1
|
Pang B, Dong G, Pang T, Sun X, Liu X, Nie Y, Chang X. Emerging insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies for vascular endothelial injury-associated diseases: focus on mitochondrial dysfunction. Angiogenesis 2024:10.1007/s10456-024-09938-4. [PMID: 39060773 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-024-09938-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
As a vital component of blood vessels, endothelial cells play a key role in maintaining overall physiological function by residing between circulating blood and semi-solid tissue. Various stress stimuli can induce endothelial injury, leading to the onset of corresponding diseases in the body. In recent years, the importance of mitochondria in vascular endothelial injury has become increasingly apparent. Mitochondria, as the primary site of cellular aerobic respiration and the organelle for "energy information transfer," can detect endothelial cell damage by integrating and receiving various external stress signals. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysfunction often determine the evolution of endothelial cell injury towards necrosis or apoptosis. Therefore, mitochondria are closely associated with endothelial cell function, helping to determine the progression of clinical diseases. This article comprehensively reviews the interconnection and pathogenesis of mitochondrial-induced vascular endothelial cell injury in cardiovascular diseases, renal diseases, pulmonary-related diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and microvascular diseases associated with diabetes. Corresponding therapeutic approaches are also provided. Additionally, strategies for using clinical drugs to treat vascular endothelial injury-based diseases are discussed, aiming to offer new insights and treatment options for the clinical diagnosis of related vascular injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boxian Pang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | | | - Tieliang Pang
- Beijing Anding hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyao Sun
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Bioscience Department, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Yifeng Nie
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Xing Chang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 5 Beixiagge, Xicheng District, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khaksari M, Shahryari M, Raji-Amirhasani A, Soltani Z, Bibak B, Keshavarzi Z, Shakeri F. Aloe vera Leaf Extract Reduced BBB Permeability and Improved Neurological Results after Traumatic Brain Injury: The Role of Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2024; 2024:5586814. [PMID: 39040520 PMCID: PMC11262876 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5586814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Recognizing the importance of medicinal plants and the absence of specific medications for traumatic brain injury (TBI) treatment, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of an aqueous extract of Aloe vera on oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and neurological scores following TBI. Materials and Methods Adult male rats were categorized into five groups: sham, TBI, vehicle, low-dose Aloe vera (LA), and high-dose Aloe vera (HA). We induced diffuse TBI using the Marmaro model and administered the aqueous Aloe vera leaf extract, as well as vehicle, via intraperitoneal injection half an hour after TBI. Neurological outcomes were assessed both before and several hours after TBI. Additionally, oxidative stress factors were measured 24 hr after TBI, and Evans blue content (a BBB permeability index) was determined 5 hr after TBI in both serum and brain. Results Both LA and HA reduced the increase in BBB permeability after TBI, with HA having a more pronounced effect than LA. Both Aloe vera doses decreased brain MDA levels, increased brain TAC, and lowered both serum and brain PC levels. The impact of Aloe vera on brain oxidative parameters was more significant than on serum. HA also counteracted the declining effects of TBI on neurological outcomes at 4 and 24 hr post-TBI. Conclusion This study suggests that Aloe vera extract may reduce BBB permeability and improve neurological outcomes after TBI by decreasing oxidative factors and increasing antioxidant factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khaksari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research CenterKerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyAfzalipour Faculty of MedicineKerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Marzieh Shahryari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research CenterKerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of PhysiologyNeuroscience Research CenterMedical FacultyGolestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alireza Raji-Amirhasani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research CenterKerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyAfzalipour Faculty of MedicineKerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Soltani
- Physiology Research CenterInstitute of NeuropharmacologyKerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bahram Bibak
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research CenterNorth Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchool of MedicineNorth Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Zakieh Keshavarzi
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research CenterNorth Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Shakeri
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchool of MedicineNorth Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen Y, Huang X, Chen H, Yi C. An easy-to-perform method for microvessel isolation and primary brain endothelial cell culture to study Alzheimer's disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33077. [PMID: 38994107 PMCID: PMC11238044 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been increasingly recognised as a critical early event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Central to this mechanism is the impaired function of brain endothelial cells (BECs), the primary structural constituents of the BBB, the study of which is imperative for understanding AD pathophysiology. However, the published methods to isolate BECs are time-consuming and have a low success rate. Here, we developed a rapid and streamlined protocol for BEC isolation without using transgenic reporters, flow cytometry, and magnetic beads, which are essential for existing methods. Using this novel protocol, we isolated high-purity BECs from cell clusters of cortical microvessels from wild-type and APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1, a classical AD model) mice at 2, 4 and 9 months of age. Reduced levels of tight junction proteins Claudin-5 and Zonula Occludens-1, as well as glucose transporter 1, were observed in the isolated cortical microvessels from APP/PS1 mice and amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomer-treated BECs from wild-type mice. Trans-well permeability assay showed increased FITC-dextran leakage in BECs treated with Aβ, suggesting impaired BBB permeability. BECs obtained using our novel protocol can undergo various experimental analyses, including immunofluorescence staining, western blotting, real-time PCR, and trans-well permeability assay. In conclusion, our novel protocol represents a reliable and valuable tool for in vitro modelling BBB to study AD-related mechanisms and develop targeted therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Research Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaomin Huang
- Research Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Chenju Yi
- Research Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ritson M, Wheeler-Jones CPD, Stolp HB. Endothelial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease: Is endothelial inflammation an overlooked druggable target? J Neuroimmunol 2024; 391:578363. [PMID: 38728929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Neurological diseases with a neurodegenerative component have been associated with alterations in the cerebrovasculature. At the anatomical level, these are centred around changes in cerebral blood flow and vessel organisation. At the molecular level, there is extensive expression of cellular adhesion molecules and increased release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Together, these has been found to negatively impact blood-brain barrier integrity. Systemic inflammation has been found to accelerate and exacerbate endothelial dysfunction, neuroinflammation and degeneration. Here, we review the role of cerebrovasculature dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease and discuss the potential contribution of intermittent pro-inflammatory systemic disease in causing endothelial pathology, highlighting a possible mechanism that may allow broad-spectrum therapeutic targeting in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Ritson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | | | - Helen B Stolp
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shuvalova M, Dmitrieva A, Belousov V, Nosov G. The role of reactive oxygen species in the regulation of the blood-brain barrier. Tissue Barriers 2024:2361202. [PMID: 38808582 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2024.2361202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates the exchange of metabolites and cells between the blood and brain, and maintains central nervous system homeostasis. Various factors affect BBB barrier functions, including reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS can act as stressors, damaging biological molecules, but they also serve as secondary messengers in intracellular signaling cascades during redox signaling. The impact of ROS on the BBB has been observed in multiple sclerosis, stroke, trauma, and other neurological disorders, making blocking ROS generation a promising therapeutic strategy for BBB dysfunction. However, it is important to consider ROS generation during normal BBB functioning for signaling purposes. This review summarizes data on proteins expressed by BBB cells that can be targets of redox signaling or oxidative stress. It also provides examples of signaling molecules whose impact may cause ROS generation in the BBB, as well as discusses the most common diseases associated with BBB dysfunction and excessive ROS generation, open questions that arise in the study of this problem, and possible ways to overcome them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Shuvalova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of metabolism and redox biology, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiia Dmitrieva
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod Belousov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of metabolism and redox biology, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgii Nosov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen Y, Li Y, Luo J, Li Z, Huang Y, Cai J, Jiang D, Zhang D, Jian J, Qiang J, Wang B. A novel study of brain microvascular endothelial cells induced by astrocyte conditioned medium for constructing blood brain barrier model in vitro: A promising tool for meningitis of teleost. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109401. [PMID: 38266792 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is mainly composed of specialized endothelial cells, which can resist harmful substances, transport nutrients, and maintain the stability of the brain environment. In this study, an endothelial cell line from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) named TVEC-01 was successfully established. During the earlier establishment phase of the cell line, the TVEC-01 cells were persistently exposed to an astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM). TVEC-01 cells were identified as an endothelial cell line. TVEC-01 cells retained the multiple functions of endothelial cells and were capable of performing various experiments in vitro. Furthermore, TVEC-01 cells efficiently expressed BBB-related tight junctions and key efflux transporters. From the results of the qRT-PCR, we found that the TVEC-01 cell line did not gradually lose BBB characteristics after persistent and repetitive passages, which was different from the vast majority of immortalized endothelial cells. The results showed that ACM induced up-regulation of the expression levels of multiple BBB-related genes in TVEC-01 cells. We confirmed that Streptococcus agalactiae was capable of invading the TVEC-01 cells and initiating a series of immune responses, which provided a theoretical basis for S. agalactiae to break through the BBB of teleost through the transcellular traversal pathway. In summary, we have successfully constructed an endothelial cell line of teleost, named TVEC-01, which can be used in many experiments in vitro and even for constructing BBB in vitro. Moreover, it was confirmed that S. agalactiae broke through the BBB of teleost through the transcellular traversal pathway and caused meningitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanghui Chen
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Henry Fok College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005, China
| | - Junliang Luo
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Zixin Li
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Jia Cai
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Dongneng Jiang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Defeng Zhang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Jichang Jian
