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Grasso G, Colella F, Forciniti S, Onesto V, Iuele H, Siciliano AC, Carnevali F, Chandra A, Gigli G, Del Mercato LL. Fluorescent nano- and microparticles for sensing cellular microenvironment: past, present and future applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:4311-4336. [PMID: 37638162 PMCID: PMC10448310 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00218g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) demonstrates distinct hallmarks, including acidosis, hypoxia, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and altered ion fluxes, which are crucial targets for early cancer biomarker detection, tumor diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies. Various imaging and sensing techniques have been developed and employed in both research and clinical settings to visualize and monitor cellular and TME dynamics. Among these, ratiometric fluorescence-based sensors have emerged as powerful analytical tools, providing precise and sensitive insights into TME and enabling real-time detection and tracking of dynamic changes. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the latest advancements in ratiometric fluorescent probes designed for the optical mapping of pH, oxygen, ROS, ions, and biomarkers within the TME. We elucidate their structural designs and sensing mechanisms as well as their applications in in vitro and in vivo detection. Furthermore, we explore integrated sensing platforms that reveal the spatiotemporal behavior of complex tumor cultures, highlighting the potential of high-resolution imaging techniques combined with computational methods. This review aims to provide a solid foundation for understanding the current state of the art and the future potential of fluorescent nano- and microparticles in the field of cellular microenvironment sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Grasso
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC) c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Francesco Colella
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC) c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics ''Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Stefania Forciniti
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC) c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Valentina Onesto
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC) c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Helena Iuele
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC) c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Anna Chiara Siciliano
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC) c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics ''Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Federica Carnevali
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC) c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics ''Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Anil Chandra
- Centre for Research in Pure and Applied Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be-university) Bangalore Karnataka 560078 India
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC) c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics ''Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Loretta L Del Mercato
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC) c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
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Gilbert DF, Friedrich O, Wiest J. Assaying Proliferation Characteristics of Cells Cultured Under Static Versus Periodic Conditions. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2644:35-45. [PMID: 37142914 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3052-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional in vitro culture models are widely being employed for assessing a vast variety of biological questions in different scientific fields. Common in vitro culture models are typically maintained under static conditions, where the surrounding culture medium is replaced every few days-typically every 48 to 72 h-with the aim to remove metabolites and to replenish nutrients. Although this approach is sufficient for supporting cellular survival and proliferation, static culture conditions do mostly not reflect the in vivo situation where cells are continuously being perfused by extracellular fluid, and thus, create a less-physiological environment. In order to evaluate whether the proliferation characteristics of cells in 2D culture maintained under static conditions differ from cells kept in a dynamic environment, in this chapter, we provide a protocol for differential analysis of cellular growth under static versus pulsed-perfused conditions, mimicking continuous replacement of extracellular fluid in the physiological environment. The protocol involves long-term life-cell high-content time-lapse imaging of fluorescent cells at 37 °C and ambient CO2 concentration using multi-parametric biochips applicable for microphysiological analysis of cellular vitality. We provide instructions and useful information for (i) the culturing of cells in biochips, (ii) setup of cell-laden biochips for culturing cells under static and pulsed-perfused conditions, (iii) long-term life-cell high-content time-lapse imaging of fluorescent cells in biochips, and (iv) quantification of cellular proliferation from image series generated from imaging of differentially cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Gilbert
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (CBI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (CBI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Azimzadeh M, Khashayar P, Amereh M, Tasnim N, Hoorfar M, Akbari M. Microfluidic-Based Oxygen (O 2) Sensors for On-Chip Monitoring of Cell, Tissue and Organ Metabolism. BIOSENSORS 2021; 12:bios12010006. [PMID: 35049634 PMCID: PMC8774018 DOI: 10.3390/bios12010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) quantification is essential for assessing cell metabolism, and its consumption in cell culture is an important indicator of cell viability. Recent advances in microfluidics have made O2 sensing a crucial feature for organ-on-chip (OOC) devices for various biomedical applications. OOC O2 sensors can be categorized, based on their transducer type, into two main groups, optical and electrochemical. In this review, we provide an overview of on-chip O2 sensors integrated with the OOC devices and evaluate their advantages and disadvantages. Recent innovations in optical O2 sensors integrated with OOCs are discussed in four main categories: (i) basic luminescence-based sensors; (ii) microparticle-based sensors; (iii) nano-enabled sensors; and (iv) commercial probes and portable devices. Furthermore, we discuss recent advancements in electrochemical sensors in five main categories: (i) novel configurations in Clark-type sensors; (ii) novel materials (e.g., polymers, O2 scavenging and passivation materials); (iii) nano-enabled electrochemical sensors; (iv) novel designs and fabrication techniques; and (v) commercial and portable electrochemical readouts. Together, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the current advances in the design, fabrication and application of optical and electrochemical O2 sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Azimzadeh
- Medical Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 89195-999, Iran;
- Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 89195-999, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 89165-887, Iran
| | - Patricia Khashayar
- Center for Microsystems Technology, Imec and Ghent University, 9050 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Meitham Amereh
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada;
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada;
| | - Nishat Tasnim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada;
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada;
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada;
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (M.A.)
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Chemically Induced pH Perturbations for Analyzing Biological Barriers Using Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21217277. [PMID: 34770587 PMCID: PMC8588202 DOI: 10.3390/s21217277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Potentiometric pH measurements have long been used for the bioanalysis of biofluids, tissues, and cells. A glass pH electrode and ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) can measure the time course of pH changes in a microenvironment as a result of physiological and biological activities. However, the signal interpretation of passive pH sensing is difficult because many biological activities influence the spatiotemporal distribution of pH in the microenvironment. Moreover, time course measurement suffers from stability because of gradual drifts in signaling. To address these issues, an active method of pH sensing was developed for the analysis of the cell barrier in vitro. The microenvironmental pH is temporarily perturbed by introducing a low concentration of weak acid (NH4+) or base (CH3COO−) to cells cultured on the gate insulator of ISFET using a superfusion system. Considering the pH perturbation originates from the semi-permeability of lipid bilayer plasma membranes, induced proton dynamics are used for analyzing the biomembrane barriers against ions and hydrated species following interaction with exogenous reagents. The unique feature of the method is the sensitivity to the formation of transmembrane pores as small as a proton (H+), enabling the analysis of cell–nanomaterial interactions at the molecular level. The new modality of cell analysis using ISFET is expected to be applied to nanomedicine, drug screening, and tissue engineering.
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Miller DR, Schaffer DK, Neely MD, McClain ES, Travis AR, Block FE, Mckenzie J, Werner EM, Armstrong L, Markov DA, Bowman AB, Ess KC, Cliffel DE, Wikswo JP. A bistable, multiport valve enables microformulators creating microclinical analyzers that reveal aberrant glutamate metabolism in astrocytes derived from a tuberous sclerosis patient. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2021; 341:129972. [PMID: 34092923 PMCID: PMC8174775 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.129972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for valves and pumps that operate at the microscale with precision and accuracy, are versatile in their application, and are easily fabricated. To that end, we developed a new rotary planar multiport valve to faithfully select solutions (contamination = 5.22 ± 0.06 ppb) and a rotary planar peristaltic pump to precisely control fluid delivery (flow rate = 2.4 ± 1.7 to 890 ± 77 μL/min). Both the valve and pump were implemented in a planar format amenable to single-layer soft lithographic fabrication. These planar microfluidics were actuated by a rotary motor controlled remotely by custom software. Together, these two devices constitute an innovative microformulator that was used to prepare precise, high-fidelity mixtures of up to five solutions (deviation from prescribed mixture = ±|0.02 ± 0.02| %). This system weighed less than a kilogram, occupied around 500 cm3, and generated pressures of 255 ± 47 kPa. This microformulator was then combined with an electrochemical sensor creating a microclinical analyzer (μCA) for detecting glutamate in real time. Using the chamber of the μCA as an in-line bioreactor, we compared glutamate homeostasis in human astrocytes differentiated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from a control subject (CC-3) and a Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) patient carrying a pathogenic TSC2 mutation. When challenged with glutamate, TSC astrocytes took up less glutamate than control cells. These data validate the analytical power of the μCA and the utility of the microformulator by leveraging it to assess disease-related alterations in cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusty R. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
| | - David K. Schaffer
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
| | - M. Diana Neely
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37232, U.S.A
| | - Ethan S. McClain
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
| | - Adam R. Travis
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
| | - Frank E. Block
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer Mckenzie
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
| | - Erik M. Werner
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
| | - Laura Armstrong
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37232, U.S.A
| | - Dmitry A. Markov
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
| | - Aaron B. Bowman
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, U.S.A
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A
| | - Kevin C. Ess
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37232, U.S.A
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, U.S.A
| | - David E. Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
| | - John P. Wikswo
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, U.S.A
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Real-Time Analysis of Oxygen Gradient in Oocyte Respiration Using a High-Density Microelectrode Array. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11080256. [PMID: 34436058 PMCID: PMC8393405 DOI: 10.3390/bios11080256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Physiological events related to oxygen concentration gradients provide valuable information to determine the state of metabolizing biological cells. The existing oxygen sensing methods (i.e., optical photoluminescence, magnetic resonance, and scanning electrochemical) are well-established and optimized for existing in vitro analyses. However, such methods also present various limitations in resolution, real-time sensing performance, complexity, and costs. An electrochemical imaging system with an integrated microelectrode array (MEA) would offer attractive means of measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR) based on the cell’s two-dimensional (2D) oxygen concentration gradient. This paper presents an application of an electrochemical sensor platform with a custom-designed complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-based microchip and its Pt-coated surface MEA. The high-density MEA provides 16,064 individual electrochemical pixels that cover a 3.6 mm × 3.6 mm area. Utilizing the three-electrode configuration, the system is capable of imaging low oxygen concentration (18.3 µM, 0.58 mg/L, or 13.8 mmHg) at 27.5 µm spatial resolution and up to 4 Hz temporal resolution. In vitro oxygen imaging experiments were performed to analyze bovine cumulus-oocytes-complexes cells OCR and oxygen flux density. The integration of a microfluidic system allows proper bio-sample handling and delivery to the MEA surface for imaging. Finally, the imaging results are processed and presented as 2D heatmaps, representing the dissolved oxygen concentration in the immediate proximity of the MEA. This paper provides the results of real-time 2D imaging of OCR of live cells/tissues to gain spatial and temporal dynamics of target cell metabolism.
