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Luo Y, Zhao T, Meng K, Zhang L, Wu M, Bai Y, Kumar KR, Cheng X, Yang Q, Liang D. Distinct responses of urban and rural O 3 pollution with secondary particle changes to anthropogenic emission reductions: Insights from a case study over North China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175340. [PMID: 39117216 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution with excessive near-surface O3 levels has been an important environmental issue in China, although the anthropogenic emission reductions (AER) have improved air quality since 2013. In this study, we investigated the sensitivities of atmospheric chemical environment with the urban and rural changes to the AER targeting a typical O3 pollution episode over North China in summer 2019, by conducting two WRF-Chem simulation experiments under two scenarios of anthropogenic emission inventories of years 2012 and 2019 with the meteorological conditions in the 2019 summertime O3 pollution episode for excluding the meteorological impacts on O3 pollution. The results show that the unbalanced AER aroused more serious O3 pollution in urban and rural areas. The intense NO reduction was responsible for the significant increments of urban O3, while the falling NO2 and NO synergistically devoted to the slight O3 variations in rural areas. Induced by the recent-year AER, the urban O3 production was governed by VOCs-limited and transition regime, whereas the NOx-limited regime dominated over rural areas in North China. Also, the AER reinforced the atmospheric oxidation capacity with the elevations of atmospheric oxidants O3 and ROx radicals, strengthening the chemical conversions to secondary inorganic particles. In both urban and rural areas, the sharp drop in SO2 caused a decrease in sulfate fraction, while the enhanced AOC accelerated the transformation to nitrate even when NOx was reduced. The AER induced nitrate to occupy the principal position in secondary PM2.5 in urban and rural areas. The AER promoted daytime and suppressed nighttime the nitrate production in urban areas, and more vigorous conversion of secondary aerosols were found in rural areas with much lower AOC increments. This study provides insights from a case study over North China in distinct responses of urban and rural O3 pollution with secondary particle changes to AER in urban and rural atmospheric environment changes, with implications for an effective abatement strategy on O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehan Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Kai Meng
- Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Ecological Environment of Hebei Province, Hebei Provincial Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Ecological Environment of Hebei Province, Hebei Provincial Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Yongqing Bai
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Heavy Rain Monitoring and Warning Research, Institute of Heavy Rain, China Meteorological Administration, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Kanike Raghavendra Kumar
- Department of Engineering Physics, College of Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram, 522302 Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Xinghong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qingjian Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Dingyuan Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Zhang Y, Wang S, Kang P, Sun C, Yang W, Wang M, Yin S, Zhang R. Atmospheric H 2O 2 during haze episodes in a Chinese megacity: Concentration, source, and implication on sulfate production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174391. [PMID: 38955272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as an important oxidant, plays a key role in atmospheric chemistry. To reveal its characteristics in polluted areas, comprehensive observations were conducted in Zhengzhou, China from February 22 to March 4, 2019, including heavy pollution days (HP) and light pollution days (LP). High NO concentrations (18 ± 26 ppbv) were recorded in HP, preventing the recombination reaction of two HO2• radicals. Surprisingly, higher concentrations of H2O2 were observed in HP (1.5 ± 0.6 ppbv) than those in LP (1.2 ± 0.6 ppbv). In addition to low wind speed and relative humidity, the elevated H2O2 in HP could be mainly attributed to intensified particle-phase photoreactions and biomass burning. In terms of sulfate formation, transition-metal ions (TMI)-catalyzed oxidation emerged as the predominant oxidant pathway in both HP and LP. Note that the average H2O2 oxidation rate increased from 3.6 × 10-2 in LP to 1.1 × 10-1 μg m-3 h-1 in HP. Moreover, the oxidation by H2O2 might exceed that of TMI catalysis under specific conditions, emerging as the primary driver of sulfate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Shenbo Wang
- Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
| | - Panru Kang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chuifu Sun
- Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Mingkai Wang
- Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Shasha Yin
- Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
