca R. Querdasi
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Craig Enders
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore138632, Singapore
| | - Birit Broekman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore138632, Singapore
| | - Chong Yap Seng
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore138632, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117597, Singapore
| | - Peter D. Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore138632, Singapore
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland1023, New Zealand
| | - Lourdes Mary Daniel
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore169857, Singapore
- Department of Child Development, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore229899, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Department of Paediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hopsital, Singapore229899, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore636921, Singapore
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore229899, Singapore
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore138632, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117597, Singapore
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00100Helsinki, Finland
- Program of Public Health Research, Folkhälsan Research Center, 00250Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shirong Cai
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore138632, Singapore
| | - Mary Foong-Fong Chong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore117561, Singapore
| | - Jia Ying Toh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore138632, Singapore
| | - Keith Godfrey
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Southampton, SouthamptonSO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Department of Human Development, University of Southampton, SouthamptonSO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore138632, Singapore
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QuebecH3A 0G4, Canada
- Brain–Body Initiative, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore138632, Singapore
| | - Bridget L. Callaghan
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
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10
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McMath AL, Aguilar-Lopez M, Cannavale CN, Khan NA, Donovan SM. A systematic review on the impact of gastrointestinal microbiota composition and function on cognition in healthy infants and children. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1171970. [PMID: 37389363 PMCID: PMC10306408 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1171970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence from animal models or children with neurodevelopmental disorders has implicated the gut microbiome (GM) in neurocognitive development. However, even subclinical impairement of cognition can have negative consequences, as cognition serves as the foundation for skills necessary to succeed in school, vocation and socially. The present study aims to identify gut microbiome characteristics or changes in gut microbiome characteristics that consistently associate with cognitive outcomes in healthy, neurotypical infants and children. Of the 1,520 articles identified in the search, 23 were included in qualitative synthesis after applying exclusion criteria. Most studies were cross-sectional and focused on behavior or motor and language skills. Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridia, Prevotella, and Roseburia were related to these aspects of cognition across several studies. While these results support the role of GM in cognitive development, higher quality studies focused on more complex cognition are needed to understand the extent to which the GM contributes to cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arden L. McMath
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Miriam Aguilar-Lopez
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Corinne N. Cannavale
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Naiman A. Khan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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11
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Muir RQ, Klocke BJ, Jennings MS, Molina PA, Hsu JS, Kellum CE, Alexander KL, Lee G, Foote JB, Lorenz RG, Pollock JS, Maynard CL. Early Life Stress in Mice Leads to Impaired Colonic Corticosterone Production and Prolonged Inflammation Following Induction of Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2023; 29:960-972. [PMID: 36661889 PMCID: PMC10233396 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izac280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life stress (ELS) is an environmental trigger believed to promote increased risk of IBD. Our goal was to identify mechanisms whereby ELS in mice affects susceptibility to and/or severity of gut inflammation. METHODS We utilized 2 published animal models of ELS. In the first model, newborn mice were separated from the dam daily for 4 to 8 hours starting on postnatal day 2 and then weaned early on postnatal day 17. Control mice were left undisturbed with the dams until weaning on postnatal day 21. In the second model, dams were fed dexamethasone or vehicle ad libitum in drinking water on postpartum days 1 to 14. Plasma and colonic corticosterone were measured in juvenile and adult mice. Colitis was induced in 4-week-old mice via intraperitoneal injection of interleukin (IL)-10 receptor blocking antibody every 5 days for 15 days. Five or 15 days later, colitis scores and transcripts for Tnf, glucocorticoid receptors, and steroidogenic enzymes were measured. RESULTS Mice exposed to ELS displayed reduced plasma and colonic corticosterone. Control animals showed improvements in indices of inflammation following cessation of interleukin-10 receptor blockade, whereas ELS-exposed animals maintained high levels of Tnf and histological signs of colitis. In colitic animals, prior exposure to ELS was associated with significantly lower expression of genes associated with corticosterone synthesis and responsiveness. Finally, TNF stimulation of colonic crypt cells from ELS mice led to increased inhibition of corticosterone synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies impaired local glucocorticoid production and responsiveness as a potential mechanism whereby ELS predisposes to chronic colitis in susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Q Muir
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
| | - Barbara J Klocke
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
| | - Melissa S Jennings
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
| | - Patrick A Molina
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
| | - Jung-Shan Hsu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
| | - Cailin E Kellum
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
| | - Katie L Alexander
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
| | - Goo Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
| | - Jeremy B Foote
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robin G Lorenz
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech, San Francisco, CAUSA
| | - Jennifer S Pollock
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
| | - Craig L Maynard
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, ALUSA
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12
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Agusti A, Lamers F, Tamayo M, Benito-Amat C, Molina-Mendoza GV, Penninx BWJH, Sanz Y. The Gut Microbiome in Early Life Stress: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112566. [PMID: 37299527 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to early life stress (ELS), prenatal or postnatal during childhood and adolescence, can significantly impact mental and physical health. The role of the intestinal microbiome in human health, and particularly mental health, is becoming increasingly evident. This systematic review aims to summarize the clinical data evaluating the effect of ELS on the human intestinal microbiome. The systematic review (CRD42022351092) was performed following PRISMA guidelines, with ELS considered as exposure to psychological stressors prenatally and during early life (childhood and adolescence). Thirteen articles met all inclusion criteria, and all studies reviewed found a link between ELS and the gut microbiome in both prenatal and postnatal periods. However, we failed to find consensus microbiome signatures associated with pre- or postnatal stress, or both. The inconsistency of results is likely attributed to various factors such as different experimental designs, ages examined, questionnaires, timing of sample collection and analysis methods, small population sizes, and the type of stressors. Additional studies using similar stressors and validated stress measures, as well as higher-resolution microbiome analytical approaches, are needed to draw definitive conclusions about the links between stress and the human gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Agusti
