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Liu S, Liu G, Wang M, Qin L, Guo Q, Li D, Yang L, Zheng M. Free radical mechanisms of ammonium sulfate as intensively used industrial materials on suppressing organic pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175644. [PMID: 39168350 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Organic free radicals are critical intermediates for the generation and inhibition of organic pollutants during industrial processes. Clarifying the free radical mechanism of pollutant inhibition is significant for their efficient control. Ammonium sulfate is intensively used in industrial materials to suppress organic pollutants. In this study, organic free radical intermediate species in metal-catalyzed reactions inhibited by ammonium sulfate were identified using continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, providing direct evidence for the free radical mechanisms of organic pollutants inhibition. The transverse (T2) and longitudinal (T1) relaxation time variations catalyzed by different metal catalysts in the presence of ammonium sulfate were compared using pulsed-wave EPR. Consequently, after the addition of ammonium sulfate, the observed increase in T2 suggests that ammonium sulfate leads to radical concentration reduction. A decrease in the T1 relaxation time suggests the enhanced interaction between organic radicals and metals, which is an obstacle to subsequent radical reactions. Therefore, ammonium sulfate dominantly changed the free radical intermediates species, concentrations, and their reactivity, and then inhibited the organic pollutants formations. The inhibition mechanisms of ammonium sulfate on metal-catalyzed pollutants were then proposed combining EPR analysis, X-ray characterization, and high-resolution mass spectrometry screening. As a result, (1) occupying the active sites of metal catalysis and (2) inhibiting free radical intermediates are the two main intrinsic inhibition mechanisms of ammonium sulfate. The findings provide new perspectives on the efficient inhibition of organic pollutants in industrial processes involving various metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Mingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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2
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Li B, Chen B, Wei Z. Challenging established norms: The unanticipated role of alcohols in UV/PDS radical quenching. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135502. [PMID: 39173369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
UV/peroxydisulfate (UV/PDS) process is known to be highly efficient for degrading micropollutants from water by generating sulfate (SO4•-) and hydroxyl radicals (HO•). Reliable analyses of short-lived SO4•- and HO• are therefore critical for understanding reaction mechanisms and optimizing operating conditions. Currently, alcohols are commonly used as quenchers to distinguish radicals based on the assumption that they exclusively react with target radicals without other influences. However, this study for the first time reveals a series of unexpected effects that challenge this conventional wisdom because: 1) adding alcohols altered the decomposition rates of PDS by replacing the reactions between SO4•- and HO• with PDS by the reactions between secondary reactive species and PDS; and 2) SO4•- preferably reacted with alcohols to generate nonnegligible level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) under oxygen-rich conditions, which subsequently led to indirect formation of HO•. Additionally, the formation of H2O2 was substantially impacted by the types of alcohols, dosages, dissolved oxygen, and solution pH. Using probe tests as tools, we found that the actual SO4•- levels after dosing alcohols were only slightly different from assumed/expected levels, whereas the actually HO• levels were 43.7, 3364.9, and 12.5 times higher than assumed/expected conditions for samples dosed with methanol, iso-propanol, and tert-butanol, respectively. These unanticipated effects thus suggest that cautions are needed when using alcohols to qualitative and quantitative determine HO• and SO4•- in UV/PDS process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Zongsu Wei
- Centre for Water Technology (WATEC) & Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Alle 3, Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
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3
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Qin W, Guo K, Chen C, Fang J. Differences in the Reaction Mechanisms of Chlorine Atom and Hydroxyl Radical with Organic Compounds: From Thermodynamics to Kinetics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39344971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical (HO•) and chlorine atom (Cl•) are common reactive species in aqueous environments. However, the intrinsic difference in their reactions with organic compounds has not been revealed. This study compared the reaction mechanisms of HO• and Cl• with 13 aromatic and 11 aliphatic compounds by quantum chemical calculation and laser flash photolysis. Both HO• and Cl• can spontaneously react with aromatic compounds via radical adduct formation (RAF), hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), and single electron transfer (SET) pathways. The SET reactions of Cl• were more thermodynamically favorable than HO•, but contrary results were obtained for HAT reactions. According to the free energy of activation (ΔGaq‡), the dominant oxidation mechanisms of aromatic compounds were RAF and SET by HO• and SET by Cl•. The important role of SET in the HO• reactions with aromatic compounds was further verified by accurately calculating the solvation free energy of HO•/HO- and experimentally tracking the radical cations, which were generally neglected in previous studies. Meanwhile, the ΔGaq‡ value of each reaction pathway of Cl• was lower than that of HO•, resulting in higher rate constants of Cl• with aromatic compounds than HO•. For saturated aliphatic compounds, HAT was found to be the only mechanism accounting for their transformation by HO• and Cl•. This study proposed general rules for the reaction mechanisms of HO• and Cl• and unraveled their differences in the aspects of thermodynamics and kinetics, providing fundamental information for understanding contaminant transformation in processes involving HO• and Cl•.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlei Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Kaiheng Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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4
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Xu J, Kann RJ, Mohammed D, Huang CH. Far-UVC 222 nm Treatment: Effects of Nitrate/Nitrite on Disinfection Byproduct Formation Potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58. [PMID: 39133232 PMCID: PMC11360365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c04258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Irradiation at far ultraviolet C (far-UVC) 222 nm by krypton chloride (KrCl*) excilamps can enhance microbial disinfection and micropollutant photolysis/oxidation. However, nitrate/nitrite, which absorbs strongly at 222 nm, may affect the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Herein, we evaluated model organic matter and real water samples and observed a substantial increase in the formation potential for trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin) (TCNM-FP), a nitrogenous DBP, by nitrate or nitrite after irradiation at 222 nm. At a disinfection dose of 100 mJ·cm-2, TCNM-FP of humic acids and fulvic acids increased from ∼0.4 to 25 and 43 μg·L-1, respectively, by the presence of 10 mg-N·L-1 nitrate. For the effect of nitrate concentration, the TCNM-FP peak was observed at 5-10 mg-N·L-1. Stronger fluence caused a greater increase of TCNM-FP. Similarly, the increase of TCNM-FP was also observed for wastewater and drinking water samples containing nitrate. Pretreatment using ozonation and coagulation, flocculation, and filtration or the addition of H2O2 can effectively control TCNM-FP. The formation potential of other DBPs was minorly affected by irradiation at 222 nm regardless of whether nitrate/nitrite was present. Overall, far-UVC 222 nm treatment poses the risk of increasing TCNM-FP of waters containing nitrate or nitrite at environmentally relevant concentrations and the mitigation strategies merit further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Xu
- Department
of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ryan J. Kann
- School
of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Dauda Mohammed
- Department
of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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5
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Wang H, Wang S, Jia Z, Li H, Wang J, Zhang T, Dong J, Yang P, Chen J, Ji Y, Lu J. Photo-transformation of isoproturon under UV-A irradiation: The synergy of nitrite and natural organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 353:124153. [PMID: 38750808 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Isoproturon (IPU), a widely utilized phenylurea herbicide, is recognized as an emerging contaminant. Previous studies have predominantly attributed the degradation of IPU in natural waters to indirect photolysis by natural organic matter (NOM). Here, we demonstrate that nitrite (NO2-) also serves as an important photosensitizer that induces the photo-degradation of IPU. Through radical quenching tests, we identify hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and nitrogen dioxide radicals (NO2•) originating from NO2- photolysis as key players in IPU degradation, resulting in the generation of a series of hydroxylated and nitrated byproducts. Moreover, we demonstrate a synergistic effect on the photo-transformation of IPU when both NOM and NO2- are present in the reaction mixture. The observed rate constant (kobs) for IPU removal increases to 0.0179 ± 0.0002 min-1 in the co-presence of NO2- (50 μM) and NOM (2.5 mgC/L), surpassing the sum of those in the presence of each alone (0.0135 ± 0.0004 min-1). NOM exhibits multifaceted roles in the indirect photolysis of IPU. It can be excited by UV and transformed to excited triplet states (3NOM*) which oxidize IPU to IPU•+ that undergoes further degradation. Simultaneously, NOM can mitigate the reaction by reducing the IPU•+ intermediate back to the parent IPU. However, the presence of NO2- alters this dynamic, as IPU•+ rapidly couples with NO2•, accelerating IPU degradation and augmenting the formation of mono-nitrated IPU. These findings provide in-depth understandings on the photochemical transformation of environmental contaminants, especially phenylurea herbicides, in natural waters where NOM and NO2- coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sunxinyi Wang
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zixuan Jia
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiayue Dong
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Li J, Qin W, Zhu B, Ruan T, Hua Z, Du H, Dong S, Fang J. Insights into the transformation of natural organic matter during UV/peroxydisulfate treatment by FT-ICR MS and machine learning: Non-negligible formation of organosulfates. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 256:121564. [PMID: 38615605 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) is a major sink of radicals in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and understanding the transformation of NOM is important in water treatment. By using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) in conjunction with machine learning, we comprehensively investigated the reactivity and transformation of NOM, and the formation of organosulfates during the UV/peroxydisulfate (PDS) process. After 60 min UV/PDS treatment, the CHO formula number and dissolved organic carbon concentration significantly decreased by 83.4 % and 74.8 %, respectively. Concurrently, the CHOS formula number increased substantially from 0.7 % to 20.5 %. Machine learning identifies DBE and AImod as the critical characteristics determining the reactivity of NOM during UV/PDS treatment. Furthermore, linkage analysis suggests that decarboxylation and dealkylation reactions are dominant transformation pathways, while the additions of SO3 and SO4 are also non-negligible. According to SHAP analysis, the m/z, number of oxygens, DBE and O/C of NOM were positively correlated with the formation of organosulfates in UV/PDS process. 92 organosulfates were screened out by precursor ion scan of HPLC-MS/MS and verified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, among which, 7 organosufates were quantified by authentic standards with the highest concentrations ranging from 2.1 to 203.0 ng L‒1. In addition, the cytotoxicity of NOM to Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells increased by 13.8 % after 30 min UV/PDS treatment, likely responsible for the formation of organosulfates. This is the first study to employ FT-ICR MS combined with machine learning to identify the dominant NOM properties affecting its reactivity and confirmed the formation of organosulfates from sulfate radical oxidation of NOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Wenlei Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Bao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhechao Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hongyu Du
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Security Regulation and Control for Southern China, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shengkun Dong
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Security Regulation and Control for Southern China, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Dong J, Yang P, Kong D, Song Y, Lu J. Formation of nitrated naphthalene in the sulfate radical oxidation process in the presence of nitrite. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 255:121546. [PMID: 38574612 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have become a global environmental concern due to their potential hazardous implication for human health. In this study, we found that sulfate radical (SO4•-) could effectively degrade naphthalene (NAP), a representative PAH in groundwaters, generating 1-naphthol. This intermediate underwent further degradation, yielding ring-opening products including phthalic acid and salicylic acid. However, the presence of nitrite (NO2-), a prevalent ion in subsurface environments, was observed to compete with NAP for SO4•-, thus slowing down the NAP degradation. The reaction between NO2- and SO4•- generated a nitrogen dioxide radical (NO2•). Concurrently, in-situ formed 1-naphthol underwent further oxidization to the 1-naphthoxyl radical by SO4•-. The coupling of 1-naphthoxyl radicals with NO2• gave rise to a series of nitrated NAP, namely 2-nitro-1-naphthol, 4-nitro-1-naphthol, and 2,4-dinitro-1-naphthol. In addition, the in-situ formed phthalic acid and salicylic acid also underwent nitration, generating nitrophenolic products, although this pathway appeared less prominent than the nitration of 1-naphthol. When 10 μΜ NAP was subjected to heat activated peroxydisulfate oxidation in the presence of 10 μΜ NO2-, the total yield of nitrated products reached 0.730 μΜ in 120 min. Overall, the presence of NO2- dramatically altered the behavior of NAP degradation by SO4•- oxidation and contributed to the formation of toxic nitrated products. These findings raise awareness of the potential environmental risks associated with the application of SO4•--based oxidation processes for the remediation of PAHs-polluted sites in presence of NO2-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Dong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Deyang Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Yiqiang Song
