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Zhang R, Liu F, Wang L, Wu Z, Fan L, Liu B, Shang H. Dust-phase phthalates in university dormitories in Beijing, China: pollution characteristics, potential sources, and non-dietary oral exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:3615-3633. [PMID: 38339769 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2313184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine dust-phase phthalate levels in 112 dormitories of 14 universities during autumn and winter, investigate their potential sources, and estimate phthalate exposure via dust ingestion. Twelve phthalates were detected, among which di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) were the most abundant, followed by di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP). The median concentrations and contributions of DCHP and DEHP were the highest. The contributions of di-n-octyl phthalate and di-nonyl phthalate were higher in winter than in autumn. Potential sources included iron furniture, chemical fiber textiles, clothes, and personal care products. Medium-density fiberboard furniture is a potential sink for phthalates. In two seasons, DEHP, DCHP, DiBP, and DnBP were the main phthalates ingested by college students . The median oral exposure of ten phthalates was higher in females than in males. College students have a high risk of exposure to DEHP in dormitories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Zaixing Wu
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Liujia Fan
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Beijing Boxgo Technology Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Beijing Boxgo Technology Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
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Balasch A, Peris A, Reche C, Moreno T, Eljarrat E. Dermal exposure assessment of formal e-waste dismantlers to flame retardants and plasticizers using passive sampling methodologies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 192:109021. [PMID: 39312840 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The recycling of e-waste can lead to the release of organic chemicals when materials containing additives are subjected to dismantling and grinding. In this context, the exposure of workers from a Catalonian e-waste facility to flame retardants and plasticizers (including organophosphate esters (OPEs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and dechloranes) was assessed using T-shirts and wristbands as passive samplers. The study area includes an area exclusively dedicated to cathodic ray-tube (CRT) TVs dismantling, and a grinding area where the rest of e-waste is ground. All the families of compounds were detected in both T-shirts and wristbands, with the highest concentration levels corresponding to OPEs, followed by PBDEs, NBFRs, and dechloranes. The CRT area presented higher concentration levels than the grinding area. The compounds with higher concentrations in T-shirts were 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), diphenyl cresyl phosphate (DCP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and the total concentration of all groups ranged between 293 and 8324 ng/dm2-h (hour). In the case of the wristbands, the most abundant compounds were DCP, TPHP, and BDE-209, with total concentrations between 188 and 2248 ng/dm2-h. The two sampling methods appear to be complementary, as T-shirts collect coarser particles, while wristbands also capture volatile compounds. Based on normalized surface and time concentrations, the estimated daily intake (EDI) through dermal contact was calculated and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks (CR and non-CR) associated with this activity assessed. The results show median CR 29 and 16 times below the threshold in CRT and grinding areas respectively. The non-CR medians were 2 and 3 times below the threshold, although in the CRT area one exceptional value surpassed the threshold, suggesting that risk can exist for some workers in the facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Balasch
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA)-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Peris
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA)-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA)-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA)-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Eljarrat
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA)-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Shi Y, Zhao L, Zheng J, Ding R, Li K, Zhao H, Baqar M, Zhu H, Cheng Z, Sun H. End-of-life vehicle dismantling activity emits large quantities of phthalates and their alternatives: New insights on environmental sources and co-exposure risks. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108933. [PMID: 39111170 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Automotive interiors have been identified as significant sources of various chemicals, yet their occupational hazards for end-of-life vehicle (ELV) dismantlers remain poorly characterized. Herein, eight classes of plasticizers, including 11 phthalates esters (PAEs) and 16 non-phthalates esters (NPAEs), were detected in dust samples from inside and outside ELV dismantling workshops. Moreover, indoor dust from ordinary households and university dormitories was compared. The indoor dust from the ELV dismantling workshops contained the highest concentrations of plasticizers (median: 594 μg/g), followed by ordinary households (296 µg/g), university dormitories (186 µg/g), and outdoor dust (157 µg/g). PAEs remained the dominant plasticizers, averaging 11.7-fold higher than their NPAE alternatives. Specifically, diisononyl phthalate and trioctyl trimellitate were notably elevated in workshop dust, being 15.5 and 4.78 times higher, respectively, than in ordinary household dust, potentially indicating their association with ELV dismantling activities. The estimated daily intake of occupational ELV dismantling workers was up to five times higher than that of the general population. Moreover, certain dominant NPAEs demonstrated nuclear receptor interference abilities comparable to typical PAEs, suggesting potential toxic effects. This study is the first to demonstrate that ELV dismantling activities contribute to the co-emission of PAEs and NPAEs, posing a substantial risk of exposure to workers, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ran Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Keyi Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Li K, Zhang Y, Li L, Cui K, Li Y, Li C, Dai Y, Xiao W, Wang Q. Identification of sensitive endpoints for the assessment of phthalates-induced reproductive and developmental toxicity: A literature mining study. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114686. [PMID: 38663762 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), two common types of phthalates, are known to cause reproductive and developmental toxicity in animals and humans. The reference doses (RfD) of DBP and DEHP should be determined by sensitive endpoints. We here aimed to identify sensitive endpoints for DBP- and DEHP-induced such toxicity using published literatures. By examining the impacts of maternal exposure to DBP or DEHP on anogenital distance (AGD) and semen quality of offspring, we discovered that DBP or DEHP caused AGD decline in boys but increase in girls with DBP being more potent and the first 14weeks of pregnancy being more susceptible, suggesting a chemical- and time-dependent phenomenon. We also identified AGD shortening and total sperm count reduction as two sensitive endpoints for DBP- or DEHP-induced reproductive and developmental toxicity, respectively. Based upon these two endpoints and the employment of the Bayesian benchmark dose approach with an uncertainty factor of 3,000, we estimated the RfD values of DBP and DEHP were 15 μg/kg/day and 36 μg/kg/day, respectively. Thus, we uncover previously unrecognized phenomena of DBP- or DEHP-induced reproductive and developmental toxicity and establish new and comparable or more conservative RfDs for the risk assessment of phthalates exposure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ludi Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kanglong Cui
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yingzi Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Peking University Health Science Library, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yufei Dai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, China CDC, 7 Panjiayuan South Li, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Wusheng Xiao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Compatibility Toxicology, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Compatibility Toxicology, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Aldegunde-Louzao N, Lolo-Aira M, Herrero-Latorre C. Phthalate esters in clothing: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104457. [PMID: 38677495 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers to enhance the flexibility and durability of different consumer products, including clothing. However, concerns have been raised about the potential adverse health effects associated with the presence of phthalates in textiles, such as endocrine disruption, reproductive toxicity and potential carcinogenicity. Based on examination of more than 120 published articles, this paper presents a comprehensive review of studies concerning the phthalate content in clothing and other textile products, with special emphasis on those conducted in the last decade (2014-2023). The types and role of PAEs as plasticizers, the relevant legislation in different countries (emphasizing the importance of monitoring PAE levels in clothing to protect consumer health) and the analytical methods used for PAE determination are critically evaluated. The review also discusses the models used to evaluate exposure to PAEs and the associated health risks. Finally, the study limitations and challenges related to determining the phthalate contents of textile products are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Aldegunde-Louzao
- Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Analytical Chemistry Nutrition and Bromatology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Manuel Lolo-Aira
- Applied Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (AMSlab), Avda. Benigno Rivera, 56, Lugo 27003, Spain.
| | - Carlos Herrero-Latorre
- Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Analytical Chemistry Nutrition and Bromatology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, Lugo 27002, Spain.
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Wang M, Li Y, Lv Y, Tang J, Wei P, Lu P, Zhao L, Li G, Cao Z, An T. Quantitative characterization of resident' exposure to typical semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) around a non-ferrous metal smelting plant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133353. [PMID: 38154186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
To comprehensively characterize residents' exposure to major semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), samples of indoor floor wipes, size-segregated airborne particles, gaseous air, food, and paired skin wipes were simultaneously collected from residential areas around a large non-ferrous metal smelting plant as compared with the control areas, and three typical SVOCs (including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and halogenated PAHs (HPAHs)) were determined. Comparison and correlation analysis among matrices indicated PAHs were the major contaminants emitted from metal smelting activities compared to HPAHs and PCBs, with naphthalene verified as the most important characteristic compound, and their accumulation on skin may be a comprehensive consequence of contact with floor dust and air. While patterns of human exposure pathways for the SVOCs were found to be clearly correlated to their vapor pressure, dermal absorption was the major contributor (51.1-76.3%) to total carcinogenic risk (TCR) of PAHs and HPAHs for surrounding residents, especially for low molecular weight PAHs, but dietary ingestion (98.6%) was the dominant exposure pathway to PCBs. The TCR of PAHs exceeded the acceptable level (1 × 10-4), implying smelting activities obviously elevated the health risk. This study will serve developing pertinent exposure and health risk prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yiyi Li
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yinyi Lv
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pengkun Wei
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ping Lu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Kvasnicka J, Cohen Hubal EA, Diamond ML. Modeling clothing as a secondary source of exposure to SVOCs across indoor microenvironments. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 34:376-385. [PMID: 38129669 PMCID: PMC11144090 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that clothing can influence human exposure to semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) through transdermal uptake and inhalation. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were [1] to investigate the potential for clothing to function as a transport vector and secondary source of gas-phase SVOCs across indoor microenvironments, [2] to elucidate how clothing storage, wear, and laundering can influence the dynamics of transdermal uptake, and [3] to assess the potential for multiple human occupants to influence the multimedia dynamics of SVOCs indoors. METHODS A computational modeling framework (ABICAM) was expanded, applied, and evaluated by simulating and augmenting two "real-world" chamber experiments. A primary strength of this framework was its representation of occupants and their clothing as unique entities with the potential for location changes. RESULTS Estimates of transdermal uptake of diethyl phthalate (DEP) and di(n-butyl) phthalate (DnBP) were generally consistent with those extrapolated from measured concentrations of urinary metabolites, and those predicted by two other mechanistic models. ABICAM predicted that clean clothing (long sleeves, long pants, and socks, 100% cotton, 1 mm thick) readily accumulated DEP (6900-9700 μg) and DnBP (4500-4800 μg) from the surrounding chamber air over 6 h of exposure to average concentrations of 233 (DEP) and 114 (DnBP) μg·m-3. Because of their high capacity, clean clothing also effectively minimized transdermal uptake. In addition, ABICAM predicted that contaminated clothing functioned as a vector for transporting DEP and DnBP across indoor microenvironments and reemitted 13-80% (DEP) and 3-27% (DnBP) of the accumulated masses over 48 h. SIGNIFICANCE Though the estimated secondary inhalation exposures from contaminated clothing were low compared to the corresponding primary exposures, these secondary exposures could be accentuated in other contexts, for example, involving longer timeframes of clothing storage, multiple occupants wearing contaminated clothing, and/or repeated instances of clothing-mediated transport of contaminants (e.g., from an occupational setting). IMPACT This modeling study reaffirms the effectiveness of clean clothing in reducing transdermal uptake of airborne SVOCs and conversely, that contaminated clothing could be a source of SVOC exposure via transdermal uptake and by acting as a vector for transporting those contaminants to other locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kvasnicka
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Elaine A Cohen Hubal
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B1, Canada.