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Maschmeyer I, Kakava S. Organ-on-a-Chip. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 179:311-342. [PMID: 32948885 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Limitations of the current tools used in the drug development process, cell cultures, and animal models have highlighted the need for a new powerful tool that can emulate the human physiology in vitro. Advances in the field of microfluidics have made the realization of this tool closer than ever. Organ-on-a-chip platforms have been the first step forward, leading to the combination and integration of multiple organ models in the same platform with human-on-a-chip being the ultimate goal. Despite the current progress and technological developments, there are still several unmet engineering and biological challenges curtailing their development and widespread application in the biomedical field. The potentials, challenges, and current work on this unprecedented tool are being discussed in this chapter.
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Nolan JK, Nguyen TNH, Le KVH, DeLong LE, Lee H. Simple Fabrication of Flexible Biosensor Arrays Using Direct Writing for Multianalyte Measurement from Human Astrocytes. SLAS Technol 2020; 25:33-46. [PMID: 31766939 PMCID: PMC7263197 DOI: 10.1177/2472630319888442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous measurements of glucose, lactate, and neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate) in cell culture over hours and days can provide a more dynamic and longitudinal perspective on ways neural cells respond to various drugs and environmental cues. Compared with conventional microfabrication techniques, direct writing of conductive ink is cheaper, faster, and customizable, which allows rapid iteration for different applications. Using a simple direct writing technique, we printed biosensor arrays onto cell culture dishes, flexible laminate, and glass to enable multianalyte monitoring. The ink was a composite of PEDOT:PSS conductive polymer, silicone, activated carbon, and Pt microparticles. We applied 0.5% Nafion to the biosensors for selectivity and functionalized them with oxidase enzymes. We characterized biosensors in phosphate-buffered saline and in cell culture medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum. The biosensor arrays measured glucose, lactate, and glutamate simultaneously and continued to function after incubation in cell culture at 37 °C for up to 2 days. We cultured primary human astrocytes on top of the biosensor arrays and placed arrays into astrocyte cultures. The biosensors simultaneously measured glucose, glutamate, and lactate from astrocyte cultures. Direct writing can be integrated with microfluidic organ-on-a-chip platforms or as part of a smart culture dish system. Because we print extrudable and flexible components, sensing elements can be printed on any 3D or flexible substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K. Nolan
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Implantable Devices, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tran N. H. Nguyen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Implantable Devices, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Khanh Vy H. Le
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Implantable Devices, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Luke E. DeLong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Implantable Devices, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Implantable Devices, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Wu C, Selberg J, Nguyen B, Pansodtee P, Jia M, Dechiraju H, Teodorescu M, Rolandi M. A Microfluidic Ion Sensor Array. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1906436. [PMID: 31965738 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201906436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A balanced concentration of ions is essential for biological processes to occur. For example, [H+ ] gradients power adenosine triphosphate synthesis, dynamic changes in [K+ ] and [Na+ ] create action potentials in neuronal communication, and [Cl- ] contributes to maintaining appropriate cell membrane voltage. Sensing ionic concentration is thus important for monitoring and regulating many biological processes. This work demonstrates an ion-selective microelectrode array that simultaneously and independently senses [K+ ], [Na+ ], and [Cl- ] in electrolyte solutions. To obtain ion specificity, the required ion-selective membranes are patterned using microfluidics. As a proof of concept, the change in ionic concentration is monitored during cell proliferation in a cell culture medium. This microelectrode array can easily be integrated in lab-on-a-chip approaches to physiology and biological research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - John Selberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Brian Nguyen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Pattawong Pansodtee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Manping Jia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Harika Dechiraju
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Mircea Teodorescu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
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Design of a multi-sensor platform for integrating extracellular acidification rate with multi-metabolite flux measurement for small biological samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 133:39-47. [PMID: 30909011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Rates of cellular oxygen consumption (OCR) and extracellular acidification (ECAR) are widely used proxies for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolytic rate in cell metabolism studies. However, ECAR can result from both oxidative metabolism (carbonic acid formation) and glycolysis (lactate release), potentially leading to erroneous conclusions about metabolic substrate utilization. Co-measurement of extracellular glucose and lactate flux along with OCR and ECAR can improve the accuracy and provide better insight into cellular metabolic processes but is currently not feasible with any commercially available instrumentation. Herein, we present a miniaturized multi-sensor platform capable of real-time monitoring of OCR and ECAR along with extracellular lactate and glucose flux for small biological samples such as single equine embryos. This multiplexed approach enables validation of ECAR resulting from OXPHOS versus glycolysis, and expression of metabolic flux ratios that provide further insight into cellular substrate utilization. We demonstrate expected shifts in embryo metabolism during development and in response to OXPHOS inhibition as a model system for monitoring metabolic plasticity in very small biological samples. Furthermore, we also present a preliminary interference analysis of the multi-sensor platform to allow better understanding of sensor interference in the proposed multi-sensor platform. The capability of the platform is illustrated with measurements of multi-metabolites of single-cell equine embryos for assisted reproduction technologies. However, this platform has a wide potential utility for analyzing small biological samples such as single cells and tumor biopsies for immunology and cancer research applications.
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11
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Gilbert DF, Mofrad SA, Friedrich O, Wiest J. Proliferation characteristics of cells cultured under periodic versus static conditions. Cytotechnology 2018; 71:443-452. [PMID: 30515656 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro culture models have become an indispensable tool for assessing a vast variety of biological questions in many scientific fields. However, common in vitro cultures are maintained under static conditions, which do not reflect the in vivo situation and create a non-physiological environment. To assess whether the growth characteristics of cells cultured at pulsed-perfused versus static conditions differ, we observed the growth of differentially cultured cells in vitro by life-cell time-lapse imaging of recombinant HEK293YFPI152L cells, stably expressing yellow fluorescent protein. Cells were grown for ~ 30 h at 37 °C and ambient CO2 concentration in biochips mounted into a custom-designed 3D printed carrier and were imaged at a rate of ten images per hour using a fluorescence microscope with environment control infrastructure. Cells in one chip were maintained under static conditions whereas cells in another chip were recurrently perfused with fresh media. Generated image series were quantitatively analyzed using a custom-modified cell detection software. Imaging data averaged from four biological replicates per culturing condition demonstrate that cells cultured under conventional conditions exhibit an exponential growth rate. In contrast, cells cultured in periodic mode exhibited a non-exponential growth rate. Our data clearly indicate differential growth characteristics of cells cultured under periodic versus static conditions highlighting the impact of the culture conditions on the physiology of cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Gilbert
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany. .,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Sepideh Abolpour Mofrad
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Eggert S, Alexander FA, Wiest J. Enabling 3D hepatocyte spheroids for microphysiometry. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2017:1617-1620. [PMID: 29060192 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8037148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the areas of tissue engineering and microfabrication techniques have enabled promising in vitro platforms, known as Organs-on-Chips, with the aim of mimicking complex in vivo conditions for more accurate toxicology studies. To analyze the physiological change induced by chemicals or toxic substances continuously, sensors can be used in order to measure the intracellular and extracellular environment of single cells, cell constructs, or tissue, and therefore the integration of monitoring techniques into 3D tissue culture platforms provides an essential step for the next generation Organ-on-Chip platforms. However, current in vitro platforms are not capable of combining the culture of 3D models with monitoring techniques. To address this, a novel spheroid encapsulation is designed for fluidic contact between 3D models in microwells and Intelligent Mobile Lab for In Vitro Diagnostics (IMOLA-IVD) BioChip sensors while preventing spheroid fusion. In this work, spheroid culturing protocols were developed for optimized spheroid growth and an evaluation of spheroid integrity on different porous layers was performed in order to provide a defined spheroid encapsulation on BioChip sensors.