- Center for Soil Pollution Control of Shandong, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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8
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Gao X, Yan J, Wang C, Yang P, Lu J, Ji Y. Formation of brominated and nitrated byproducts during unactivated peroxymonosulfate oxidation of phenol. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134265. [PMID: 38608590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Brominated and nitrated byproducts generated from bromide (Br-) and nitrite (NO2-), respectively, by sulfate radical (SO4•-) oxidation have raised increasing concern. However, little is known about the concurrent generation of brominated and nitrated byproducts in the unactivated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) oxidation process. This study revealed that Br- can facilitate the transformation of NO2- to nitrated byproducts during unactivated PMS oxidation of phenol. In the co-existence of 0.1 mM Br- and 0.5 mM NO2-, the total yield of identified nitrated byproducts reached 2.316 μM in 20 min, while none was found with NO2- alone. Nitryl bromide (BrNO2) as the primary nitrating agent was formed via the reaction of NO2- with free bromine in situ generated through the oxidation of Br- by PMS. BrNO2 rapidly reacted with phenol or bromophenols, generating highly toxic nitrophenols or nitrated bromophenols, respectively. Increasing NO2- concentration led to more nitrated byproducts but less brominated byproducts. This study advances our understanding of the transformation of Br- and NO2- in the unactivated PMS oxidation process. It also provides important insights into the potentially underestimated environmental risks when PMS is applied to degrade organic contaminants under realistic environments, particularly when Br- and NO2- co-exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Gao
- School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Chaohu University, Chaohu Regional Collaborative Technology Service Center for Rural Revitalization, Hefei 238000, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Yan
- School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Chaohu University, Chaohu Regional Collaborative Technology Service Center for Rural Revitalization, Hefei 238000, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Chaohu University, Chaohu Regional Collaborative Technology Service Center for Rural Revitalization, Hefei 238000, China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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9
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Leung CW, Wang X, Hu D. Characteristics and source apportionment of water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) in PM 2.5 in Hong Kong: With focus on amines, urea, and nitroaromatic compounds. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133899. [PMID: 38430595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) is ubiquitous in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and poses health and environmental risks. However, there is limited knowledge regarding its comprehensive speciation and source-specific contributions. Here, we conducted chemical characterization and source apportionment of WSON in 65 PM2.5 samples collected in Hong Kong during a 1-yr period. Using various mass-spectrometry-based techniques, we quantified 22 nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs), including 17 nitroaromatics (NACs), four amines, and urea. The most abundant amine and NACs were dimethylamine and 4-nitrocatechol, respectively. Two secondary (i.e., secondary formation and secondary nitrate) and five primary sources (i.e., sea salt, fugitive dust, marine vessels, vehicle exhaust, and biomass burning) of WSON and these three categories of NOCs were identified. Throughout the year, secondary sources dominated WSON formation (69.0%), while primary emissions had significant contributions to NACs (77.1%), amines (75.9%), and urea (83.7%). Fugitive dust was the leading source of amines and urea, while biomass burning was the main source of NACs. Our multi-linear regression analysis revealed the significant role of sulfate, NO3, nitrate, liquid water content, and particle pH on WSON formation, highlighting the importance of nighttime NO3 processing and heterogeneous and aqueous-phase formation of NOCs in the Hong Kong atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Wai Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Di Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen 518057, PR China.
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10
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Sun H, Guo Z, Zhang L, Hua X, Dong D. Degradation of carbamazepine in ice with bromate and nitrite: Role of reactive nitrogen species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171376. [PMID: 38432388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Seasonal freezing of waters occurs during winter in cold regions. Bromate ( [Formula: see text] ) is a disinfection by-product generated during water treatment, its interaction with emerging contaminants may be affected by freezing. Nitrite ( [Formula: see text] ) is widely distributed in the environment, whereas its effect on the interaction of emerging contaminants and [Formula: see text] in ice may have been overlooked. Herein carbamazepine (CBZ) was selected as a model emerging contaminant to elucidate the role of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in contaminant transformation during the reduction of [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] in ice. Results indicated that freezing significantly enhanced CBZ degradation by [Formula: see text] . The CBZ degradation by [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in ice was 25.4 %-27.8 % higher than that by [Formula: see text] . Contributions of hydroxyl radical (•OH), bromine radical (•Br), and RNS to CBZ degradation in freezing/dark or sunlight systems were 8.1 % or 15.9 %, 25.4 % or 7.2 %, and 66.5 % or 76.9 %, respectively. Most CBZ was degraded by RNS generated during the reduction of [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] in ice, resulting in 16.4 % of transformation products being nitro-containing byproducts. Hybrid toxicity of CBZ/ [Formula: see text] / [Formula: see text] system was reduced effectively after the freezing-sunlight process. This study can provide new insights into the environmental fate of emerging contaminants, [Formula: see text] , and [Formula: see text] in cold regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiuyi Hua
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Deming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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11
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Yin R, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhao J, Shang C. Far-UVC Photolysis of Peroxydisulfate for Micropollutant Degradation in Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6030-6038. [PMID: 38517061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Increasing radical yields to reduce UV fluence requirement for achieving targeted removal of micropollutants in water would make UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) less energy demanding in the context of United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals and carbon neutrality. We herein demonstrate that, by switching the UV radiation source from conventional low-pressure UV at 254 nm (UV254) to emerging Far-UVC at 222 nm (UV222), the fluence-based concentration of HO• in the UV/peroxydisulfate (UV/PDS) AOP increases by 6.40, 2.89, and 6.00 times in deionized water, tap water, and surface water, respectively, with increases in the fluence-based concentration of SO4•- also by 5.06, 5.81, and 55.47 times, respectively. The enhancement to radical generation is confirmed using a kinetic model. The pseudo-first-order degradation rate constants of 16 micropollutants by the UV222/PDS AOP in surface water are predicted to be 1.94-13.71 times higher than those by the UV254/PDS AOP. Among the tested water matrix components, chloride and nitrate decrease SO4•- but increase HO• concentration in the UV222/PDS AOP. Compared to the UV254/PDS AOP, the UV222/PDS AOP decreases the formation potentials of carbonaceous disinfection byproducts (DBPs) but increases the formation potentials of nitrogenous DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute for the Environment and Health, Nanjing University Suzhou Campus, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yongyi Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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12
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Xiao X, He X, Ji C, Li L, Zhou M, Yin X, Shan Y, Wang M, Zhao Y. Activation of persulfate by g-C 3N 4/nZVI@SBC for degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbon in groundwater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 356:120612. [PMID: 38537465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized a high removal efficiency catalyst using biochar-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron and g-C3N4, denoted as g-C3N4/nZVI@SBC, to activate persulfate (PS) for the degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in groundwater. We characterized the morphology and physiochemical properties of g-C3N4/nZVI@SBC with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), BET surface area analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). To assess the performance of the g-C3N4/nZVI@SBC catalyst, we investigated various reaction parameters, such as the mass ratio of g-C3N4 to nZVI@SBC, PS concentration, initial pH, initial TPH concentration, and the presence of coexisting ions in the system. The results from batch experiments and repeated use trials indicate that g-C3N4/nZVI@SBC exhibited both excellent catalytic activation capability and impressive durability, making it a promising choice for TPH degradation. Specifically, when the PS concentration reached 1 mM, the catalyst dosage was 0.3 g/L, and the g-C3N4 to nZVI@SBC mass ratio was 2, we achieved a remarkable TPH removal efficiency of 93.8%. Through electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) testing and quenching experiments, we identified sulfate radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide radicals as the primary active substance involved in the TPH degradation process. Moreover, the g-C3N4/nZVI@SBC composite proved highly effective for in-situ TPH removal from groundwater and displayed an 86% removal rate, making it a valuable candidate for applications in permeable reactive barriers (PRB) aimed at enhancing environmental remediation. In summary, by skillfully utilizing g-C3N4/nZVI@SBC, this study has made notable advancements in synthesis and characterization, presenting a feasible and innovative approach to addressing TPH pollution in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Xingguo He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Caiya Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Liangzhong Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecological and Environment of China, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Meichun Zhou
- Jiangsu Zhongwu Environmental Protection Industry Development Co., Ltd., Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Xinyu Yin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Yong Shan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
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13
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Ao X, Zhang X, Sun W, Linden KG, Payne EM, Mao T, Li Z. What is the role of nitrate/nitrite in trace organic contaminants degradation and transformation during UV-based advanced oxidation processes? WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121259. [PMID: 38377923 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The effectiveness of UV-based advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOPs) in degrading trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) can be significantly influenced by the ubiquitous presence of nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) in water and wastewater. Indeed, NO3-/NO2- can play multiple roles of NO3-/NO2- in UV-AOPs, leading to complexities and conflicting results observed in existing research. They can inhibit the degradation of TrOCs by scavenging reactive species and/or competitively absorbing UV light. Conversely, they can also enhance the elimination of TrOCs by generating additional •OH and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Furthermore, the presence of NO3-/NO2- during UV-AOP treatment can affect the transformation pathways of TrOCs, potentially resulting in the nitration/nitrosation of TrOCs. The resulting nitro(so)-products are generally more toxic than the parent TrOCs and may become precursors of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) upon chlorination. Particularly, since the impact of NO3-/NO2- in UV-AOPs is largely due to the generation of RNS from NO3-/NO2- including NO•, NO2•, and peroxynitrite (ONOO-/ONOOH), this review covers the generation, properties, and detection methods of these RNS. From kinetic, mechanistic, and toxicologic perspectives, future research needs are proposed to advance the understanding of how NO3-/NO2- can be exploited to improve the performance of UV-AOPs treating TrOCs. This critical review provides a comprehensive framework outlining the multifaceted impact of NO3-/NO2- in UV-AOPs, contributing insights for basic research and practical applications of UV-AOPs containing NO3-/NO2-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwei Ao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Environmental and Energy Technology of MOST, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Environmental and Energy Technology of MOST, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China.