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E8, Canada.
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Fang X, Tiwary R, Nguyen VP, Richburg JH. Responses of peritubular macrophages and the testis transcriptome profiles of peripubertal and adult rodents exposed to an acute dose of MEHP. Toxicol Sci 2024; 198:76-85. [PMID: 38113427 PMCID: PMC10901151 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of rodents to mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is known to disrupt the blood-testis barrier and cause testicular germ cell apoptosis. Peritubular macrophages (PTMφ) are a newly identified type of testicular macrophage that aggregates near the spermatogonial stem cell niche. We have previously reported that MEHP exposure increased the numbers of PTMφs by 6-fold within the testis of peripubertal rats. The underlying mechanism(s) accounting for this change in PTMφs and its biological significance is unknown. This study investigates if MEHP-induced alterations in PTMφs occur in rodents (PND 75 adult rats and PND 26 peripubertal mice) that are known to be less sensitive to MEHP-induced testicular toxicity. Results show that adult rats have a 2-fold higher basal level of PTMφ numbers than species-matched peripubertal animals, but there was no significant increase in PTMφ numbers after MEHP exposure. Peripubertal mice have a 5-fold higher basal level of PTMφ compared with peripubertal rats but did not exhibit increases in number after MEHP exposure. Further, the interrogation of the testis transcriptome was profiled from both the MEHP-responsive peripubertal rats and the less sensitive rodents via 3' Tag sequencing. Significant changes in gene expression were observed in peripubertal rats after MEHP exposure. However, adult rats showed lesser changes in gene expression, and peripubertal mice showed only minor changes. Collectively, the data show that PTMφ numbers are associated with the sensitivity of rodents to MEHP in an age- and species-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fang
- Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Richa Tiwary
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Vivian P Nguyen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - John H Richburg
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Zhu H, Zheng N, Chen C, Li N, An Q, Zhang W, Lin Q, Xiu Z, Sun S, Li X, Li Y, Wang S. Multi-source exposure and health risks of phthalates among university students in Northeastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169701. [PMID: 38159748 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The endocrine disruptor phthalates (PAEs) are widely used as important chemical additives in a variety of areas around the globe. PAEs are toxic to reproduction and development and may adversely affect the health of adolescents. Risk assessments of exposure to PAEs from different sources are more reflective of actual exposure than single-source assessments. We used personal exposure parameters to estimate the dose of PAEs to 107 university students from six media (including dormitory dust, dormitory air, clothing, food, disposable food containers, and personal care products (PCPs)) and three exposure routes (including ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption). Individual factors and lifestyles may affect PAE exposure to varying degrees. Based on a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, the results indicated that the main sources of PAEs in dust were indoor building materials and plastics, while PCPs and adhesives were the major sources of airborne PAEs. The relative contribution of each source to PAE exposure showed that food and air were the primary sources of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Air source contributed the most to diethyl phthalate (DEP) exposure, followed by PCPs. Food was the most significant source of diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure. Additionally, the exposure of DEHP to dust was not negligible. The ingestion pathway was the most dominant among the three exposure pathways, followed by dermal absorption. The non-carcinogenic risk of PAEs from the six sources was within acceptable limits. DEHP exhibits a low carcinogenic risk. We suggest university students maintain good hygienic and living habits to minimize exposure to PAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huicheng Zhu
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Na Zheng
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Changcheng Chen
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qirui An
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qiuyan Lin
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhifei Xiu
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Siyu Sun
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yunyang Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Sujing Wang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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10
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Lv YZ, Luo XJ, Qi XM, Guan KL, Zeng YH, Mai BX. A comprehensive assessment of external exposure to persistent halogenated organic pollutants for residents in an e-waste recycling site, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123120. [PMID: 38072019 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Human skin wipes from 30 participants, air, dust, and food items were collected from a former electronic waste site in South China to provide a comprehensive understanding of residents' exposure to halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The total concentration of halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs) in the dust, air, food and skin wipes ranged 240-25000 ng/g, 130-2500 pg/m3, 0.08-590 ng/g wet weight, and 69-28000 ng/m2, respectively. Wild fish, vegetables, and air were dominated by PCBs, whereas dust, livestock, and poultry were dominated by HFRs. The HOP concentrations were several orders of magnitude higher in local foodstuffs than in market foodstuffs. The chemical composition on the forehead was remarkably different from that on the hand. The importance of different exposure routes depends on the residents' food choices, except decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE). For residents who consumed a 100-foot diet (mainly egg) and local wild fish, diet ingestion overwhelmed other exposure routes, and PCBs were mainly contributed by fish and HFRs by egg. For residents who consumed market food, the dermal absorption of most PCB congeners and dust ingestion of highly brominated flame retardants were relatively prominent. Inhalation was found to be a crucial route for pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Zhi Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
| | - Xue-Meng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Ke-Lan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Yan-Hong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
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11
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Hammel SC, Eftekhari A, Eichler CMA, Liu CW, Nylander-French LA, Engel LS, Lu K, Morrison GC. Reducing Transdermal Uptake of Semivolatile Plasticizers from Indoor Environments: A Clothing Intervention. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20678-20688. [PMID: 38019971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Models and laboratory studies suggest that everyday clothing influences the transdermal uptake of semivolatile organic compounds, including phthalate plasticizers, from indoor environments. However, this effect has not been documented in environmental exposure settings. In this pilot study, we quantified daily excretion of 17 urinary metabolites (μg/day) for phthalates and phthalate alternatives in nine participants during 5 days. On Day 0, baseline daily excretion was determined in participants' urine. Starting on Day 1, participants refrained from eating phthalate-heavy foods and using personal care products. On Days 3 and 4, participants wore precleaned clothing as an exposure intervention. We observed a reduction in the daily excretion of phthalates during the intervention; mono-n-butyl phthalate, monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), and monobenzyl phthalate were significantly reduced by 35, 38, and 56%, respectively. Summed metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) were also reduced (27%; not statistically significant). A similar reduction among phthalate alternatives was not observed. The daily excretion of MiBP during the nonintervention period strongly correlated with indoor air concentrations of diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), suggesting that inhalation and transdermal uptake of DiBP from the air in homes are dominant exposure pathways. The results indicate that precleaned clothing can significantly reduce environmental exposure to phthalates and phthalate alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Hammel
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Azin Eftekhari
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Clara M A Eichler
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Leena A Nylander-French
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Lawrence S Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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12
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Zhang W, Zheng N, Wang S, Sun S, An Q, Li X, Li Z, Ji Y, Li Y, Pan J. Characteristics and health risks of population exposure to phthalates via the use of face towels. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 130:1-13. [PMID: 37032026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The production of face towels is growing at an annual rate of about 4% in China, reaching 1.13 million tons by 2021. Phthalates (PAEs) are widely used in textiles, and face towels, as an important household textile, may expose people to PAEs via the skin, further leading to health risks. We collected new face towels and analyzed the distribution characterization of PAEs in them. The changes of PAEs were explored in a face towel use experiment and a simulated laundry experiment. Based on the use of face towels by 24 volunteers, we calculated the estimated daily intake (EDI) and comprehensively assessed the hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and dermal cancer risk (DCR) of PAEs exposure in the population. PAEs were present in new face towels at total concentrations of <MDL-2388 ng/g, with a median of 173.2 ng/g, which was a lower contamination level compared with other textiles. PAE contents in used face towels were significantly higher than in new face towels. The concentrations of PAEs in coral velvet were significantly higher than those in cotton. Water washing removed some PAEs, while detergent washing increased the PAE content on face towels. Gender, weight, use time, and material were the main factors affecting EDI. The HQ and HI were less than 1, which proved PAEs had no significant non-carcinogenic health risks. Among the five target PAEs studied, DEHP was the only carcinogenic PAE and may cause potential health risks after long-term exposure. Therefore, we should pay more attention to DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Na Zheng
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Sujing Wang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Siyu Sun
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qirui An
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zimeng Li
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yining Ji
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yunyang Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Jiamin Pan
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
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13
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Bajagain R, Panthi G, Park JH, Moon JK, Kwon J, Kim DY, Kwon JH, Hong Y. Enhanced migration of plasticizers from polyvinyl chloride consumer products through artificial sebum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162412. [PMID: 36858231 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the migration of plasticizers from modeled and commercial polyvinyl chloride (mPVC and cPVC, respectively) to poly(dimethylsiloxane) via artificial sebum was assessed to mimic the dermal migration of plasticizers. In addition, the various factors affecting migration of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) from diverse PVC products were investigated. The migrated mass and migration ratio of PAEs increased but the migration rate decreased over time. The migration rate increased with sebum mass, contact time, and temperature but decreased under higher pressure. Low-molecular-weight PAEs (dimethyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate) migrated in higher amounts than high-molecular-weight PAEs (dicyclohexyl phthalate [DCHP] and diisononyl phthalate [DINP]). Diffusion of all PAEs in mPVC increased with temperature, with diffusion coefficients ranging from 10-13 to 10-15, 10-12 to 10-14, and 10-10 to 10-12 cm2·s-1 at 25 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C, respectively; the enthalpy of activation ranged between 127 and 194 kJ·mol-1. Moreover, migration depended on total PAE content of the product, as the diffusion coefficient for DINP in cPVC (softer PVC) was approximately three orders of magnitude higher than that for DINP in mPVC (harder PVC); this may be due to the increase in free volume with increasing plasticizer content. Finally, the daily exposure doses of the plasticizers were estimated. These findings will be helpful for estimating dermal exposure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishikesh Bajagain
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayatri Panthi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Ho Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kyoung Moon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Kwon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Yung Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Shikder AAR, Mamun MAA, Islam T, Khan MHK, Uddin MZ. Fire retardant properties enhancement of cotton twill fabric using pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) extract. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14806. [PMID: 37035358 PMCID: PMC10073890 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Health hazards and environmental pollution are major concerns in present world. So, it is high time to think about ecofriendly and sustainable production. In this study, pumpkin juice has been used as an ecofriendly flame retardant finish to enhance the functionality of cotton twill fabric. The pumpkin juice extracted from the fresh pumpkin without any chemicals. The cotton fabric was treated with pumpkin juice in exhaust method. The treated and untreated samples were characterized by TGA, FTIR, SEM, and EDX. The flame-retardant property of the samples were evaluated based on the LOI and vertical flame tester. The result demonstrated that the treated samples exhibited high fire-retardant properties after being finished with pumpkin juice. The LOI value of the treated samples increased to 29 from 19 after treatment. The main reason behind the increased flammability is the dehydration of pumpkin juice-treated fabric which was clarified from the TG analysis. Moreover, the FTIR, SEM, and EDX report ensured the presence of bound and unbound water molecules, different salt, and several atoms in the samples treated with pumpkin juice that enhanced the protection against the spreading of the fire and thus improved fire-retardant properties of the treated samples.