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Modena MM, Chawla K, Misun PM, Hierlemann A. Smart Cell Culture Systems: Integration of Sensors and Actuators into Microphysiological Systems. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1767-1784. [PMID: 29381325 PMCID: PMC5959007 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances in microfabrication techniques in combination with organotypic cell and tissue models have enabled the realization of microphysiological systems capable of recapitulating aspects of human physiology in vitro with great fidelity. Concurrently, a number of analysis techniques has been developed to probe and characterize these model systems. However, many assays are still performed off-line, which severely compromises the possibility of obtaining real-time information from the samples under examination, and which also limits the use of these platforms in high-throughput analysis. In this review, we focus on sensing and actuation schemes that have already been established or offer great potential to provide in situ detection or manipulation of relevant cell or tissue samples in microphysiological platforms. We will first describe methods that can be integrated in a straightforward way and that offer potential multiplexing and/or parallelization of sensing and actuation functions. These methods include electrical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical biosensors, and the use of surface acoustic waves for manipulation and analysis of cells, tissue, and multicellular organisms. In the second part, we will describe two sensor approaches based on surface-plasmon resonance and mechanical resonators that have recently provided new characterization features for biological samples, although technological limitations for use in high-throughput applications still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario M. Modena
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ketki Chawla
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick M. Misun
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Moya A, Ortega-Ribera M, Guimerà X, Sowade E, Zea M, Illa X, Ramon E, Villa R, Gracia-Sancho J, Gabriel G. Online oxygen monitoring using integrated inkjet-printed sensors in a liver-on-a-chip system. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2023-2035. [PMID: 29892739 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00456k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The demand for real-time monitoring of cell functions and cell conditions has dramatically increased with the emergence of organ-on-a-chip (OOC) systems. However, the incorporation of co-cultures and microfluidic channels in OOC systems increases their biological complexity and therefore makes the analysis and monitoring of analytical parameters inside the device more difficult. In this work, we present an approach to integrate multiple sensors in an extremely thin, porous and delicate membrane inside a liver-on-a-chip device. Specifically, three electrochemical dissolved oxygen (DO) sensors were inkjet-printed along the microfluidic channel allowing local online monitoring of oxygen concentrations. This approach demonstrates the existence of an oxygen gradient up to 17.5% for rat hepatocytes and 32.5% for human hepatocytes along the bottom channel. Such gradients are considered crucial for the appearance of zonation of the liver. Inkjet printing (IJP) was the selected technology as it allows drop on demand material deposition compatible with delicate substrates, as used in this study, which cannot withstand temperatures higher than 130 °C. For the deposition of uniform gold and silver conductive inks on the porous membrane, a primer layer using SU-8 dielectric material was used to seal the porosity of the membrane at defined areas, with the aim of building a uniform sensor device. As a proof-of-concept, experiments with cell cultures of primary human and rat hepatocytes were performed, and oxygen consumption rate was stimulated with carbonyl-cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP), accelerating the basal respiration of 0.23 ± 0.07 nmol s-1/106 cells up to 5.95 ± 0.67 nmol s-1/106 cells s for rat cells and the basal respiration of 0.17 ± 0.10 nmol s-1/106 cells by up to 10.62 ± 1.15 nmol s-1/106 cells for human cells, with higher oxygen consumption of the cells seeded at the outflow zone. These results demonstrate that the approach of printing sensors inside an OOC has tremendous potential because IJP is a feasible technique for the integration of different sensors for evaluating metabolic activity of cells, and overcomes one of the major challenges still remaining on how to tap the full potential of OOC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moya
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Kieninger J, Weltin A, Flamm H, Urban GA. Microsensor systems for cell metabolism - from 2D culture to organ-on-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1274-1291. [PMID: 29619452 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00942a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microsensor systems for cell metabolism are essential tools for investigation and standardization in cell culture. Electrochemical and optical read-out schemes dominate, which enable the marker-free, continuous, online recording of transient effects and deliver information beyond microscopy and end-point tests. There has been much progress in microfluidics and microsensors, but the translation of both into standard cell culture procedures is still limited. Within this critical review, we discuss different cell culture formats ranging from standard culture vessels to dedicated microfluidic platforms. Key aspects are the appropriate supply of cells, mass transport of metabolites to the sensors and generation of stimuli. Microfluidics enable the transition from static to dynamic conditions in culture and measurement. We illustrate the parameters oxygen (respiration), pH (acidification), glucose and lactate (energy metabolism) as well as short-lived reactive species (ROS/RNS) from the perspective of microsensor integration in 2D and 3D cell culture. We discuss different sensor principles and types, along with their limitations, microfabrication technologies and materials. The state-of-the-art of microsensor platforms for cell culture is discussed with respect to sensor performance, the number of parameters and timescale of application. That includes the advances from 2D culture to the increasingly important 3D approaches, with specific requirements for organotypic microtissues, spheroids and solid matrix cultures. We conclude on the current progress, potential, benefits and limitations of cell culture monitoring systems from monolayer culture to organ-on-chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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16
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Kieninger J, Tamari Y, Enderle B, Jobst G, Sandvik JA, Pettersen EO, Urban GA. Sensor Access to the Cellular Microenvironment Using the Sensing Cell Culture Flask. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2018; 8:bios8020044. [PMID: 29701726 PMCID: PMC6022884 DOI: 10.3390/bios8020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Sensing Cell Culture Flask (SCCF) is a cell culture monitoring system accessing the cellular microenvironment in 2D cell culture using electrochemical microsensors. The system is based on microfabricated sensor chips embedded in standard cell culture flasks. Ideally, the sensor chips could be equipped with any electrochemical sensor. Its transparency allows optical inspection of the cells during measurement. The surface of the sensor chip is in-plane with the flask surface allowing undisturbed cell growth on the sensor chip. A custom developed rack system allows easy usage of multiple flasks in parallel within an incubator. The presented data demonstrates the application of the SCCF with brain tumor (T98G) and breast cancer (T-47D) cells. Amperometric oxygen sensors were used to monitor cellular respiration with different incubation conditions. Cellular acidification was accessed with potentiometric pH sensors using electrodeposited iridium oxide films. The system itself provides the foundation for electrochemical monitoring systems in 3D cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (Y.T.); (B.E.); (G.A.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-203-7265
| | - Yaara Tamari
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (Y.T.); (B.E.); (G.A.U.)
| | - Barbara Enderle
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (Y.T.); (B.E.); (G.A.U.)
| | - Gerhard Jobst
- Jobst Technologies GmbH, Engesserstraße 4b, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Joe A. Sandvik
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 1048 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; (J.A.S.); (E.O.P.)
| | - Erik O. Pettersen
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 1048 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; (J.A.S.); (E.O.P.)
| | - Gerald A. Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (Y.T.); (B.E.); (G.A.U.)
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17
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Lin TE, Rapino S, Girault HH, Lesch A. Electrochemical imaging of cells and tissues. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4546-4554. [PMID: 29899947 PMCID: PMC5969511 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01035h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This minireview summarizes the recent achievements of electrochemical imaging platforms to map cellular functions in biological specimens using electrochemical scanning nano/micro-probe microscopy and 2D chips containing microelectrode arrays.
The technological and experimental progress in electrochemical imaging of biological specimens is discussed with a view on potential applications for skin cancer diagnostics, reproductive medicine and microbial testing. The electrochemical analysis of single cell activity inside cell cultures, 3D cellular aggregates and microtissues is based on the selective detection of electroactive species involved in biological functions. Electrochemical imaging strategies, based on nano/micrometric probes scanning over the sample and sensor array chips, respectively, can be made sensitive and selective without being affected by optical interference as many other microscopy techniques. The recent developments in microfabrication, electronics and cell culturing/tissue engineering have evolved in affordable and fast-sampling electrochemical imaging platforms. We believe that the topics discussed herein demonstrate the applicability of electrochemical imaging devices in many areas related to cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Lin
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Chemistry Department "Giacomo Ciamician" , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Hubert H Girault
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
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18
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Alexander F, Eggert S, Wiest J. A novel lab-on-a-chip platform for spheroid metabolism monitoring. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:375-386. [PMID: 29032507 PMCID: PMC5809666 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensor-based cellular microphysiometry is a technique that allows non-invasive, label-free, real-time monitoring of living cells that can greatly improve the predictability of toxicology testing by removing the influence of biochemical labels. In this work, the Intelligent Mobile Lab for In Vitro Diagnostics (IMOLA-IVD) was utilized to perform cellular microphysiometry on 3D multicellular spheroids. Using a commercial 3D printer, 3 × 3 microwell arrays were fabricated to maintain nine previously cultured HepG2 spheroids on a single BioChip. Integrated layers above and under the spheroids allowed fluidic contact between spheroids in microwells and BioChip sensors while preventing wash out from medium perfusion. Spheroid culturing protocols were optimized to grow spheroids to a diameter of around 620 μm prior to transfer onto BioChips. An ON/OFF pump cycling protocol was developed to optimize spheroid culture within the designed microwells, intermittently perfuse spheroids with fresh culture medium, and measure the extracellular acidification rate (EAR) and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) with the BioChips of the IMOLA-IVD platform. In a proof-of-concept experiment, spheroids were perfused for 36 h with cell culture medium before being exposed to medium with 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) to lyse cells as a positive control. These microphysiometry studies revealed a repeatable pattern of extracellular acidification throughout the experiment, indicating the ability to monitor real-time metabolic activity of spheroids embedded in the newly designed tissue encapsulation. After perfusion for 36 h with medium, SDS exposure resulted in an instant decrease in EAR and OUR signals from 37 mV/h (± 5) to 8 mV/h (± 8) and from 308 mV/h (± 21) to -2 mV/h (± 13), respectively. The presented spheroid monitoring system holds great potential as a method to automate screening and analysis of pharmaceutical agents using 3D multicellular spheroid models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Eggert
- cellasys GmbH - R&D, Ohmstraße 8, 80802, Munich, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Wiest
- cellasys GmbH - R&D, Ohmstraße 8, 80802, Munich, Germany.