| | - Karl G Linden
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303, United States.
| | - Emma M Payne
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Ted Mao
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China; MW Technologies, Inc., Ontario L8N1E, Canada
| | - Zifu Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Environmental and Energy Technology of MOST, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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14
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Chen Y, Ren W, Ma T, Ren N, Wang S, Duan X. Transformative Removal of Aqueous Micropollutants into Polymeric Products by Advanced Oxidation Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4844-4851. [PMID: 38385614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
This perspective presents the latest advancements in selective polymerization pathways in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for removal of featured organic pollutants in wastewater. In radical-based homogeneous reactions, SO4• --based systems exhibit superior oxidative activity toward aromatics with electron-donating substituents via single electron transfer and radical adduct formation (RAF). The produced organic radical cations subsequently undergo coupling and polymerization reactions to produce polymers. For •OH-based oxidation, metal ions facilitate the production of monomer radicals via RAF. Additionally, heterogeneous catalysts can mediate both coupling and polymerization reactions via persulfate activation without generating inorganic radicals. Metal-based catalysts will mediate a direct oxidation pathway toward polymerization. In contrast, carbon-based catalysts will induce coupling reactions to produce low-molecular-weight oligomers (≤4 units) via an electron transfer process. In comparison to mineralization, polymerization pathways remarkably reduce peroxide usage, quickly separate pollutants from the aqueous phase, and generate polymeric byproducts. Thus, AOP-driven polymerization systems hold significant promise in reducing carbon emission and realizing carbon recycling in water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Wei Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Ma
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaobin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Xiaoguang Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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15
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Pan Y, Breider F, Barrios B, Minakata D, Deng H, von Gunten U. Role of Carbonyl Compounds for N-Nitrosamine Formation during Nitrosation: Kinetics and Mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4792-4801. [PMID: 38427382 PMCID: PMC10938875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
N-Nitrosamines are potential human carcinogens frequently detected in natural and engineered aquatic systems. This study sheds light on the role of carbonyl compounds in the formation of N-nitrosamines by nitrosation of five secondary amines via different pathways. The results showed that compared to a control system, the presence of formaldehyde enhances the formation of N-nitrosamines by a factor of 5-152 at pH 7, depending on the structure of the secondary amines. Acetaldehyde showed a slight enhancement effect on N-nitrosamine formation, while acetone and benzaldehyde did not promote nitrosation reactions. For neutral and basic conditions, the iminium ion was the dominant intermediate for N-nitrosamine formation, while carbinolamine became the major contributor under acidic conditions. Negative free energy changes (<-19 kcal mol-1) and relatively low activation energies (<18 kcal mol-1) of the reactions of secondary amines with N2O3, iminium ions with nitrite and carbinolamines with N2O3 from quantum chemical computations further support the proposed reaction pathways. This highlights the roles of the iminium ion and carbinolamine in the formation of N-nitrosamines during nitrosation in the presence of carbonyl compounds, especially in the context of industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishuai Pan
- School
of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne
(EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 20092, China
| | - Florian Breider
- School
of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne
(EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Barrios
- Department
of Civil, Environmental and Geospatial Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Daisuke Minakata
- Department
of Civil, Environmental and Geospatial Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Huiping Deng
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 20092, China
| | - Urs von Gunten
- School
of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne
(EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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16
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Lei Y, Lei X, Tian G, Yang J, Huang D, Yang X, Chen C, Zhao J. Optical Variation and Molecular Transformation of Brown Carbon During Oxidation by NO 3• in the Aqueous Phase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38319710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The NO3•-driven nighttime aging of brown carbon (BrC) is known to greatly impact its atmospheric radiative forcing. However, the impact of oxidation by NO3• on the optical properties of BrC in atmospheric waters as well as the associated reaction mechanism remain unclear. In this work, we found that the optical variation of BrC proxies under environmentally relevant NO3• exposure depends strongly on their sources, with enhanced light absorptivity for biomass-burning BrC but bleaching for urban aerosols and humic substances. High-resolution mass spectrometry using FT-ICR MS shows that oxidation by NO3• leads to the formation of light-absorbing species (e.g., nitrated organics) for biomass-burning BrC while destroying electron donors (e.g., phenols) within charge transfer complexes in urban aerosols and humic substances, as evidenced by transient absorption spectroscopy and NaBH4 reduction experiments as well. Moreover, we found that the measured rate constants between NO3• with real BrCs (k = (1.8 ± 0.6) × 107 MC-1s-1, expressed as moles of carbon) are much higher than those of individual model organic carbon (OC), suggesting the reaction with OCs may be a previously ill-quantified important sink of NO3• in atmospheric waters. This work provides insights into the kinetics and molecular transformation of BrC during the oxidation by NO3•, facilitating further evaluation of BrC's climatic effects and atmospheric NO3• levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lei
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Ge Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Di Huang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Chuncheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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17
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Zhang H, Chen L, Du P, Li F, Liu W. Unraveling Different Reaction Characteristics of Alkoxy Radicals in a Co(II)-Activated Peracetic Acid System Based on Dynamic Analysis of Electron Distribution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38315813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Peracetic acid (PAA)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have shown broad application prospects in organic wastewater treatment. Alkoxy radicals including CH3COO• and CH3COOO• are primary reactive species in PAA-AOP systems; however, their reaction mechanism on attacking organic pollutants still remains controversial. In this study, a Co(II)/PAA homogeneous AOP system at neutral pH was constructed to generate these two alkoxy radicals, and their different reaction mechanisms with a typical emerging contaminant (sulfacetamide) were explored. Dynamic electron distribution analysis was applied to deeply reveal the radical-meditated reaction mechanism based on molecular orbital analysis. Results indicate that hydrogen atom abstraction is the most favorable route for both CH3COO• and CH3COOO• attacking sulfacetamide. However, both radicals cannot react with sulfacetamide via the radical adduct formation route. Interestingly, the single-electron transfer reaction is only favorable for CH3COO• due to its lower ESUMO. In comparison, CH3COOO• can react with sulfacetamide via a similar radical self-sacrificing bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) route owing to its high ESOMO and easy escape of unpaired electrons from n orbitals of O atoms in the peroxy bond. These findings can significantly improve the knowledge of reactivity of CH3COO• and CH3COOO• on attacking organic pollutants at the molecular orbital level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixuan Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Long Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Penghui Du
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Fan Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
- International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
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18
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Liang X, Lei Y, Yang X. Quantitative structure-activity relationships for the reaction kinetics of trace organic contaminants with one-electron oxidants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:192-208. [PMID: 38050900 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00329a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the reactivity between trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) and radicals involved in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is necessary for a good process design, but the experimentally determined rate constants (k values) are not sufficient for numerous artificial TrOCs. Thus, the development of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for predicting k values may be an effective way to address this limitation. In this work, we developed QSARs for the reactions of TrOCs with AOP-related one-electron oxidants. Specifically, 15 QSARs using Hammett constants and 8 cross-correlations were developed based on the k values of over 400 reactions between TrOCs (most contain electron-rich moieties, such as phenol, aniline, and alkoxy benzene) and 5 one-electron oxidants (SO4˙-, Br˙, Br2˙-, Cl2˙-, and CO3˙-). Overall, the developed QSARs show a good predictive performance with 94% (237/251, for Hammett constant-based QSARs) and 80% (218/274, for cross-correlations) of the k values predicted within a factor of 3. All the Hammett constant-based QSARs show negative slope values and all cross-correlations show positive relationships, suggesting all 5 one-electron oxidants mainly share similar electrophilic mechanisms with the TrOCs highlighted in this work. Previous QSAR studies on the k values of one-electron oxidants were compared and integrated into their model analysis. Furthermore, k values predicted herein from the QSARs were used to evaluate the degradation of TrOCs during UV/persulfate and UV/chlorine treatment in multiple wastewater matrices, which were demonstrated to be useful. Finally, remarks on the use of the developed QSARs were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
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19