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15
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Sun S, Wang M, Yang X, Xu L, Wu J, Wang Y, Zhou Z. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in agricultural soil of the Yellow River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:53370-53380. [PMID: 36856996 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A total of 100 agricultural soil samples, collected in the Yellow River Delta, China, were analyzed for six U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority phthalate esters (PAEs), focusing on the characteristics of PAEs contamination and potential health risks. The detection frequencies of ∑6PAEs were 100%, where the concentration ranged from 1.087 to 14.391 mg·kg-1, with a mean value of 4.149 mg·kg-1. The most abundant PAEs were di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP). The areas with higher contents of ∑6PAEs are distributed in the western and central parts of the Yellow River Delta region and around Laizhou Bay. PAEs in the Yellow River Delta agricultural soil were attributed to pollutant emissions from petrochemical industries, plasticizers or additives, fertilizers, and pesticides. The non-carcinogenic risk of human exposure to PAEs in agricultural soils is relatively low, but the non-carcinogenic risk is higher in children than in adults, and children are a sensitive group. Under the dietary route, both DEHP and ∑2PAEs (BBP, and DEHP) pose some degree of carcinogenic risk to both local adults and children. Efforts must be made to enhance the prevention and control of PAEs contamination of agricultural soils in the Yellow River Delta region to reduce the potential risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Sun
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Mengchao Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Liang Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Juan Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- College of Economics and Management, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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16
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GC-MS Determination of Undeclared Phthalate Esters in Commercial Fragrances: Occurrence, Profiles and Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk Associated with Their Consumption among Adult Consumers. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041689. [PMID: 36838677 PMCID: PMC9962674 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are chemicals that are extensively used in the manufacturing of cosmetic products. The occurrence of phthalate esters in personal care products may pose adverse effects on consumers' health. In this work, a simple, fast and reliable GC-MS method was developed and validated for concurrent determination of phthalate esters in fragrances. Simple procedures were employed for sample preparation and clean up. The recoveries achieved were in the range of 94.9% to 105.6% with RSD ≤ 4.06. The detection limits were in the range of 0.0010 to 0.0021 µg/mL. The GC-MS method was utilized to investigate the occurrence of phthalate esters in different brands of perfumes sold in the Saudi Arabian market. Diethyl phthalate was detected in all analyzed samples, with a maximum concentration of 5766 µg/mL, and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was detected in the majority of the analyzed samples (95%), with a mean concentration of 55.9 µg/mL and a highest concentration of 377.7 µg/mL. Additionally, the exposure to phthalate esters due to the consumption of perfumes was investigated among the adult Saudi population for the first time. It was found that the systemic exposure dose, measured at mean concentrations, ranged from 4.59 × 10-4 to 4.29 × 10-2 (mg/kg/day) and from 5.00 × 10-4 to 4.68 × 10-2 (mg/kg/day) for male and female users, respectively. Moreover, the non-carcinogenic risk of the investigated phthalate esters and the carcinogenic risk of DEHP were also evaluated. The non-carcinogenic risk values of the detected phthalate esters were greater than 100, which indicates that exposure to these phthalate esters is unlikely to produce non-carcinogenic health effects to consumers. However, at maximum DEHP concentrations, the carcinogenic risk values were 5.49 × 10-5 for male users and 5.98 × 10-5 for female users, which indicates the possibility of DEHP to pose a carcinogenic health effect if present at high levels. Regular monitoring of undeclared chemicals such as phthalate esters in personal care products marketed in Saudi Arabia is extremely important to ensure consumers' safety. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to assess the health risk associated with consumption of perfumes in Saudi Arabia.
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17
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Use of a guard column coupled to mass spectrometry as a fast semi-quantitative methodology for the determination of plasticizer metabolites in urine. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1690:463788. [PMID: 36649666 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, a very simple and fast method combining the use of a guard column coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (guard column-MS/MS) has been proposed for the determination of plasticizer metabolites in urine. Briefly, samples (1.0 mL) were submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis for 10 min, filtered, diluted 1/10 v/v with ultrapure water and directly injected into the system. A fast run of only 2 min (3 min including the injection cycle) allowed the determination of 19 analytes. Enzymatic hydrolysis, filtering material, and guard column-MS/MS conditions were optimized. Intra-day precision at the low-level concentration (expressed as relative standard deviation, %RSD) obtained from the analysis of synthetic urine samples varied between 11 and 20%. Limits of quantification ranged from 2.8 to 60 ng/mL. Trueness values, calculated as apparent recoveries, ranged from 70 to 135%. To correct for matrix effects, analyte concentrations in real urine were quantified by the standard addition method. To confirm the results obtained by guard column-MS/MS, an ultra(high)-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was also applied (total chromatographic run time 17 min, including column re-equilibration). Concentrations measured with both methods were in good agreement. Hence, we propose the use of guard column-MS/MS to analyse a large number samples in a very short time (semi-quantification), and apply the chromatographic analysis only to those samples with levels close to/higher than the concentrations equivalent to the safe maximum daily intakes of the parent compounds (confirmation). This double strategy (semi-quantification by guard column-MS/MS and confirmation-when needed-by UHPLC-MS/MS) implies important savings in time and money.
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18
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Ma S, Hu X, Tang J, Cui J, Lin M, Wang F, Yang Y, Yu Y. Urinary metabolites and handwipe phthalate levels among adults and children in southern China: Implication for dermal exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129639. [PMID: 35908399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Paired handwipe and urine samples were collected from adult (n = 130) and child (n = 82) residents of a typical urban community in southern China to examine relationships between external and internal exposure as well as the contribution of dermal absorption to the exposure of phthalates. The concentrations and composition profiles of phthalates were similar in handwipes from both adults and children, and contained mainly di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), consistent with profiles of phthalates in air and dust. The major metabolites of these phthalates, i.e., mono-n-butyl phthalate (mnBP) from DnBP, mono-iso-butyl phthalate (miBP) from DiBP and three metabolites of DEHP (namely mEHP, mEHHP and mEOHP) were widely detected in paired urine samples. Positive correlations were found between contamination levels of DiBP and DnBP in handwipes and their corresponding urinary metabolites, whereas no significant correlation was observed for DEHP. This suggests that dermal absorption might be an important exposure pathway particularly for low molecular weight phthalates. Our study shows that dermal absorption is a non-negligible exposure pathway for phthalates, to which children are particularly sensitive since the contribution of dermal uptake to the internal exposure of phthalates was higher in children than adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Juntao Cui
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Meiqing Lin
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, China.