- Microbiome, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Excellence Center Severo Ochoa-Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Femke Lamers
- Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Tamayo
- Microbiome, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Excellence Center Severo Ochoa-Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Benito-Amat
- Institute for the Management and Innovation of Knowledge (INGENIO-CSIC-UPV), Polytechnic University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Gara V Molina-Mendoza
- Microbiome, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Excellence Center Severo Ochoa-Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbiome, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Excellence Center Severo Ochoa-Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
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13
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Chbeir S, Carrión V. Resilience by design: How nature, nurture, environment, and microbiome mitigate stress and allostatic load. World J Psychiatry 2023; 13:144-159. [PMID: 37303926 PMCID: PMC10251360 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i5.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Resilience to psychological stress is defined as adaption to challenging life experiences and not the absence of adverse life events. Determinants of resilience include personality traits, genetic/epigenetic modifications of genes involved in the stress response, cognitive and behavioral flexibility, secure attachment with a caregiver, social and community support systems, nutrition and exercise, and alignment of circadian rhythm to the natural light/dark cycle. Therefore, resilience is a dynamic and flexible process that continually evolves by the intersection of different domains in human’s life; biological, social, and psychological. The objective of this minireview is to summarize the existing knowledge about the multitude factors and molecular alterations that result from resilience to stress response. Given the multiple contributing factors in building resilience, we set out a goal to identify which factors were most supportive of a causal role by the current literature. We focused on resilience-related molecular alterations resulting from mind-body homeostasis in connection with psychosocial and environmental factors. We conclude that there is no one causal factor that differentiates a resilient person from a vulnerable one. Instead, building resilience requires an intricate network of positive experiences and a healthy lifestyle that contribute to a balanced mind-body connection. Therefore, a holistic approach must be adopted in future research on stress response to address the multiple elements that promote resilience and prevent illnesses and psychopathology related to stress allostatic load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhad Chbeir
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Victor Carrión
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
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14
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Microbiota-immune-brain interactions: A lifespan perspective. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 78:102652. [PMID: 36463579 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
There is growing appreciation of key roles of the gut microbiota in maintaining homeostasis and influencing brain and behaviour at critical windows across the lifespan. Mounting evidence suggests that communication between the gut and the brain could be the key to understanding multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, with the immune system coming to the forefront as an important mechanistic mediator. Throughout the lifespan, the immune system exchanges continuous reciprocal signals with the central nervous system. Intestinal microbial cues alter immune mediators with consequences for host neurophysiology and behaviour. Several factors challenge the gut microbiota composition, which in response release molecules with neuro- and immuno-active potential that are crucial for adequate neuro-immune interactions. In this review, multiple factors contributing to the upkeep of the fine balance between health and disease of these systems are discussed, and we elucidate the potential mechanistic implications for the gut microbiota inputs on host brain and behaviour across the lifespan.
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15
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Laricchiuta D, Panuccio A, Picerni E, Biondo D, Genovesi B, Petrosini L. The body keeps the score: The neurobiological profile of traumatized adolescents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 145:105033. [PMID: 36610696 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Trauma-related disorders are debilitating psychiatric conditions that affect people who have directly or indirectly witnessed adversities. Experiencing multiple types of traumas appears to be common during childhood, and even more so during adolescence. Dramatic brain/body transformations occurring during adolescence may provide a highly responsive substrate to external stimuli and lead to trauma-related vulnerability conditions, such as internalizing (anxiety, depression, anhedonia, withdrawal) and externalizing (aggression, delinquency, conduct disorders) problems. Analyzing relations among neuronal, endocrine, immune, and biochemical signatures of trauma and internalizing and externalizing behaviors, including the role of personality traits in shaping these conducts, this review highlights that the marked effects of traumatic experience on the brain/body involve changes at nearly every level of analysis, from brain structure, function and connectivity to endocrine and immune systems, from gene expression (including in the gut) to the development of personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Laricchiuta
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences & Education, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Anna Panuccio
- Laboratory of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Picerni
- Laboratory of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Petrosini
- Laboratory of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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16
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Common infectious morbidity and white blood cell count in middle childhood predict behavior problems in adolescence. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:301-313. [PMID: 34420539 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We examined the associations of middle childhood infectious morbidity and inflammatory biomarkers with adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. We recruited 1018 Colombian schoolchildren aged 5-12 years into a cohort. We quantified white blood cell (WBC) counts and C-reactive protein at enrollment and prospectively recorded incidence of gastrointestinal, respiratory, and fever-associated morbidity during the first follow-up year. After a median 6 years, we assessed adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior problems using child behavior checklist (CBCL) and youth self-report (YSR) questionnaires. Behavior problem scores were compared over biomarker and morbidity categories using mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from multivariable linear regression. Compared with children without symptoms, CBCL internalizing problem scores were an adjusted 2.5 (95% CI: 0.1, 4.9; p = .04) and 3.1 (95% CI: 1.1, 5.2; p = .003) units higher among children with moderate diarrhea with vomiting and high cough with fever rates, respectively. High cough with fever and high fever rates were associated with increased CBCL somatic complaints and anxious/depressed scores, respectively. WBC >10,000/mm3 was associated with both internalizing problem and YSR withdrawn/depressed scores. There were no associations with externalizing behavior problems. Whether or not decreasing the burden of common infections results in improved neurobehavioral outcomes warrants further investigation.