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Yang L, Chen Z, Cao Q, Liao H, Gao J, Zhang L, Wei W, Li H, Lu J. Structural Regulation of Photocatalyst to Optimize Hydroxyl Radical Production Pathways for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Oxidation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306758. [PMID: 37865887 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Ring-opening of phenol in wastewater is the pivotal step in photocatalytic degradation. The highly selective generation of catalytical active species (•OH) to facilitate this process presents a significant scientific challenge. Therefore, a novel approach for designing photocatalysts with single-atom containment in metal-covalent organic frameworks (M-COFs) is proposed. The selection of imine-linked COFs containing abundant N and O-chelate sites provides a solid foundation for anchoring metal atom. These dispersed metal atom possess rapid accumulation and transfer capabilities for photogenerated electrons, while the periodic π-conjugated structure in 2D-COFs establishes an effective platform. Additionally, the Lewis acid properties of imine bonds in COFs can enhance the adsorption capacity toward gases with Lewis base properties, such as O2 and N2 . It is demonstrated that the Pd2+ @Tp-TAPT, designed based on this concept, exhibits efficient oxygen adsorption and follows the reaction pathway of O2 →•O2 - →H2 O2 →•OH with high selectivity, thereby achieving completely degradation of refractory phenol through photocatalysis within 10 min. It is anticipated that the selective generation of catalytic active species via advanced material design concepts will serve as a significant reference for achieving precise material catalysis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zhengxi Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Qiang Cao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Huarong Liao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jin Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Long Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Wanyu Wei
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Hua Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- National Center of International Research on Intelligent New Nanomaterials and Detection Technologies in Environmental Protection, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jianmei Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- National Center of International Research on Intelligent New Nanomaterials and Detection Technologies in Environmental Protection, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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20
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Li JY, Liu ZQ, Cui YH, Yang SQ, Gu J, Ma J. Abatement of Aromatic Contaminants from Wastewater by a Heat/Persulfate Process Based on a Polymerization Mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18575-18585. [PMID: 36642924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach to the abatement of pollutants consisting of their conversion to separable solid polymers is explored by a heat/persulfate (PDS) process for the treatment of high-temperature wastewaters. During this process, a simultaneous decontamination and carbon recovery can be achieved with minimal use of PDS, which is significantly different from conventional degradation processes. The feasibility of this process is demonstrated by eight kinds of typical organic pollutants and by a real coking wastewater. For the treatment of the selected pollutants, 30.2-91.9% DOC abatement was achieved with 24.8-91.2% carbon recovery; meanwhile, only 5.2-47.0% of PDS was consumed compared to a conventional degradation process. For the treatment of a real coking wastewater, 71.0% DOC abatement was achieved with 66.0% carbon recovery. With phenol as a representative compound, our polymerization-based heat/PDS process is applicable in a wide pH range (3.5-9.0) with a carbon recovery of >87%. Both SO4•- and HO• can be initiators for polymerization, with different contribution ratios under various conditions. Phenol monomers are semioxidized to form phenolic radicals, which are polymerized via chain transfer or chain growth processes to form separable solid phenol polymers, benzenediol polymers, and cross-linked polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ying Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Zheng-Qian Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Yu-Hong Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Sui-Qin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Jia Gu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin150090, China
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21
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Lei X, Guan J, Lei Y, Yao L, Westerhoff P, Yang X. One-Electron Oxidant-Induced Transformations of Aromatic Alcohol to Ketone Moieties in Dissolved Organic Matter Increase Trichloromethane Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18597-18606. [PMID: 36563128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Radicals in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) degrade micropollutants during water and wastewater treatment, but the transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) may be equally important. Ketone moieties in DOM are known disinfection byproduct precursors, but ketones themselves are intermediates produced during AOPs. We found that aromatic alcohols in DOM underwent transformation to ketones by one-electron oxidants (using SO4•- as a representative), and the formed ketones significantly increased trichloromethane (CHCl3) formation potential (FP) upon subsequent chlorination. CHCl3-FPs from aromatic ketones (Ar-CO-CH3, average of 22 mol/mol) were 6-24 times of CHCl3-FPs from aromatic alcohols (Ar-CH(OH)-CH3, average of 0.85 mol/mol). At a typical SO4•- exposure of 7.0 × 10-12 M·s, CHCl3-FPs from aromatic alcohol transformation increased by 24.8%-112% with an average increase of 53.4%. Notably, SO4•- oxidation of aliphatic alcohols resulted in minute changes in CHCl3-FPs due to their low reactivities with SO4•- (∼107 M-1 s-1). Other one-electron oxidants (Cl2•-, Br2•-,and CO3•-) are present in AOPs and also lead to aromatic alcohol-ketone transformations similar to SO4•-. This study highlights that subtle changes in DOM physicochemical properties due to one-electron oxidants can greatly affect the reactivity with free chlorine and the formation of chlorinated byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingmeng Guan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lu Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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22
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Song L, Lin L, Wei W, Zhang S, Wan L, Lou Z, Yu J, Xu X. Zero-valent iron-peroxydisulfate as synergistic co-milling agents for enhanced mechanochemical destruction of 2,4-dichlorophenol: Coupling reduction with oxidation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118571. [PMID: 37421725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical (MC) remediation with zero-valent iron (ZVI) as co-milling agent enables the non-combustion and solvent-free disposal of solid halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs) via solid-phase reaction, but suffers from incomplete dechlorination (especially for less chlorinated chemicals). Herein, a reduction-oxidation coupling strategy using ZVI and peroxydisulfate as synergistic (ZVI-PDS) co-milling agents was investigated, with 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) as probe contaminant. By revisiting the MC destruction process of 2,4-DCP by ZVI, the contribution of both reductive and oxidative routes is confirmed, and the inefficient •OH generation is addressed. With ball-to-material and reagent-to-pollutant mass ratios of 30:1 and 13:1, respectively, ZVI-PDS achieves higher dechlorination ratio (86.8%) for 2,4-DCP within 5 h, outcompeting sole ZVI (40.3%) or PDS (33.9%), due to the accumulation of numerous SO4•-. As suggested by a two-compartment kinetic model, the optimal ZVI/PDS molar ratio of 4:1 is determined, which balances the relative contribution of reductive/oxidative routes and leads to a maximum mineralization efficiency of 77.4%. The analysis on product distribution verifies the generation of dechlorinated, ring-opening and minor coupling products (with low acute toxicity). This work validates the necessity to couple reduction with oxidation in MC destruction for solid HOPs, and may provide information on reagent formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludi Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Lvren Lin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Wenjia Wei
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Shengkun Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lei Wan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zimo Lou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Jianming Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Xinhua Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Chu C, Yan Y, Ma J, Jin S, Spinney R, Dionysiou DD, Zhang H, Xiao R. Implementation of laser flash photolysis for radical-induced reactions and environmental implications. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 244:120526. [PMID: 37672949 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Confronted with the imperative crisis of water quality deterioration, the pursuit of state-of-the-art decontamination technologies for a sustainable future never stops. Fitting into the framework of suitability, advanced oxidation processes have been demonstrated as powerful technologies to produce highly reactive radicals for the degradation of toxic and refractory contaminants. Therefore, investigations on their radical-induced degradation have been the subject of scientistic and engineering interests for decades. To better understand the transient nature of these radical species and rapid degradation processes, laser flash photolysis (LFP) has been considered as a viable and powerful technique due to its high temporal resolution and rapid response. Although a number of studies exploited LFP for one (or one class of) specific reaction(s), reactions of many possible contaminants with radicals are largely unknown. Therefore, there is a pressing need to critically review its implementation for kinetic quantification and mechanism elucidation. Within this context, we introduce the development process and milestones of LFP with emphasis on compositions and operation principles. We then compare the specificity and suitability of different spectral modes for monitoring radicals and their decay kinetics. Radicals with high environmental relevance, namely hydroxyl radical, sulfate radical, and reactive chlorine species, are selected, and we discuss their generation, detection, and implications within the frame of LFP. Finally, we highlight remaining challenges and future perspectives. This review aims to advance our understandings of the implementation of LFP in radical-induced transient processes, and yield new insights for extrapolating this pump-probe technique to make significant strides in environmental implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Chu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yiqi Yan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Junye Ma
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shengye Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Richard Spinney
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221, USA
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Haijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Ruiyang Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China.