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Jun Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Deng X, Hu X, Wang S, Zhao H, Wei Y, Fu J, Wu W, Liu J, Zhang C, Wang L, Yuan P. Neural stem cell-derived exosomes regulate cell proliferation, migration, and cell death of brain microvascular endothelial cells via the miR-9/Hes1 axis under hypoxia. Animal Model Exp Med 2024; 7:24-35. [PMID: 38369683 PMCID: PMC10961869 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study found that mouse embryonic neural stem cell (NSC)-derived exosomes (EXOs) regulated NSC differentiation via the miR-9/Hes1 axis. However, the effects of EXOs on brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC) dysfunction via the miR-9/Hes1 axis remain unknown. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the effects of EXOs on BMEC proliferation, migration, and death via the miR-9/Hes1 axis. METHODS Immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, cell counting kit-8 assay, wound healing assay, calcein-acetoxymethyl/propidium iodide staining, and hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to determine the role and mechanism of EXOs on BMECs. RESULTS EXOs promoted BMEC proliferation and migration and reduced cell death under hypoxic conditions. The overexpression of miR-9 promoted BMEC proliferation and migration and reduced cell death under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, miR-9 downregulation inhibited BMEC proliferation and migration and also promoted cell death. Hes1 silencing ameliorated the effect of amtagomiR-9 on BMEC proliferation and migration and cell death. Hyperemic structures were observed in the regions of the hippocampus and cortex in hypoxia-induced mice. Meanwhile, EXO treatment improved cerebrovascular alterations. CONCLUSION NSC-derived EXOs can promote BMEC proliferation and migration and reduce cell death via the miR-9/Hes1 axis under hypoxic conditions. Therefore, EXO therapeutic strategies could be considered for hypoxia-induced vascular injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Institute of Bismuth Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqin Wei
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Fu
- Institute of Bismuth Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinming Liu
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caicai Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Hainan Medical University Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khor SLQ, Ng KY, Koh RY, Chye SM. Blood-brain Barrier and Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: From Clinical Insights to Pathogenic Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:315-330. [PMID: 36999187 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230330093829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a crucial role in the central nervous system by tightly regulating the influx and efflux of biological substances between the brain parenchyma and peripheral circulation. Its restrictive nature acts as an obstacle to protect the brain from potentially noxious substances such as blood-borne toxins, immune cells, and pathogens. Thus, the maintenance of its structural and functional integrity is vital in the preservation of neuronal function and cellular homeostasis in the brain microenvironment. However, the barrier's foundation can become compromised during neurological or pathological conditions, which can result in dysregulated ionic homeostasis, impaired transport of nutrients, and accumulation of neurotoxins that eventually lead to irreversible neuronal loss. Initially, the BBB is thought to remain intact during neurodegenerative diseases, but accumulating evidence as of late has suggested the possible association of BBB dysfunction with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. The neurodegeneration occurring in PD is believed to stem from a myriad of pathogenic mechanisms, including tight junction alterations, abnormal angiogenesis, and dysfunctional BBB transporter mechanism, which ultimately causes altered BBB permeability. In this review, the major elements of the neurovascular unit (NVU) comprising the BBB are discussed, along with their role in the maintenance of barrier integrity and PD pathogenesis. We also elaborated on how the neuroendocrine system can influence the regulation of BBB function and PD pathogenesis. Several novel therapeutic approaches targeting the NVU components are explored to provide a fresh outlook on treatment options for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lei Qi Khor
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun H, Xu L, Wang K, Li Y, Bai T, Dong S, Wu H, Yao Z. κ-Carrageenan Oligosaccharides Protect Nerves by Regulating Microglial Autophagy in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3540-3550. [PMID: 37650601 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
κ-Carrageenan is a linear sulfated polysaccharide extracted from the cell wall of marine red algae, and its enzymatically digested oligosaccharides (KOS) can inhibit microglial hyperactivation. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common chronic neurodegenerative disease, characterized by cognitive and memory impairment accompanied by nerve cell damage. Microglia activation causing enhancement of proinflammatory effects and neurotoxicity is one of the early events in AD disease. In this study, whether KOS have therapeutic or preventive effects in the AD model prepared from APP/PS1 transgenic mice was determined. Learning and memory of AD mice were detected by water maze experiments, and microglial activation-related protein expression and deposition of APP and Aβ1-42 in the brain were examined. The effects of KOS on expressed inflammatory factors and inflammation-related proteins by microglia were tested by cell experiments. Transwell coculture was used to investigate the effect of microglia on neural cell activity after KOS treatment. The results showed that KOS could relieve the clinical symptoms in AD mice, and a decrease in the expression of inflammatory factors and inflammation-related proteins in brain tissue was detected. KOS alleviated nerve cell apoptosis by inhibiting the overactivation of microglia, thus exhibiting neuroprotective effects. Exploring the protective effect of KOS inhibition of microglia inflammation is expected to provide a theoretical basis for KOS as a therapeutic drug for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haojian Sun
- College of Life health, Dalian University, No. 10 Xuefu Street, Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, Liaoning 116622, Dalian, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Liaoning 116021, Dalian, China
| | - Kangkang Wang
- College of Life health, Dalian University, No. 10 Xuefu Street, Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, Liaoning 116622, Dalian, China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- College of Life health, Dalian University, No. 10 Xuefu Street, Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, Liaoning 116622, Dalian, China
| | - Tongning Bai
- College of Life health, Dalian University, No. 10 Xuefu Street, Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, Liaoning 116622, Dalian, China
| | - Shuo Dong
- College of Life health, Dalian University, No. 10 Xuefu Street, Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, Liaoning 116622, Dalian, China
| | - Haige Wu
- College of Life health, Dalian University, No. 10 Xuefu Street, Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, Liaoning 116622, Dalian, China
| | - Ziang Yao
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, No. 18 Liaohe West Road, Jinpu New Area, Liaoning 116600, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
de la Monte SM, Tong M, Hapel AJ. Concordant and Discordant Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma Cytokine and Chemokine Responses in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Early-Stage Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2394. [PMID: 37760836 PMCID: PMC10525668 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation may be a pathogenic mediator and biomarker of neurodegeneration at the boundary between mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whether neuroinflammatory processes are endogenous to the central nervous system (CNS) or originate from systemic (peripheral blood) sources could impact strategies for therapeutic intervention. To address this issue, we measured cytokine and chemokine immunoreactivities in simultaneously obtained lumbar puncture cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from 39 patients including 18 with MCI or early AD and 21 normal controls using a 27-plex XMAP bead-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The MCI/AD combined group had significant (p < 0.05 or better) or statistically trend-wise (0.05 ≤ p ≤ 0.10) concordant increases in CSF and serum IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and TNF-α and reductions in GM-CSF, b-FGF, IL-6, IP-10, and MCP-1; CSF-only increases in IFN-y and IL-7 and reductions in VEGF and IL-12p70; serum-only increases in IL-1β, MIP-1α, and eotaxin and reductions in G-CSF, IL-2, IL-8 and IL-15; and discordant CSF-serum responses with reduced CSF and increased serum PDGF-bb, IL-17a, and RANTES. The results demonstrate simultaneously parallel mixed but modestly greater pro-inflammatory compared to anti-inflammatory or neuroprotective responses in CSF and serum. In addition, the findings show evidence that several cytokines and chemokines are selectively altered in MCI/AD CSF, likely corresponding to distinct neuroinflammatory responses unrelated to systemic pathologies. The aggregate results suggest that early management of MCI/AD neuroinflammation should include both anti-inflammatory and pro-neuroprotective strategies to help prevent disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. de la Monte
- Departments of Pathology (Neuropathology), Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | - Ming Tong
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | - Andrew J. Hapel
- Department of Genome Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Koutentaki E, Basta M, Antypa D, Zaganas I, Panagiotakis S, Simos P, Vgontzas AN. IL-6 Enhances the Negative Impact of Cortisol on Cognition among Community-Dwelling Older People without Dementia. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11070951. [PMID: 37046878 PMCID: PMC10094120 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11070951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that high basal cortisol levels and systemic inflammation independently contribute to cognitive decline among older people without dementia. The present cross-sectional study examined (a) the potential synergistic effect of cortisol levels and systemic inflammation on executive function and (b) whether this effect is more prominent among older people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). A sub-sample of 99 patients with MCI and 84 older people without cognitive impairment (CNI) (aged 73.8 ± 7.0 years) were recruited from a large population-based cohort in Crete, Greece, and underwent comprehensive neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological evaluation and a single morning measurement of cortisol and IL-6 plasma levels. Using moderated regression models, we found that the relation between cortisol and executive function in the total sample was moderated by IL-6 levels (b = −0.994, p = 0.044) and diagnostic group separately (b = −0.632, p < 0.001). Moreover, the interaction between cortisol and IL-6 levels was significant only among persons with MCI (b = −0.562, p < 0.001). The synergistic effect of stress hormones and systemic inflammation on cognitive status appears to be stronger among older people who already display signs of cognitive decline. Targeting hypercortisolemia and inflammation may be a promising strategy toward improving the course of cognitive decline.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Y, Wu J, Wang J, He L, Lai H, Zhang T, Wang X, Li W. Mitochondrial oxidative stress in brain microvascular endothelial cells: Triggering blood-brain barrier disruption. Mitochondrion 2023; 69:71-82. [PMID: 36709855 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier disruption plays an important role in central nervous system diseases. This review provides information on the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in brain microvascular endothelial cells in cellular dysfunction, the disruption of intercellular junctions, transporter dysfunction, abnormal angiogenesis, neurovascular decoupling, and the involvement and aggravation of vascular inflammation and illustrates related molecular mechanisms. In addition, recent drug and nondrug therapies targeting cerebral vascular endothelial cell mitochondria to repair the blood-brain barrier are discussed. This review shows that mitochondrial oxidative stress disorder in brain microvascular endothelial cells plays a key role in the occurrence and development of blood-brain barrier damage and may be critical in various pathological mechanisms of blood-brain barrier damage. These new findings suggest a potential new strategy for the treatment of central nervous system diseases through mitochondrial modulation of cerebral vascular endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610000, PR China.
| | - Jing Wu
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610000, PR China.
| | - Jiexin Wang
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610000, PR China.
| | - Linxi He
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610000, PR China.
| | - Han Lai
- School of Foreign Languages, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610000, PR China.
| | - Tian Zhang
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610000, PR China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610000, PR China.