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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19
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Guo J, Luo X, Yang Y, Lv Y, Zeng Y, Mai B. Age- and sex-specific dermal exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the general population of a city in south China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119802. [PMID: 35863704 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the dermal exposure of population to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a South China city. Skin wipe samples of the face, hand, forearm, and shank were collected from 120 volunteers (50% male and 50% female) belonging to different age groups (preschooler, thresholder, middle-aged, and elderly). Concentrations of PAHs in the skin wipe samples varied from 18 to 27000 ng/m2 in the order of face > hand > forearm > shank, regardless of age and gender. The PAH concentrations of bare skin locations were significantly higher in females than in males, while no significant differences were observed for clothing-covered skin locations between genders. The PAH concentrations for faces were significantly higher in the elderly compared to the other groups. The PAH composition was distinct between the four age groups. The dermal exposure levels of total PAHs and total BaP equivalent concentration (BaPeq) varied from 25.6 to 620 and 0.093-37.4 ng/kg body weight/d, respectively. The dermal exposure levels of total PAHs were significantly higher in females than in males in all age groups except for the middle-aged group. The hand-mouth exposure doses were significantly higher in the preschoolers than in the other age groups. The values of the carcinogenic risk caused by dermal PAH exposure were between 3.5 × 10-6 and 1.4 × 10-3 with 29% of the population (35/120) having risk values exceeding significant levels (1 × 10-4). The thresholder group exhibited the highest risk for PAH dermal exposure among all groups of the population. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the age- and gender-related risk of PAH through dermal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Jieyang, Guangdong, 515200, China
| | - Yinzhi Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanhong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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20
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Herrero M, González N, Rovira J, Marquès M, Domingo JL, Abalos M, Abad E, Nadal M. Health risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in baby clothes. A preliminary study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119506. [PMID: 35605829 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Clothes may contain a large range of chemical additives and other toxic substances, which may eventually pose a significant risk to human health. Since they are associated with pigments, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may be especially relevant. On the other hand, infants are very sensitive to chemical exposure and they may wear some contact and colored textiles for a prolonged time. Consequently, a specific human health risk assessment is required. This preliminary study was aimed at analyzing the concentrations of PCBs in ten bodysuits purchased in on-line stores and local retailers. The concentrations of 12 dioxin-like and 8 non-dioxin-like PCB congeners were determined by gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry, with detection limits ranging between 0.01 and 0.13 pg/g. The dermal absorption to PCBs of children at different ages (6 months, 1 year and 3 years old) was estimated, and the non-cancer and cancer risks were evaluated. Total levels of PCBs ranged from 74.2 to 412 pg/g, with a mean TEQ concentration of 13.4 pg WHO-TEQ/kg. Bodysuits made of organic cotton presented a total mean PCB concentration substantially lower than clothes made of regular cotton (11.0 vs. 15.8 pg WHO-TEQ/kg). The dermal absorption to PCBs for infants was calculated in around 3·10-5 pg WHO-TEQ/kg·day, regardless the age. This value is > 10,000-fold lower than the dietary intake of PCBs, either through breastfeeding or food consumption. Furthermore, this exposure value would not pose any health risks for the infants wearing those bodysuits. Anyhow, as it is a very preliminary study, this should be confirmed by analyzing larger sets of textile samples. Further investigations should be also focused on the co-occurrence of PCBs and other toxic chemicals (i.e., formaldehyde, bisphenols and aromatic amines) in infant clothes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Herrero
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Neus González
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Montse Marquès
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manuela Abalos
- CSIC, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Laboratory of Dioxins, C. Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- CSIC, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Laboratory of Dioxins, C. Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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21
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Salthammer T, Morrison GC. Temperature and indoor environments. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13022. [PMID: 35622714 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
From the thermodynamic perspective, the term temperature is clearly defined for ideal physical systems: A unique temperature can be assigned to each black body via its radiation spectrum, and the temperature of an ideal gas is given by the velocity distribution of the molecules. While the indoor environment is not an ideal system, fundamental physical and chemical processes, such as diffusion, partitioning equilibria, and chemical reactions, are predictably temperature-dependent. For example, the logarithm of reaction rate and equilibria constants are proportional to the reciprocal of the absolute temperature. It is therefore possible to have non-linear, very steep changes in chemical phenomena over a relatively small temperature range. On the contrary, transport processes are more influenced by spatial temperature, momentum, and pressure gradients as well as by the density, porosity, and composition of indoor materials. Consequently, emergent phenomena, such as emission rates or dynamic air concentrations, can be the result of complex temperature-dependent relationships that require a more empirical approach. Indoor environmental conditions are further influenced by the thermal comfort needs of occupants. Not only do occupants have to create thermal conditions that serve to maintain their core body temperature, which is usually accomplished by wearing appropriate clothing, but also the surroundings must be adapted so that they feel comfortable. This includes the interaction of the living space with the ambient environment, which can vary greatly by region and season. Design of houses, apartments, commercial buildings, and schools is generally utility and comfort driven, requiring an appropriate energy balance, sometimes considering ventilation but rarely including the impact of temperature on indoor contaminant levels. In our article, we start with a review of fundamental thermodynamic variables and discuss their influence on typical indoor processes. Then, we describe the heat balance of people in their thermal environment. An extensive literature study is devoted to the thermal conditions in buildings, the temperature-dependent release of indoor pollutants from materials and their distribution in the various interior compartments as well as aspects of indoor chemistry. Finally, we assess the need to consider temperature holistically with regard to the changes to be expected as a result of global emergencies such as climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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22
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Li C, Jin Y, Xu S, He H. A Pilot Study: Nails as a Non-invasive Biospecimen of Human Exposure to Phthalate Esters. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 108:963-968. [PMID: 35039885 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03424-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring provides a scientific approach that systematically reveals exposure to phthalates through all possible routes. In this pilot study, fingernail was chosen as a non-destructive biospecimen to assess human exposure to nine phthalates. Concentrations of total phthalates ranged from 17.8 to 176 µg/g (median: 65.4 µg/g). Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and di-isobutyl phthalate were the major compounds found in fingernails, accounting for 64.3%, 19.4%, and 12.9% of the total phthalates, respectively. No significant difference in phthalates concentrations was found among genders and age-related distribution (p > 0.05). The concentration of DBP was positively correlated with participant's body mass index (r = 0.83). Our results suggested that fingernail can be used as a non-invasive biospecimen for the biomonitoring of human exposure to phthalates. Further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between phthalates or their metabolites in fingernail and other biological samples, such as urine and blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yucheng Jin
- Nanjing Foreign Language School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Shen Xu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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23
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Olkowska E, Gržinić G. Skin models for dermal exposure assessment of phthalates. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133909. [PMID: 35143861 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a class of compounds that have found widespread use in industrial applications, in particular in the polymer, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. While ingestion, and to a lesser degree inhalation, have been considered as the major exposure routes, especially for higher molecular weight phthalates, dermal exposure is an important route for lower weight phthalates such as diethyl phthalate (DEP). Assessing the dermal permeability of such compounds is of great importance for evaluating the impact and toxicity of such compounds in humans. While human skin is still the best model for studying dermal permeation, availability, cost and ethical concerns may preclude or restrict its use. A range of alternative models has been developed over time to substitute for human skin, especially in the early phases of research. These include ex vivo animal skin, human reconstructed skin and artificial skin models. While the results obtained using such alternative models correlate to a lesser or greater degree with those from in vivo human studies, the use of such models is nevertheless vital in dermal permeation research. This review discusses the alternative skin models that are available, their use in phthalate permeation studies and possible new avenues of phthalate research using skin models that have not been used so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Olkowska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa Str. 23A, 80-204, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Goran Gržinić
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa Str. 23A, 80-204, Gdansk, Poland
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24
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Zhao A, Wang L, Pang X, Liu F. Phthalates in skin wipes: Distribution, sources, and exposure via dermal absorption. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112041. [PMID: 34529968 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates, which are widely used in industrial products, can be dermally absorbed into the human body and harm human health. In this study, we measured the levels of phthalates in skin wipes collected from 30 undergraduate volunteers. The body surfaces wiped include the forehead, forearms, hands, back, calves, and insteps. We analyzed the characteristics and possible sources of phthalates on the skin surface and used Monte Carlo simulations to estimate dermal exposure. The mean total dermal exposure was in the range of 0.129-8.25 μg/(kg·day). Seven phthalates were detected, with a detection frequency of 57-100%. Phthalate levels were not significantly different between symmetrical locations, but differed significantly at the same sampling location. The mean dinonyl phthalate (DNP) contribution was the highest on the forehead, back, and forearm. The mean DNP and di (2-n-butoxyethyl) phthalate (DBEP) contributions on hands were the highest and second-highest, respectively. The mean DBEP contribution was the highest on calf and instep. Phthalates level was the maximum on the forehead and instep. Habit and activities can lead to significant differences in phthalate concentrations on the skin surfaces of male and female students. The sum of dermal exposure on the torso, head, and feet perhaps best approximates the total body exposure. To date, information on the dermal exposure and related species of phthalates are limited; therefore, further study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China.