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19
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Miniature Fluidic Microtissue Culturing Device for Rapid Biological Detection. INTEGRATED ANALYTICAL SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64747-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Soldà A, Valenti G, Marcaccio M, Giorgio M, Pelicci PG, Paolucci F, Rapino S. Glucose and Lactate Miniaturized Biosensors for SECM-Based High-Spatial Resolution Analysis: A Comparative Study. ACS Sens 2017; 2:1310-1318. [PMID: 28836760 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of developing miniaturized enzymatic biosensors suitable for in vitro diagnostic applications, such as monitoring of metabolites at single cell level, glucose and lactate biosensors were fabricated by immobilizing enzymes (glucose oxidase and lactate oxidase, respectively) on 10 μm Pt ultramicroelectrodes. These electrodes are meant to be employed as probes for scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), which is a unique technique for high-spatial-resolution electrochemical-based analysis. The use of enzymatic moieties improves sensitivity, time scale response, and information content of the microprobes; however, protein immobilization is a key step in the biosensor preparation that greatly affects the overall performance. A crucial aspect is the miniaturization of the sensing, preserving their sensitivity. In this work, we investigated the most common enzyme immobilization techniques. Several fabrication routes are reported and the main figures of merit, such as sensitivity, detection limit, response time, reproducibility, spatial resolution, biosensor efficiency, permeability, selectivity, and the ability to block electro-active interfering species, are investigated and compared. With the intent of using the microprobes for in vitro functional imaging of single living cells, we carefully evaluate the spatial resolution achieved by our modified electrodes on 2D SECM imaging. Metabolic activity of single MCF10A cells were obtained by monitoring the glucose concentrations in close proximity of single living cell, using the UME-based biosensor probes prepared. A voltage-switch approach was implemented to disentangle the topographical contribution of the cells enabling quantitative measurements of cellular uptakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Soldà
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Experimental
Oncology Department, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Giorgio
- Experimental
Oncology Department, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Experimental
Oncology Department, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Experimental
Oncology Department, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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21
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Davis AN, Travis AR, Miller DR, Cliffel DE. Multianalyte Physiological Microanalytical Devices. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2017; 10:93-111. [PMID: 28605606 PMCID: PMC9235322 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in scientific instrumentation have allowed experimentalists to evaluate well-known systems in new ways and to gain insight into previously unexplored or poorly understood phenomena. Within the growing field of multianalyte physiometry (MAP), microphysiometers are being developed that are capable of electrochemically measuring changes in the concentration of various metabolites in real time. By simultaneously quantifying multiple analytes, these devices have begun to unravel the complex pathways that govern biological responses to ischemia and oxidative stress while contributing to basic scientific discoveries in bioenergetics and neurology. Patients and clinicians have also benefited from the highly translational nature of MAP, and the continued expansion of the repertoire of analytes that can be measured with multianalyte microphysiometers will undoubtedly play a role in the automation and personalization of medicine. This is perhaps most evident with the recent advent of fully integrated noninvasive sensor arrays that can continuously monitor changes in analytes linked to specific disease states and deliver a therapeutic agent as required without the need for patient action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nix Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235;
| | - Adam R Travis
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235;
| | - Dusty R Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235;
| | - David E Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235;
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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22
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Zhang YS, Aleman J, Shin SR, Kilic T, Kim D, Mousavi Shaegh SA, Massa S, Riahi R, Chae S, Hu N, Avci H, Zhang W, Silvestri A, Sanati Nezhad A, Manbohi A, De Ferrari F, Polini A, Calzone G, Shaikh N, Alerasool P, Budina E, Kang J, Bhise N, Ribas J, Pourmand A, Skardal A, Shupe T, Bishop CE, Dokmeci MR, Atala A, Khademhosseini A. Multisensor-integrated organs-on-chips platform for automated and continual in situ monitoring of organoid behaviors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2293-E2302. [PMID: 28265064 PMCID: PMC5373350 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612906114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip systems are miniaturized microfluidic 3D human tissue and organ models designed to recapitulate the important biological and physiological parameters of their in vivo counterparts. They have recently emerged as a viable platform for personalized medicine and drug screening. These in vitro models, featuring biomimetic compositions, architectures, and functions, are expected to replace the conventional planar, static cell cultures and bridge the gap between the currently used preclinical animal models and the human body. Multiple organoid models may be further connected together through the microfluidics in a similar manner in which they are arranged in vivo, providing the capability to analyze multiorgan interactions. Although a wide variety of human organ-on-a-chip models have been created, there are limited efforts on the integration of multisensor systems. However, in situ continual measuring is critical in precise assessment of the microenvironment parameters and the dynamic responses of the organs to pharmaceutical compounds over extended periods of time. In addition, automated and noninvasive capability is strongly desired for long-term monitoring. Here, we report a fully integrated modular physical, biochemical, and optical sensing platform through a fluidics-routing breadboard, which operates organ-on-a-chip units in a continual, dynamic, and automated manner. We believe that this platform technology has paved a potential avenue to promote the performance of current organ-on-a-chip models in drug screening by integrating a multitude of real-time sensors to achieve automated in situ monitoring of biophysical and biochemical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shrike Zhang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139;
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Julio Aleman
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tugba Kilic
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir 35620, Turkey
| | - Duckjin Kim
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Seyed Ali Mousavi Shaegh
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9176699199, Iran
| | - Solange Massa
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Graduate School Program in Biomedicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
| | - Reza Riahi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Sukyoung Chae
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Ning Hu
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Huseyin Avci
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26030, Turkey
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Antonia Silvestri
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Polytechnic University of Turin, Turin 10129, Italy
| | - Amir Sanati Nezhad
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidics Laboratory, Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ahmad Manbohi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Marine Science, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran 1411813389, Iran
| | - Fabio De Ferrari
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Polytechnic University of Turin, Turin 10129, Italy
| | - Alessandro Polini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Giovanni Calzone
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Noor Shaikh
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Division of Engineering Science, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A4
| | - Parissa Alerasool
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Erica Budina
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jian Kang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Nupura Bhise
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - João Ribas
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Doctoral Program in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Adel Pourmand
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz 5331711111, Iran
| | - Aleksander Skardal
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Thomas Shupe
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Colin E Bishop
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Mehmet Remzi Dokmeci
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139;
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Imaizumi Y, Goda T, Schaffhauser DF, Okada JI, Matsumoto A, Miyahara Y. Proton-sensing transistor systems for detecting ion leakage from plasma membranes under chemical stimuli. Acta Biomater 2017; 50:502-509. [PMID: 27956364 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The membrane integrity of live cells is routinely evaluated for cytotoxicity induced by chemical or physical stimuli. Recent progress in bioengineering means that high-quality toxicity validation is required. Here, we report a pH-sensitive transistor system developed for the continuous monitoring of ion leakage from cell membranes upon challenge by toxic compounds. Temporal changes in pH were generated with high reproducibility via periodic flushing of HepG2 cells on a gate insulator of a proton-sensitive field-effect transistor with isotonic buffer solutions with/without NH4Cl. The pH transients at the point of NH4Cl addition/withdrawal originated from the free permeation of NH3 across the semi-permeable plasma membranes, and the proton sponge effect produced by the ammonia equilibrium. Irreversible attenuation of the pH transient was observed when the cells were subjected to a membrane-toxic reagent. Experiments and simulations proved that the decrease in the pH transient was proportional to the area of the ion-permeable pores on the damaged plasma membranes. The pH signal was correlated with the degree of hemolysis produced by the model reagents. The pH assay was sensitive to the formation of molecularly sized pores that were otherwise not measurable via detection of the leakage of hemoglobin, because the hydrodynamic radius of hemoglobin was greater than 3.1nm in the hemolysis assay. The pH transient was not disturbed by inherent ion-transporter activity. The ISFET assay was applied to a wide variety of cell types. The system presented here is fast, sensitive, practical and scalable, and will be useful for validating cytotoxins and nanomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The plasma membrane toxicity and hemolysis are widely and routinely evaluated in biomaterials science and biomedical engineering. Despite the recent development of a variety of methods/materials for efficient gene/drug delivery systems to the cytosol, the methodologies for safety validation remain unchanged in many years while leaving some major issues such as sensitivity, accuracy, and fast response. The paper describes a new way of measuring the plasma membrane leakage in real time upon challenge by toxic reagents using a solid-state transistor that is sensitive to proton as the smallest indicator. Our system was reliable and was correlated to the results from hemolysis assay with advanced features in sensitivity, fast response, and wide applicability to chemical species. The downsizing and integration features of semiconductor fabrication technologies may realize cytotoxicity assays at the single-cell level in multi-parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Imaizumi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062 Japan
| | - Tatsuro Goda
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062 Japan.
| | - Daniel F Schaffhauser
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062 Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Okada
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan
| | - Akira Matsumoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062 Japan
| | - Yuji Miyahara
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062 Japan.