| | - Weihong Li
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Star BS, van der Slikke EC, Ransy C, Schmitt A, Henning RH, Bouillaud F, Bouma HR. GYY4137-Derived Hydrogen Sulfide Donates Electrons to the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain via Sulfide: Quinone Oxidoreductase in Endothelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030587. [PMID: 36978834 PMCID: PMC10044827 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The protective effects of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) to limit oxidative injury and preserve mitochondrial function during sepsis, ischemia/reperfusion, and neurodegenerative diseases have prompted the development of soluble H2S-releasing compounds such as GYY4137. Yet, the effects of GYY4137 on the mitochondrial function of endothelial cells remain unclear, while this cell type comprises the first target cell after parenteral administration. Here, we specifically assessed whether human endothelial cells possess a functional sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR), to oxidise GYY4137-released H2S within the mitochondria for electron donation to the electron transport chain. We demonstrate that H2S administration increases oxygen consumption by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which does not occur in the SQOR-deficient cell line SH-SY5Y. GYY4137 releases H2S in HUVECs in a dose- and time-dependent fashion as quantified by oxygen consumption and confirmed by lead acetate assay, as well as AzMC fluorescence. Scavenging of intracellular H2S using zinc confirmed intracellular and intramitochondrial sulfur, which resulted in mitotoxic zinc sulfide (ZnS) precipitates. Together, GYY4137 increases intramitochondrial H2S and boosts oxygen consumption of endothelial cells, which is likely governed via the oxidation of H2S by SQOR. This mechanism in endothelial cells may be instrumental in regulating H2S levels in blood and organs but can also be exploited to quantify H2S release by soluble donors such as GYY4137 in living systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan S. Star
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (B.S.S.); (H.R.B.)
| | - Elisabeth C. van der Slikke
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Céline Ransy
- The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), The National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm), Université de Paris, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Alain Schmitt
- The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), The National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm), Université de Paris, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Robert H. Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric Bouillaud
- The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), The National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm), Université de Paris, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Hjalmar R. Bouma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (B.S.S.); (H.R.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Secondary Degeneration of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Occurs as Early as 24 h after Optic Nerve Injury in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043463. [PMID: 36834873 PMCID: PMC9964292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Optic nerve injury causes secondary degeneration, a sequela that spreads damage from the primary injury to adjacent tissue, through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), a key component of the BBB and oligodendrogenesis, are vulnerable to oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage by 3 days post-injury. However, it is unclear whether oxidative damage in OPCs occurs earlier at 1 day post-injury, or whether a critical 'window-of-opportunity' exists for therapeutic intervention. Here, a partial optic nerve transection rat model of secondary degeneration was used with immunohistochemistry to assess BBB dysfunction, oxidative stress, and proliferation in OPCs vulnerable to secondary degeneration. At 1 day post-injury, BBB breach and oxidative DNA damage were observed, alongside increased density of DNA-damaged proliferating cells. DNA-damaged cells underwent apoptosis (cleaved caspase3+), and apoptosis was associated with BBB breach. OPCs experienced DNA damage and apoptosis and were the major proliferating cell type with DNA damage. However, the majority of caspase3+ cells were not OPCs. These results provide novel insights into acute secondary degeneration mechanisms in the optic nerve, highlighting the need to consider early oxidative damage to OPCs in therapeutic efforts to limit degeneration following optic nerve injury.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim H, Noh M, Zhang H, Kim Y, Park S, Park J, Kwon YG. Long-term administration of CU06-1004 ameliorates cerebrovascular aging and BBB injury in aging mouse model. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:9. [PMID: 36726154 PMCID: PMC9893613 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related changes in the cerebrovasculature, including blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and vascular dementia, are emerging as potential risks for many neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the endothelial cells that constitute the cerebrovasculature may play key roles in preventing brain injury. Our previous study showed that CU06-1004, an endothelial cell dysfunction blocker, prevented vascular leakage, enhanced vascular integrity in ischemic reperfusion injury, and promoted the normalization of tumor vasculature. Here, we evaluated the effects of CU06-1004 on age-related cerebrovascular functional decline in the aged mouse brain. RESULTS In this study, we investigated the protective effects of CU06-1004 against oxidative stress-induced damage in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). HBMECs were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to establish an oxidative stress-induced model of cellular injury. Compared with H2O2 treatment alone, pretreatment of HBMECs with CU06-1004 considerably reduced oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species generation, senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, senescence marker expression, and the expression levels of inflammatory proteins. Based on the observed cytoprotective effects of CU06-1004 in HBMECs, we examined whether CU06-1004 displayed protective effects against cerebrovascular aging in mice. Long-term administration of CU06-1004 alleviated age-associated cerebral microvascular rarefaction and cerebrovascular senescence in the aged mouse brain. CU06-1004 supplementation also reduced the extravasation of plasma IgG by improving BBB integrity in the aged mouse brain, associated with reductions in neuronal injury. A series of behavioral tests also revealed improved motor and cognitive functions in aged mice that received long-term CU06-1004 administration. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CU06-1004 may represent a promising therapeutic approach for delaying age-related cerebrovascular impairment and improving cognitive function in old age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyejeong Kim
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Korea
| | - Minyoung Noh
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Korea
| | | | - Yeomyeong Kim
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Korea
| | - Songyi Park
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Korea
| | - Jeongeun Park
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Verrall CE, Tran DL, Yang JYM, Lubans DR, Winlaw DS, Ayer J, Celermajer D, Cordina R. Exercise as therapy for neurodevelopmental and cognitive dysfunction in people with a Fontan circulation: A narrative review. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1111785. [PMID: 36861078 PMCID: PMC9969110 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1111785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
People with a Fontan circulation are at risk of neurodevelopmental delay and disability, and cognitive dysfunction, that has significant implications for academic and occupational attainment, psychosocial functioning, and overall quality of life. Interventions for improving these outcomes are lacking. This review article discusses current intervention practices and explores the evidence supporting exercise as a potential intervention for improving cognitive functioning in people living with a Fontan circulation. Proposed pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning these associations are discussed in the context of Fontan physiology and avenues for future research are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Elizabeth Verrall
- Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Derek Lee Tran
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joseph Yuan-Mou Yang
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Neuroscience Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Advanced Clinical Imaging Service (NACIS), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Revalds Lubans
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - David Scott Winlaw
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Julian Ayer
- Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Celermajer
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachael Cordina
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Khadka N, Bikson M. Neurocapillary-Modulation. Neuromodulation 2022; 25:1299-1311. [PMID: 33340187 PMCID: PMC8213863 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We consider two consequences of brain capillary ultrastructure in neuromodulation. First, blood-brain barrier (BBB) polarization as a consequence of current crossing between interstitial space and the blood. Second, interstitial current flow distortion around capillaries impacting neuronal stimulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed computational models of BBB ultrastructure morphologies to first assess electric field amplification at the BBB (principle 1) and neuron polarization amplification by the presence of capillaries (principle 2). We adapt neuron cable theory to develop an analytical solution for maximum BBB polarization sensitivity. RESULTS Electrical current crosses between the brain parenchyma (interstitial space) and capillaries, producing BBB electric fields (EBBB) that are >400x of the average parenchyma electric field (ĒBRAIN), which in turn modulates transport across the BBB. Specifically, for a BBB space constant (λBBB) and wall thickness (dth-BBB), the analytical solution for maximal BBB electric field (EABBB) is given as: (ĒBRAIN × λBBB)/dth-BBB. Electrical current in the brain parenchyma is distorted around brain capillaries, amplifying neuronal polarization. Specifically, capillary ultrastructure produces ∼50% modulation of the ĒBRAIN over the ∼40 μm inter-capillary distance. The divergence of EBRAIN (Activating function) is thus ∼100 kV/m2 per unit ĒBRAIN. CONCLUSIONS BBB stimulation by principle 1 suggests novel therapeutic strategies such as boosting metabolic capacity or interstitial fluid clearance. Whereas the spatial profile of EBRAIN is traditionally assumed to depend only on macroscopic anatomy, principle 2 suggests a central role for local capillary ultrastructure-which impact forms of neuromodulation including deep brain stimulation (DBS), spinal cord stimulation (SCS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES)/transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Khadka
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory for Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Saavedra J, Nascimento M, Liz MA, Cardoso I. Key brain cell interactions and contributions to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1036123. [PMID: 36523504 PMCID: PMC9745159 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1036123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, with the two major hallmarks being the deposition of extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Additionally, early pathological events such as cerebrovascular alterations, a compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction, culminate in neuron loss and cognitive deficits. AD symptoms reflect a loss of neuronal circuit integrity in the brain; however, neurons do not operate in isolation. An exclusively neurocentric approach is insufficient to understand this disease, and the contribution of other brain cells including astrocytes, microglia, and vascular cells must be integrated in the context. The delicate balance of interactions between these cells, required for healthy brain function, is disrupted during disease. To design successful therapies, it is critical to understand the complex brain cellular connections in AD and the temporal sequence of their disturbance. In this review, we discuss the interactions between different brain cells, from physiological conditions to their pathological reactions in AD, and how this basic knowledge can be crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Saavedra
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Nascimento
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia A. Liz
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Cardoso
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu S, Yang X, Chen F, Cai ZY. Dysfunction of the neurovascular unit in brain aging. J Biomed Res 2022; 37:153-165. [PMID: 37198158 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20220105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An emerging concept termed the neurovascular unit (NVU) underlines neurovascular coupling. It has been reported that NVU impairment can result in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Aging is a complex and irreversible process caused by programmed and damage-related factors. Loss of biological functions and increased susceptibility to additional neurodegenerative diseases are major characteristics of aging. In this review, we describe the basics of the NVU and discuss the effect of aging on NVU basics. Furthermore, we summarize the mechanisms that increase NVU susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Finally, we discuss new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and methods of maintaining an intact NVU that may delay or diminish aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Liu
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 400013, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing 400013, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 400013, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing 400013, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Zhi-You Cai