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17
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Shin SH, Kim YK. Early Life Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Psychiatric Illness of Adulthood. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:105-134. [PMID: 36949308 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Stress exposure during early stages of life elevates the risk of developing psychopathologies and psychiatric illness in later life. The brain and immune system are not completely developed by birth and therefore continue develop after birth; this post birth development is influenced by several psychosocial factors; hence, early life stress (ELS) exposure can alter brain structural development and function. A growing number of experimental animal and observational human studies have investigated the link between ELS exposure and increased risk of psychopathology through alternations in the immune system, by evaluating inflammation biomarkers. Recent studies, including brain imaging, have also shed light on the mechanisms by which both the innate and adaptive immune systems interact with neural circuits and neurotransmitters, which affect psychopathology. Herein, we discuss the link between the experience of stress in early life and lifelong alterations in the immune system, which subsequently lead to the development of various psychiatric illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ho Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Tcherni-Buzzeo M. Dietary interventions, the gut microbiome, and aggressive behavior: Review of research evidence and potential next steps. Aggress Behav 2023; 49:15-32. [PMID: 35997420 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Research in biosocial criminology and other related disciplines has established links between nutrition and aggressive behavior. In addition to observational studies, randomized trials of nutritional supplements like vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and folic acid provide evidence of the dietary impact on aggression. However, the exact mechanism of the diet-aggression link is not well understood. The current article proposes that the gut microbiome plays an important role in the process, with the microbiota-gut-brain axis serving as such a mediating mechanism between diet and behavior. Based on animal and human studies, this review synthesizes a wide array of research across several academic fields: from the effects of dietary interventions on aggression, to the results of microbiota transplantation on socioemotional and behavioral outcomes, to the connections between early adversity, stress, microbiome, and aggression. Possibilities for integrating the microbiotic perspective with the more traditional, sociologically oriented theories in criminology are discussed, using social disorganization and self-control theories as examples. To extend the existing lines of research further, the article considers harnessing the experimental potential of noninvasive and low-cost dietary interventions to help establish the causal impact of the gut microbiome on aggressive behavior, while adhering to the high ethical standards and modern research requirements. Implications of this research for criminal justice policy and practice are essential: not only can it help determine whether the improved gut microbiome functioning moderates aggressive and violent behavior but also provide ways to prevent and reduce such behavior, alone or in combination with other crime prevention programs.
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19
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Wang J, Duan G, Zhan T, Dong Z, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Sun H, Xu S. Upregulation of Netrin-1 in the hippocampus mediates the formation of visceral hypersensitivity induced by maternal separation. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:908911. [PMID: 35966013 PMCID: PMC9366914 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.908911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early adverse life events (EALs), such as maternal separation (MS), can cause visceral hypersensitivity, which is thought to be a key pathophysiological mechanism of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Previous studies mainly focused on EALs-induced visceral hypersensitivity in adulthood but did not consider that it may have occurred in the preadult period. We previously found that rats who experienced MS suffered from visceral hypersensitivity starting from the post-weaning period. Moreover, the hippocampus is considered to be critical in regulating the formation of visceral hypersensitivity induced by MS. But the underlying mechanisms throughout different life periods are unclear. In this study, behavioral tests, RNA-seq, lentiviral interference, and molecular biology techniques were applied to investigate the molecular mechanism in the hippocampus underlying MS-induced long-lasting visceral hypersensitivity. It was found that both visceral sensitivity and anxiety-like behaviors were significantly increased in MS rats in post-weaning, prepubertal, and adult periods, especially in the prepubertal period. Subsequently, RNA-seq targeting the hippocampus identified that the expression level of Netrin-1 was significantly increased in all periods, which was further confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. Knocking-down hippocampal Netrin-1 in the post-weaning period by lentivirus interference alleviated visceral hypersensitivity and anxiety-like behaviors of MS rats in the later phase of life. In addition, deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC), instead of neogenin-1(Neo-1) or uncoordinated (UNC5), was proved to be the specific functional receptor of Netrin-1 in regulating visceral hypersensitivity, whose upregulation may result in the most severe symptoms in the prepubertal period. Furthermore, the activation of the Netrin-1/DCC pathway could enhance long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus, probably via recruitment of the AMPA receptor subunit GluA1, which finally resulted in the formation of visceral hypersensitivity. These novel findings suggest that long-lasting over-expression of Netrin-1 can mediate visceral hypersensitivity and anxiety disorder from the post-weaning period to adulthood by activating DCC/GluA1 pathway in the hippocampus. Moreover, early intervention of Netrin-1 in the post-weaning period could lead to significant symptom relief afterward, which provides evidence that the Netrin-1/DCC/GluA1 signaling pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of visceral hypersensitivity in clinics.