| | - Xueying Pang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
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25
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Fan Y, Chen Q, Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhao J, Huang X, Wei P, Hu P, Cao Z. Identifying dermal exposure as the dominant pathway of children's exposure to flame retardants in kindergartens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152004. [PMID: 34856272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exploration of multiple sources of brominated (BFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) for children promotes the understanding of exposure pathways and health risk. 10 BFRs and 9 OPFRs were measured in skin wipes from hands, forehead, and arms of 30 children, and surface wipe samples from sills, toys, desks and floors, and indoor air samples of kindergartens from Xinxiang, China. Higher ∑9OPFRs concentrations were observed in the forehead (1840 ng/m2), followed by hand (1420 ng/m2) and arm wipes (1130 ng/m2), and the ∑8BFRs concentrations in forehead, hand and arm wipes were 116, 315 and 165 ng/m2, respectively. The total concentration of OPFRs and BFRs in floor wipes (66.1 and 24.5 ng/m2) were lower than those in toy (205 and 535 ng/m2), sill (227 and 30.1 ng/m2) and desk (84.4 and 139 ng/m2) wipes. Concentrations of FRs in forehead wipes were significantly correlated with those in gaseous air (p < 0.05), moderate correlations were found between the hand wipes and surface wipes (p = 0.054). We estimated the daily average dosages (DADs) of children exposure to FRs via multiple pathways. Compared to DADs via inhalation and hand-to-mouth transfer, dermal exposure was determined to be the predominant exposure pathway to ∑9OPFRs and ∑8BFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Fan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Qiaoying Chen
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Kindergarden of Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Pengkun Wei
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Pengtuan Hu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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26
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Exploration of long-term exposure markers for phthalate esters in human hair using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1200:339610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Xie H, Han W, Xie Q, Xu T, Zhu M, Chen J. Face mask-A potential source of phthalate exposure for human. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126848. [PMID: 34403943 PMCID: PMC8496910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Face masks are necessary for fighting against the coronavirus disease 2019 around the world. As the face mask is usually made from polymers and phthalates are widely-used additives into the polymers, the face mask could be a potential source of phthalate exposure to humans. However, limited knowledge is available on the occurrence and risks of the phthalates from the face mask. In this study, twelve phthalates were determined in 56 mask samples collected from different countries. The phthalates were detected in all the samples with total levels ranging from 115 ng/g to 37,700 ng/g. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of the phthalates from the masks ranged from 3.71 to 639 ng/kg-bw/day, and the EDIs of the phthalates from masks for toddlers were approximately 4-5 times higher than those for adults. Non-carcinogenic risks in relation to the phthalates in masks were found to be within safe levels, yet 89.3% of the mask samples exhibited potential carcinogenic effects to humans. The extent of the risks for wearing masks located at a moderate level comparing with other skin-contacted products. This study unveiled a potential source of phthalate exposure to human, and indicated necessity of managing types and levels of additives in the face masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaijun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wenjing Han
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Minghua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
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28
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Kolarik B, Morrison GC. Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in fabrics in a contaminated building, and the effect of laundering. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12944. [PMID: 34661313 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This research investigates sorption of PCBs to fabrics in a contaminated indoor environment and the effect of laundering on PCB removal from the fabrics. Eight articles of clothing were exposed to the air in a PCB-contaminated building. The background air concentration was 670 ng/m3 PCBtotal with PCB-52 being the main congener. Air and fabric samples were collected for analysis before and periodically throughout the experiment. After 25 weeks, the remaining fabrics were washed and cut into three pieces each. One part was dried in the contaminated building, second in a PCB-free building and third in a mechanical drier. The PCB mass concentration increased during the first 6-10 weeks for all investigated fabrics, after which some fabrics approached equilibrium for more volatile congeners. Mass-normalized cloth-air partition coefficients were quantified for 9 congeners; for PCB-52, these ranged from 106.1 to 107.0 which were consistent with previously reported values. Partition coefficients of PCBs were observed to increase with their respective octanol-air partition coefficients. Washing and drying clothes resulted in the removal between 22% and 84% of PCBs. There was no difference in removal percentage after air-drying in clean or contaminated air. Drying in a mechanical drier removed significantly more PCBs than air-drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kolarik
- Danish Environmental Analysis Inc. (Dansk Miljøanalyse Aps), Vedbaek, Denmark
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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29
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Zhang Z, Wang S, Li L. Emerging investigator series: the role of chemical properties in human exposure to environmental chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1839-1862. [PMID: 34542121 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00252j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the ultimate goals of environmental exposure science is to mechanistically understand how chemical properties and human behavior interactively determine human exposure to the wide spectrum of chemicals present in the environment. This comprehensive review assembles state-of-the-art knowledge of the role of partitioning, dissociation, mass transfer, and reactive properties in human contact with and absorption of organic chemicals via oral, dermal, and respiratory routes. Existing studies have revealed that chemicals with different properties vary greatly in mass distribution and occurrence among multiple exposure media, resulting in distinct patterns of human intake from the environment. On the other hand, these chemicals encounter different levels of resistance in the passage of intestinal, dermal, and pulmonary absorption barriers and demonstrate different levels of bioavailability, due to the selectivity of biochemical, anatomical and physiological structures of these absorption barriers. Moving forward, the research community needs to gain more in-depth mechanistic insights into the complex processes in human exposure, advance the technique to better characterize and predict chemical properties, generate and leverage experimental data for a more diverse range of chemicals, and describe better the interactions between chemical properties and human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhen Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, 89557-274, Reno, Nevada, USA.
| | - Shenghong Wang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, 89557-274, Reno, Nevada, USA.
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, 89557-274, Reno, Nevada, USA.
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30
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Kvasnicka J, Cohen Hubal EA, Rodgers TFM, Diamond ML. Textile Washing Conveys SVOCs from Indoors to Outdoors: Application and Evaluation of a Residential Multimedia Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12517-12527. [PMID: 34472344 PMCID: PMC9590288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Indoor environments have elevated concentrations of numerous semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Textiles provide a large surface area for accumulating SVOCs, which can be transported to outdoors through washing. A multimedia model was developed to estimate advective transport rates (fluxes) of 14 SVOCs from indoors to outdoors by textile washing, ventilation, and dust removal/disposal. Most predicted concentrations were within 1 order of magnitude of measurements from a study of 26 Canadian homes. Median fluxes to outdoors [μg·(year·home)-1] spanned approximately 4 orders of magnitude across compounds, according to the variability in estimated aggregate emissions to indoor air. These fluxes ranged from 2 (2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether, BDE-28) to 30 200 (diethyl phthalate, DEP) for textile washing, 12 (BDE-28) to 123 200 (DEP) for ventilation, and 0.1 (BDE-28) to 4200 (bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, DEHP) for dust removal. Relative contributions of these pathways to the total flux to outdoors strongly depended on physical-chemical properties. Textile washing contributed 20% tris-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP) to 62% tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBOEP) on average. These results suggest that residential textile washing can be an important transport pathway to outdoors for SVOCs emitted to indoor air, with implications for human and ecological exposure. Interventions should try to balance the complex tradeoff of textile washing by minimizing exposures for both human occupants and aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kvasnicka
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Elaine A. Cohen Hubal
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina, 27711, U.S.A
| | - Timothy F. M. Rodgers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Miriam L. Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B1, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E8, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada
- Corresponding Author: Miriam L. Diamond, Department of Earth Sciences and School of the Environment, 22 Ursula Franklin Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B1, 1 (416) 978-1586,
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31
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Chang WH, Herianto S, Lee CC, Hung H, Chen HL. The effects of phthalate ester exposure on human health: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147371. [PMID: 33965815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are one of the most widely used plasticizers in polymer products and humans are increasingly exposed to them. The constant exposure to PAEs-contained products has raised some concerns against human health. Thus, the impacts of PAEs and their metabolites on human health require a comprehensive study for a better understanding of the associated risks. Here, we attempt to review eight main health effects of PAE exposure according to the most up-to-date studies. We found that epidemiological studies demonstrated a consistent association between PAE exposure (especially DEHP and its metabolites) and a decrease in sperm quality in males and symptom development of ADHD in children. Overall, we found insufficient evidence and lack of consistency of the association between PAE exposure and cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, atherosclerosis, and CHD), thyroid diseases, respiratory diseases, diabetes, obesity, kidney diseases, intelligence performance in children, and other reproductive system-related diseases (anogenital distance, girl precocious puberty, and endometriosis). Future studies (longitudinal and follow-up investigations) need to thoroughly perform in large-scale populations to yield more consistent and powerful results and increase the precision of the association as well as enhance the overall understanding of potential human health risks of PAEs in long-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Samuel Herianto
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry (Chemical Biology Division), College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Hung
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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Gao W, Lin Y, Liang Y, Wang Y, Jiang L, Wang Y, Jiang G. Percutaneous penetration and dermal exposure risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126178. [PMID: 34492952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in environmental matrices has resulted in a high frequency exposure to CPs via dermal contact. To quantitatively estimate percutaneous penetration of CPs, Episkin® human skin equivalents (HSE) was applied as an in vitro model to evaluate the mechanism of percutaneous penetration of CPs. The co-exposure of CPs mixtures to HSE showed that about 11.7% and 10.2% of short-chain CPs (SCCPs) and medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) could penetrate the HSE and enter the receptor fluid, while no long-chain CPs (LCCPs) (C>17) were able to penetrate the HSE during the 36-h assay period. The experimentally obtained permeability coefficient (Kp) values for CPs were significantly (p < 0.01) negatively correlated with their log octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow). Furthermore, 24 participants were recruited to assess direct human dermal exposure to CPs in China with the total CPs collected onto hand wipes and forehead wipes being 96,600 and 30,400 ng/person, respectively. The proportion of total SCCPs and MCCPs intake via dermal penetration (skin area investigated in this study) accounting for 2.0% of the total intake of CPs. Considering the total skin surface of human body is around 20 times of the area studied, the total intake of CPs through dermal penetration could be a significant exposure pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Wang CW, Chen SC, Wu DW, Chen HC, Lin HH, Su H, Shiea JT, Lin WY, Hung CH, Kuo CH. Effect of dermal phthalate levels on lung function tests in residential area near a petrochemical complex. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:27333-27344. [PMID: 33511527 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates can leach into indoor and outdoor airborne particulate matter and dust, which can then be ingested or absorbed and induce lung injury. Dermal phthalate levels can be used as a matrix for exposure direct absorption from air, particle deposition, and contact with contaminated products. However, the association between dermal phthalate levels in skin wipes and lung function tests remains unknown. A total of 397 participants were included. Spirometry measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1, L) and forced vital capacity (FVC, L) were calculated. Dermal phthalate levels of diethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(n-butyl) phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP) on forehead skin wipes were detected. The one-unit increases in logarithm (log) dermal DnBP (β = - 0.08; 95% CI - 0.16, - 0.003, p = 0.041), BBzP (β = - 0.09; 95% CI - 0.16, - 0.02, p = 0.009), DEHP (β = - 0.07; 95% CI - 0.14, - 0.003, p = 0.042), and DiNP (β = - 0.08; 95% CI - 0.15, - 0.02, p = 0.017) were significantly associated with decreases in FVC. For elderly participants, one-unit increases in log dermal DnBP (β = - 0.25; 95% CI - 0.46, - 0.04, p = 0.021), BBzP (β = - 0.17; 95% CI - 0.33, - 0.01, p = 0.042), and DiDP (β = - 0.19; 95% CI - 0.39, < 0.01, p = 0.052) were associated with decreases in FEV1. In conclusion, dermal phthalate levels were significantly associated with decreases in lung function tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chia Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Da-Wei Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Chi Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hsun Lin
- Department of Laboratory Technology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Taie Shiea
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Lin
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Hung
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Hung Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Das MT, Kumar SS, Ghosh P, Shah G, Malyan SK, Bajar S, Thakur IS, Singh L. Remediation strategies for mitigation of phthalate pollution: Challenges and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124496. [PMID: 33187797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a group of emerging xenobiotic compounds commonly used as plasticizers. In recent times, there has been an increasing concern over the risk of phthalate exposure leading to adverse effects to human health and the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to not only understand the current status of phthalate pollution, their sources, exposure routes and health impacts, but also identify remediation technologies for mitigating phthalate pollution. Present review article aims to inform its readers about the ever increasing data on health burdens posed by phthalates and simultaneously highlights the recent advancements in research to alleviate phthalate contamination from environment. The article enumerates the major phthalates in use today, traces their environmental fate, addresses their growing health hazard concerns and largely focus on to provide an in-depth understanding of the different physical, chemical and biological treatment methods currently being used or under research for alleviating the risk of phthalate pollution, their challenges and the future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Tanay Das
- Department of Environmental Science, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore 756020, Odisha, India
| | - Smita S Kumar
- J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad 121006, Haryana, India; Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Pooja Ghosh
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Goldy Shah
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sandeep K Malyan
- Institute for Soil, Water, and Environmental Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Somvir Bajar
- J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad 121006, Haryana, India
| | - Indu Shekhar Thakur
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Lakhveer Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, SRM University-AP, Amaravati 522502, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Perinatal Exposure to Phthalates: From Endocrine to Neurodevelopment Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084063. [PMID: 33920043 PMCID: PMC8070995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates, as other endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), may alter the homeostasis and the action of hormones and signaling molecules, causing adverse health outcomes. This is true especially for infants, who are both more exposed and sensitive to their effects. Phthalates are particularly harmful when the exposure occurs during certain critical temporal windows of the development, such as the prenatal and the early postnatal phases. Phthalates may also interfere with the neuroendocrine systems (e.g., thyroid hormone signaling or metabolism), causing disruption of neuronal differentiation and maturation, increasing the risk of behavioral and cognitive disorders (ADHD and autistic behaviors, reduced mental, psychomotor, and IQ development, and emotional problems). Despite more studies being needed to better understand the role of these substances, plenty of evidence suggests the impact of phthalates on the neuroendocrine system development and function. This review aims to update the knowledge on the neuroendocrine consequences of neonatal and perinatal exposure to phthalates.