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 400013, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing 400013, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Archie SR, Sharma S, Burks E, Abbruscato T. Biological determinants impact the neurovascular toxicity of nicotine and tobacco smoke: A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics perspective. Neurotoxicology 2022; 89:140-160. [PMID: 35150755 PMCID: PMC8958572 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the detrimental effect of nicotine and tobacco smoke on the central nervous system (CNS) is caused by the neurotoxic role of nicotine on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression, and the dopaminergic system. The ultimate consequence of these nicotine associated neurotoxicities can lead to cerebrovascular dysfunction, altered behavioral outcomes (hyperactivity and cognitive dysfunction) as well as future drug abuse and addiction. The severity of these detrimental effects can be associated with several biological determinants. Sex and age are two important biological determinants which can affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of several systemically available substances, including nicotine. With regard to sex, the availability of gonadal hormone is impacted by the pregnancy status and menstrual cycle resulting in altered metabolism rate of nicotine. Additionally, the observed lower smoking cessation rate in females compared to males is a consequence of differential effects of sex on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nicotine. Similarly, age-dependent alterations in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nicotine have also been observed. One such example is related to severe vulnerability of adolescence towards addiction and long-term behavioral changes which may continue through adulthood. Considering the possible neurotoxic effects of nicotine on the central nervous system and the deterministic role of sex as well as age on these neurotoxic effects of smoking, it has become important to consider sex and age to study nicotine induced neurotoxicity and development of treatment strategies for combating possible harmful effects of nicotine. In the future, understanding the role of sex and age on the neurotoxic actions of nicotine can facilitate the individualization and optimization of treatment(s) to mitigate nicotine induced neurotoxicity as well as smoking cessation therapy. Unfortunately, however, no such comprehensive study is available which has considered both the sex- and age-dependent neurotoxicity of nicotine, as of today. Hence, the overreaching goal of this review article is to analyze and summarize the impact of sex and age on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nicotine and possible neurotoxic consequences associated with nicotine in order to emphasize the importance of including these biological factors for such studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rahman Archie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Sejal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth Burks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ishimoto T, Kato Y. Ergothioneine in the brain. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:1290-1298. [PMID: 34978075 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ERGO) is a naturally occurring food-derived antioxidant. Despite its extremely hydrophilic properties, ERGO is easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed to various organs, including the brain. This is primarily because its entry into brain cells is mediated by the ERGO-specific transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4. Octn1 gene knockout mice do not have ERGO in the brain, due to the absence of OCTN1 in neurons, neural stem cells, and microglia. The existence of OCTN1 and uptake of ERGO into the brain parenchymal cells may suggest that ERGO and its transporter play a pivotal role in brain function. Oral administration of ERGO has antidepressant activities in mice. Furthermore, repeated oral administration of ERGO and ERGO-containing food extract tablets enhance memory function in mice and humans, respectively. ERGO also protects against stress-induced sleep disturbance and neuronal injury induced by amyloid β in rodents. In vitro observations suggest that ERGO benefits brain function through both its antioxidative activity and by promoting neurogenesis and neuronal maturation. This review discusses the possible involvement of ERGO in brain function and its potential therapeutic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Keasey MP, Razskazovskiy V, Jia C, Peterknecht ED, Bradshaw PC, Hagg T. PDIA3 inhibits mitochondrial respiratory function in brain endothelial cells and C. elegans through STAT3 signaling and decreases survival after OGD. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:119. [PMID: 34922569 PMCID: PMC8684072 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00794-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein disulfide isomerase A3 (PDIA3, also named GRP58, ER-60, ERp57) is conserved across species and mediates protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. PDIA3 is, reportedly, a chaperone for STAT3. However, the role of PDIA3 in regulating mitochondrial bioenergetics and STAT3 phosphorylation at serine 727 (S727) has not been described. METHODS Mitochondrial respiration was compared in immortalized human cerebral microvascular cells (CMEC) wild type or null for PDIA3 and in whole organism C. Elegans WT or null for pdi-3 (worm homologue). Mitochondrial morphology and cell signaling pathways in PDIA3-/- and WT cells were assessed. PDIA3-/- cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) to determine the effects of PDIA3 on cell survival after injury. RESULTS We show that PDIA3 gene deletion using CRISPR-Cas9 in cultured CMECs leads to an increase in mitochondrial bioenergetic function. In C. elegans, gene deletion or RNAi knockdown of pdi-3 also increased respiratory rates, confirming a conserved role for this gene in regulating mitochondrial bioenergetics. The PDIA3-/- bioenergetic phenotype was reversed by overexpression of WT PDIA3 in cultured PDIA3-/- CMECs. PDIA3-/- and siRNA knockdown caused an increase in phosphorylation of the S727 residue of STAT3, which is known to promote mitochondrial bioenergetic function. Increased respiration in PDIA3-/- CMECs was reversed by a STAT3 inhibitor. In PDIA3-/- CMECs, mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species production, but not mitochondrial mass, was increased, suggesting an increased mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity. Finally, PDIA3-/- CMECs were more resistant to oxygen-glucose deprivation, while STAT3 inhibition reduced the protective effect. CONCLUSIONS We have discovered a novel role for PDIA3 in suppressing mitochondrial bioenergetic function by inhibiting STAT3 S727 phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matt. P. Keasey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70582, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| | - V. Razskazovskiy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70582, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| | - C. Jia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70582, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
- Sandwell and West, Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - P. C. Bradshaw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70582, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| | - T. Hagg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70582, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yuan M, Wang Y, Wang S, Huang Z, Jin F, Zou Q, Li J, Pu Y, Cai Z. Bioenergetic Impairment in the Neuro-Glia-Vascular Unit: An Emerging Physiopathology during Aging. Aging Dis 2021; 12:2080-2095. [PMID: 34881087 PMCID: PMC8612602 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.04017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging concept termed the "neuro-glia-vascular unit" (NGVU) has been established in recent years to understand the complicated mechanism of multicellular interactions among vascular cells, glial cells, and neurons. It has been proverbially reported that the NGVU is significantly associated with neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Physiological aging is an inevitable progression associated with oxidative damage, bioenergetic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation, which is partially similar to the pathology of AD. Thus, senescence is regarded as the background for the development of neurodegenerative diseases. With the exacerbation of global aging, senescence is an increasingly serious problem in the medical field. In this review, the coupling of each component, including neurons, glial cells, and vascular cells, in the NGVU is described in detail. Then, various mechanisms of age-dependent impairment in each part of the NGVU are discussed. Moreover, the potential bioenergetic alterations between different cell types in the NGVU are highlighted, which seems to be an emerging physiopathology associated with the aged brain. Bioenergetic intervention in the NGVU may be a new direction for studies on delaying or diminishing aging in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Yuan
- 1Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,2Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,4Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- 1Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengyuan Wang
- 1Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,2Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,4Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenting Huang
- 1Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Jin
- 1Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,2Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Zou
- 1Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Li
- 1Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinshuang Pu
- 1Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyou Cai
- 1Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,2Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,4Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sharma N, Tan MA, An SSA. Phytosterols: Potential Metabolic Modulators in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212255. [PMID: 34830148 PMCID: PMC8618769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols constitute a class of natural products that are an important component of diet and have vast applications in foods, cosmetics, and herbal medicines. With many and diverse isolated structures in nature, they exhibit a broad range of biological and pharmacological activities. Among over 200 types of phytosterols, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were ubiquitous in many plant species, exhibiting important aspects of activities related to neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, this mini-review presented an overview of the reported studies on selected phytosterols related to neurodegenerative diseases. It covered the major phytosterols based on biosynthetic considerations, including other phytosterols with significant in vitro and in vivo biological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niti Sharma
- Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Mario A. Tan
- Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1015, Philippines;
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-750-8755
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
The Blood-Brain Barrier, Oxidative Stress, and Insulin Resistance. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111695. [PMID: 34829566 PMCID: PMC8615183 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a network of specialized endothelial cells that regulates substrate entry into the central nervous system (CNS). Acting as the interface between the periphery and the CNS, the BBB must be equipped to defend against oxidative stress and other free radicals generated in the periphery to protect the CNS. There are unique features of brain endothelial cells that increase the susceptibility of these cells to oxidative stress. Insulin signaling can be impacted by varying levels of oxidative stress, with low levels of oxidative stress being necessary for signaling and higher levels being detrimental. Insulin must cross the BBB in order to access the CNS, levels of which are important in peripheral metabolism as well as cognition. Any alterations in BBB transport due to oxidative stress at the BBB could have downstream disease implications. In this review, we cover the interactions of oxidative stress at the BBB, how insulin signaling is related to oxidative stress, and the impact of the BBB in two diseases greatly affected by oxidative stress and insulin resistance: diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen W, Jiang L, Hu Y, Fang G, Yang B, Li J, Liang N, Wu L, Hussain Z. Nanomedicines, an emerging therapeutic regimen for treatment of ischemic cerebral stroke: A review. J Control Release 2021; 340:342-360. [PMID: 34695522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its intricate pathophysiology, cerebral stroke is a serious medical condition caused by interruption or obstruction of blood supply (blockage of vasculature) to the brain tissues which results in diminished supply of essential nutrients and oxygen (hypoxia) and ultimate necrosis of neuronal tissues. A prompt risks assessment and immediate rational therapeutic plan with proficient neuroprotection play critically important role in the effective management of this neuronal emergency. Various conventional medications are being used for treatment of acute ischemic cerebral stroke but fibrinolytic agents, alone or in combination with other agents are considered the mainstay. These clot-busting agents effectively restore blood supply (reperfusion) to ischemic regions of the brain; however, their clinical significance is hampered due to various factors such as short plasma half-life, limited distribution to brain tissues due to the presence of highly efficient physiological barrier, blood brain barrier (BBB), and lacking of target-specific delivery to the ischemic brain regions. To alleviate these issues, various types of nanomedicines such as polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, nanoemulsion, micelles and dendrimers have been designed and evaluated. The implication of these newer therapies (nanomedicines) have revolutionized the therapeutic outcomes by improving the plasma half-life, permeation across BBB, efficient distribution to ischemic cerebral tissues and neuroprotection. Furthermore, the adaptation of some diverse techniques including PEGylation, tethering of targeting ligands on the surfaces of nanomedicines, and pH responsive features have also been pondered. The implication of these emerging adaptations have shown remarkable potential in maximizing the targeting efficiency of drugs to ischemic brain tissues, simultaneous delivery of drugs and imaging agents (for early prognosis as well as monitoring of therapy), and therapeutic outcomes such as long-term neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi, University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China; Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China
| | - Lingfei Jiang
- Graduate College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Yueqiang Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi, University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China.
| | - Gang Fang
- Guangxi Zhuang and Yao Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Bilin Yang
- Graduate College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Junhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi, University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China
| | - Ni Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi, University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi, University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China.