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20
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Sumich A, Heym N, Lenzoni S, Hunter K. Gut microbiome-brain axis and inflammation in temperament, personality and psychopathology. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Ishida I, Ogura J, Aizawa E, Ota M, Hidese S, Yomogida Y, Matsuo J, Yoshida S, Kunugi H. Gut permeability and its clinical relevance in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2022; 42:70-76. [PMID: 35080340 PMCID: PMC8919127 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim We aimed to examine the gut permeability in patients with schizophrenia and its relevance to schizophrenia symptoms, medication, cognitive functions, and blood immune markers. Methods We selected 22 patients with schizophrenia (mean age: 37.9 ± 10.5 years) comprising 9 men and 13 women. Furthermore, we included 86 healthy controls (mean age: 43.5 ± 11.0 years) comprising 41 men and 45 women. All participants were biologically unrelated and of Japanese descent. We used the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) to measure the severity of schizophrenia symptoms and cognitive functions, respectively. The lactulose‐mannitol loading test was used to measure the permeability of the small intestine. Furthermore, we used the lactulose to mannitol ratio (LMR) as an index of gut permeability. We measured the C‐reactive protein and natural killer (NK) cell activity in the blood as highly sensitive immune markers. Results The patients had a significantly higher rate of “leaky gut” (defined as LMR ≥ 0.1) compared to the control group (22.7% vs. 5.8%, odds ratio: 4.8 [95% confidence interval, 1.2‐18.3], Fisher's exact test, P = 0.03). There was no significant correlation between the LMR and PANSS scores or in the daily antipsychotic dose. In addition, the LMR was negatively correlated with the total Z‐score of the BACS and NK cell activity in the patients. Conclusions Our results suggest a higher rate of abnormally increased gut permeability in patients with schizophrenia than in controls. Moreover, gut permeability may be related to the cognitive and cellular immunity function of patients with schizophrenia. Frequency of “leaky gut” was increased in patients with schizophrenia. Gut permeability showed a negative correlation with cognitive function in patients. Gut permeability correlated negatively with natural killer cell activity in patients.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Ishida
- Graduate School Doctoral Course, Division of Medicine and Engineering Sciences, Human Environmental and Medical Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan.,Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - Jun Ogura
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan.,Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Emiko Aizawa
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Sendai Shirayuri Women's College, Sendi, Japan
| | - Miho Ota
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Hidese
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - Yukihito Yomogida
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Junko Matsuo
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Sumiko Yoshida
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Japan
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22
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Racionero-Plaza S, Puigvert L, Soler-Gallart M, Flecha R. Contributions of Socioneuroscience to Research on Coerced and Free Sexual-Affective Desire. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:814796. [PMID: 35058759 PMCID: PMC8764183 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.814796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience has well evidenced that the environment and, more specifically, social experience, shapes and transforms the architecture and functioning of the brain and even its genes. However, in order to understand how that happens, which types of social interactions lead to different results in brain and behavior, neurosciences require the social sciences. The social sciences have already made important contributions to neuroscience, among which the behaviorist explanations of human learning are prominent and acknowledged by the most well-known neuroscientists today. Yet neurosciences require more inputs from the social sciences to make meaning of new findings about the brain that deal with some of the most profound human questions. However, when we look at the scientific and theoretical production throughout the history of social sciences, a great fragmentation can be observed, having little interdisciplinarity and little connection between what authors in the different disciplines are contributing. This can be well seen in the field of communicative interaction. Nonetheless, this fragmentation has been overcome via the theory of communicative acts, which integrates knowledge from language and interaction theories but goes one step further in incorporating other aspects of human communication and the role of context. The theory of communicative acts is very informative to neuroscience, and a central contribution in socioneuroscience that makes possible deepening of our understanding of most pressing social problems, such as free and coerced sexual-affective desire, and achieving social and political impact toward their solution. This manuscript shows that socioneuroscience is an interdisciplinary frontier in which the dialogue between all social sciences and all natural sciences opens up an opportunity to integrate different levels of analysis in several sciences to ultimately achieve social impact regarding the most urgent human problems.
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Gunnar MR, Bowen M. What was learned from studying the effects of early institutional deprivation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 210:173272. [PMID: 34509501 PMCID: PMC8501402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of experiences in infancy on human development is a central question in developmental science. Children raised in orphanage-like institutions for their first year or so of life and then adopted into well-resourced and supportive families provide a lens on the long-term effects of early deprivation and the capacity of children to recover from this type of early adversity. While it is challenging to identify cause-and-effect relations in the study of previously institutionalized individuals, finding results that are consistent with animal experimental studies and the one randomized study of removal from institutional care support the conclusion that many of the outcomes for these children were induced by early institutional deprivation. This review examines the behavioral and neural evidence for altered executive function, declarative memory, affective disorders, reward processing, reactivity to threat, risk-taking and sensation-seeking. We then provide a brief overview of the neurobiological mechanisms that may transduce early institutional experiences into effects on brain and behavior. In addition, we discuss implications for policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Gunnar
- University of Minnesota Institute of Child Development, 51 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Maya Bowen
- University of Minnesota Institute of Child Development, 51 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Reid BM, Horne R, Donzella B, Szamosi JC, Coe CL, Foster JA, Gunnar MR. Microbiota-immune alterations in adolescents following early life adversity: A proof of concept study. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:851-863. [PMID: 33249563 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Early adverse care has long-term impacts on physical and mental health. The influence of rearing conditions on the infant's gut microbiota and its relationship with developmental health has become more evident. The microbiome is essential for normal growth and metabolism, and the signaling from the gut to the brain may underlie individual differences in resilience later in life. Microbial diversity and composition were determined using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing in fecal samples from 17 adolescents adopted internationally from orphanages into the United States and 18 adolescents reared in birth families who had similar educational and income levels. Analyses focused on diversity of the microbial community structure and differences in the abundance of specific bacterial taxa. Blood samples were used to immunophenotype the numbers of several T-cell subsets and cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity. Negative binomial regression analysis revealed several operational taxonomic units that were significantly different based on early rearing conditions and CMV seropositivity. There were significant associations between the relative abundance of certain taxa, the percentages of T-cell subsets in circulation, and CMV seropositivity. These findings demonstrate a possible link between the gut microbiota and associations with immune alterations initiated by early life adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brie M Reid
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rachael Horne
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, USA
| | - Bonny Donzella
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jake C Szamosi
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, USA
| | | | - Jane A Foster
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, USA
| | - Megan R Gunnar
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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25
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Coley EJ, Mayer EA, Osadchiy V, Chen Z, Subramanyam V, Zhang Y, Hsiao EY, Gao K, Bhatt R, Dong T, Vora P, Naliboff B, Jacobs JP, Gupta A. Early life adversity predicts brain-gut alterations associated with increased stress and mood. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100348. [PMID: 34113697 PMCID: PMC8170500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the brain-gut system have been implicated in various disease states, but little is known about how early-life adversity (ELA) impacts development and adult health as mediated by brain-gut interactions. We hypothesize that ELA disrupts components of the brain-gut system, thereby increasing susceptibility to disordered mood. In a sample of 128 healthy adult participants, a history of ELA and current stress, depression, and anxiety were assessed using validated questionnaires. Fecal metabolites were measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomic profiling. Functional brain connectivity was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. Sparse partial least squares-discriminant analysis, controlling for sex, body mass index, age, and diet was used to predict brain-gut alterations as a function of ELA. ELA was correlated with four gut-regulated metabolites within the glutamate pathway (5-oxoproline, malate, urate, and glutamate gamma methyl ester) and alterations in functional brain connectivity within primarily sensorimotor, salience, and central executive networks. Integrated analyses revealed significant associations between these metabolites, functional brain connectivity, and scores for perceived stress, anxiety, and depression. This study reveals a novel association between a history of ELA, alterations in the brain-gut axis, and increased vulnerability to negative mood and stress. Results from the study raise the hypothesis that select gut-regulated metabolites may contribute to the adverse effects of critical period stress on neural development via pathways related to glutamatergic excitotoxicity and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena J.L. Coley
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emeran A. Mayer
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA,UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vadim Osadchiy
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zixi Chen
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Vishvak Subramanyam
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yurui Zhang
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Elaine Y. Hsiao
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kan Gao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Ravi Bhatt
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tien Dong
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA,UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Priten Vora
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Bruce Naliboff
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Jacobs
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA,UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arpana Gupta
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA,UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Corresponding author. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA CHS, 42-210 MC737818 10833 Le Conte Avenue, USA.