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24
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Xie J, Yang C, Li X, Wu S, Lin Y. Generation and engineering applications of sulfate radicals in environmental remediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139659. [PMID: 37506891 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate radical (SO4•-)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have become promising alternatives in environmental remediation due to the higher redox potential (2.6-3.1 V) and longer half-life period (30-40 μs) of sulfate radicals compared with many other radicals such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The generation and mechanisms of SO4•- and the applications of SO4•--AOPs have been examined extensively, while those using sulfite as activation precursor and their comparisons among various activation precursors have rarely reviewed comprehensively. In this article, the latest progresses in SO4•--AOPs were comprehensively reviewed and commented on. First of all, the generation of SO4•- was summarized via the two activation methods using various oxidant precursors, and the generation mechanisms were also presented, which provides a reference for guiding researchers to better select two precursors. Secondly, the reaction mechanisms of SO4•- were reviewed for organic pollutant degradation, and the reactivity was systematically compared between SO4•- and •OH. Thirdly, methods for SO4•- detection were reviewed which include quantitative and qualitative ones, over which current controversies were discussed. Fourthly, the applications of SO4•--AOPs in various environmental remediation were summarized, and the advantages, challenges, and prospects were also commented. At last, future research needs for SO4•--AOPs were also proposed consequently. This review could lead to better understanding and applications of SO4•--AOPs in environmental remediations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Chunping Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China; Academy of Environmental and Resource Sciences, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330063, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Academy of Environmental and Resource Sciences, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China
| | - Shaohua Wu
- Academy of Environmental and Resource Sciences, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China.
| | - Yan Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
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25
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Cheng X, Wang J, Yang B, Wang C, Chu W, Guo H. Reevaluation for UV photolysis of Fe(III) inducing tetracycline abatement: Overlooked significance of complexation-assistance in environmental fates of antibiotics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131909. [PMID: 37459759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of antibiotics with metal ions in aquatic environments, commonly occurring to form complexes, may affect the migration, transformation and reactivity of residual antibiotics. This study demonstrates the photolysis of Fe(III) by UV irradiation at pH 3.5, as an advanced oxidation process, to produce •OH for the abatement of a common broad-spectrum antibiotic compound, tetracycline (TET). The dimethylamino (-N(CH3)2) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups of TET were determined as the binding sites for the complexation with Fe(III) via a series of novel characterization approaches. The complexation stoichiometry of Fe(III)-TET complexation, including the complexation ratio, constants and percentages, was determined via a complexometric titration based on the UV differential spectroscopy. The complexation constant was determined to be 21,240 ± 1745 L·mol-1 under the designed conditions. Complexation of TET with Fe(III) enhanced its degradation in the UV/Fe(III) process, through the promotion of the •OH generation by inhibiting hydrolysis-precipitation process of Fe(III) and enhancing Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle and the acceleration of mass transfer between •OH and TET. This finding provides new insights into the role of complexation in the fate of residual antibiotics in the UV/Fe(III) process. The reduced overall ecotoxicity during the TET abatement, evaluated by the toxicity variation through ECOSAR program, provides the UV/Fe(III) process with a theoretical feasibility for water decontamination in actual applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jingquan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Bo Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; China MCC5 Group Corp. Ltd, Chengdu 610023, China
| | - Chengjin Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hongguang Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Yibin Industrial Technology Research Institute of Sichuan University, Yibin 644000, China.
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26
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Lei Y, Yu Y, Lei X, Liang X, Cheng S, Ouyang G, Yang X. Assessing the Use of Probes and Quenchers for Understanding the Reactive Species in Advanced Oxidation Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5433-5444. [PMID: 36930043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are increasingly applied in water and wastewater treatment. Understanding the role of reactive species using probes and quenchers is one of the main requirements for good process design. However, much fundamental kinetic data for the reactions of probes and quenchers with reactive species is lacking, probably leading to inappropriate probe and quencher selection and dosing. In this work, second-order rate constants for over 150 reactions of probes and quenchers with reactive species such as •OH, SO4•-, and Cl• and chemical oxidants such as free chlorine and persulfate were determined. Some previously ill-quantified reactions (e.g., furfuryl alcohol and methyl phenyl sulfoxide reactions with certain chemical oxidants, nitrobenzene and 1,4-dioxane reactions with certain halogen radicals) were found to be kinetically favorable. The selection of specific probes can be guided by the improved kinetic database. The criteria for properly choosing dosages of probes and quenchers were proposed along with a procedure for quantifying reactive species free of interference from probe addition. The limitations of probe and quencher approaches were explicated, and possible solutions (e.g., the combination with other tools) were proposed. Overall, the kinetic database and protocols provided in this work benefit future research in understanding the radical chemistry in AOPs as well as other radical-involved processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yafei Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xi Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - ShuangShuang Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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27
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Du P, Liu W, Zhang Q, Zhang P, He C, Shi Q, Huang CH, Wang J. Transformation of dissolved organic matter during UV/peracetic acid treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 232:119676. [PMID: 36738558 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peracetic acid combined ultraviolet (UV/PAA) process has garnered growing attention as a promising advanced oxidation process (AOP) for wastewater treatment, but the corresponding transformation of ubiquitous dissolved organic matter (DOM) under this AOP remains unknown. This study systematically investigated the changes in characteristics and composition of DOM under UV/PAA, as well as the underlying mechanisms by multiple spectroscopic analyses and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. UV/PAA treatment dramatically decreased aromaticity, apparent molecular weight, and fluorescent abundance of DOM with the production of more oxidized and saturated compounds. The reactive species (i.e., ·OH and CH3C(O)O·/CH3C(O)OO·) in UV/PAA contributed primarily to DOM changes but showed different reaction selectivity and mechanisms. ·OH reacts with DOM components and mainly yields oxygenation products via a radical addition pathway. Comparatively, the electron transfer route is more likely to occur in CH3C(O)O·/CH3C(O)OO·-induced DOM transformation. Aside from oxygenation products, electron transfer could exclusively generate decarboxylation products and distinguishes CH3C(O)O·/CH3C(O)OO·-based AOPs from ·OH-based AOPs. These findings significantly improve knowledge of DOM alterations under UV/PAA AOP at both the bulk and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Wen Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Chen He
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Junjian Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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28
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Wang Q, Guan Z, Xiong Y, Li D. Nanoconfinement-enhanced Fenton-like polymerization via hollow hetero-shell carbon for reducing carbon emissions in organic wastewater purification. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 634:231-242. [PMID: 36535161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lower reaction speed and excessive oxidant inputs impede the removal of contaminants from water via the advanced oxidation processes based on peroxymonosulfate. Herein, we report a new confined catalysis paradigm via the hollow hetero-shell structured CN@C (H-CN@C), which permits effective decontamination through polymerization with faster reaction rates and lower oxidant dosage. The confined space structures regulated the CN and CO and electron density of the inner shell, which increased the electron transfer rate and mass transfer rate. As a result, CN in H-CN@C-10 reacted with peroxymonosulfate in preference to CO to generate singlet oxygen, improving the second-order reaction kinetics by 503 times. The identification of oxidation products implied that bisphenol AF could effectively remove by polymerization, which could reduce carbon dioxide emissions. These favorable properties make the nanoconfined catalytic polymerization of contaminants a remarkably promising nanocatalytic water purification technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - Zeyu Guan
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - Yi Xiong
- School of Mathematical & Physical Sciences, Department of Microelectronics, Wuhan, Hubei 430073, China
| | - Dongya Li
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, PR China; Engineering Research Center Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430073, PR China.
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29
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Dong ZJ, Jiang CC, Zhou Y, Duan JB, Wang LH, Pang SY, Jiang J, Sun XH. Transformation of hydroxylamine to nitrosated and nitrated products during advanced oxidation process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130537. [PMID: 36493640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, hydroxylamine (HAm) was introduced to drive advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for removing organic contaminants. However, we found that HAm-driven Cu(II)/peroxymonosulfate oxidation of phenol produced p-nitrosophenol, 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol. The total nitro(so) products accounted for approximately 25.0 % of the phenol transformation at certain condition. SO4•- and •OH were identified as the primary and second significant oxidants, respectively. Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) were involved in phenol transformation. The pathway and mechanism of HAm transformation in HAm-driven transition metal ion-catalyzed AOPs were proposed for the first time in this study. The product of HAm via twice single-electron oxidation by Cu(II) is nitroxyl (HNO/NO-), which is a critical oxidation intermediate of HAm. Further oxidation of HNO by SO4•- or •OH is the initial step in propagating radical chain reactions, leading to nitric oxide radical (•NO) and nitrogen dioxide radical (•NO2) as the primary RNS. HAm is a critical intermediate in natural nitrogen cycle, suggesting that HAm can drive the oxidation processes of pollutants in natural environments. Nitro(so) products will be readily produced when AOPs are applied for ecological remediation. This study highlights the formation of toxic nitrosated and nitrated products in HAm-driven AOPs, and the requirement of risk assessments to evaluate the possible health and ecological impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jun Dong
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, the Underground Polis Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Green, Efficient and Intelligent Construction of Underground Metro Station, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Cheng-Chun Jiang
- School of Material and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yue Zhou
- College of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China.