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute for Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mancini G, Dias C, Lourenço CF, Laranjinha J, de Bem A, Ledo A. A High Fat/Cholesterol Diet Recapitulates Some Alzheimer's Disease-Like Features in Mice: Focus on Hippocampal Mitochondrial Dysfunction. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:1619-1633. [PMID: 34219714 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ample evidence from clinical and pre-clinical studies suggests mid-life hypercholesterolemia as a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) at a later age. Hypercholesterolemia induced by dietary habits can lead to vascular perturbations that increase the risk of developing sporadic AD. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of a high fat/cholesterol diet (HFCD) as a risk factor for AD by using a rodent model of AD and its correspondent control (healthy animals). METHODS We compared the effect of a HFCD in normal mice (non-transgenic mice, NTg) and the triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTgAD). We evaluated cognitive performance in relation to changes in oxidative metabolism and neuron-derived nitric oxide (•NO) concentration dynamics in hippocampal slices as well as histochemical staining of markers of the neurovascular unit. RESULTS In NTg, the HFCD produced only moderate hypercholesterolemia but significant decline in spatial memory was observed. A tendency for decrease in •NO production was accompanied by compromised mitochondrial function with decrease in spare respiratory capacity. In 3xTgAD mice, a robust increase in plasma cholesterol levels with the HFCD did not worsen cognitive performance but did induce compromise of mitochondrial function and significantly decreased •NO production. We found increased staining of biomarkers for astrocyte endfeet and endothelial cells in 3xTgAD hippocampi, which was further increased by the HFCD. CONCLUSION A short term (8 weeks) intervention with HFCD can produce an AD-like phenotype even in the absence of overt systemic hypercholesterolemia and highlights mitochondrial dysfunction as a link between hypercholesterolemia and sporadic AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Mancini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Candida Dias
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catia F Lourenço
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joao Laranjinha
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andreza de Bem
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ana Ledo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Che Mohd Nassir CMN, Hashim S, Wong KK, Abdul Halim S, Idris NS, Jayabalan N, Guo D, Mustapha M. COVID-19 Infection and Circulating Microparticles-Reviewing Evidence as Microthrombogenic Risk Factor for Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4188-4215. [PMID: 34176095 PMCID: PMC8235918 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) due to novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected the global society in numerous unprecedented ways, with considerable morbidity and mortality. Both direct and indirect consequences from COVID-19 infection are recognized to give rise to cardio- and cerebrovascular complications. Despite current limited knowledge on COVID-19 pathogenesis, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and coagulopathy appear to play critical roles in COVID-19-associated cerebrovascular disease (CVD). One of the major subtypes of CVD is cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) which represents a spectrum of pathological processes of various etiologies affecting the brain microcirculation that can trigger subsequent neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Prevalent with aging, CSVD is a recognized risk factor for stroke, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. In the background of COVID-19 infection, the heightened cellular activations from inflammations and oxidative stress may result in elevated levels of microthrombogenic extracellular-derived circulating microparticles (MPs). Consequently, MPs could act as pro-coagulant risk factor that may serve as microthrombi for the vulnerable microcirculation in the brain leading to CSVD manifestations. This review aims to appraise the accumulating body of evidence on the plausible impact of COVID-19 infection on the formation of microthrombogenic MPs that could lead to microthrombosis in CSVD manifestations, including occult CSVD which may last well beyond the pandemic era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sabarisah Hashim
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Kah Keng Wong
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sanihah Abdul Halim
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nur Suhaila Idris
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nanthini Jayabalan
- Translational Neuroscience Lab, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, the University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
| | - Dazhi Guo
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, 6 Fucheng Rd, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Muzaimi Mustapha
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shieh P, Hsu SS, Liang WZ. Mechanisms underlying protective effects of vitamin E against mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-induced oxidative stress and its related cytotoxicity in primary human brain endothelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:1375-1388. [PMID: 33818898 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins are one of the largest families of mycotoxins. Among these mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol is the most widespread pollutant of grains. However, the mechanism underlying the effect of deoxynivalenol on cytotoxicity in human brain endothelial cells was still unclear. This study examined whether deoxynivalenol induced oxidative stress-associated cytotoxicity in primary human brain endothelial cells (HBEC-5i), and explored whether Vitamin E (VE), a selective antioxidant, had protective effects on deoxynivalenol-treated cells. Deoxynivalenol (10-50 μM) concentration-dependently induced cytotoxicity in HBEC-5i cells. Deoxynivalenol (IC50 = 20 μM) activated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by modulating antioxidant protein expressions (Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1). More significantly, pre-treatment with VE (20 μM) attenuated the deoxynivalenol-induced cytotoxicity in this cell model. Together, VE significantly alleviated the apoptotic effects of deoxynivalenol in HBEC-5i cells suggesting that it protected the cells against deoxynivalenol-induced oxidative damage. Our findings provided new insight that VE had the potential to ameliorate neurotoxicity of deoxynivalenol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pochuen Shieh
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Yanpu Township, Pingtung County, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Shong Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Health and Nursing, Meiho University, Neipu Township, Pingtung County, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Zhe Liang
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Yanpu Township, Pingtung County, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Callewaert B, Jones EAV, Himmelreich U, Gsell W. Non-Invasive Evaluation of Cerebral Microvasculature Using Pre-Clinical MRI: Principles, Advantages and Limitations. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11060926. [PMID: 34064194 PMCID: PMC8224283 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations to the cerebral microcirculation have been recognized to play a crucial role in the development of neurodegenerative disorders. However, the exact role of the microvascular alterations in the pathophysiological mechanisms often remains poorly understood. The early detection of changes in microcirculation and cerebral blood flow (CBF) can be used to get a better understanding of underlying disease mechanisms. This could be an important step towards the development of new treatment approaches. Animal models allow for the study of the disease mechanism at several stages of development, before the onset of clinical symptoms, and the verification with invasive imaging techniques. Specifically, pre-clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for the development and validation of MRI sequences under clinically relevant conditions. This article reviews MRI strategies providing indirect non-invasive measurements of microvascular changes in the rodent brain that can be used for early detection and characterization of neurodegenerative disorders. The perfusion MRI techniques: Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE), Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Enhanced (DSC) and Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL), will be discussed, followed by less established imaging strategies used to analyze the cerebral microcirculation: Intravoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM), Vascular Space Occupancy (VASO), Steady-State Susceptibility Contrast (SSC), Vessel size imaging, SAGE-based DSC, Phase Contrast Flow (PC) Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) and quantitative Blood-Oxygenation-Level-Dependent (qBOLD). We will emphasize the advantages and limitations of each strategy, in particular on applications for high-field MRI in the rodent's brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bram Callewaert
- Biomedical MRI Group, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 505, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (B.C.); (W.G.)
- CMVB, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 911, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Elizabeth A. V. Jones
- CMVB, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 911, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- CARIM, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI Group, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 505, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (B.C.); (W.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Willy Gsell
- Biomedical MRI Group, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 505, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (B.C.); (W.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lauriola M, D'Onofrio G, Ciccone F, Germano C, Cascavilla L, Paris F, Greco A. Relationship of Homocysteine Plasma Levels with Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer's Disease, Vascular Dementia, Psychobehavioral, and Functional Complications. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:235-248. [PMID: 34057086 PMCID: PMC8293649 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may be a vascular disorder with neurodegenerative consequences opening possibility of preventing AD by targeting vascular risk factors including homocysteine. Objective: The study aims were to assess homocysteine distribution in different forms and severity of cognitive impairment (CogI) [mild cognitive impairment (MCI), probable AD (Prob-AD), possible AD (Poss-AD), and vascular dementia (VaD)] and in NoCogI, and to estimate possible association between hyperhomocysteinemia levels with functional deficit severity and psychobehavioral complications. Methods: In total, 929 (M = 366, F = 563; mean age of 72.55±6.24 years) patients were evaluated with cognitive, neuropsychiatric, affective, and functional assessment scales. Homocysteine serum was set on two levels: between 0 and 10μmol/L and > 10μmol/L. For each patient, blood concentration of folate, vitamin B12, hemoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), cholesterol, triglycerides, and glycemia were measured. Results: CogI patients demonstrated significantly a higher frequency of homocysteine > 10 (p = 0.003), than NoCogI patients. Patients with moderate and severe dementia had a higher frequency of homocysteine > 10 (p < 0.0001), than MCI and mild dementia. Poss-AD and VaD had a higher frequency of homocysteine > 10 (p = 0.003), than Prob-AD patients. Homocysteine > 10 frequency is directly proportional to increased neuropsychiatric symptom severity (p < 0.0001), and functional impairment severity respectively for ADL (p < 0.0001) and IADL (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Higher homocysteine level seems to be significantly related to cognitive impairment frequency and severity, possible AD and VaD, neuropsychiatric symptom severity, and functional impairment severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Lauriola
- Complex Unit of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Grazia D'Onofrio
- Clinical Psychology Service, Health Department, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Filomena Ciccone
- Clinical Psychology Service, Health Department, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Carmela Germano
- Complex Unit of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Leandro Cascavilla
- Complex Unit of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Paris
- Complex Unit of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Complex Unit of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Butt A, Kamtchum-Tatuene J, Khan K, Shuaib A, Jickling GC, Miyasaki JM, Smith EE, Camicioli R. White matter hyperintensities in patients with Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci 2021; 426:117481. [PMID: 33975191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mechanisms driving neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) are unclear and neurovascular dysfunction may be a contributing factor. White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are commonly found on brain MRI in patients with PD. It is controversial if they are more prevalent or more severe in PD compared with controls. This systematic review aims to answer this question. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted for studies of WMH in patients with PD. A qualitative synthesis was done for studies reporting WMH prevalence or WMH scores on a visual rating scale (VRS). In studies reporting total WMH volume, the difference between patients with PD and controls was pooled using random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS Among 3860 subjects from 24 studies, 2360 were cases and 1500 controls. Fifteen studies reported WMH scores and four studies reported the prevalence of WMH. On VRS, five studies reported no difference in WMH scores, three found higher WMH scores in PD compared to controls, three reported increased WMH scores either in periventricular or deep white matter, and four reported higher scores only in PD with dementia. In studies reporting WMH volume, there was no difference between patients with PD and controls (pooled standardized mean difference = 0.1, 95%CI: -0.1-0.4, I2 = 81%). CONCLUSION WMH are not more prevalent or severe in patients with PD than in age-matched controls. PD dementia may have more severe WMH compared to controls and PD with normal cognition. Prospective studies using standardized methods of WMH assessment are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asif Butt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Joseph Kamtchum-Tatuene