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González-Mariño I, Ares L, Montes R, Rodil R, Cela R, López-García E, Postigo C, López de Alda M, Pocurull E, Marcé RM, Bijlsma L, Hernández F, Picó Y, Andreu V, Rico A, Valcárcel Y, Miró M, Etxebarria N, Quintana JB. Assessing population exposure to phthalate plasticizers in thirteen Spanish cities through the analysis of wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123272. [PMID: 32645544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used plasticizers that produce endocrine-disrupting disorders. Quantifying exposure is crucial to perform risk assessments and to develop proper health measures. Herein, a wastewater-based epidemiology approach has been applied to estimate human exposure to six of the mostly used phthalates within the Spanish population. Wastewater samples were collected over four weekdays from seventeen wastewater treatment plants serving thirteen cities and ca. 6 million people (12.8 % of the Spanish population). Phthalate metabolite loads in wastewater were transformed into metabolite concentrations in urine and into daily exposure levels to the parent phthalates. Considering all the sampled sites, population-weighted overall means of the estimated concentrations in urine varied between 0.7 ng/mL and 520 ng/mL. Very high levels, compared to human biomonitoring data, were estimated for monomethyl phthalate, metabolite of dimethyl phthalate. This, together with literature data pointing to other sources of this metabolite in sewage led to its exclusion for exposure assessments. For the remaining metabolites, estimated concentrations were closer to those found in urine. Their 4-days average exposure levels ranged from 2 to 1347 μg/(day∙inh), exceeding in some sites the daily exposure thresholds set for di-i-butyl phthalate and di-n-buthyl phthalate by the European Food Safety Authority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria González-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Leticia Ares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ester López-García
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rosa María Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV) - CIDE (CSIC-University of Valencia-GV), University of Valencia, 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - Vicente Andreu
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV) - CIDE (CSIC-University of Valencia-GV), University of Valencia, 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Yolanda Valcárcel
- Group of Risks for the Environmental and Public Health (RiSAMA), Medical Specialities and Public Health, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Móstoles (Madrid), Spain
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Néstor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Morgan JLL, Shauchuk A, Meyers JL, Altemeier A, Qiao X, Jones M, Smith ED, Jiang J. Quantifying the Deposition of Airborne Particulate Matter Pollution on Skin Using Elemental Markers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15958-15967. [PMID: 33210540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) pollution is an environmental and health concern. The health impact of PM pollution has typically focused on the respiratory system. The impact of PM pollution on skin has been largely understudied due to the lack of a quantitative method to measure the deposition on skin. This manuscript presents a method to quantify PM pollution on skin using elemental markers as a proxy for PM. Skin tape strips were collected from forehead and buttock of 100 outdoor workers in Beijing, China. Skin samples were analyzed for 19 elemental markers using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. To determine the specific elemental signature of PM for the region, air samples were collected over 7 days for PM < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and analyzed for the same 19 elements as the skin samples. An enrichment factor was calculated for each element and the potential source was evaluated. Using the elemental markers unique to PM pollution for the region, the PM concentration deposited on skin was determined to be 0.621-2.53 μg PM2.5 /cm2. This method can be re-applied in different regions and the PM concentration on skin can inform future studies on the health impact of air pollution on skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L L Morgan
- Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Andrei Shauchuk
- Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Jessa L Meyers
- Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Amy Altemeier
- Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Xiaohui Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Maiysha Jones
- Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Edward D Smith
- Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Estévez-Danta A, Rodil R, Pérez-Castaño B, Cela R, Quintana JB, González-Mariño I. Comprehensive determination of phthalate, terephthalate and di-iso-nonyl cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate metabolites in wastewater by solid-phase extraction and ultra(high)-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2020; 224:121912. [PMID: 33379114 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasticizers are chemical compounds used in the production of flexible plastics for a large variety of applications. They are present in most of the environments and, hence, we are highly exposed to them via several routes (ingestion, inhalation, etc). Due to the endocrine disruption potential of some of these chemicals and the unknown toxicological effects of their alternatives, assessing human exposure to these contaminants is an issue of emerging concern. Herein we propose an analytical methodology for the determination of several plasticizer metabolites in wastewater as a non-invasive, cheap, and fast exposure monitoring tool complementary to the analysis of urine. A solid-phase extraction procedure followed by an ultra(high)-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was optimized and validated for 21 analytes among phthalate, terephthalate, and di-iso-nonyl cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate metabolites. Method quantification limits ranged from 0.079 to 4.4 ng L-1. The method was applied to the analysis of seven daily composite wastewater samples collected in the NW of Spain. Metabolites of low molecular weight phthalates and of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate were quantified in all samples, despite the existing regulations limiting the use of phthalates. Metabolites of terephthalates, introduced at the end of the 20th century as phthalate substituents, were also quantified in all samples, being the first time that they were detected in this matrix. Exposure back-calculation highlighted di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate as the second most common plastic additive after diethyl phthalate in the population considered, reflecting the increasing substitution of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate by its analogous terephthalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Estévez-Danta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Brenda Pérez-Castaño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iria González-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
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Wang Y, Peris A, Rifat MR, Ahmed SI, Aich N, Nguyen LV, Urík J, Eljarrat E, Vrana B, Jantunen LM, Diamond ML. Measuring exposure of e-waste dismantlers in Dhaka Bangladesh to organophosphate esters and halogenated flame retardants using silicone wristbands and T-shirts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137480. [PMID: 32146393 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Silicone (polydimethylsiloxane or PDMS) wristbands and cotton T-shirts were used to assess the exposure of e-waste recyclers in Dhaka, Bangladesh to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), dechlorane plus (DPs), and organophosphate esters (OPEs). The median surface-normalized uptake rates of PBDEs, NBFRs, DPs, and OPEs were 170, 8.5, 4.8, and 270 ng/dm2/h for wristbands and 5.4, 2.0, 0.94, and 23 ng/dm2/h for T-shirts, respectively. Concentrations of Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), Tri-m-cresyl phosphate (TmCP), Bis(2-ethlyhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP), and Dechlorane plus (DPs) in wristbands were significantly correlated with those in T-shirts. Wristbands accumulated ~7 times more mass than T-shirts, especially of compounds expected to be mainly in the gas phase. We introduce the silicone "sandwich" method to approximate the easily releasable fraction (ERF) from T-shirts, hypothesized to be related to dermal exposure. ERFs varied from 6 to 75% of total chemical accumulated by T-shirts and were significantly negatively correlated with compounds' octanol-air partition coefficient (log Koa). The median daily exposure doses via dermal transfer from the front of the T-shirt to the front body trunk were 0.32, 0.13, 0.11, and 9.1 ng/kg-BW/day for PBDEs, NBFRs, DPs, and OPEs, respectively. The evidence of e-waste recycler exposure to flame retardants in this low income country, lacking protective personal equipment, calls for measures to minimize their exposure and for chemical management regulations to consider exposures to chemicals in waste products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Andrea Peris
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Spain
| | | | | | - Nirupam Aich
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, United States of America
| | - Linh V Nguyen
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jakub Urík
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Spain
| | | | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change, Egbert, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Katsikantami I, Tzatzarakis MN, Alegakis AK, Karzi V, Hatzidaki E, Stavroulaki A, Vakonaki E, Xezonaki P, Sifakis S, Rizos AK, Tsatsakis AM. Phthalate metabolites concentrations in amniotic fluid and maternal urine: Cumulative exposure and risk assessment. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:529-538. [PMID: 32368503 PMCID: PMC7186561 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are used in industry as plasticizers or additives in everyday products and they have been considered as endocrine disrupting chemicals. Maternal exposure during pregnancy has been associated with neonatal exposure, preterm birth and impacts in the reproductive and respiratory systems. The aim of this study is to determine six phthalate metabolites (mono isobutyl phthalate, miBP, mono n-butyl phthalate, mnBP, mono benzyl phthalate, mBzP, mono ethylhexyl phthalate, mEHP, mono 2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate, mEHHP, mono 2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl-phthalate, mEOHP) in amniotic fluid and urine from 100 pregnant women. Participants answered questionnaires for the use of plastics and cosmetics, dietary habits, health effects, pregnancy problems, health and infant development. Positive amniotic fluid samples ranged from 1% to 21% and urine from 27% to 54%. The median levels for amniotic fluid were 2.3 μg/L - 10.7 μg/L and for urine 4.9 μg/L - 46.7 μg/L. The major results include significant correlations between urinary phthalates indicating their common sources of exposure, the frequent use of deodorant was significantly associated with higher urinary miBP (p = 0.050) and mnBP (p = 0.028) and a weak inverse association was found for the use of make-up products with mBzP (p = 0.053). The frequent use of plastic food containers was significantly associated with urinary mEHP (p = 0.026), and a positive trend was noticed for mEHP in amniotic fluid (p = 0.093). An association although weak was found between urinary mEHP and lower birth length (rs = 0.396, p = 0.062). No other associations were found for infant health problems or development. The daily intake of the total phthalates was calculated 5.4 μg/kg body weight/day which corresponds to hazard index 0.10 and exposure follows the declining trend that has been observed the last decades.