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24
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Imaizumi Y, Goda T, Matsumoto A, Miyahara Y. Identification of types of membrane injuries and cell death using whole cell-based proton-sensitive field-effect transistor systems. Analyst 2017; 142:3451-3458. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00502d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Membrane injury and apoptosis of mammalian cells by chemical stimuli were distinguished using ammonia-perfused continuous pH-sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Imaizumi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
- 101-0062 Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Tatsuro Goda
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
- 101-0062 Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Akira Matsumoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
- 101-0062 Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Yuji Miyahara
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
- 101-0062 Tokyo
- Japan
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25
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Oomen PE, Skolimowski MD, Verpoorte E. Implementing oxygen control in chip-based cell and tissue culture systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3394-414. [PMID: 27492338 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00772d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen is essential in the energy metabolism of cells, as well as being an important regulatory parameter influencing cell differentiation and function. Interest in precise oxygen control for in vitro cultures of tissues and cells continues to grow, especially with the emergence of the organ-on-a-chip and the desire to emulate in vivo conditions. This was recently discussed in this journal in a Critical Review by Brennan et al. (Lab Chip (2014). DOI: ). Microfluidics can be used to introduce flow to facilitate nutrient supply to and waste removal from in vitro culture systems. Well-defined oxygen gradients can also be established. However, cells can quickly alter the oxygen balance in their vicinity. In this Tutorial Review, we expand on the Brennan paper to focus on the implementation of oxygen analysis in these systems to achieve continuous monitoring. Both electrochemical and optical approaches for the integration of oxygen monitoring in microfluidic tissue and cell culture systems will be discussed. Differences in oxygen requirements from one organ to the next are a challenging problem, as oxygen delivery is limited by its uptake into medium. Hence, we discuss the factors determining oxygen concentrations in solutions and consider the possible use of artificial oxygen carriers to increase dissolved oxygen concentrations. The selection of device material for applications requiring precise oxygen control is discussed in detail, focusing on oxygen permeability. Lastly, a variety of devices is presented, showing the diversity of approaches that can be employed to control and monitor oxygen concentrations in in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter E Oomen
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1 (XB20), 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Weltin A, Hammer S, Noor F, Kaminski Y, Kieninger J, Urban GA. Accessing 3D microtissue metabolism: Lactate and oxygen monitoring in hepatocyte spheroids. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 87:941-948. [PMID: 27665516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
3D hepatic microtissues, unlike 2D cell cultures, retain many of the in-vivo-like functionalities even after long-term cultivation. Such 3D cultures are increasingly applied to investigate liver damage due to drug exposure in toxicology. However, there is a need for thorough metabolic characterization of these microtissues for mechanistic understanding of effects on culture behaviour. We measured metabolic parameters from single human HepaRG hepatocyte spheroids online and continuously with electrochemical microsensors. A microsensor platform for lactate and oxygen was integrated in a standard 96-well plate. Electrochemical microsensors for lactate and oxygen allow fast, precise and continuous long-term measurement of metabolic parameters directly in the microwell. The demonstrated capability to precisely detect small concentration changes by single spheroids is the key to access their metabolism. Lactate levels in the culture medium starting from 50µM with production rates of 5µMh-1 were monitored and precisely quantified over three days. Parallel long-term oxygen measurements showed no oxygen depletion or hypoxic conditions in the microwell. Increased lactate production by spheroids upon suppression of the aerobic metabolism was observed. The dose-dependent decrease in lactate production caused by the addition of the hepatotoxic drug Bosentan was determined. We showed that in a toxicological application, metabolic monitoring yields quantitative, online information on cell viability, which complements and supports other methods such as microscopy. The demonstrated continuous access to 3D cell culture metabolism within a standard setup improves in vitro toxicology models in replacement strategies of animal experiments. Controlling the microenvironment of such organotypic cultures has impact in tissue engineering, cancer therapy and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Steffen Hammer
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering Institute, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yeda Kaminski
- Biochemical Engineering Institute, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerald A Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Hutson MS, Alexander PG, Allwardt V, Aronoff DM, Bruner-Tran KL, Cliffel DE, Davidson JM, Gough A, Markov DA, McCawley LJ, McKenzie JR, McLean JA, Osteen KG, Pensabene V, Samson PC, Senutovitch NK, Sherrod SD, Shotwell MS, Taylor DL, Tetz LM, Tuan RS, Vernetti LA, Wikswo JP. Organs-on-Chips as Bridges for Predictive Toxicology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Shane Hutson
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Peter G. Alexander
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vanessa Allwardt
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David M. Aronoff
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kaylon L. Bruner-Tran
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David E. Cliffel
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jeffrey M. Davidson
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Albert Gough
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dmitry A. Markov
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lisa J. McCawley
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer R. McKenzie
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - John A. McLean
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kevin G. Osteen
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Virginia Pensabene
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Philip C. Samson
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nina K. Senutovitch
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stacy D. Sherrod
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Matthew S. Shotwell
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - D. Lansing Taylor
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren M. Tetz
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Military Medicine Research, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lawrence A. Vernetti
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John P. Wikswo
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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28
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Wiest J, Namias A, Pfister C, Wolf P, Demmel F, Brischwein M. Data Processing in Cellular Microphysiometry. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2016; 63:2368-2375. [PMID: 26929025 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2533868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
GOAL This contribution points out the need for well-defined and documented data processing protocols in microphysiometry, an evolving field of label-free cell assays. The sensitivity of the obtained cell metabolic rates toward different routines of raw data processing is evaluated. METHODS A standard microphysiometric experiment structured in discrete measurement intervals was performed on a platform with a pH- and O 2-sensor readout. It is evaluated using three different data evaluation protocols, based on A) fast Fourier transformation of such dynamics, B) linear regression (LIN) of pH(t) and O2(t) dynamics, and C) numerical simulation (SIM) with a subsequent fitting of dynamics for parameter estimation. RESULTS We propose a sequence of well documented steps for an organized processing of raw sensor data. Figures of merit for the quality of raw data and the performance of data processing are provided. To estimate metabolic rates, a reaction-diffusion modeling approach is recommended if the necessary model input parameters such as the distribution of the active biomass, sensor response time, and material properties are available. CONCLUSION The information about cellular metabolic activity contained by measured sensor data dynamics is superimposed by manifold sources of error. Careful consideration of data processing is necessary to eliminate these errors as much as possible and to avoid an incorrect interpretation of data.
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29
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Misun PM, Rothe J, Schmid YR, Hierlemann A, Frey O. Multi-analyte biosensor interface for real-time monitoring of 3D microtissue spheroids in hanging-drop networks. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2016; 2:16022. [PMID: 31057823 PMCID: PMC6444714 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics is becoming a technology of growing interest for building microphysiological systems with integrated read-out functionalities. Here we present the integration of enzyme-based multi-analyte biosensors into a multi-tissue culture platform for 'body-on-a-chip' applications. The microfluidic platform is based on the technology of hanging-drop networks, which is designed for the formation, cultivation, and analysis of fluidically interconnected organotypic spherical three-dimensional (3D) microtissues of multiple cell types. The sensor modules were designed as small glass plug-ins featuring four platinum working electrodes, a platinum counter electrode, and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. They were placed directly into the ceiling substrate from which the hanging drops that host the spheroid cultures are suspended. The electrodes were functionalized with oxidase enzymes to enable continuous monitoring of lactate and glucose through amperometry. The biosensors featured high sensitivities of 322±41 nA mM-1 mm-2 for glucose and 443±37 nA mM-1 mm-2 for lactate; the corresponding limits of detection were below 10 μM. The proposed technology enabled tissue-size-dependent, real-time detection of lactate secretion from single human colon cancer microtissues cultured in the hanging drops. Furthermore, glucose consumption and lactate secretion were monitored in parallel, and the impact of different culture conditions on the metabolism of cancer microtissues was recorded in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Misun
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
- ()
| | - Jörg Rothe
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Yannick R.F. Schmid
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Frey
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
- ()
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30
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Kimmel DW, Rogers LM, Aronoff DM, Cliffel DE. Prostaglandin E2 Regulation of Macrophage Innate Immunity. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 29:19-25. [PMID: 26656203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Globally, maternal and fetal health is greatly impacted by extraplacental inflammation. Group B Streptococcus (GBS), a leading cause of chorioamnionitis, is thought to take advantage of the uterine environment during pregnancy in order to cause inflammation and infection. In this study, we demonstrate the metabolic changes of murine macrophages caused by GBS exposure. GBS alone prompted a delayed increase in lactate production, highlighting its ability to redirect macrophage metabolism from aerobic to anaerobic respiration. This production of lactate is thought to aid in the development and propagation of GBS throughout the surrounding tissue. Additionally, this study shows that PGE2 priming was able to exacerbate lactate production, shown by the rapid and substantial lactate increases seen upon GBS exposure. These data provide a novel model to study the role of GBS exposure to macrophages with and without PGE2 priming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa M Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - David M Aronoff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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31