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26
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Lucerne KE, Osman A, Meckel KR, Kiraly DD. Contributions of neuroimmune and gut-brain signaling to vulnerability of developing substance use disorders. Neuropharmacology 2021; 192:108598. [PMID: 33965398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiology and clinical research indicate that only a subset of people who are exposed to drugs of abuse will go on to develop a substance use disorder. Numerous factors impact individual susceptibility to developing a substance use disorder, including intrinsic biological factors, environmental factors, and interpersonal/social factors. Given the extensive morbidity and mortality that is wrought as a consequence of substance use disorders, a substantial body of research has focused on understanding the risk factors that mediate the shift from initial drug use to pathological drug use. Understanding these risk factors provides a clear path for the development of risk mitigation strategies to help reduce the burden of substance use disorders in the population. Here we will review the rapidly growing body of literature that examines the importance of interactions between the peripheral immune system, the gut microbiome, and the central nervous system (CNS) in mediating the transition to pathological drug use. While these systems had long been viewed as distinct, there is growing evidence that there is bidirectional communication between both the immune system and the gut microbiome that drive changes in neural and behavioral plasticity relevant to substance use disorders. Further, both of these systems are highly sensitive to environmental perturbations and are implicated in numerous neuropsychiatric conditions. While the field of study examining these interactions in substance use disorders is in its relative infancy, clarifying the relationship between gut-immune-brain signaling and substance use disorders has potential to improve our understanding of individual propensity to developing addiction and yield important insight into potential treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Lucerne
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aya Osman
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katherine R Meckel
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Drew D Kiraly
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Bloom PA, Douglas I, VanTieghem M, Tottenham N, Callaghan B. Using gastrointestinal distress reports to predict youth anxiety risk: Implications for mental health literacy and community care. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22126. [PMID: 33948944 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the generalizability and predictive validity of associations between gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and youth anxiety to establish their utility in community mental health decision-making. We analyzed data from youth ages 3 to 21 years in volunteer cohorts collected in Los Angeles (N = 327) and New York City (N = 102), as well as the Healthy Brain Network cohort (N = 1957). Youth GI distress was measured through items taken from the parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). We examined generalizability of GI-anxiety associations across cohorts and anxiety reporters, then evaluated the performance of these models in predicting youth anxiety in holdout data. Consistent with previous work, higher levels of gastrointestinal distress were associated with more parent-reported youth anxiety behaviors in all three cohorts. Models trained on data from the Healthy Brain Network cohort predicted parent-reported and child-reported anxiety behaviors, as well as clinician-evaluated anxiety diagnoses, at above chance levels in holdout data. Models which included GI symptoms often, but not always, outperformed models based on age and sex alone in predicting youth anxiety. Based on the generalizability and predictive validity of GI-anxiety associations investigated here, GI symptoms may be an effective tool for child-facing professionals for identifying children at risk for anxiety (Preprint: https://psyarxiv.com/zgavu/).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Douglas
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | | | - Nim Tottenham
- Psychology Department, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bridget Callaghan
- Psychology Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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28
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Challenges in researching the immune pathways between early life adversity and psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 32:1597-1624. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420001157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractExposure to childhood adversity is a critical risk factor for the development of psychopathology. A growing field of research examines how exposure to childhood adversity is translated into biological risk for psychopathology through alterations in immune system functioning, most notably heightened levels of inflammation biomarkers. Though our knowledge about how childhood adversity can instantiate biological risk for psychopathology is growing, there remain many challenges and gaps in the field to understand how inflammation from childhood adversity contributes to psychopathology. This paper reviews research on the inflammatory outcomes arising from childhood adversity and presents four major challenges that future research must address: (a) the measurement of childhood adversity, (b) the measurement of inflammation, (c) the identification of mediators between childhood adversity and inflammation, and (d) the identification of moderators of inflammatory outcomes following childhood adversity. We discuss synergies and inconsistencies in the literature to summarize the current understanding of the association between childhood adversity, a proinflammatory phenotype, and the biological risk for psychopathology. We discuss the clinical implications of the inflammatory links between childhood adversity and psychopathology, including possibilities for intervention. Finally, this review conclude by delineates future directions for research, including issues of how best to detect, prevent, and understand these “hidden wounds” of childhood adversity.