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Fan W, Zhu Z, Liu X, Zhang H, Qiu Y, Yin D. Effect of nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides to triphenyl phosphate degradation and cytotoxicity on surface of different transition metal salts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174422. [PMID: 38964400 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides, as the dominant toxic gases in the atmosphere, can induce severe human health problems under the composite pollutant conditions. Currently the effect of nitrogen or sulfur oxides in atmospheric environment to the degradation and cytotoxicity of triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) on atmospheric particle surfaces still remain poorly understood. Hence, laboratory simulation methods were used in this study to investigate the effect and related mechanism. First, particle samples were prepared with the TPhP coated on MnSO4, CuSO4, FeSO4 and Fe2(SO4)3 surface. The results showed that, when nitrogen or sulfur oxides were present, more significant TPhP degradation on all samples can be observed under both light and dark conditions. The results proved nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides were the vital influence factors to the degradation of TPhP, which mainly promoted the OH generation in the polluted atmosphere. The mechanism study indicated that diphenyl hydrogen phosphate (DPhP) and OH-DPhP were two main stable degradation products. These degradation products originated from the phenoxy bond cleavage and hydroxylation of TPhP caused by hydroxyl radicals. In addition, no TPhP related organosulfates (OSs) or organic nitrates (ON) formation were observed. Regarding the cytotoxicity, all the particles can induce more significant cellular injury and apoptosis of A549 cells, which may be relevant to the adsorbed nitrogen oxides or sulfur oxides on particles surfaces. The superfluous reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was the possible reason of cytotoxicity. This research can supply a comprehensive understanding of the promoting effect of nitrogen and sulfur oxides to TPhP degradation and the composite cytotoxicity of atmospheric particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulve Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiaochang Liu
- School of Urban and Regional Science, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, 777 Guoding Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Ting YC, Huang CH, Cheng YH, Hsiao TC, Wei-Po Lai W, Ciou ZJ. Chemical characteristics and formation mechanism of secondary inorganic aerosols: The decisive role of aerosol acidity and meteorological conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 358:124472. [PMID: 38945190 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing concern about air pollution and its impact on the air quality and human health, especially for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its associated secondary aerosols in urban areas. This study conducted a year-long field campaign to collect PM2.5 samples day and night in an urban area of central Taiwan. Higher PM2.5 mass concentrations were observed in winter (27.7 ± 9.7 μg/m3), followed by autumn (22.5 ± 8.3 μg/m3), spring (19.2 ± 6.4 μg/m3), and summer (11.0 ± 3.1 μg/m3). The dominant formation mechanism of secondary inorganic aerosols was heterogeneous reactions of NO3- at night and homogeneous reactions of SO42- during the day. Additionally, significant correlations were observed between aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) and NO3- during nighttime, indicating the importance of aqueous-phase NO3- formation. The role of aerosol acidity was explored and a unique alkaline condition was found in spring and summer, which showed lower PM2.5 concentrations than the neutralized condition. Under the neutralized condition, higher PM2.5 concentrations were commonly found when combining the ammonium-rich regime with molar ratios of [NO3-]/[SO42-] exceeding 1.6, suggesting the importance of reducing both NH3 and NOx. Furthermore, the results showed that reducing NH3 should be prioritized under high temperature conditions, while reducing NOx became important under low temperature conditions. Clustering of backward trajectories showed that long-range transport could enhance the formation of secondary aerosols, but local emissions emerged as the main factor driving high PM2.5 concentrations. This study provides insights for policymakers to improve air quality, suggesting that different mitigation strategies should be formulated based on meteorological variables and that using clean energy for vehicles and electricity generation is important to alleviate air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Ting
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chuan-Hsiu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Cheng
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Centre for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Webber Wei-Po Lai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Jhe Ciou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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5