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McKenzie JR, Cognata AC, Davis AN, Wikswo JP, Cliffel DE. Real-Time Monitoring of Cellular Bioenergetics with a Multianalyte Screen-Printed Electrode. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7857-64. [PMID: 26125545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of changes to cellular bioenergetics can provide new insights into mechanisms of action for disease and toxicity. This work describes the development of a multianalyte screen-printed electrode for the detection of analytes central to cellular bioenergetics: glucose, lactate, oxygen, and pH. Platinum screen-printed electrodes were designed in-house and printed by Pine Research Instrumentation. Electrochemical plating techniques were used to form quasi-reference and pH electrodes. A Dimatix materials inkjet printer was used to deposit enzyme and polymer films to form sensors for glucose, lactate, and oxygen. These sensors were evaluated in bulk solution and microfluidic environments, and they were found to behave reproducibly and possess a lifetime of up to 6 weeks. Linear ranges and limits of detection for enzyme-based sensors were found to have an inverse relationship with enzyme loading, and iridium oxide pH sensors were found to have super-Nernstian responses. Preliminary measurements where the sensor was enclosed within a microfluidic channel with RAW 264.7 macrophages were performed to demonstrate the sensors' capabilities for performing real-time microphysiometry measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R McKenzie
- †Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States.,‡Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Andrew C Cognata
- †Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Anna N Davis
- †Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - John P Wikswo
- ‡Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States.,§Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Biomedical Engineering, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - David E Cliffel
- †Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States.,‡Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Pettersen EO, Ebbesen P, Gieling RG, Williams KJ, Dubois L, Lambin P, Ward C, Meehan J, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP, Ree AH, Flatmark K, Lyng H, Calzada MJ, Peso LD, Landazuri MO, Görlach A, Flamm H, Kieninger J, Urban G, Weltin A, Singleton DC, Haider S, Buffa FM, Harris AL, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT, Moser I, Jobst G, Busk M, Toustrup K, Overgaard J, Alsner J, Pouyssegur J, Chiche J, Mazure N, Marchiq I, Parks S, Ahmed A, Ashcroft M, Pastorekova S, Cao Y, Rouschop KM, Wouters BG, Koritzinsky M, Mujcic H, Cojocari D. Targeting tumour hypoxia to prevent cancer metastasis. From biology, biosensing and technology to drug development: the METOXIA consortium. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:689-721. [PMID: 25347767 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.966704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic areas of solid cancers represent a negative prognostic factor irrespective of which treatment modality is chosen for the patient. Still, after almost 80 years of focus on the problems created by hypoxia in solid tumours, we still largely lack methods to deal efficiently with these treatment-resistant cells. The consequences of this lack may be serious for many patients: Not only is there a negative correlation between the hypoxic fraction in tumours and the outcome of radiotherapy as well as many types of chemotherapy, a correlation has been shown between the hypoxic fraction in tumours and cancer metastasis. Thus, on a fundamental basis the great variety of problems related to hypoxia in cancer treatment has to do with the broad range of functions oxygen (and lack of oxygen) have in cells and tissues. Therefore, activation-deactivation of oxygen-regulated cascades related to metabolism or external signalling are important areas for the identification of mechanisms as potential targets for hypoxia-specific treatment. Also the chemistry related to reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) and the biological handling of ROS are part of the problem complex. The problem is further complicated by the great variety in oxygen concentrations found in tissues. For tumour hypoxia to be used as a marker for individualisation of treatment there is a need for non-invasive methods to measure oxygen routinely in patient tumours. A large-scale collaborative EU-financed project 2009-2014 denoted METOXIA has studied all the mentioned aspects of hypoxia with the aim of selecting potential targets for new hypoxia-specific therapy and develop the first stage of tests for this therapy. A new non-invasive PET-imaging method based on the 2-nitroimidazole [(18)F]-HX4 was found to be promising in a clinical trial on NSCLC patients. New preclinical models for testing of the metastatic potential of cells were developed, both in vitro (2D as well as 3D models) and in mice (orthotopic grafting). Low density quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based assays were developed measuring multiple hypoxia-responsive markers in parallel to identify tumour hypoxia-related patterns of gene expression. As possible targets for new therapy two main regulatory cascades were prioritised: The hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF)-regulated cascades operating at moderate to weak hypoxia (<1% O(2)), and the unfolded protein response (UPR) activated by endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress and operating at more severe hypoxia (<0.2%). The prioritised targets were the HIF-regulated proteins carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), the lactate transporter MCT4 and the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4-arm of the UPR. The METOXIA project has developed patented compounds targeting CAIX with a preclinical documented effect. Since hypoxia-specific treatments alone are not curative they will have to be combined with traditional anti-cancer therapy to eradicate the aerobic cancer cell population as well.
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Liu Q, Wu C, Cai H, Hu N, Zhou J, Wang P. Cell-based biosensors and their application in biomedicine. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6423-61. [PMID: 24905074 DOI: 10.1021/cr2003129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Liu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
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Kieninger J, Aravindalochanan K, Sandvik JA, Pettersen EO, Urban GA. Pericellular oxygen monitoring with integrated sensor chips for reproducible cell culture experiments. Cell Prolif 2014; 47:180-8. [PMID: 24460744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2013.12089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Here we present an application, in two tumour cell lines, based on the Sensing Cell Culture Flask system as a cell culture monitoring tool for pericellular oxygen sensing. MATERIALS AND METHODS T-47D (human breast cancer) and T98G (human brain cancer) cells were cultured either in atmospheric air or in a glove-box set at 4% oxygen, in both cases with 5% CO2 in the gas phase. Pericellular oxygen tension was measured with the help of an integrated sensor chip comprising oxygen sensor arrays. RESULTS Obtained results illustrate variation of pericellular oxygen tension in attached cells covered by stagnant medium. Independent of incubation conditions, low pericellular oxygen concentration levels, usually associated with hypoxia, were found in dense cell cultures. CONCLUSIONS Respiration alone brought pericellular oxygen concentration down to levels which could activate hypoxia-sensing regulatory processes in cultures believed to be aerobic. Cells in culture believed to experience conditions of mild hypoxia may, in reality, experience severe hypoxia. This would lead to incorrect assumptions and suggests that pericellular oxygen concentration readings are of great importance to obtain reproducible results when dealing with hypoxic and normoxic (aerobic) incubation conditions. The Sensing Cell Culture Flask system allows continuous monitoring of pericellular oxygen concentration with outstanding long-term stability and no need for recalibration during cell culture experiments. The sensor is integrated into the flask bottom, thus in direct contact with attached cells. No additional equipment needs to be inserted into the flask during culturing. Transparency of the electrochemical sensor chip allows optical inspection of cells attached on top of the sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
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35
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Weltin A, Slotwinski K, Kieninger J, Moser I, Jobst G, Wego M, Ehret R, Urban GA. Cell culture monitoring for drug screening and cancer research: a transparent, microfluidic, multi-sensor microsystem. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:138-46. [PMID: 24217869 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50759a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel, multiparametric microphysiometry system for the dynamic online monitoring of human cancer cell metabolism. The optically transparent, modular, hybrid microsystem is based on a glass chip and combines a cell cultivation chamber, microfluidics and metabolic monitoring with fully integrated chemo- and biosensors. pH and oxygen are measured in the cell culture area, and biosensors for lactate and glucose are connected downstream by microfluidics. The wafer-level fabrication features thin-film platinum and iridium oxide microelectrodes on a glass chip, microfluidics in an epoxy resist, a hybrid assembly and an on-chip reference electrode. The reliable analytical performance of the sensors in cell culture medium was demonstrated. The pH sensors exhibit a long-term stable, linear response. The oxygen sensors show a linear behaviour, which is also observed for low oxygen concentrations. Glucose and lactate measurements show a linear, long-term stable, selective and reversible behaviour in the desired range. T98G human brain cancer cells were cultivated and cell culture metabolism was measured on-chip. Stop/flow cycles were applied and extracellular acidification, respiration, glucose consumption and lactate production were quantified. Long-term metabolic rates were determined and all parameters could be measured in the outlet channel. A placement downstream of the cell cultivation area for biosensors was realised. A highly effective medium exchange and undiluted sampling from the cell culture chamber with low flow rates (2 μl min(-1)) and low volumes (15 μl per cycle) were achieved. The drug screening application was demonstrated by detecting alteration and recovery effects of cellular metabolism induced by the addition of substances to the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
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36
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Shinawi TF, Kimmel DW, Cliffel DE. Multianalyte microphysiometry reveals changes in cellular bioenergetics upon exposure to fluorescent dyes. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11677-80. [PMID: 24228839 PMCID: PMC3900241 DOI: 10.1021/ac402764x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent dyes have been designed for internal cellular component specificity and have been used extensively in the scientific community as a means to monitor cell growth, location, morphology, and viability. However, it is possible that the introduction of these dyes influences the basal function of the cell and, in turn, the results of these studies. Electrochemistry provides a noninvasive method for probing the unintended cellular affects of these dyes. The multianalyte microphysiometer (MAMP) is capable of simultaneous electrochemical measurement of extracellular metabolites in real-time. In this study, analytes central to cellular metabolism, glucose, lactate, oxygen, as well as extracellular acidification were monitored to determine the immediate metabolic effects of nuclear stains, including SYTO, DAPI dilactate, Hoechst 33342, and FITC dyes upon the pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages. The experimental results revealed that the SYTO dye 13 significantly decreased glucose and oxygen consumption and increased extracellular acidification and lactate production in both cell lines, indicating a shift to anaerobic respiration. No other dyes caused significantly definitive changes in cellular metabolism upon exposure. This study shows that fluorescent dyes can have unintended effects on cellular metabolism and care should be taken when using these probes to investigate cellular function and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesniem F. Shinawi
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B. Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1809, USA
| | - Danielle W. Kimmel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B. Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1809, USA
| | - David E. Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B. Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1809, USA
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37
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A bioenergetic profile of non-transformed fibroblasts uncovers a link between death-resistance and enhanced spare respiratory capacity. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:662-7. [PMID: 24075934 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis-resistance and metabolic imbalances are prominent features of cancer cells. We have recently reported on populations of human fibroblasts that exhibit resistance to mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, acquired as a result of a single genotoxic exposure. The objective of the present study was to investigate the intrinsic bioenergetic profile of the death-resistant cells, as compared to the clonogenic control cells. Therefore, we analyzed the basic bioenergetic parameters including oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates, coupling efficiency, and spare respiratory capacity. Our data demonstrate a strong correlation between enhanced spare respiratory capacity and death-resistance, which we postulate to be indicative of the earliest stages of carcinogenesis.