| | - Jie-Bin Duan
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li-Hong Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences (RCEES), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Su-Yan Pang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Sun
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, the Underground Polis Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Green, Efficient and Intelligent Construction of Underground Metro Station, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
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Zhang H, Xie C, Chen L, Duan J, Li F, Liu W. Different reaction mechanisms of SO 4• - and •OH with organic compound interpreted at molecular orbital level in Co(II)/peroxymonosulfate catalytic activation system. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119392. [PMID: 36446179 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical (•OH) and sulfate radical (SO4•-) produced in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been widely studied for organic contaminants degradation, however, the different radical characteristics and reaction mechanisms on organics degradation are still needed. In this study, a homogeneous Co(II)/peroxymonosulfate activation system was established for caffeine (CAF) degradation, and pH was controlled to regulate the radicals production. The different attack routes driven by SO4•- and •OH were deeply explored by transformation products (TPs) identification and theoretical calculations. Specifically, a method on dynamic electronic structure analysis of reactants (R), transition state (TS) and intermediates (IMs) during reaction was proposed, which was applied to elucidate the underlying mechanism of CAF oxidation by •OH and SO4•- at the molecular orbital level. In total, SO4•- is kinetically more likely to attack CAF than •OH due to its higher oxidation potential and electrophilicity index. Single electron transfer reaction (SET) is only favorable for SO4•-due to its higher electron affinity than •OH, while only •OH can react with CAF via hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) route. Radical adduct formation (RAF) is the most favorable route for both •OH and SO4•- attack according to both kinetics and thermodynamics results. These findings can significantly promote the understanding on the degradation mechanism of organic pollutants driven by •OH and SO4•- in AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixuan Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chenghan Xie
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Long Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jun Duan
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education), International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fan Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education), International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education), International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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31
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Yang P, Liu J, Korshin GV, Ji Y, Lu J. New Insights into the Role of Nitrite in the Degradation of Tetrabromobisphenol S by Sulfate Radical Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17743-17752. [PMID: 36456897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS) is a brominated flame retardant and a contaminant of emerging concern. Several studies found that sulfate radical (SO4•-) oxidation is effective to degrade TBBPS. Here, we demonstrate that the presence of nitrite (NO2-) at environmentally relevant levels causes dramatic changes in the kinetics and pathways of TBBPS degradation by SO4•-. Initially, NO2- suppresses the reaction by competing with TBBPS for SO4•-. At the same time, SO4•- oxidizes NO2- to form nitrogen dioxide radicals (NO2•), which actively react with some key TBBPS degradation intermediates, thus greatly altering the transformation pathway. As a result, 2,6-dibromo-4-nitrophenol (DBNP) becomes the primary TBBPS product. As TBBPS undergoes degradation, the released bromide (Br-) is oxidized by SO4•- to form bromine radicals and free bromine. These reactive bromine species immediately combine with NO2• or NO2- to form nitryl bromide (BrNO2) that in turn attacks the parent TBBPS, resulting in its accelerated degradation and increased formation of toxic nitrophenolic byproducts. These results show that nitryl halides (e.g., BrNO2 or ClNO2) are likely formed yet inadequately recognized when SO4•- is applied to remediate halogenated pollutants in the subsurface environment where NO2- is ubiquitously found. These insights further underscore the potential risks of the application of SO4•- oxidation for the remediation of halogenated compounds in realistic environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizeng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
| | - Jiating Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
| | - Gregory V Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
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Wu Y, Qu D, Bu L, Zhu S, Zhou S. Enhanced trichloronitromethane formation during chlorine-UV treatment of nitrite-containing water by organic amines. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158304. [PMID: 36030871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the risk of trichloronitromethane (TCNM) formation during chlorination of the nitrite-containing water after pre-chlorination and subsequent UV irradiation (i.e., the chlorine-UV process). The competitive reaction between amino acid (AA) and NO2- for chlorine produced organic chloramine and reduced the oxidation from NO2- to NO3-, resulting in a significant enhancement of TCNM in the presence of AA (>5.52 μg L-1) as compared to the absence of AA (0.42 μg L-1). The generation of HO• during UV photolysis of organic chloramines was confirmed. Among the process parameters, pre-chlorination time (from 5 min to 30 min) had no significant effect on TCNM formation; the highest TCNM formation occurred at pH 7 (from pH 6 to pH 8); prolonged UV irradiation time (from 5 min to 30 min) and increased chlorine to AA ratio (Cl2:AA) (from 1 to 3) decreased the TCNM formation. The hydroxylated, chlorinated and nitrosated products were detected. The quantum chemical calculation results indicated the attack of NO2• was more likely to occur at the meta and para positions of benzoic acid (BZA), because of the steric hindrance of the carboxylic group in BZA to the ortho position. Based on the results of the toxicity assessment, pre-chlorination with a higher chlorine dosage could be an effective method of controlling both TCNM formation and acute toxicity. Overall, the results of this study contributed to the understanding of the TCNM formation mechanism as well as optimizing the parameters of the chlorine-UV process to reduce the risk of TCNM formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangtao Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Dongxu Qu
- China Northeast Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd, PR China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Shumin Zhu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
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33
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Gao X, Yang P, Zhang Q, Kong D, Chen J, Ji Y, Lu J. Effects of nitrite on the degradation of carbamazepine by sulfate radical oxidation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Shu X, Bi H, Wang J, Yang J, Wang J, Liu G, Su B. Highly stable and efficient calcined γ-Al 2O 3 catalysts loaded with MnO x-CeO x for the ozonation of oxytetracycline. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:80399-80410. [PMID: 35715680 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic ozonation with supported metal oxides is a promising strategy for addressing refractory pollutants in wastewater. In this study, γ-Al2O3 supported MnOx-CeOx catalysts (MC1, MC2, and MC3) obtained at different calcination temperatures (400 °C, 550 °C, and 700 °C) were applied as effective catalysts for ozonation and explored the feasibility of the treatment of oxytetracycline (OTC) wastewater. Comparatively, the MC2 possessed the highest molar ratios of Mn3+/Mn4+ (1.60) and Ce3+/Ce4+ (0.96), the largest surface area (273.8 m2 g-1) with a petal-shaped structure, and most abundant surface hydroxyls (3.78 mmol g-1). These physicochemical characteristics benefited the surface reaction and resulted in the acceleration of ozone decomposition, electron transfer, and •OH generation, thereby improving the catalyst's adsorption ability and catalytic activity. The combination with MC2 increased the OTC and COD removal of the ozonation process from 59.1% and 29.0% to 94.7% and 83.3% in 25 min, respectively. By employing electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and radical quenching experiments, it was verified that •OH species generation promoted the mineralization of OTC. The possible degradation pathways of OTC were investigated through mass spectrometry, and the route consisted of dehydration, deamination, and demethylation. Moreover, during a 12-day continuous experiment, MC2 catalyst exhibited excellent reusability and catalytic stability, with COD removal efficiencies above 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Shu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Huaqi Bi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Third Highway Engineering CO., LTD, China Communications Construction CO., LTD, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Guangqing Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bensheng Su
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Li X, Song C, Sun B, Gao J, Liu Y, Zhu J. Kinetics of zero-valent iron-activated persulfate for methylparaben degradation and the promotion of Cl . JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 321:115973. [PMID: 36104884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Methylparaben (MP) is an emerging pollutant, and the optimal conditions and kinetics of MP degradation using nano-zero-valent iron-activated persulfate (nZVI/PDS) need to be further investigated. This paper firstly investigated the response surface methodology (RSM) analysis of MP degradation by the heterogeneous system nZVI/PDS and concluded that the initial pH had the most significant effect on MP degradation. The optimal experimental conditions predicted by the RSM were as follows: initial pH 2.75, [nZVI]0 = 2.87 mM, [PDS]0 = 2.18 mM (MP degradation level of 95.30%). First- and second-order kinetic fits were performed for different initial pH levels and different concentrations of MP, nZVI, and PDS. It was determined that k = 0.0365 min-1 (R2 = 0.984) when the initial pH was 3, [PDS]0 = 2 mM, [MP]0 = 20 mg L-1, and [nZVI]0 = 3 mM (MP degradation level of 94.25%). The rest of the conditions were more closely fitted to the second-order reactions. The effects of different concentrations of anions and humic acid (HA) on the MP degradation level and k were examined, and it was found that Cl- could promote MP degradation to 97.69% (increased by 3.65%) and increase the k in accordance with the first-order reaction kinetics (0.0780 min-1, R2 = 0.991). Finally, the analysis of intermediates revealed 5 reaction pathways and 7 reaction intermediates, which inferred a possible reaction mechanism with the recycling performance of nZVI. In this paper, the superiority of nZVI/PDS for the purposes of activating MP degradation was affirmed. The presence of Cl- can enhance the level of MP degradation was confirmed, which provides a new direction for future practical engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chuang Song
- Tieling Ecological Environment Bureau, Tieling, 112008, China
| | - Beibei Sun
- Sinopec Ningbo Engineering CO., LTD., Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Jingsi Gao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Industrial Water Saving and Urban Sewage Resources, School of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jia Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Industrial Water Saving and Urban Sewage Resources, School of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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36
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Zheng W, Chen Y, Fu H, Yan Z, Lei Z, Duan W, Feng C. Reactive species conversion into 1O 2 promotes substantial inhibition of chlorinated byproduct formation during electrooxidation of phenols in Cl --laden wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 225:119143. [PMID: 36182674 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The generation of chlorinated byproducts during the electrochemical oxidation (EO) of Cl--laden wastewater is a significant concern. We aim to propose a concept of converting reactive species (e.g., reactive chlorines and HO• resulting from electrolysis) into 1O2 via the addition of H2O2, which substantially alleviates chlorinated organic formation. When phenol was used as a model organic compound, the results showed that the H2O2-involving EO system outperformed the H2O2-absent system in terms of higher rate constants (5.95 × 10-2 min-1vs. 2.97 × 10-2 min-1) and a much lower accumulation of total organic chlorinated products (1.42 mg L-1vs. 8.18 mg L-1) during a 60 min operation. The rate constants of disappearance of a variety of phenolic compounds were positively correlated with the Hammett constants (σ), suggesting that the reactive species preferred oxidizing phenols with electron-rich groups. After the identification of 1O2 that was abundant in the bulk solution with the use of electron paramagnetic resonance and computational kinetic simulation, the routes of 1O2 generation were revealed. Despite the consensus as to the contribution of reaction between H2O2 and ClO- to 1O2 formation, we conclude that the predominant pathway is through H2O2 reaction with electrogenerated HO• or chlorine radicals (Cl• and Cl2•-) to produce O2•-, followed by self-combination. Density functional theory calculations theoretically showed the difficulty in forming chlorinated byproducts for the 1O2-initiated phenol oxidation in the presence of Cl-, which, by contrast, easily occurred for the Cl•-or HO•-initiated phenol reaction. The experiments run with real coking wastewater containing high-concentration phenols further demonstrated the superiority of the H2O2-involving EO system. The findings imply that this unique method for treating Cl--laden organic wastewater is expected to be widely adopted for generalizing EO technology for environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Zheng
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P R China
| | - Yingkai Chen
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P R China
| | - Hengyi Fu
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P R China
| | - Zhang Yan
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P R China
| | - Zhenchao Lei
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P R China
| | - Weijian Duan
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P R China
| | - Chunhua Feng
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P R China.