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Key Words
- 2cx-mMHP, mono 2-carboxymethyl-hexyl phthalate
- Amniotic fluid
- BBzP, benzyl butyl phthalate
- DEHP, di 2-ethylhexyl phthalate
- Daily intake
- DiBP, di iso-butyl phthalate
- DiNP, di isononyl phthalate
- DnBP, di n-butyl phthalate
- EDCs, endocrine disrupting chemicals
- EDI, estimated daily intake HQ, hazard quotient
- HI, hazard index
- LC-APCI-MS, liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry
- Phthalate metabolites
- Risk assessment
- Urine
- mBzP, mono benzyl phthalate
- mECPP or 5cx-mEPP, mono 2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate
- mEHHP or 5OH-mEHP, mono 2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate
- mEHP, mono ethylhexyl phthalate
- mEOHP or 5oxo-mEHP, mono 2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl-phthalate
- mEP, mono ethyl phthalate
- miBP, mono iso-butyl phthalate
- mmP, mono methyl phthalate
- mnBP, mono n-butyl phthalate
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Katsikantami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete & Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH-IESL), 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Manolis N. Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Athanasios K. Alegakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Karzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete & Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH-IESL), 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Hatzidaki
- Department of Neonatology & NICU, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Athina Stavroulaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete & Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH-IESL), 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | | | - Apostolos K. Rizos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete & Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH-IESL), 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Aristidis M. Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Katsikantami I, Tzatzarakis MN, Karzi V, Stavroulaki A, Xezonaki P, Vakonaki E, Alegakis AK, Sifakis S, Rizos AK, Tsatsakis AM. Biomonitoring of bisphenols A and S and phthalate metabolites in hair from pregnant women in Crete. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:135651. [PMID: 31810691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates, bisphenols A and S (BPA, BPS) are used as plasticizers and many of them are documented or suspected of being endocrine disruptors. Several studies indicate that exposure during pregnancy may affect the newborn's health and development. The aim of this cross-sectional study is the biomonitoring of seven phthalate metabolites, BPA and BPS in hair from 100 pregnant women in Crete. The most frequently detected compounds were monoethylhexyl phthalate (mEHP) (68%), mono isobutyl phthalate (miBP) (40%), BPA (37%), BPS (34%) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (mnBP) (28%). Phthalate metabolites were detected at medians from 19.5 to 44.4 pg/mg, BPA at 69.9 pg/mg and BPS at 3.5 pg/mg. Significant positive correlations between phthalate metabolites were found which indicated their common sources of exposure. The frequent use of plastics for food storage was strongly associated with mEHP (p = .013) and a weaker association was found for miBP (p = .063). The frequent use of cosmetics during or before pregnancy was associated with levels of phthalate metabolites in hair. More specifically, the use of hair spray before pregnancy was significantly correlated with monobenzyl phthalate (mBzP) (p = .041) and a trend was found for miBP (p = .066). The use of makeup products during pregnancy was strongly associated with miBP (p = .015) and the use of deodorant during pregnancy was inversely associated with mEHP (p = .021). Strong associations came up between mEHP and lower birth weight (Spearman correlation coefficient, r = -0.302, p = .021) and exposure to BPS was associated with increased body mass index of the participants (p = .036). Although data in literature on biomonitoring of the compounds in hair are limited, the findings of this study are promising and in agreement with existing data in hair or urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Katsikantami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete & Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH-IESL), 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Manolis N Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Vasiliki Karzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete & Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH-IESL), 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Athina Stavroulaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete & Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH-IESL), 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Elena Vakonaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Athanasios K Alegakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Apostolos K Rizos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete & Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH-IESL), 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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42
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Tang Z, Chai M, Wang Y, Cheng J. Phthalates in preschool children's clothing manufactured in seven Asian countries: Occurrence, profiles and potential health risks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121681. [PMID: 31757725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates could be introduced into clothing as chemical additives or impurities, becoming a potential source of human exposure. We measured the concentrations of 15 phthalates in new preschool children's clothing manufactured in seven Asian countries. Phthalates were prevalent in all samples, and total concentrations were 2.92-223 μg/g, indicating a moderate contamination level. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di(isobutyl) phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate were the most abundant phthalates measured, representing a median of 48.5 %, 13.6 % and 13.4 % of the total concentrations, respectively. Total concentrations did not differ significantly by country of manufacture, while the concentrations of individual phthalates and their composition profiles varied widely. We also found differing phthalate levels by item type, fabric composition, and color. Under the assumed two exposure scenarios, the median of summed dermal exposure doses of six phthalate were 539 and 950 ng/kg of body weight per day, respectively. When children wore trousers, long-sleeved shirts, briefs and socks at the same time, the reproductive risks exceeded acceptable level, although the carcinogenic risk of DEHP was low. Our results suggested that new clothing is an important route of phthalate exposure to preschool children. More research is required to investigate the contaminations and associated with risks in child clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Miao Chai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
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43
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Yuan B, Tay JH, Papadopoulou E, Haug LS, Padilla-Sánchez JA, de Wit CA. Complex Mixtures of Chlorinated Paraffins Found in Hand Wipes of a Norwegian Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2020; 7:198-205. [PMID: 32953926 PMCID: PMC7493225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Up to 18000 ng of total chlorinated paraffins (CPs) was found in hand wipes of individual adult participants in a Norwegian cohort study (n = 60), with a geometric mean (SD) value of 870 (2700) ng. The CPs covered a wide range of alkane chain lengths from C7 to C48 with variable chlorine substitution. Complex mixtures of very-short-chain (vSCCPs, C<10), short-chain (SCCPs, C10-13), medium-chain (MCCPs, C14-17), and long-chain (LCCPs, C>17) CPs were found, contributing on average 0.3%, 20%, 58%, and 22%, respectively, of the total CPs. Significant positive correlations were found between CP levels and factors related to the indoor environment and product use, including living in a house/apartment built before the ban of SCCPs, having a sofa, the number of TVs in the home, and owning a car, which mirrors CP usage as flame retardants and/or plasticizers in consumer products. Compared to previous studies of other organic contaminants in hand wipe samples from the same cohort, CPs were the most abundant flame retardants. This is the first report of CPs in hand wipes, and dermal exposure based on these data suggested that hand contact could be an important human exposure pathway for LCCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joo Hui Tay
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleni Papadopoulou
- Section
for Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, Skøyen, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Section
for Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, Skøyen, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Juan Antonio Padilla-Sánchez
- Section
for Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, Skøyen, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cynthia A. de Wit
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, Laboratory of Biosensing and Bioimaging, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingcui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, Laboratory of Biosensing and Bioimaging, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China
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45
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Herrero M, Rovira J, Esplugas R, Nadal M, Domingo JL. Human exposure to trace elements, aromatic amines and formaldehyde in swimsuits: Assessment of the health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 181:108951. [PMID: 31784079 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, most of the swimsuits are mainly made of artificial fibres, which have interesting properties such as water repellence and fast drying. Swimsuits contain a wide range of additives, which can mean a hazard for the environment and/or human health. In this study, the concentrations of formaldehyde (free and water soluble), 24 aromatic amines, and 28 trace elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Sn, Tl, Ti, V and Zn) were analysed in 39 swimsuits covering a wide range of materials, colours and brands. Dermal exposure and health risks were assessed for adults (men and women) aged > 18 years old, babies between 2 and < 3 years old, children (boys and girls) between 3 and < 6 years old and 6 and < 11 years old, and teenagers (boys and girls) between 11 and < 16 years old, wearing swimsuits for 4 h or 8 h. Formaldehyde and aromatic amines were below their respective detection limits in all samples (<16 and < 1.5 mg/kg, respectively). Regarding trace elements, Ti showed the highest mean levels (1844 mg/kg), being significantly higher in polyamide (3759 mg/kg) than in polyester (24.1 mg/kg) swimsuits. These high Ti levels were confirmed by environmental scanning electron microscope in a single sample made of polyamide. Increased concentrations of Cr were also observed, but only in polyamide black fabrics, with values ranging from 624 to 932 mg/kg. Non-cancer risks (hazard quotients) derived from the exposure to trace elements were in a safe zone for all analysed trace elements. Furthermore, the carcinogenic risks were evaluated for As, Cr and Pb, exhibiting values below the 10-5 threshold, with the exception of Cr in babies and children-girls. For Ti, health risks could not be calculated due to the lack of information on toxicological data. However, because Ti was the element with the highest concentrations in swimsuits, and taking into account the potential toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles, further research is needed to assess the migration of this element from fibres to skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Herrero
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Roser Esplugas
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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46
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Cao Z, Chen Q, Zhu C, Chen X, Wang N, Zou W, Zhang X, Zhu G, Li J, Mai B, Luo X. Halogenated Organic Pollutant Residuals in Human Bared and Clothing-Covered Skin Areas: Source Differentiation and Comprehensive Health Risk Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14700-14708. [PMID: 31633338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To comprehensively clarify human exposure to halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) through dermal uptake and hand-to-mouth intake, skin wipe samples from four typical skin locations from 30 volunteers were collected. The total concentration of the target chemicals (24 HFRs and 16 PCBs) ranged from 203 to 4470 ng/m2. BDE-209 and DBDPE accounted for about 37 and 40% of ∑24HFRs, respectively, and PCB-41 and PCB-110 were the dominant PCB congeners, with proportion of 24 and 10%, respectively. Although exhibiting relatively lower concentrations of contaminants than bared skin locations, clothing-covered skin areas were also detected with considerable levels of HFRs and PCBs, indicating clothing to be a potentially significant exposure source. Significant differences in HFR and PCB levels and profiles were also observed between males and females, with more lower-volatility chemicals in male-bared skin locations and more higher-volatility compounds in clothing-covered skin locations of female participants. The mean estimated whole-body dermal absorption doses of ∑8HFRs and ∑16PCBs (2.9 × 10-4 and 6.7 × 10-6 mg/kg·d) were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than ingestion doses via hand-to-mouth contact (6.6 × 10-7 and 3.1 × 10-7 mg/kg·d). The total noncarcinogenic health risk resulted from whole-body dermal absorption and oral ingestion to ∑7HFRs and ∑16PCBs were 5.2 and 0.35, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Qiaoying Chen