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Khurshid Khan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Ashfaq Shuaib
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Glen C Jickling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Janis M Miyasaki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Eric E Smith
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Richard Camicioli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Frías-Anaya E, Gromnicova R, Kraev I, Rogachevsky V, Male DK, Crea F, Hawkes CA, Romero IA. Age-related ultrastructural neurovascular changes in the female mouse cortex and hippocampus. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 101:273-284. [PMID: 33579556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown occurs in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Although age-associated alterations have previously been described, most studies focused in male brains; hence, little is known about BBB breakdown in females. This study measured ultrastructural features in the aging female BBB using transmission electron microscopy and 3-dimensional reconstruction of cortical and hippocampal capillaries from 6- and 24-month-old female C57BL/6J mice. Aged cortical capillaries showed more changes than hippocampal capillaries. Specifically, the aged cortex showed thicker basement membrane, higher number and volume of endothelial pseudopods, decreased endothelial mitochondrial number, larger pericyte mitochondria, higher pericyte-endothelial cell contact, and increased tight junction tortuosity compared with young animals. Only increased basement membrane thickness and pericyte mitochondrial volume were observed in the aged hippocampus. Regional comparison revealed significant differences in endothelial pseudopods and tight junctions between the cortex and hippocampus of 24-month-old mice. Therefore, the aging female BBB shows region-specific ultrastructural alterations that may lead to oxidative stress and abnormal capillary blood flow and barrier stability, potentially contributing to cerebrovascular diseases, particularly in postmenopausal women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Frías-Anaya
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Radka Gromnicova
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Igor Kraev
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Vadim Rogachevsky
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Pushchino Federal Research Centre for Biological Research, Pushchino, Russia
| | - David K Male
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Francesco Crea
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Cheryl A Hawkes
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK; Department of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Ignacio A Romero
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Basta M, Koutentaki E, Vgontzas A, Zaganas I, Vogiatzi E, Gouna G, Bourbouli M, Panagiotakis S, Kapetanaki S, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Simos P. Objective Daytime Napping is Associated with Disease Severity and Inflammation in Patients with Mild to Moderate Dementia1. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 74:803-815. [PMID: 32116246 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with dementia report excessive daytime sleep/sleepiness, which is associated with worse cognitive performance. Inflammatory markers may be elevated in patients with dementia and have been proposed as mediators of sleep/sleepiness. OBJECTIVE To examine the association of objective daytime napping with cognitive performance and peripheral markers of inflammation in patients with dementia as compared to not cognitively impaired (NCI) controls. METHODS A sub-sample of 46 patients with mild-to-moderate dementia and 85 NCI controls, were recruited from a large, population-based cohort of 3,140 elders (≥60 years) in Crete, Greece. All participants underwent medical history/physical examination, extensive neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological evaluation, 3-day 24 h actigraphy and a single morning measure of IL-6 and TNFα plasma levels. Comparisons of sleep parameters and inflammation markers between diagnostic groups, and between nappers and non-nappers within each diagnostic group, were conducted using ANCOVA controlling for demographics/related clinical factors. Associations between inflammatory markers, sleep variables, and neuropsychological performance were assessed within each group using partial correlation analysis controlling for confounders. RESULTS Patients with dementia slept 15 minutes longer during the day than NCI. Within dementia patients, nappers had significantly worse performance on autobiographic memory (p = 0.002), working memory (p = 0.007), episodic memory (p = 0.010), and assessment of daily function (p = 0.012) than non-nappers. Finally, IL-6 levels were significantly associated with nap duration within dementia patients who napped (r = 0.500, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Daytime napping in patients with dementia is associated with worse cognitive performance and increased IL-6 levels. In dementia, objective daytime napping, may be a marker of the severity of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Basta
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Eirini Koutentaki
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Alexandros Vgontzas
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ioannis Zaganas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanouela Vogiatzi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Garyfalia Gouna
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Mara Bourbouli
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Symeon Panagiotakis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Stefania Kapetanaki
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Julio Fernandez-Mendoza
- Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Panagiotis Simos
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Khatri DK, Kadbhane A, Patel M, Nene S, Atmakuri S, Srivastava S, Singh SB. Gauging the role and impact of drug interactions and repurposing in neurodegenerative disorders. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100022. [PMID: 34909657 PMCID: PMC8663985 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are of vast origin which are characterized by gradual progressive loss of neurons in the brain region. ND can be classified according to the clinical symptoms present (e.g. Cognitive decline, hyperkinetic, and hypokinetic movements disorder) or by the pathological protein deposited (e.g., Amyloid, tau, Alpha-synuclein, TDP-43). Alzheimer's disease preceded by Parkinson's is the most prevalent form of ND world-wide. Multiple factors like aging, genetic mutations, environmental factors, gut microbiota, blood-brain barrier microvascular complication, etc. may increase the predisposition towards ND. Genetic mutation is a major contributor in increasing the susceptibility towards ND, the concept of one disease-one gene is obsolete and now multiple genes are considered to be involved in causing one particular disease. Also, the involvement of multiple pathological mechanisms like oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, etc. contributes to the complexity and makes them difficult to be treated by traditional mono-targeted ligands. In this aspect, the Poly-pharmacological drug approach which targets multiple pathological pathways at the same time provides the best way to treat such complex networked CNS diseases. In this review, we have provided an overview of ND and their pathological origin, along with a brief description of various genes associated with multiple diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Multiple sclerosis (MS), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's and a comprehensive detail about the Poly-pharmacology approach (MTDLs and Fixed-dose combinations) along with their merits over the traditional single-targeted drug is provided. This review also provides insights into current repurposing strategies along with its regulatory considerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Corresponding authors. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Corresponding authors. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zeng W, Lei Q, Ma J, Gao S, Ju R. Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Derived Microvesicles Promote Angiogenesis in Rat Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells In vitro. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:638351. [PMID: 33679329 PMCID: PMC7930325 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.638351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) are a major component of the blood-brain barrier that maintains brain homeostasis. Preserving and restoring the normal biological functions of BMECs can reverse or reduce brain injury. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) may promote brain vascular remodeling and restore normal endothelial function. As a novel vehicle for cell-cell communication, microvesicles (MVs) have varied biological functions. The present study investigated the biological effects of EPC-derived MVs (EPC-MVs) on BMECs in vitro. We isolated MVs from the supernatant of EPCs in a serum-depleted medium. BMECs were cultured alone or in the presence of EPC-MVs. BMEC viability and proliferation were evaluated with the Cell Counting Kit-8 and by flow cytometry, and the proangiogenic effect of EPC-MVs on BMECs was assessed with the transwell migration, wound healing, and tube formation assays. Our results showed that EPC-derived MVs labeled with DiI were internalized by cultured BMECs; this enhanced BMEC viability and promoted their proliferation. EPC-MVs also stimulated migration and tube formation in BMECs. These results demonstrate that EPC-derived MVs exert a proangiogenic effect on BMECs, which has potential applications in cell-free therapy for brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zeng
- Department of Neonatology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiaoling Lei
- Department of Neonatology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Ma
- Department of Neonatology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuqiang Gao
- Department of Neonatology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Ju
- Department of Neonatology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Che Mohd Nassir CMN, Mohamad Ghazali M, Ahmad Safri A, Jaffer U, Abdullah WZ, Idris NS, Muzaimi M. Elevated Circulating Microparticle Subpopulations in Incidental Cerebral White Matter Hyperintensities: A Multimodal Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:133. [PMID: 33498429 PMCID: PMC7909442 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic (or "silent") manifestations of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) are widely recognized through incidental findings of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) as a result of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This study aims to examine the potential associations of surrogate markers for the evaluation of white matter integrity in CSVD among asymptomatic individuals through a battery of profiling involving QRISK2 cardiocerebrovascular risk prediction, neuroimaging, neurocognitive evaluation, and microparticles (MPs) titers. Sixty asymptomatic subjects (mean age: 39.83 ± 11.50 years) with low to moderate QRISK2 scores were recruited and underwent neurocognitive evaluation for memory and cognitive performance, peripheral venous blood collection for enumeration of selected MPs subpopulations, and 3T MRI brain scan with specific diffusion MRI (dMRI) sequences inclusive of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). WMHs were detected in 20 subjects (33%). Older subjects (mean age: 46.00 ± 12.00 years) had higher WMHs prevalence, associated with higher QRISK2 score and reduced processing speed. They also had significantly higher mean percentage of platelet (CD62P)- and leukocyte (CD62L)-derived MPs. No association was found between reduced white matter integrity-especially at the left superior longitudinal fasciculus (LSLF)-with age and neurocognitive function; however, LSLF was associated with higher QRISK2 score, total MPs, and CD62L- and endothelial cell-derived MPs (CD146). Therefore, this study establishes these multimodal associations as potential surrogate markers for "silent" CSVD manifestations in the well-characterized cardiocerebrovascular demographic of relatively young, neurologically asymptomatic adults. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to exhibit elevated MP counts in asymptomatic CSVD (i.e., CD62P and CD62L), which warrants further delineation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (C.M.N.C.M.N.); (M.M.G.); (A.A.S.); (U.J.)
| | - Mazira Mohamad Ghazali
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (C.M.N.C.M.N.); (M.M.G.); (A.A.S.); (U.J.)
| | - Amanina Ahmad Safri
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (C.M.N.C.M.N.); (M.M.G.); (A.A.S.); (U.J.)
| | - Usman Jaffer
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (C.M.N.C.M.N.); (M.M.G.); (A.A.S.); (U.J.)
| | - Wan Zaidah Abdullah
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Suhaila Idris
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mustapha Muzaimi
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (C.M.N.C.M.N.); (M.M.G.); (A.A.S.); (U.J.)