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38
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Wikswo JP, Block FE, Cliffel DE, Goodwin CR, Marasco CC, Markov DA, McLean DL, McLean JA, McKenzie JR, Reiserer RS, Samson PC, Schaffer DK, Seale KT, Sherrod SD. Engineering challenges for instrumenting and controlling integrated organ-on-chip systems. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2013; 60:682-90. [PMID: 23380852 PMCID: PMC3696887 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2013.2244891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The sophistication and success of recently reported microfabricated organs-on-chips and human organ constructs have made it possible to design scaled and interconnected organ systems that may significantly augment the current drug development pipeline and lead to advances in systems biology. Physiologically realistic live microHuman (μHu) and milliHuman (mHu) systems operating for weeks to months present exciting and important engineering challenges such as determining the appropriate size for each organ to ensure appropriate relative organ functional activity, achieving appropriate cell density, providing the requisite universal perfusion media, sensing the breadth of physiological responses, and maintaining stable control of the entire system, while maintaining fluid scaling that consists of ~5 mL for the mHu and ~5 μL for the μHu. We believe that successful mHu and μHu systems for drug development and systems biology will require low-volume microdevices that support chemical signaling, microfabricated pumps, valves and microformulators, automated optical microscopy, electrochemical sensors for rapid metabolic assessment, ion mobility-mass spectrometry for real-time molecular analysis, advanced bioinformatics, and machine learning algorithms for automated model inference and integrated electronic control. Toward this goal, we are building functional prototype components and are working toward top-down system integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Wikswo
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, and Physics, and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1807 USA
| | - Frank E. Block
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1631 USA
| | - David E. Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1822 USA
| | - Cody R. Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1822 USA
| | - Christina C. Marasco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1631 USA
| | - Dmitry A. Markov
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6840 USA
| | - David L. McLean
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1807 USA
| | - John A. McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1822 USA
| | | | - Ronald S. Reiserer
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1807 USA
| | - Philip C. Samson
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1807 USA
| | - David K. Schaffer
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1807 USA
| | - Kevin T. Seale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1631 USA
| | - Stacy D. Sherrod
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1807 USA
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39
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Kimmel DW, Dole WP, Cliffel DE. Application of multianalyte microphysiometry to characterize macrophage metabolic responses to oxidized LDL and effects of an apoA-1 mimetic. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 431:181-5. [PMID: 23313489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the interaction of macrophages with oxidized low density liopoprotein (oxLDL) is critical to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, relatively little is known about their metabolic response to oxLDL. Our development of the multianalyte microphysiometer (MAMP) allows for simultaneous measurement of extracellular metabolic substrates and products in real-time. Here, we use the MAMP to study changes in the metabolic rates of RAW-264.7 cells undergoing respiratory burst in response to oxLDL. These studies indicate that short duration exposure of macrophages to oxLDL results in time-dependent increases in glucose and oxygen consumption and in lactate production and extracellular acidification rate. Since apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and apoA-I mimetics prevent experimental atherosclerosis, we hypothesized that the metabolic response of the macrophage during respiratory burst can be modulated by apoA-I mimetics. We tested this hypothesis by examining the effects of the apoA-I peptide mimetic, L-4F, alone and complexed with 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) on the macrophage metabolic response to oxLDL. L-4F and the DMPC/L-4F complexes attenuated the macrophage respiratory burst in response to oxLDL. The MAMP provides a novel approach for studying macrophage ligand-receptor interactions and cellular metabolism and our results provide new insights into the metabolic effects of oxLDL and mechanism of action of apoA-I mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle W Kimmel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B, Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA
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40
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Jarrett SG, Rohrer B, Perron NR, Beeson C, Boulton ME. Assessment of mitochondrial damage in retinal cells and tissues using quantitative polymerase chain reaction for mitochondrial DNA damage and extracellular flux assay for mitochondrial respiration activity. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 935:227-243. [PMID: 23150372 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-080-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and genomic instability are associated with a number of retinal pathologies including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. Consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction within cells include elevation of the rate of ROS production due to damage of electron transport chain proteins, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, and loss of metabolic capacity. Here we introduce the quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay (QPCR) and extracellular flux assay (XF) as powerful techniques to study mitochondrial behavior. The QPCR technique is a gene-specific assay developed to analyze the DNA damage repair response in mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. QPCR has proved particularly valuable for the measurement of oxidative-induced mtDNA damage and kinetics of mtDNA repair. To assess the functional consequence of mitochondrial oxidative damage, real-time changes in cellular bioenergetics of cell monolayers can be measured with a Seahorse Biosciences XF24 analyzer. The advantages and limitations of these procedures will be discussed and detailed methodologies provided with particular emphasis on retinal oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Jarrett
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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41
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Zhang Y, Xie Q, Robertson JB, Johnson CH. pHlash: a new genetically encoded and ratiometric luminescence sensor of intracellular pH. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43072. [PMID: 22905204 PMCID: PMC3419163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the development of a genetically encodable and ratiometic pH probe named “pHlash” that utilizes Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) rather than fluorescence excitation. The pHlash sensor–composed of a donor luciferase that is genetically fused to a Venus fluorophore–exhibits pH dependence of its spectral emission in vitro. When expressed in either yeast or mammalian cells, pHlash reports basal pH and cytosolic acidification in vivo. Its spectral ratio response is H+ specific; neither Ca++, Mg++, Na+, nor K+ changes the spectral form of its luminescence emission. Moreover, it can be used to image pH in single cells. This is the first BRET-based sensor of H+ ions, and it should allow the approximation of pH in cytosolic and organellar compartments in applications where current pH probes are inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Zhang
- Departments of Biological Science and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Qiguang Xie
- Departments of Biological Science and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - J. Brian Robertson
- Departments of Biological Science and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Carl Hirschie Johnson
- Departments of Biological Science and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Harry RS, Hiatt LA, Kimmel DW, Carney CK, Halfpenny KC, Cliffel DE, Wright DW. Metabolic impact of 4-hydroxynonenal on macrophage-like RAW 264.7 function and activation. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1643-51. [PMID: 22799741 DOI: 10.1021/tx3001048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic profiling of macrophage metabolic response upon exposure to 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) demonstrates that HNE does not simply inactivate superoxide-generating enzymes but also could be responsible for the impairment of downfield signaling pathways. Multianalyte microphysiometry (MAMP) was employed to simultaneously measure perturbations in extracellular acidification, lactate production, and oxygen consumption for the examination of aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Combining the activation of oxidative burst with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and the immunosuppression with HNE, the complex nature of HNE toxicity was determined to be concentration- and time-dependent. Further analysis was utilized to assess the temporal effect of HNE on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and on protein kinase C (PKC). Increased levels of HNE with decreasing PKC activity suggest that PKC is a target for HNE adductation prior to oxidative burst. Additionally, localization of PKC to the cell membrane was prevented with the introduction of HNE, demonstrating a consequence of HNE adductation on NADPH activation. The impairment of ROS by HNE suggests that HNE has a greater role in foam cell formation and tissue damage than is already known. Although work has been performed to understand the effect of HNE's regulation of specific signaling pathways, details regarding its involvement in cellular metabolism as a whole are generally unknown. This study examines the impact of HNE on macrophage oxidative burst and identifies PKC as a key protein for HNE suppression and eventual metabolic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reese S Harry
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA
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43
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McKenzie JR, Palubinsky AM, Brown JE, McLaughlin B, Cliffel DE. Metabolic multianalyte microphysiometry reveals extracellular acidosis is an essential mediator of neuronal preconditioning. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:510-8. [PMID: 22860220 DOI: 10.1021/cn300003r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic adaptation to stress is a crucial yet poorly understood phenomenon, particularly in the central nervous system (CNS). The ability to identify essential metabolic events which predict neuronal fate in response to injury is critical to developing predictive markers of outcome, for interpreting CNS spectroscopic imaging, and for providing a richer understanding of the relevance of clinical indices of stress which are routinely collected. In this work, real-time multianalyte microphysiometry was used to dynamically assess multiple markers of aerobic and anaerobic respiration through simultaneous electrochemical measurement of extracellular glucose, lactate, oxygen, and acid. Pure neuronal cultures and mixed cultures of neurons and glia were compared following a 90 min exposure to aglycemia. This stress was cytotoxic to neurons yet resulted in no appreciable increase in cell death in age-matched mixed cultures. The metabolic profile of the cultures was similar in that aglycemia resulted in decreases in extracellular acidification and lactate release in both pure neurons and mixed cultures. However, oxygen consumption was only diminished in the neuron enriched cultures. The differences became more pronounced when cells were returned to glucose-containing media upon which extracellular acidification and oxygen consumption never returned to baseline in cells fated to die. Taken together, these data suggest that lactate release is not predictive of neuronal survival. Moreover, they reveal a previously unappreciated relationship of astrocytes in maintaining oxygen uptake and a correlation between metabolic recovery of neurons and extracellular acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. McKenzie
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Neurology, §Pharmacology, ∥Vanderbilt Brain Institute, ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, and #Neuroscience
Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
37232, United States
| | - Amy M. Palubinsky
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Neurology, §Pharmacology, ∥Vanderbilt Brain Institute, ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, and #Neuroscience
Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
37232, United States
| | - Jacquelynn E. Brown
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Neurology, §Pharmacology, ∥Vanderbilt Brain Institute, ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, and #Neuroscience
Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
37232, United States
| | - BethAnn McLaughlin
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Neurology, §Pharmacology, ∥Vanderbilt Brain Institute, ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, and #Neuroscience
Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
37232, United States
| | - David E. Cliffel
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Neurology, §Pharmacology, ∥Vanderbilt Brain Institute, ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, and #Neuroscience
Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
37232, United States
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44
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Li X, Zhao L, Chen Z, Lin Y, Yu P, Mao L. Continuous Electrochemical Monitoring of Extracellular Lactate Production from Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes following Myocardial Hypoxia. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5285-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300354z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianchan Li
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhao
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhenling Chen
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuqing Lin
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
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45
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Hiatt LA, McKenzie JR, Deravi LF, Harry RS, Wright DW, Cliffel DE. A printed superoxide dismutase coated electrode for the study of macrophage oxidative burst. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 33:128-33. [PMID: 22257735 PMCID: PMC3291099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The miniaturization of electrochemical sensors allows for the minimally invasive and cost effective examination of cellular responses at a high efficacy rate. In this work, an ink-jet printed superoxide dismutase electrode was designed, characterized, and utilized as a novel microfluidic device to examine the metabolic response of a 2D layer of macrophage cells. Since superoxide production is one of the first indicators of oxidative burst, macrophage cells were exposed within the microfluidic device to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a known promoter of oxidative burst, and the production of superoxide was measured. A 46 ± 19% increase in current was measured over a 30 min time period demonstrating successful detection of sustained macrophage oxidative burst, which corresponds to an increase in the superoxide production rate by 9 ± 3 attomoles/cell/s. Linear sweep voltammetry was utilized to show the selectivity of this sensor for superoxide over hydrogen peroxide. This novel controllable microfluidic system can be used to study the impact of multiple effectors from a large number of bacteria or other invaders along a 2D layer of macrophages, providing an in vitro platform for improved electrochemical studies of metabolic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A. Hiatt
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822 USA
| | - Jennifer R. McKenzie
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822 USA
| | - Leila F. Deravi
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822 USA
| | - Reese S. Harry
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822 USA
| | - David W. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822 USA
| | - David E. Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822 USA
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46
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Wang F, Li Y, Chen L, Chen D, Wu X, Wang H. Mapping of hyperthermic tumor cell death in a microchannel under unidirectional heating. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:14120-1412012. [PMID: 22685509 PMCID: PMC3370400 DOI: 10.1063/1.3694252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Hyperthermia can be used as an adjunctive method of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and gene therapy to improve cancer treatment. In this study, we investigate the hyperthermic cell death of cervix cancer CaSki cells in a microchannel integrated with a directional heating scheme. Heat was applied from the inner end to the outer end of the channel and a temperature distribution from 60 °C to 30 °C was established. A three dimensional (3D) numerical model was conducted for the heat transfer simulation, based on which a simple fitting method was proposed to easily estimate the temperature distribution along the channel. Cell death along the channel was mapped 22 h after the heating treatment by dual fluorescent labeling and phase-contrast microscopy imaging. Upstream, where the temperature is higher than 42 °C, we observe necrotic death, late-stage and early stage apoptotic death in sequence along the channel. Downstream and in the middle of the channel, where the temperature is lower than 42 °C, significant cell detachment was noted. Vigorous detachment was observed even in the non-hyperthermic zone (temperature lower than 37 °C), which we believe is due to the direct effect of the hyperthermic zones (higher than 37 °C). The present work not only gives a vivid map of cell responses under a temperature gradient, but also reveals the potential interactions of the heated tumor cells and non-heated tumor cells, which are seldom investigated in conventional petri-dish experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wang
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
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47
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Zhuang X, Wang D, Lin Y, Yang L, Yu P, Jiang W, Mao L. Strong Interaction between Imidazolium-Based Polycationic Polymer and Ferricyanide: Toward Redox Potential Regulation for Selective In Vivo Electrochemical Measurements. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1900-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202748s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuming Zhuang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan
250100, China
- Beijing National
Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for
Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dalei Wang
- Beijing National
Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for
Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuqing Lin
- Beijing National
Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for
Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lifen Yang
- Beijing National
Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for
Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National
Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for
Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan
250100, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National
Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for
Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
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48
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Velkovsky M, Snider R, Cliffel DE, Wikswo JP. Modeling the measurements of cellular fluxes in microbioreactor devices using thin enzyme electrodes. JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL CHEMISTRY 2011; 49:251-275. [PMID: 24031115 PMCID: PMC3768171 DOI: 10.1007/s10910-010-9744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
An analytic approach to the modeling of stop-flow amperometric measurements of cellular metabolism with thin glucose oxidase and lactate oxidase electrodes would provide a mechanistic understanding of the various factors that affect the measured signals. We divide the problem into two parts: (1) analytic formulas that provide the boundary conditions for the substrate and the hydrogen peroxide at the outer surface of the enzyme electrode layers and the electrode current expressed through these boundary conditions, and (2) a simple diffusion problem in the liquid compartment with the provided boundary conditions, which can be solved analytically or numerically, depending on the geometry of the compartment. The current in an amperometric stop-flow measurement of cellular glucose or lactate consumption/excretion is obtained analytically for two geometries, corresponding to devices developed at the Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education: a multianalyte nanophysiometer with effective one-dimensional diffusion and a multianalyte microphysiometer, for which plentiful data for metabolic changes in cells are available. The data are calibrated and fitted with the obtained time dependences to extract several cellular fluxes. We conclude that the analytical approach is applicable to a wide variety of measurement geometries and flow protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momchil Velkovsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and
Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Rachel Snider
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
37235, USA
| | - David E. Cliffel
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and
Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
37235, USA
| | - John P. Wikswo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and
Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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49
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Enders JR, Marasco CC, Kole A, Nguyen B, Sundarapandian S, Seale KT, Wikswo JP, McLean JA. Towards monitoring real-time cellular response using an integrated microfluidics-matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation/nanoelectrospray ionisation-ion mobility-mass spectrometry platform. IET Syst Biol 2010; 4:416-27. [PMID: 21073240 PMCID: PMC4254925 DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2010.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of microfluidic cell trapping devices with ion mobility-mass spectrometry offers the potential for elucidating in real time the dynamic responses of small populations of cells to paracrine signals, changes in metabolite levels and delivery of drugs and toxins. Preliminary experiments examining peptides in methanol and recording the interactions of yeast and Jurkat cells with their superfusate have identified instrumental set-up and control parameters and online desalting procedures. Numerous initial experiments demonstrate and validate this new instrumental platform. Future outlooks and potential applications are addressed, specifically how this instrumentation may be used for fully automated systems biology studies of the significantly interdependent, dynamic internal workings of cellular metabolic and signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R. Enders
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Christina C. Marasco
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Ayeeshik Kole
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Bao Nguyen
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Sevugarajan Sundarapandian
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Kevin T. Seale
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - John P. Wikswo
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - John A. McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
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50
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Zheng XT, Yang HB, Li CM. Optical detection of single cell lactate release for cancer metabolic analysis. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5082-7. [PMID: 20469833 DOI: 10.1021/ac100074n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive detection of extracellular lactate concentrations at a single cell level is of importance for studying the metabolic alterations in tumor progression. A unique nanoscale optical fiber lactate sensor was developed to monitor the extracellular lactate concentrations of cancer cells by immobilizing its nanotip with lactate dehydrogenases, which could catalyze lactate conversion to generate NADH for sensitive fluorescence detection. The results demonstrate that the fabricated nanosensor can successfully detect the extracellular lactate concentrations for single HeLa, MCF-7, and human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) cells, showing that the cancer cells have distinctly higher extracellular lactate concentrations than normal cells as that predicted by Warburg effect. The nanosensor was also employed to investigate the effect of a monocarboxylate transporter inhibitor on the lactate efflux from cancer cells. Different lactate efflux inhibition profiles were obtained for HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines. This work demonstrates that the nanosensor has potential for evaluating the effect of metabolic agents on cancer metabolism and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ting Zheng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457
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