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , China
| | - Chunyou Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , China
| | - Neng Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , China
| | - Wei Zou
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , China
| | - Xingli Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , China
| | - Guifen Zhu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , China
| | - Jinghua Li
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
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47
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Tang Z, Chai M, Cheng J, Wang Y, Huang Q. Occurrence and Distribution of Phthalates in Sanitary Napkins from Six Countries: Implications for Women's Health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13919-13928. [PMID: 31694371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals in feminine hygiene products can exert adverse health effects as a result of strong absorptive capacity of the vagina and vulva. However, little information is available on phthalates in sanitary napkins. We measured the concentrations of 15 phthalates in sanitary napkins collected from six countries and found total concentrations in the range of 1733-11942 ng/g. Di(isobutyl)phthalate (DiBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were the dominant congeners, representing a median of 27.3, 26.7, and 20.4% of the total median phthalate concentrations across all countries, respectively. The phthalates likely originated mainly from the introduction in the manufacturing process, and some may have been from the use of plastic or paper materials. The estimated intake (at the 90th percentile) of DiBP, DnBP, and DEHP from sanitary napkins approximately represented 6.35-23.6, 3.35-9.90, and 1.06-9.57%, respectively, of the total exposure, indicating that sanitary napkins are a relevant source of exposure to these chemicals. The calculated health risks of phthalates in sanitary napkins were generally low, but the carcinogenic risks in some samples exceeded acceptable levels. More research is required to investigate the contaminations in sanitary napkins and those associated with risks to women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences , Minzu University of China , Beijing 100081 , China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , North China Electric Power University , Beijing 102206 , China
| | - Miao Chai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , North China Electric Power University , Beijing 102206 , China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of the National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , North China Electric Power University , Beijing 102206 , China
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment , Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012 , China
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48
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Li HL, Ma WL, Liu LY, Zhang Z, Sverko E, Zhang ZF, Song WW, Sun Y, Li YF. Phthalates in infant cotton clothing: Occurrence and implications for human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:109-115. [PMID: 31129321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Clothing easily adsorbed the chemicals in the environment, and became a source of human exposure to chemicals. However, large contacted surface area and long exposure duration have elevated human exposure to chemicals from clothing, such as phthalates. Among them, cotton clothing, which infants prefer to wear, has been proven to adsorb phthalates more easily than other fabrics. While infants are developing, they are easily affected by phthalates. In this study, in order to study accumulation of phthalates in infant cotton clothing during the whole process from production to the first wearing, 24 infant cotton clothing samples were collected from shopping malls in Harbin, China. High detection rates and concentrations suggest that phthalates in the environment are widely adsorbed to infant cotton clothing, and traditional laundering for infant clothing cannot remove phthalates completely. The median concentration of the total phthalates was 4.15 μg/g. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has become the dominant phthalate. For the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) for infants, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) had the highest contribution, followed by di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP) and DEHP. Dermal absorption has become the main route of infant exposure to phthalates, and ingestion contributed very little. The result of comparing with the EDIs via dermal absorption from house air and dust suggests that clothing plays an important role of dermal absorption exposure to phthalates. For risk assessment, the carcinogenic risk of BBP and DEHP indicates that the level of DEHP in infant cotton clothing might pose potential adverse effects to infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ling Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, and School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, and School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, and School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Zhi Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Agricultural Resource and Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Ed Sverko
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, and School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, PR China; IJRC-PTS-NA & IJRC-AEE-NA, Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, and School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, and School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Yu Sun
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, and School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, and School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, PR China; IJRC-PTS-NA & IJRC-AEE-NA, Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada
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Zeng D, Kang Y, Chen J, Li A, Chen W, Li Z, He L, Zhang Q, Luo J, Zeng L. Dermal bioaccessibility of plasticizers in indoor dust and clothing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:798-805. [PMID: 30978542 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Several studies indicate that human exposure to plasticizers via dermal pathway is not negligible, but the dermal bioaccessibility of phthalates and alternative plasticizers from the important environmental matrix including indoor dust and clothing and the importance weight of dermal exposure to those pollutants have been poorly studied. An in vitro physiologically based extraction test was employed to investigate the dermal bioaccessibility of target phthalates and alternative plasticizers from indoor dust and clothing. Temperature, incubation time, sweat/sebum ratio and solid/liquid ratio were selected to study their effects on the bioaccessibility. The bioaccessibility of Diethyl phthalates (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), Acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), bis-2-ethylhexyladipate (DEHA) and bis-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHT) in indoor dust were 66.20 ± 1.93%, 94.27 ± 1.31%, 80.37 ± 8.09%, 75.02 ± 2.12%, 94.50 ± 3.42% and 74.09 ± 3.79%, respectively, under the condition of 1:1 sweat/sebum ratio, 1/100 solid/liquid ratio (indoor dust), 1:1 area/area ratio (1:1, clothing) and 90 min incubation time at 36.3 °C which are chosen based on the experimental results and human physical conditions. DBP showed the highest bioaccessibility in all samples. The time course of the plasticizer release was fitted to a first-order one-compartment model. DBP showed the highest release rate (k1) calculated from the model, which was consistent with the bioaccessibility result. Risk assessment indicated that dermal exposure of DBP was an important exposure route, accounting for about 21.58% of total intake, and indoor dust was an important exposure media when considering the dermal bioaccessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Kang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junheng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Anyao Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanyu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhumei Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lintao He
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Luo
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixuan Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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50
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Huang L, Anastas N, Egeghy P, Vallero DA, Jolliet O, Bare J. Integrating exposure to chemicals in building materials during use stage. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT 2019; 24:1009-1026. [PMID: 32632341 PMCID: PMC7336532 DOI: 10.1007/s11367-018-1551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There do not currently exist scientifically defensible ways to consistently characterize the human exposures (via various pathways) to near-field chemical emissions and associated health impacts during the use stage of building materials. The present paper thus intends to provide a roadmap which summarizes the current status and guides future development for integrating into LCA the chemical exposures and health impacts on various users of building materials, with a focus on building occupants. METHODS We first review potential human health impacts associated with the substances in building materials and the methods used to mitigate these impacts, also identifying several of the most important online data resources. A brief overview of the necessary steps for characterizing use stage chemical exposures and health impacts for building materials is then provided. Finally, we propose a systematic approach to integrate the use stage exposures and health impacts into building material LCA and describe its components, and then present a case study illustrating the application of the proposed approach to two representative chemicals: formaldehyde and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in particleboard products. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Our proposed approach builds on the coupled near-field and far-field framework proposed by Fantke et al. (Environ Int 94:508-518, 2016), which is based on the product intake fraction (PiF) metric proposed by Jolliet et al. (Environ Sci Technol 49:8924-8931, 2015), The proposed approach consists of three major components: characterization of product usage and chemical content, human exposures, and toxicity, for which available methods and data sources are reviewed and research gaps are identified. The case study illustrates the difference in dominant exposure pathways between formaldehyde and MDI and also highlights the impact of timing and use duration (e.g., the initial 50 days of the use stage vs. the remaining 15 years) on the exposures and health impacts for the building occupants. CONCLUSIONS The proposed approach thus provides the methodological basis for integrating into LCA the human health impacts associated with chemical exposures during the use stage of building materials. Data and modeling gaps which currently prohibit the application of the proposed systematic approach are discussed, including the need for chemical composition data, exposure models, and toxicity data. Research areas that are not currently focused on are also discussed, such as worker exposures and complex materials. Finally, future directions for integrating the use stage impacts of building materials into decision making in a tiered approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nicholas Anastas
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, US EPA Office of Research and Development, 5 Post Office Square, Boston, MA, 02109, USA
| | - Peter Egeghy
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Daniel A Vallero
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jane Bare
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, US EPA, Office of Research and Development, 26 West MLK Dr, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
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