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Al-Bachari S, Naish JH, Parker GJM, Emsley HCA, Parkes LM. Blood-Brain Barrier Leakage Is Increased in Parkinson's Disease. Front Physiol 2020; 11:593026. [PMID: 33414722 PMCID: PMC7784911 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.593026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption has been noted in animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and forms the basis of the vascular hypothesis of neurodegeneration, yet clinical studies are lacking. Objective To determine alterations in BBB integrity in PD, with comparison to cerebrovascular disease. Methods Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance images were collected from 49 PD patients, 15 control subjects with cerebrovascular disease [control positive (CP)] and 31 healthy control subjects [control negative (CN)], with all groups matched for age. Quantitative maps of the contrast agent transfer coefficient across the BBB (Ktrans) and plasma volume (vp) were produced using Patlak analysis. Differences in Ktrans and vp were assessed with voxel-based analysis as well as in regions associated with PD pathophysiology. In addition, the volume of white matter lesions (WMLs) was obtained from T2-weighted fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. Results Higher Ktrans, reflecting higher BBB leakage, was found in the PD group than in the CN group using voxel-based analysis; differences were most prominent in the posterior white matter regions. Region of interest analysis confirmed Ktrans to be significantly higher in PD than in CN, predominantly driven by differences in the substantia nigra, normal-appearing white matter, WML and the posterior cortex. WML volume was significantly higher in PD compared to CN. Ktrans values and WML volume were similar in PD and CP, suggesting a similar burden of cerebrovascular disease despite lower cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusion These results show BBB disruption in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al-Bachari
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, United Kingdom.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine H Naish
- Division of Cardiovascular sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Bioxydyn Limited, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff J M Parker
- Bioxydyn Limited, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science and Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hedley C A Emsley
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, United Kingdom.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M Parkes
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tang H, Xu Y, Liu L, He L, Huang J, Pan J, He W, Wang Y, Yang X, Hou X, Xu K. Nogo-A/S1PR2 Signaling Pathway Inactivation Decreases Microvascular Damage and Enhances Microvascular Regeneration in PDMCI Mice. Neuroscience 2020; 449:21-34. [PMID: 33039527 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PDMCI) is as high as 18-55%. However, the pathological mechanism of PDMCI is not yet clear. Our previous research showed that microvascular pathology and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion participated in the occurrence and development of PDMCI. Nogo-A has been suggested to be a negative regulator of microvascular regeneration in the central nervous system. Moreover, few insights have illuminated the mechanisms of Nogo-A and microvascular pathology in PDMCI. Therefore, we hypothesized that Nogo-A might be involved in the negative regulation of PDMCI angiogenesis. In this study, C57BL/6J mice were injected with Nogo-A-specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA-Nogo-A) in the lateral ventricle and intraperitoneally injected with a combination of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and probenecid. Subjects were classified into the following five groups for the Morris water maze test: control (CON), CON + shRNA-GFP, CON + shRNA-Nogo-A, PDMCI, and PDMCI + shRNA-Nogo-A. Furthermore, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated dextran, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses were performed. The results showed that MPTP could cause spatial memory and behavioral impairment, significant microvascular impairment and increased Nogo-A expression. When Nogo-A expression was downregulated, the cognitive and microvascular impairments were alleviated, and the expression of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) and the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway were inhibited. These findings suggested that Nogo-A could bind to S1PR2, activate related signaling pathways, and lead to the inhibition of vascular remodeling in PDMCI mice. This study indicated that Nogo-A downregulation could mediate microvascular remodeling and provide further insights into the pathogenesis of PDMCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yunxian Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Liru Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Lu He
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jingyu Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jing Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Wenjie He
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xubo Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaohui Hou
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Kaishou Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sivandzade F, Alqahtani F, Cucullo L. Traumatic Brain Injury and Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB): Underlying Pathophysiological Mechanisms and the Influence of Cigarette Smoking as a Premorbid Condition. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2721. [PMID: 32295258 PMCID: PMC7215684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is among the most pressing global health issues and prevalent causes of cerebrovascular and neurological disorders all over the world. In addition to the brain injury, TBI may also alter the systemic immune response. Thus, TBI patients become vulnerable to infections, have worse neurological outcomes, and exhibit a higher rate of mortality and morbidity. It is well established that brain injury leads to impairments of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and function, contributing to the loss of neural tissue and affecting the response to neuroprotective drugs. Thus, stabilization/protection of the BBB after TBI could be a promising strategy to limit neuronal inflammation, secondary brain damage, and acute neurodegeneration. Herein, we present a review highlighting the significant post-traumatic effects of TBI on the cerebrovascular system. These include the loss of BBB integrity and selective permeability, impact on BBB transport mechanisms, post-traumatic cerebral edema formation, and significant pathophysiological factors that may further exacerbate post-traumatic BBB dysfunctions. Furthermore, we discuss the post-traumatic impacts of chronic smoking, which has been recently shown to act as a premorbid condition that impairs post-TBI recovery. Indeed, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with TBI damage is essential to better understand the pathogenesis and progression of post-traumatic secondary brain injury and the development of targeted treatments to improve outcomes and speed up the recovery process. Therapies aimed at restoring/protecting the BBB may reduce the post-traumatic burden of TBI by minimizing the impairment of brain homeostasis and help to restore an optimal microenvironment to support neuronal repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Sivandzade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Blood total antioxidant status is associated with cortical glucose uptake and factors related to accelerated aging. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:841-851. [PMID: 32048020 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Identifying cerebral vulnerability in late life is of paramount importance to prevent pathological trajectories of aging before the onset of symptoms. Considerable evidence suggests that impaired antioxidant mechanisms are a fingerprint of aging-related conditions, but there is a lack of human research linking total antioxidant capacity (TAC) measured in peripheral blood to in vivo brain changes and other factors featuring accelerated aging. To address this issue, we have assessed in cognitively normal elderly subjects (N = 100) correlations between serum TAC, using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay, surface-based cortical thickness, surface-based 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography cortical uptake, and different factors associated with accelerated aging [i.e., serum homocysteine (HCY), self-reported memory problems, and self-reported patterns of physical activity]. While no relationship was observed between serum TAC and variations in cortical thickness, decreased TAC level was significantly associated with lower FDG uptake in temporal lobes bilaterally. Remarkably, decreased TAC level was linked to increased HCY concentrations, more subjective memory complaints, and lower frequency of physical activity. Overall, our results suggest that decreased serum TAC level may be helpful to detect vulnerable trajectories of aging.
Collapse
|
43
|
Jia F, Mou L, Ge H. Protective effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on H 2O 2-induced oxidative injury in human endothelial cell line (EA.hy926) via miR-210. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2020; 33:2058738419866021. [PMID: 31359794 PMCID: PMC6668182 DOI: 10.1177/2058738419866021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) possesses a cardioprotective effect via mediating microRNAs (miRs), while it is unexplored whether miR-210 is regulated by Rb1 in response to oxidative stress. Human endothelial EA.hy926 cells were stimulated with H2O2 before Rb1 treatment. After transfection, cell viability, apoptosis, migration, and invasion assays were conducted. Western blot was applied to quantify protein. BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) and miR-210 were analyzed with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Dual luciferase activity assay was performed. Rb1 elevated viability, migration, and invasion of H2O2-treated cells. H2O2-induced apoptosis was moderated by Rb1. miR-210 was augmented in H2O2-treated cells after Rb1 stimulation. miR-210 inhibitor abolished the positive effects of Rb1. BNIP3 was negatively modulated by miR-210 and implicated in modulating viability, apoptosis, and migration and invasion. In addition, BNIP3 modulated phosphorylation of regulators. Rb1 repressed oxidative injury via elevating miR-210. miR-210 negatively mediated BNIP3, which participated in oxidative damage via regulating mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fubao Jia
- 1 Department of Neurology, Shanxian Central Hospital, Heze, China
| | - Lei Mou
- 2 Department of Neurology, Rizhao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rizhao, China
| | - Hanming Ge
- 3 Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gojanovich GS, Shikuma CM, Milne C, Libutti DE, Chow DC, Gerschenson M. Subcutaneous Adipocyte Adenosine Triphosphate Levels in HIV Infected Patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:75-82. [PMID: 31407586 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoatrophy, or fat wasting, remains a syndrome plaguing HIV+ patients receiving antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Both HIV infection per se and certain ARV are associated with lowered adipose tissue mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) and mitochondrial ribonucleic acid (mtRNA) levels, but effects on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production are unclear. We hypothesized that such alterations would accompany lowering of ATP levels in fat of HIV+ patients and would be worse in those displaying lipoatrophy. Gluteal-fold, subcutaneous adipose tissue was obtained from HIV seronegative control patients, from HIV+ ARV-naive patients, and those on ARV with or without lipoatrophy. Cellular ATP was measured in isolated adipocytes and preadipocyte fraction cells by bioluminescence. mtDNA copies/cell and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) mtRNA transcripts were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reactions. ATP levels were consistently higher in preadipocyte fraction cells than adipocytes, but values strongly correlated with each other (r = 0.66, p < .001). ATP levels in adipocytes were higher in both ARV-naive and nonlipoatrophic HIV+ patients compared to seronegative controls, but significantly lower in adipocytes and preadipocytes of lipoatrophic versus other HIV+ patients. Fat mtDNA copies/cell and OXPHOS mtRNA transcripts were lower in lipoatrophic patient samples compared to HIV seronegative. The ratio of specific OXPHOS transcripts to each other was significantly higher in nonlipoatrophic patients versus all groups, and this ratio correlated significantly with ATP levels in adipocytes. Thus, HIV infection is associated with an increase in adipose tissue ATP stores. Decreases in adipose mtDNA and OXPHOS mtRNA are found in those with HIV on ARV; however, ATP level is effected only in patients displaying lipoatrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greg S. Gojanovich
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Cecilia M. Shikuma
- Department of Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Cris Milne
- Department of Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Daniel E. Libutti
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Dominic C. Chow
- Department of Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
- Department of Pediatrics, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Mariana Gerschenson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Candesartan Neuroprotection in Rat Primary Neurons Negatively Correlates with Aging and Senescence: a Transcriptomic Analysis. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1656-1673. [PMID: 31811565 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01800-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical experiments and clinical trials demonstrated that angiotensin II AT1 receptor overactivity associates with aging and cellular senescence and that AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) protect from age-related brain disorders. In a primary neuronal culture submitted to glutamate excitotoxicity, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed expression of several hundred genes altered by glutamate and normalized by candesartan correlated with changes in expression in Alzheimer's patient's hippocampus. To further establish whether our data correlated with gene expression alterations associated with aging and senescence, we compared our global transcriptional data with additional published datasets, including alterations in gene expression in the neocortex and cerebellum of old mice, human frontal cortex after age of 40, gene alterations in the Werner syndrome, rodent caloric restriction, Ras and oncogene-induced senescence in fibroblasts, and to tissues besides the brain such as the muscle and kidney. The most significant and enriched pathways associated with aging and senescence were positively correlated with alterations in gene expression in glutamate-injured neurons and, conversely, negatively correlated when the injured neurons were treated with candesartan. Our results involve multiple genes and pathways, including CAV1, CCND1, CDKN1A, CHEK1, ICAM1, IL-1B, IL-6, MAPK14, PTGS2, SERPINE1, and TP53, encoding proteins associated with aging and senescence hallmarks, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, cell cycle and mitochondrial function alterations, insulin resistance, genomic instability including telomere shortening and DNA damage, and the senescent-associated secretory phenotype. Our results demonstrate that AT1 receptor blockade ameliorates central mechanisms of aging and senescence. Using ARBs for prevention and treatment of age-related disorders has important translational value.