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Huang T, Deng L, Wang T, Liao X, Hu J, Tan C, Singh RP. Effects of bromide ion on the formation and toxicity alteration of halonitromethanes from nitrate containing humic acid water during UV/chlor(am)ine disinfection. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 225:119175. [PMID: 36191529 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UV/chlor(am)ine are efficient for achieving multiple-barrier disinfection and maintaining residuals, while bromide (Br-) has notable impacts on the formation and toxicity of halonitromethanes (HNMs) during UV/chlor(am)ine disinfection. This study investigated the effects of Br- on HNMs formation and toxicity alteration during UV/chlor(am)ine disinfection of nitrate containing humic acid (HA) water. Results reveal that the maximum concentration of HNMs during UV/chlorine disinfection was 12.03 μg L-1 with 0.2 mg L-1 Br-, which was 22.5% higher than that without Br-, and the predominant species of HNMs were converted from trichloronitromethane (TCNM) to dibromonitromethane (DBNM) and tribromonitromethane (TBNM). However, the maximum concentration of HNMs during UV/chloramine disinfection was 3.69 μg L-1 with 0.2 mg L-1 Br-, which was increased by 26.0% than that without Br-, and the predominant species of HNMs were converted from dichloronitromethane (DCNM) to bromochloronitromethane (BCNM) and DBNM. Notably, the HNMs species and yields during UV/chloramine disinfection were less than those during UV/chlorine disinfection, primarily due to the higher concentrations of HO· and reactive chlorine/bromine species in UV/chlorine. Also, in the ranges of the Br-:Cl2 molar ratio from 0 to 0.32 and pH from 6.0 to 8.0, the Br-:Cl2 molar ratio of 0.16 and acidic pH contributed to the HNMs formation during UV/chlorine disinfection, and a high Br-:Cl2 molar ratio and neutral pH contributed to the HNMs formation during UV/chloramine disinfection. Note that the incorporation of Br- significantly improved the calculated cytotoxicity (CTI) and genotoxicity (GTI) of HNMs formed, and the calculated CTI and GTI of HNMs formed during UV/chloramine disinfection were 28.19 and 48.90% of those during UV/chlorine disinfection. Based on the diversity of nitrogen sources, the possible formation pathways of HNMs from nitrate containing HA water were proposed during UV/chlor(am)ine disinfection in the presence of Br-. Results of this study indicated that UV/chloramine can reduce the formation and toxicity of HNMs efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Huang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Xueying Liao
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Chaoqun Tan
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
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Dong J, Yang P, Chen J, Ji Y, Lu J. Nitrophenolic byproducts formation during sulfate radical oxidation and their fate in simulated drinking water treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 224:119054. [PMID: 36088770 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite can be transformed to nitrophenolic byproducts in sulfate radical oxidation processes (SR-AOPs). These nitrophenols are highly mobile in subsurface and can potentially contaminate drinking water sources. However, their fate in a drinking water treatment remains ambiguous. Herein, the removal and transformation of four nitrophenolic byproducts formed during a heat activated peroxydisulfate oxidation process, i.e., 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 5-nitrosalicylic acid, and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, in a simulated drinking water treatment train were comprehensively examined. The removal of these nitrophenolic compounds in coagulation by either aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride ranged from 3.8% to 13.4%. In the chlorination process, 4-nitrophenol was removed only by 45.4% in 24 h at a chlorine dose of 5.0 mg/L. The removal of the other three nitrophenolic byproducts were less than 20%. Reaction between nitrophenolic byproducts and chlorine via electrophilic substitution gave rise to their chlorinated derivatives. Chlorinated nitrophenolic byproducts were more recalcitrant and toxic than their parent compounds, but still a tiny fraction of them could undergo further oxidation to form trichloronitromethane. This work implied that once nitrophenolic byproducts enter water source, they can penetrate the drinking water treatment train and react with the residual chlorine in distribution pipelines to form more hazardous byproducts. The findings raised additional concerns to the potential risk of the nitrophenolic byproducts formed in SR-AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Dong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Li J, Cassol GS, Zhao J, Sato Y, Jing B, Zhang Y, Shang C, Yang X, Ao Z, Chen G, Yin R. Superfast degradation of micropollutants in water by reactive species generated from the reaction between chlorine dioxide and sulfite. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118886. [PMID: 35917667 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is used as an oxidant or disinfectant in (waste)water treatment, whereas sulfite is a prevalent reducing agent to quench the excess ClO2. This study demonstrated that seven micropollutants with structural diversity could be rapidly degraded in the reaction between ClO2 and sulfite under environmentally relevant conditions in synthetic and real drinking water. For example, carbamazepine, which is recalcitrant to standalone ClO2 or sulfite, was degraded by 55%-80% in 10 s in the ClO2/sulfite process at 30-µM ClO2 and 30-µM sulfite concentrations within a pH range of 6.0-11.0. Results from experiments and a kinetic model supported that chlorine monoxide (ClO·) and sulfate radicals (SO4·-) were generated in the ClO2/sulfite process, while hydroxyl radical generation was insignificant. Apart from radicals, dichlorine trioxide (Cl2O3) was generated and largely contributed to micropollutant degradation, supported by experimental results using stopped-flow spectrometry and quantum chemical calculations. The impacts of pH, sulfite dosage, and water matrix components (chloride, bicarbonate, and natural organic matter) on micropollutant abatement in the ClO2/sulfite process were evaluated and discussed. When treating the real potable water, the concentrations of organic (five regulated disinfection byproducts) and inorganic byproducts (chlorite and chlorate) formed in the ClO2/sulfite process were all below the drinking water standards. This study disclosed fundamental knowledge advancements relevant to the reaction mechanisms between ClO2 and sulfite, and highlighed a novel process to abate micropollutants in water and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999066, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University at Zhu Hai, Zhu Hai, Hong Kong 519087, China
| | - Gabriela Scheibel Cassol
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999066, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999066, China
| | - Yugo Sato
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999066, China
| | - Binghua Jing
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999066, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University at Zhu Hai, Zhu Hai, Hong Kong 519087, China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999066, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999066, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Hong Kong 510275, China
| | - Zhimin Ao
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University at Zhu Hai, Zhu Hai, Hong Kong 519087, China
| | - Guanghao Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999066, China
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999066, China.
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Liu ZQ, Yang SQ, Lai HH, Fan CJ, Cui YH. Treatment of contaminants by a cathode/Fe III/peroxydisulfate process: Formation of suspended solid organic-polymers. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118769. [PMID: 35752098 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of highly contaminated wastewaters containing refractory or toxic organic contaminants (e.g. industrial wastewaters) is becoming a global challenge. Most technologies focus on efficient degradation of organic contaminants. Here we improve the cathode/FeIII/peroxydisulfate (PDS) technology by turning down the current density and develop an innovative mechanism for organic contaminants abatement, namely polymerization rather than degradation, which allows simultaneous contaminants removal and resource recovery from wastewater. This polymerization leads to organic-particles (suspended solid organic-polymers) formation in bulk solution, which is demonstrated by eight kinds of representative organic contaminants. Taking phenol as a representative, 83% of PDS is saved compared to degradation process, with 87.2% of DOC removal. The formed suspended solid organic-polymers occupy 59.2% of COD of the original organics in solution, and can be easily separated from aqueous solution by sedimentation or filtration. The separated organic-polymers are a series of polymers coupled by phenolic monomers, as confirmed by FTIR and ESI-MS analyzes. The energy contained in the recovered organic polymers (4.76 × 10-5 kWh for 100 mL of 1 mM phenol solution in this study) can fully compensate the consumed electrical energy (2.8 × 10-5 kWh) in the treatment process. A representative polymerization model for this process is established, in which the SO4•- and HO• generated from PDS activation initiate the polymerization and improve the polymerization degree by the production of oligomer intermediates. A practical coking wastewater treatment is carried out to verify the research results and get positive feedback, with 56.0% of DOC abatement and the suspended solid organic-polymers accounts for 42.5% of the total COD in the raw wastewater. The energy consumption (47 kWh/kg COD, including electricity and PDS cost) is lower than the values in previous reports. This study provides a novel method for industrial wastewater treatment based on polymerization mechanism, which is expected to recover resources while removing pollutants with low consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Qian Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Sui-Qin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Hui-Hui Lai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Cong-Jian Fan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yu-Hong Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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41
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Lu M, Liu M, Xu C, Yin Y, Shi L, Wu H, Yuan A, Ren XM, Wang S, Sun H. Location and size regulation of manganese oxides within mesoporous silica for enhanced antibiotic degradation. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Liu X, Chang F, Zhang D, Ren M. Influence of nitrate/nitrite on the degradation and transformation of triclosan in the UV based disinfection. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134258. [PMID: 35271891 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of nitrate/nitrite on the degradation and transformation pathway of triclosan (TCS) in UV, UV/peracetic acid (PAA) and UV/HClO processes. The results indicated that the function of nitrate/nitrite significantly depended on the UV source and wavelength, especially nitrate. Generally, the presence of nitrate decreased the direct photo-degradation of TCS in the UV based disinfection. In the LED-UV and LED-UV/HClO processes, the presence of nitrate improved the radical oxidation, and transformation pathway of TCS was varied accordingly. However, nitrate more played a role of photo-competitor in the UV/PAA process, and the reactive nitrogen species (RNS) was difficult to participant in the degradation of TCS due to low redox potential. Compared to nitrate, the presence of nitrite decreased the degradation of TCS in three different UV based disinfection processes. Under UV irradiation, nitrite primarily acted as an irradiation competitor and radical scavenger. Thus, the indirect photo-degradation of TCS was reduced. Noticeably, nitrate/nitrite were the improtant precersors of nitrogenous products in the UV base disinfection. Many new nitrogenous products were identified. But RNS preferentially reacted with the intermediates by -NO2 addition compared to directly reacted with TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Liu
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Fengqin Chang
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - Dayu Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Meijie Ren