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29
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Gut microbiota composition is associated with newborn functional brain connectivity and behavioral temperament. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:472-486. [PMID: 33157257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome appears to play an important role in human health and disease. However, only little is known about how variability in the gut microbiome contributes to individual differences during early and sensitive stages of brain and behavioral development. The current study examined the link between gut microbiome, brain, and behavior in newborn infants (N = 63; M [age] = 25 days). Infant gut microbiome diversity was measured from stool samples using metagenomic sequencing, infant functional brain network connectivity was assessed using a resting state functional near infrared spectroscopy (rs-fNIRS) procedure, and infant behavioral temperament was assessed using parental report. Our results show that gut microbiota composition is linked to individual variability in brain network connectivity, which in turn mediated individual differences in behavioral temperament, specifically negative emotionality, among infants. Furthermore, virulence factors, possibly indexing pathogenic activity, were associated with differences in brain network connectivity linked to negative emotionality. These findings provide novel insights into the early developmental origins of the gut microbiome-brain axis and its association with variability in important behavioral traits. This suggests that the gut microbiome is an important biological factor to consider when studying human development and health.
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30
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Callaghan B. Nested sensitive periods: how plasticity across the microbiota-gut-brain axis interacts to affect the development of learning and memory. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2020; 36:55-62. [PMID: 32905497 PMCID: PMC7469930 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation for the range of sensitive periods which occur across the brain. These sensitive periods give rise to sensory outcomes, as well as complex higher-order cognitive functions like learning and memory. More recently, an understanding that sensitive periods of development occur outside of the central nervous system (e.g., in the gastrointestinal microbiota) has emerged. Less well understood is how these peripheral sensitive periods may interact with those operating centrally to influence complex behavior. The goal of this paper is to put forward the view that sensitive periods of development occur across the entirety of the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis, and that these nested sensitive periods may interact to influence learning and memory outcomes. Adopting this framework should promote a 'new wave' of thinking in the field which appreciates the complex central and peripheral forces acting on behavior, and uses that understanding to innovate therapies and interventions for disordered learning and memory systems.
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31
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Increased intestinal permeability and gut dysbiosis in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18270. [PMID: 33106549 PMCID: PMC7589489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive, multifaceted neurodegenerative disease associated with weight loss and gut problems. Under healthy conditions, tight junction (TJ) proteins maintain the intestinal barrier integrity preventing bacterial translocation from the intestinal lumen to the systemic circulation. Reduction of TJs expression in Parkinson's disease patients has been linked with increased intestinal permeability-leaky gut syndrome. The intestine contains microbiota, most dominant phyla being Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes; in pathogenic or disease conditions the balance between these bacteria might be disrupted. The present study investigated whether there is evidence for an increased intestinal permeability and dysbiosis in the R6/2 mouse model of HD. Our data demonstrate that decreased body weight and body length in R6/2 mice is accompanied by a significant decrease in colon length and increased gut permeability compared to wild type littermates, without any significant changes in the protein levels of the tight junction proteins (occludin, zonula occludens). Moreover, we found an altered gut microbiota in R6/2 mice with increased relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreased of Firmicutes. Our results indicate an increased intestinal permeability and dysbiosis in R6/2 mice and further studies investigating the clinical relevance of these findings are warranted.
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32
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Vogel SC, Brito NH, Callaghan BL. Early Life Stress and the Development of the Infant Gut Microbiota: Implications for Mental Health and Neurocognitive Development. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2020; 22:61. [PMID: 32918633 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-020-01186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review the state of the literature examining associations between early life stress (ELS), gut microbiota, and neurocognitive development and mental health in animals and humans. We identify gaps in current models and areas for future research. RECENT FINDINGS ELS is associated with changes in gut microbiota, which correspond to changes in affective and cognitive functioning in both animals and humans. Some of these ELS-induced psychological changes can be remedied by supplementation with probiotics in early life, suggesting a potential area for intervention for ELS-exposed children. Prenatal stress exposure is rarely studied in humans in relation to gut microbiota, but animal work has suggested important associations between prenatal stress and fetal programming that should be tested in humans. The gut microbiota plays an important role in the association between ELS, neurocognitive development, and mental health. More work is needed to fully understand these associations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Vogel
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, 246 Greene Street, Kimball Hall, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Natalie H Brito
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, 246 Greene Street, Kimball Hall, New York, NY, 10003, USA
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Seeman MV. The gut microbiome and antipsychotic treatment response. Behav Brain Res 2020; 396:112886. [PMID: 32890599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients with psychosis usually respond to one antipsychotic drug and not to another; one third fail to respond to any. Some patients, who initially do well, stop responding. Some develop serious side effects even at low doses. While several of the reasons for this variability are known, many are not. The aim of this review is to explore the potential role of intestinal organisms in response/non-response to antipsychotics. Much of the literature in this field is relatively new and still, for the most part, theoretical. A growing number of animal experiments and clinical trials are starting to point, however, to substantial effects of antipsychotics on the composition of gut bacteria and, reciprocally, to the effects of microbiota on the pharmacokinetics of antipsychotic medication. Because so many factors influence the constituents of the human intestine, it is difficult, at present, to sort out how much one or more either enhance or dampen the benefits of antipsychotics or the character/severity of the adverse effects they induce. Dietary and other therapies are being devised to reverse dysbiosis. If successful, such therapies plus the modification of factors that, together, are known to determine the composition of microbiota could help to maximize the effectiveness of currently available antipsychotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Seeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University pf Toronto, Suite #605 260 Heath St. West, Toronto, Ontario, M5P 3L6, Canada.