Collapse
|
46
|
Mustapha M, Nassir CMNCM, Aminuddin N, Safri AA, Ghazali MM. Cerebral Small Vessel Disease (CSVD) - Lessons From the Animal Models. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1317. [PMID: 31708793 PMCID: PMC6822570 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) refers to a spectrum of clinical and imaging findings resulting from pathological processes of various etiologies affecting cerebral arterioles, perforating arteries, capillaries, and venules. Unlike large vessels, it is a challenge to visualize small vessels in vivo, hence the difficulty to directly monitor the natural progression of the disease. CSVD might progress for many years during the early stage of the disease as it remains asymptomatic. Prevalent among elderly individuals, CSVD has been alarmingly reported as an important precursor of full-blown stroke and vascular dementia. Growing evidence has also shown a significant association between CSVD's radiological manifestation with dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Although it remains contentious as to whether CSVD is a cause or sequelae of AD, it is not far-fetched to posit that effective therapeutic measures of CSVD would mitigate the overall burden of dementia. Nevertheless, the unifying theory on the pathomechanism of the disease remains elusive, hence the lack of effective therapeutic approaches. Thus, this chapter consolidates the contemporary insights from numerous experimental animal models of CSVD, to date: from the available experimental animal models of CSVD and its translational research value; the pathomechanical aspects of the disease; relevant aspects on systems biology; opportunities for early disease biomarkers; and finally, converging approaches for future therapeutic directions of CSVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muzaimi Mustapha
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | | | - Niferiti Aminuddin
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Amanina Ahmad Safri
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Mazira Mohamad Ghazali
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Denver P, D’Adamo H, Hu S, Zuo X, Zhu C, Okuma C, Kim P, Castro D, Jones MR, Leal C, Mekkittikul M, Ghadishah E, Teter B, Vinters HV, Cole GM, Frautschy SA. A Novel Model of Mixed Vascular Dementia Incorporating Hypertension in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1269. [PMID: 31708792 PMCID: PMC6821690 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mixed dementia (MxD) comprise the majority of dementia cases in the growing global aging population. MxD describes the coexistence of AD pathology with vascular pathology, including cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). Cardiovascular disease increases risk for AD and MxD, but mechanistic synergisms between the coexisting pathologies affecting dementia risk, progression and the ultimate clinical manifestations remain elusive. To explore the additive or synergistic interactions between AD and chronic hypertension, we developed a rat model of MxD, produced by breeding APPswe/PS1ΔE9 transgenes into the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) background, resulting in the SHRSP/FAD model and three control groups (FAD, SHRSP and non-hypertensive WKY rats, n = 8-11, both sexes, 16-18 months of age). After behavioral testing, rats were euthanized, and tissue assessed for vascular, neuroinflammatory and AD pathology. Hypertension was preserved in the SHRSP/FAD cross. Results showed that SHRSP increased FAD-dependent neuroinflammation (microglia and astrocytes) and tau pathology, but plaque pathology changes were subtle, including fewer plaques with compact cores and slightly reduced plaque burden. Evidence for vascular pathology included a change in the distribution of astrocytic end-foot protein aquaporin-4, normally distributed in microvessels, but in SHRSP/FAD rats largely dissociated from vessels, appearing disorganized or redistributed into neuropil. Other evidence of SVD-like pathology included increased collagen IV staining in cerebral vessels and PECAM1 levels. We identified a plasma biomarker in SHRSP/FAD rats that was the only group to show increased Aqp-4 in plasma exosomes. Evidence of neuron damage in SHRSP/FAD rats included increased caspase-cleaved actin, loss of myelin and reduced calbindin staining in neurons. Further, there were mitochondrial deficits specific to SHRSP/FAD, notably the loss of complex II, accompanying FAD-dependent loss of mitochondrial complex I. Cognitive deficits exhibited by FAD rats were not exacerbated by the introduction of the SHRSP phenotype, nor was the hyperactivity phenotype associated with SHRSP altered by the FAD transgene. This novel rat model of MxD, encompassing an amyloidogenic transgene with a hypertensive phenotype, exhibits several features associated with human vascular or "mixed" dementia and may be a useful tool in delineating the pathophysiology of MxD and development of therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Denver
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Heather D’Adamo
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shuxin Hu
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiaohong Zuo
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cansheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chihiro Okuma
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Peter Kim
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Castro
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mychica R. Jones
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Carmen Leal
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marisa Mekkittikul
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Elham Ghadishah
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bruce Teter
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Harry V. Vinters
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gregory Michael Cole
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sally A. Frautschy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Anti-Diabetic Countermeasures Against Tobacco Smoke-Dependent Cerebrovascular Toxicity: Use and Effect of Rosiglitazone. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174225. [PMID: 31470514 PMCID: PMC6747143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking (TS) is one of the most addictive habit sand a main public health hazards, impacting the vascular endothelium through oxidative stress (OS) stimuli, exposure to nicotine, and smoking-induced inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Increasing evidence also suggested that TS increases glucose intolerance and the risk factor of developing type-2 diabetes mellitus (2DM), which, along with TS, is connected to blood–brain barrier (BBB) injuries, and heightens the risk of cerebrovascular disorders. Although the exact mechanism of rosiglitazone (RSG) is unknown, our previous in vitro work showed how RSG, an oral anti-diabetic drug belonging to the family of thiazolidinedione class, can protect BBB integrity through enhancement of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) activity. Herein, we have validated the protective role of rosiglitazone against TS-induced BBB impairment in vivo. Our results revealed that RSG as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), activates counteractive mechanisms primarily associated with the upregulation of Nrf2 and PPARγ pathways which reduce TS-dependent toxicity at the cerebrovascular level. In line with these findings, our results show that RSG reduces inflammation and protects BBB integrity. In conclusion, RSG offers a novel and promising therapeutic application to reduce TS-induced cerebrovascular dysfunction through activation of the PPARγ-dependent and/or PPARγ-independent Nrf2 pathway.
Collapse
|
49
|
Pranda MA, Gray KM, DeCastro AJL, Dawson GM, Jung JW, Stroka KM. Tumor Cell Mechanosensing During Incorporation into the Brain Microvascular Endothelium. Cell Mol Bioeng 2019; 12:455-480. [PMID: 31719927 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-019-00591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tumor metastasis to the brain occurs in approximately 20% of all cancer cases and often occurs due to tumor cells crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The brain microenvironment is comprised of a soft hyaluronic acid (HA)-rich extracellular matrix with an elastic modulus of 0.1-1 kPa, whose crosslinking is often altered in disease states. Methods To explore the effects of HA crosslinking on breast tumor cell migration, we developed a biomimetic model of the human brain endothelium, consisting of brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) monolayers on HA and gelatin (HA/gelatin) films with different degrees of crosslinking, as established by varying the concentration of the crosslinker Extralink. Results and Discussion Metastatic breast tumor cell migration speed, diffusion coefficient, spreading area, and aspect ratio increased with decreasing HA crosslinking, a mechanosensing trend that correlated with tumor cell actin organization but not CD44 expression. Meanwhile, breast tumor cell incorporation into endothelial monolayers was independent of HA crosslinking density, suggesting that alterations in HA crosslinking density affect tumor cells only after they exit the vasculature. Tumor cells appeared to exploit both the paracellular and transcellular routes of trans-endothelial migration. Quantitative phenotyping of HBMEC junctions via a novel Python software revealed a VEGF-dependent decrease in punctate VE-cadherin junctions and an increase in continuous and perpendicular junctions when HBMECs were treated with tumor cell-secreted factors. Conclusions Overall, our quantitative results suggest that a combination of biochemical and physical factors promote tumor cell migration through the BBB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Pranda
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Kelsey M Gray
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Ariana Joy L DeCastro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Gregory M Dawson
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Jae W Jung
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Kimberly M Stroka
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742 USA.,Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742 USA.,Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland - Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland - Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.,Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 3110 A. James Clark Hall, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hong N. Photobiomodulation as a treatment for neurodegenerative disorders: current and future trends. Biomed Eng Lett 2019; 9:359-366. [PMID: 31456895 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-019-00115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a rapidly growing as an innovative therapeutic modality for various types of diseases in recent years. Neuronal degeneration is irreversible process and it is proven to be difficult to slow down or stop the progression. Pharmacologic approaches to slow neuronal degeneration have been studied, but are limited due to concerns about the side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new therapeutic approach to stabilize neuronal degeneration and achieve neuronal protection against several neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we have introduced several previous studies showing the positive effect of PBM over neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and different types of epilepsy. Despite excellent outcomes of animal researches, not many clinical studies are conducted or showed positive outcome of PBM against neurodegenerative disease. To achieve clinical application of PBM against neurodegenerative disorder, determination of exact mechanism and establishment of effective clinical protocol seems to be necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namgue Hong
- Department of Pre-medical Science, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|