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
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43
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Scholes RC. Emerging investigator series: contributions of reactive nitrogen species to transformations of organic compounds in water: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:851-869. [PMID: 35546580 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00102k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) pose a potential risk to drinking water quality because they react with organic compounds to form toxic byproducts. Since the discovery of RNS formation in sunlit surface waters, these reactive intermediates have been detected in numerous sunlit natural waters and engineered water treatment systems. This critical review summarizes what is known regarding RNS, including their formation, contributions to contaminant transformation, and products resulting from RNS reactions. Reaction mechanisms and rate constants have been described for nitrogen dioxide (˙NO2) reacting with phenolic compounds. However, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding reactions of RNS with other types of organic compounds. Promising methods to quantify RNS concentrations and reaction rates include the use of selective quenchers and probe compounds as well as electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Additionally, high resolution mass spectrometry methods have enabled the identification of nitr(os)ated byproducts that form via RNS reactions in sunlit surface waters, UV-based treatment systems, treatment systems that employ chemical oxidants such as chlorine and ozone, and certain types of biological treatment processes. Recommendations are provided for future research to increase understanding of RNS reactions and products, and the implications for drinking water toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Scholes
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Yang P, Korshin GV, Dong J, Ji Y, Lu J. Differentiation of Pathways of Nitrated Byproduct Formation from Ammonium and Nitrite During Sulfate Radical Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7935-7944. [PMID: 35549166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies found that both nitrite (NO2-) and ammonium (NH4+) lead to nitrophenolic byproducts in SO4•- oxidation processes, during which NO2• generated through the oxidation of the inorganic nitrogen by SO4•- is the key nitrating agent. This study demonstrates that the formation of phenoxy radicals to which NO2• can be incorporated immediately is another governing factor. Two types of sites having distinct reactivities in natural organic matter (NOM) molecules can be transformed to phenoxy radicals upon SO4•- oxidation. Fast sites associated with phenolic functionalities are primarily targeted in the reaction sequence involving NO2-, because both are preferentially oxidized. Following the depletion of NO2-, NH4+ becomes the main precursor of NO2• that interacts with slow sites associated with the carboxylic functionalities. Experimental data show that the formation of total organic nitrogen in 24 h reached 6.28 μM during SO4•- oxidation of NOM (4.96 mg/L organic carbon) in the presence of both NO2- (0.1 mM) and NH4+ (1.0 mM), while the sum of those formed in the presence of each alone was only 3.52 μM. Results of this study provide further insights into the mechanisms of nitrated byproduct formation when SO4•- is applied for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizeng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Gregory V Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jiayue Dong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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45
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Dong J, Yang P, Liu G, Kong D, Ji Y, Lu J. Transformation of amino acids and formation of nitrophenolic byproducts in sulfate radical oxidation processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128648. [PMID: 35359116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the transformation of five amino acids (AAs), i.e., glycine (GLY), alanine (ALA), serine (SER), aspartic acid (ASP), and methionine (MET), in a heat activated peroxydisulfate (PDS) oxidation process was investigated. Experimental data showed that the nitrogen in the AA molecules was oxidized to NH4+ and nitrate (NO3-) sequentially. However, in the presence of natural organic matter (NOM), nitrophenolic byproducts including 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 5-nitrosalicylic acid, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid were formed. The nitrogen dioxide radical (NO2•) generated during the transformation of NH4+ to NO3- was presumed to be the key nitrating agent. It reacted with phenolic moieties in NOM and was transformed to nitrophenolic byproducts. Among the selected AAs, SER showed the highest nitrophenolic byproducts formation potential. A total yield of 0.258 μM was observed at the condition of 0.1 mM SER, 5 mg/L (as TOC) NOM, 2 mM PDS, and pH 7.0. The formation from GLY and ALA was lowest, only 0.009 μM detected under the same conditions. The nitrophenolic byproducts formation potential of the AAs was positively related to their reactivity toward SO4•- and can be explained by the local nucleophilicity index (Nk). These findings underline the potential risks in the application of SO4•- based oxidation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Dong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guoqiang Liu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Deyang Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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46
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Comparison of hydroxyl-radical-based advanced oxidation processes with sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2022.100830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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47
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Lei Y, Lei X, Westerhoff P, Tong X, Ren J, Zhou Y, Cheng S, Ouyang G, Yang X. Bromine Radical (Br • and Br 2•-) Reactivity with Dissolved Organic Matter and Brominated Organic Byproduct Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5189-5199. [PMID: 35349263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a major scavenger of bromine radicals (e.g., Br• and Br2•-) in sunlit surface waters and during oxidative processes used in water treatment. However, the literature lacks quantitative measurements of reaction rate constants between bromine radicals and DOM and lacks information on the extent to which these reactions form brominated organic byproducts. Based on transient kinetic analysis with different fractions and sources of DOM, we determined reaction rate constants for DOM with Br• ranging from <5.0 × 107 to (4.2 ± 1.3) × 108 MC-1 s-1, which are comparable with those of HO• but higher than those with Br2•- (k = (9.0 ± 2.0) × 104 to (12.4 ± 2.1) × 105 MC-1 s-1). Br• and Br2•- attack the aromatic and antioxidant moieties of DOM via the electron transfer mechanism, resulting in Br- release with minimal substitution of bromine into DOM. For example, the total organic bromine was less than 0.25 μM (as Br) at environmentally relevant bromine radicals' exposures of ∼10-9 M·s. The results give robust evidence that the scavenging of bromine radicals by DOM is a crucial step to prevent inorganic bromine radical chemistry from producing free bromine (HOBr/OBr-) and subsequent brominated byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Xingyu Tong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jianing Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yangjian Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shuangshuang Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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48
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Lei X, Lei Y, Guan J, Westerhoff P, Yang X. Kinetics and Transformations of Diverse Dissolved Organic Matter Fractions with Sulfate Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4457-4466. [PMID: 35302348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) scavenges sulfate radicals (SO4•-), and SO4•--induced DOM transformations influence disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation when chlorination follows advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) used for pollutant destruction during water and wastewater treatment. Competition kinetics experiments and transient kinetics experiments were conducted in the presence of 19 DOM fractions. Second-order reaction rate constants for DOM reactions with SO4•- (kDOM,SO4•-) ranged from (6.38 ± 0.53) × 106 M-1 s-1 to (3.68 ± 0.34) × 107 MC-1 s-1. kDOM,SO4•- correlated with specific absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254) (R2 = 0.78) or total antioxidant capacity (R2 = 0.78), suggesting that DOM with more aromatics and antioxidative moieties reacted faster with SO4•-. SO4•- exposure activated DBP precursors and increased carbonaceous DBP (C-DBP) yields (e.g., trichloromethane, chloral hydrate, and 1,1,1-trichloropropanone) in humic acid and fulvic acid DOM fractions despite the great reduction in their organic carbon, chromophores, and fluorophores. Conversely, SO4•--induced reactions reduced nitrogenous DBP yields (e.g., dichloroacetonitrile and trichloronitromethane) in wastewater effluent organic matter and algal organic matter without forming more C-DBP precursors. DBP formation as a function of SO4•- exposure (concentration × time) provides guidance on optimization strategies for SO4•--based AOPs in realistic water matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingmeng Guan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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49
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Du P, Wang J, Sun G, Chen L, Liu W. Hydrogen atom abstraction mechanism for organic compound oxidation by acetylperoxyl radical in Co(II)/peracetic acid activation system. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 212:118113. [PMID: 35091222 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Peracetic acid (PAA) has been widely used as an alternative disinfectant in wastewater treatment, and PAA-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have drawn increasing attention recently. Among the generated reactive species after PAA activation, acetylperoxyl radical (CH3CO3•) plays an important role in organic compounds degradation. However, little is known about the reaction mechanism on CH3CO3• attack due to the challenging of experimental analysis. In this study, a homogeneous PAA activation system was built up using Co(II) as an activator at neutral pH to generate CH3CO3• for phenol degradation. More importantly, reaction mechanism on CH3CO3•-driven oxidation of phenol is elucidated at the molecular level. CH3CO3• with lower electrophilicity index but much larger Waals molecular volume holds different phenol oxidation route compared with the conventional •OH. Direct evidences on CH3CO3• formation and attack mechanism are provided through integrated experimental and theoretical results, indicating that hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) is the most favorable route in the initial step of CH3CO3•-driven phenol oxidation. HAA reaction step is found to produce phenoxy radicals with a low energy barrier of 4.78 kcal mol-1 and free energy change of -12.21 kcal mol-1. The generated phenoxy radicals will undergo further dimerization to form 4-phenoxyphenol and corresponding hydroxylated products, or react with CH3CO3• to generate catechol and hydroquinone. These results significantly promote the understanding of CH3CO3•-driven organic pollutant degradation and are useful for further development of PAA-based AOPs in environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Du
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Junjian Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Guodong Sun
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Long Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Wen Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
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50
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Fu L, Lide F, Ding Y, Wang C, Jiang J, Huang J. Mechanism insights into activation of hydroxylamines for generation of multiple reactive species in photochemical degradation of bromophenols. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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