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34
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Hoffman KW, Lee JJ, Corcoran CM, Kimhy D, Kranz TM, Malaspina D. Considering the Microbiome in Stress-Related and Neurodevelopmental Trajectories to Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:629. [PMID: 32719625 PMCID: PMC7350783 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life adversity and prenatal stress are consistently associated with an increased risk for schizophrenia, although the exact pathogenic mechanisms linking the exposures with the disease remain elusive. Our previous view of the HPA stress axis as an elegant but simple negative feedback loop, orchestrating adaptation to stressors among the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands, needs to be updated. Research in the last two decades shows that important bidirectional signaling between the HPA axis and intestinal mucosa modulates brain function and neurochemistry, including effects on glucocorticoid hormones and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The intestinal microbiome in earliest life, which is seeded by the vaginal microbiome during delivery, programs the development of the HPA axis in a critical developmental window, determining stress sensitivity and HPA function as well as immune system development. The crosstalk between the HPA and the Microbiome Gut Brain Axis (MGBA) is particularly high in the hippocampus, the most consistently disrupted neural region in persons with schizophrenia. Animal models suggest that the MGBA remains influential on behavior and physiology across developmental stages, including the perinatal window, early childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. Understanding the role of the microbiome on critical risk related stressors may enhance or transform of understanding of the origins of schizophrenia and offer new approaches to increase resilience against stress effects for preventing and treating schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jakleen J. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cheryl M. Corcoran
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers (MIRECC), New York, NY, United States
| | - David Kimhy
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers (MIRECC), New York, NY, United States
| | - Thorsten M. Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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35
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Coffey MJ, McKay IR, Doumit M, Chuang S, Adams S, Stelzer-Braid S, Waters SA, Kasparian NA, Thomas T, Jaffe A, Katz T, Ooi CY. Evaluating the Alimentary and Respiratory Tracts in Health and disease (EARTH) research programme: a protocol for prospective, longitudinal, controlled, observational studies in children with chronic disease at an Australian tertiary paediatric hospital. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e033916. [PMID: 32295774 PMCID: PMC7200033 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic gastrointestinal and respiratory conditions of childhood can have long-lasting physical, psychosocial and economic effects on children and their families. Alterations in diet and intestinal and respiratory microbiomes may have important implications for physical and psychosocial health. Diet influences the intestinal microbiome and should be considered when exploring disease-specific alterations. The concepts of gut-brain and gut-lung axes provide novel perspectives for examining chronic childhood disease(s). We established the 'Evaluating the Alimentary and Respiratory Tracts in Health and disease' (EARTH) research programme to provide a structured, holistic evaluation of children with chronic gastrointestinal and/or respiratory conditions. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The EARTH programme provides a framework for a series of prospective, longitudinal, controlled, observational studies (comprised of individual substudies), conducted at an Australian tertiary paediatric hospital (the methodology is applicable to other settings). Children with a chronic gastrointestinal and/or respiratory condition will be compared with age and gender matched healthy controls (HC) across a 12-month period. The following will be collected at baseline, 6 and 12 months: (i) stool, (ii) oropharyngeal swab/sputum, (iii) semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, (iv) details of disease symptomatology, (v) health-related quality of life and (vi) psychosocial factors. Data on the intestinal and respiratory microbiomes and diet will be compared between children with a condition and HC. Correlations between dietary intake (energy, macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients), intestinal and respiratory microbiomes within each group will be explored. Data on disease symptomatology, quality of life and psychosocial factors will be compared between condition and HC cohorts.Results will be hypothesis-generating and direct future focussed studies. There is future potential for direct translation into clinical care, as diet is a highly modifiable factor. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval: Sydney Children's Hospitals Network Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/18/SCHN/26). Results will be presented at international conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04071314.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Coffey
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Isabelle R McKay
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Doumit
- Department of Physiotherapy, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sandra Chuang
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Respiratory, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan Adams
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick & Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sacha Stelzer-Braid
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Virology Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shafagh A Waters
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis (miCF) Research Centre®, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nadine A Kasparian
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Cincinnati Children's Center for Heart Disease and the Developing Mind, Heart Institute and the Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center & Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam Jaffe
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis (miCF) Research Centre & Department of Respiratory, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tamarah Katz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chee Y Ooi
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis (miCF) Research Centre & Department of Respiratory, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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Callaghan B. Commentary: Microbial panaceas: does development have the answer? - reflections on Cowan, Dinan, & Cryan (2020). J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:372-375. [PMID: 31944315 PMCID: PMC8009034 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Is the microbiome a promising adjunct, a potential panacea, or a distraction from feasible treatments for neurodevelopmental disorders? Taking a developmental approach may get us closer to understanding the data and give us pause in trying to translate this nascent field to the clinic right now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Callaghan
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles,
Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Flannery JE, Stagaman K, Burns AR, Hickey RJ, Roos LE, Giuliano RJ, Fisher PA, Sharpton TJ. Gut Feelings Begin in Childhood: the Gut Metagenome Correlates with Early Environment, Caregiving, and Behavior. mBio 2020; 11:e02780-19. [PMID: 31964729 PMCID: PMC6974564 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02780-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychosocial environments impact normative behavioral development in children, increasing the risk of problem behaviors and psychiatric disorders across the life span. Converging evidence demonstrates that early normative development is affected by the gut microbiome, which itself can be altered by early psychosocial environments. However, much of our understanding of the gut microbiome's role in early development stems from nonhuman animal models and predominately focuses on the first years of life, during peri- and postnatal microbial colonization. As a first step to identify if these findings translate to humans and the extent to which these relationships are maintained after initial microbial colonization, we conducted a metagenomic investigation among a cross-sectional sample of early school-aged children with a range of adverse experiences and caregiver stressors and relationships. Our results indicate that the taxonomic and functional composition of the gut microbiome correlates with behavior during a critical period of child development. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that both socioeconomic risk exposure and child behaviors associate with the relative abundances of specific taxa (e.g., Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium species) as well as functional modules encoded in their genomes (e.g., monoamine metabolism) that have been linked to cognition and health. While we cannot infer causality within this study, these findings suggest that caregivers may moderate the gut microbiome's link to environment and behaviors beyond the first few years of life.IMPORTANCE Childhood is a formative period of behavioral and biological development that can be modified, for better or worse, by the psychosocial environment that is in part determined by caregivers. Not only do our own genes and the external environment influence such developmental trajectories, but the community of microbes living in, on, and around our bodies-the microbiome-plays an important role as well. By surveying the gut microbiomes of a cross-sectional cohort of early school-aged children with a range of psychosocial environments and subclinical mental health symptoms, we demonstrated that caregiving behaviors modified the child gut microbiome's association to socioeconomic risk and behavioral dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keaton Stagaman
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Adam R Burns
- Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Roxana J Hickey
- Biology of the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- Phylagen, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Leslie E Roos
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ryan J Giuliano
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Philip A Fisher
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Thomas J Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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38
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Cryan JF, O'Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TFS, Boehme M, Codagnone MG, Cussotto S, Fulling C, Golubeva AV, Guzzetta KE, Jaggar M, Long-Smith CM, Lyte JM, Martin JA, Molinero-Perez A, Moloney G, Morelli E, Morillas E, O'Connor R, Cruz-Pereira JS, Peterson VL, Rea K, Ritz NL, Sherwin E, Spichak S, Teichman EM, van de Wouw M, Ventura-Silva AP, Wallace-Fitzsimons SE, Hyland N, Clarke G, Dinan TG. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1877-2013. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1243] [Impact Index Per Article: 248.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, the past 15 yr have seen the emergence of the microbiota (the trillions of microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one of the key regulators of gut-brain function and has led to the appreciation of the importance of a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This axis is gaining ever more traction in fields investigating the biological and physiological basis of psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, and neurodegenerative disorders. The microbiota and the brain communicate with each other via various routes including the immune system, tryptophan metabolism, the vagus nerve and the enteric nervous system, involving microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids, and peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence microbiota composition in early life, including infection, mode of birth delivery, use of antibiotic medications, the nature of nutritional provision, environmental stressors, and host genetics. At the other extreme of life, microbial diversity diminishes with aging. Stress, in particular, can significantly impact the microbiota-gut-brain axis at all stages of life. Much recent work has implicated the gut microbiota in many conditions including autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models have been paramount in linking the regulation of fundamental neural processes, such as neurogenesis and myelination, to microbiome activation of microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing and will greatly enhance the field. Future studies will focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying the microbiota-gut-brain axis and attempt to elucidate microbial-based intervention and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kenneth J. O'Riordan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitlin S. M. Cowan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kiran V. Sandhu
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcus Boehme
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Martin G. Codagnone
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sofia Cussotto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christine Fulling
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V. Golubeva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Katherine E. Guzzetta
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Minal Jaggar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitriona M. Long-Smith
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joshua M. Lyte
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jason A. Martin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alicia Molinero-Perez
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Moloney
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emanuela Morelli
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Enrique Morillas
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rory O'Connor
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joana S. Cruz-Pereira
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Veronica L. Peterson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nathaniel L. Ritz
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eoin Sherwin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon Spichak
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emily M. Teichman
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcel van de Wouw
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ana Paula Ventura-Silva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shauna E. Wallace-Fitzsimons
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Mallart LP, García RF, Racionero-Plaza S, Sordé-Martí T. Socioneuroscience and its contributions to conscious versus unconscious volition and control. The case of gender violence prevention. AIMS Neurosci 2019; 6:204-218. [PMID: 32341977 PMCID: PMC7179364 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2019.3.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in neuroscience is being very fruitful in providing evidence about the influence of social experience in the architecture and functioning of the brain. In so doing, neuroscience is posing new and fascinating research questions to examine in depth the social processes that produce those neural changes. To undertake the task of tackling such research questions, evidence from the social sciences are necessary to better understand how different types of social experiences produce different types of synaptic changes and even modify subcortical brain structures differently. It will be the dialogue between neuroscience, other natural sciences and the social sciences which will advance the scientific understanding of plastic changes in the brain which result from complex social experiences that have been traditionally studied by the social sciences. Socioneuroscience constitutes the arena for such interdisciplinary dialogue and research that can both advance the scientific understanding of the human brain and provide evidence-based solutions to most urgent social problems. Socioneuroscience studies the relations between the human brain and social interactions taking into account knowledge from all social sciences and the natural sciences. Processes of conscious versus unconscious social volition and control is one central area of inquiry in socioneuroscience. In this article, we discuss the dominant coercive discourse in society -which presents males with aggressive attitudes and behaviors as more attractive- as an example of social control of human volition which imprisons many individuals' sexual freedom. However, due to brain plasticity, certain experiences that question such dominant discourse and empty violence from attractiveness open up the possibility for the individual and the society to break free from the neural wiring imposed by the dominant coercive discourse and, in the words of Santiago Ramón y Cajal, be ourselves “the architects of our brain”, contributing to overcome violence against women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Puigvert Mallart
- Department of Sociology, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Community, Gender and Social Justice, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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40
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Cowan CSM, Stylianakis AA, Richardson R. Early-life stress, microbiota, and brain development: probiotics reverse the effects of maternal separation on neural circuits underpinning fear expression and extinction in infant rats. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 37:100627. [PMID: 30981894 PMCID: PMC6969299 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life stress has pervasive, typically detrimental, effects on physical and mental health across the lifespan. In rats, maternal-separation stress results in premature expression of an adult-like profile of fear regulation that predisposes stressed rats to persistent fear, one of the hallmarks of clinical anxiety. Probiotic treatment attenuates the effects of maternal separation on fear regulation. However, the neural pathways underlying these behavioral changes are unknown. Here, we examined the neural correlates of stress-induced alterations in fear behavior and their reversal by probiotic treatment. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to either standard rearing conditions or maternal-separation stress (postnatal days [P] 2–14). Some maternally-separated (MS) animals were also exposed to probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus and L. helveticus) via the maternal drinking water during the period of stress. Using immunohistochemistry, we demonstrated that stressed rat pups prematurely exhibit adult-like engagement of the medial prefrontal cortex during fear regulation, an effect that can be prevented using a probiotic treatment. The present results add to the cross-species evidence that early adversity hastens maturation in emotion-related brain circuits. Importantly, our results also demonstrate that the precocious neural maturation in stressed infants is prevented by a non-invasive probiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S M Cowan
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | - Rick Richardson
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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