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Chu W, Li H, Ji Y, Zhang X, Xue L, Gao J, An C. Research on ozone formation sensitivity based on observational methods: Development history, methodology, and application and prospects in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:543-560. [PMID: 38135419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Observation-based method for O3 formation sensitivity research is an important tool to analyze the causes of ground-level O3 pollution, which has broad application potentials in determining the O3 pollution formation mechanism and developing prevention and control strategies. This paper outlined the development history of research on O3 formation sensitivity based on observational methods, described the principle and applicability of the methodology, summarized the relative application results in China and provided recommendations on the prevention and control of O3 pollution in China based on relevant study results, and finally pointed out the shortcomings and future development prospects in this field in China. The overview study showed that the O3 formation sensitivity in some urban areas in China in recent years presented a gradual shifting tendency from the VOC-limited regime to the transition regime or the NOx-limited regime due to the implementation of the O3 precursors emission reduction policies; O3 pollution control strategies and precursor control countermeasures should be formulated based on local conditions and the dynamic control capability of O3 pollution control measures should be improved. There are still some current deficiencies in the study field in China. Therefore, it is recommended that a stereoscopic monitoring network for atmospheric photochemical components should be further constructed and improved; the atmospheric chemical mechanisms should be vigorously developed, and standardized methods for determining the O3 formation sensitivity should be established in China in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanghui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Cong An
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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6
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Zhang S, Li D, Ge S, Wu C, Xu X, Liu X, Li R, Zhang F, Wang G. Elucidating the Mechanism on the Transition-Metal Ion-Synergetic-Catalyzed Oxidation of SO 2 with Implications for Sulfate Formation in Beijing Haze. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2912-2921. [PMID: 38252977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Currently, atmospheric sulfate aerosols cannot be predicted reliably by numerical models because the pathways and kinetics of sulfate formation are unclear. Here, we systematically investigated the synergetic catalyzing role of transition-metal ions (TMIs, Fe3+/Mn2+) in the oxidation of SO2 by O2 on aerosols using chamber experiments. Our results showed that the synergetic effect of TMIs is critically dependent on aerosol pH due to the solubility of Fe(III) species sensitive to the aqueous phase acidity, which is effective only under pH < 3 conditions. The sulfate formation rate on aerosols is 2 orders of magnitude larger than that in bulk solution and increases significantly on smaller aerosols, suggesting that such a synergetic-catalyzed oxidation occurs on the aerosol surface. The kinetic reaction rate can be described as R = k*[H+]-2.95[Mn(II)][Fe(III)][S(IV)] (pH ≤ 3.0). We found that TMI-synergetic-catalyzed oxidation is the dominant pathway of sulfate formation in Beijing when haze particles are very acidic, while heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 by NO2 is the most important pathway when haze particles are weakly acidic. Our work for the first time clarified the role and kinetics of TMI-synergetic-catalyzed oxidation of SO2 by O2 in haze periods, which can be parameterized into models for future studies of sulfate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Shanghai Energy Construction Group Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200434, China
| | | | - Can Wu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Xinbei Xu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
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Wang C, Luo L, Xu Z, Liu S, Li Y, Ni Y, Kao SJ. Assessment of Secondary Sulfate Aqueous-Phase Formation Pathways in the Tropical Island City of Haikou: A Chemical Kinetic Perspective. TOXICS 2024; 12:105. [PMID: 38393200 PMCID: PMC10892436 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Sulfate (SO42-) is an essential chemical species in atmospheric aerosols and plays an influential role in their physical-chemical characteristics. The mechanisms of secondary SO42- aerosol have been intensively studied in air-polluted cities. However, few studies have focused on cities with good air quality. One-year PM2.5 samples were collected in the tropical island city of Haikou, and water-soluble inorganic ions, as well as water-soluble Fe and Mn, were analyzed. The results showed that non-sea-salt SO42- (nss-SO42-) was the dominant species of water-soluble inorganic ions, accounting for 40-57% of the total water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 in Haikou. The S(IV)+H2O2 pathway was the main formation pathway for secondary SO42- in wintertime in Haikou, contributing to 57% of secondary SO42- formation. By contrast, 54% of secondary SO42- was produced by the S(IV)+Fe×Mn pathway in summer. In spring and autumn, the S(IV)+H2O2, S(IV)+Fe×Mn, and S(IV)+NO2 pathways contributed equally to secondary SO42- formation. The ionic strength was the controlling parameter for the S(IV)+NO2 pathway, while pH was identified as a key factor that mediates the S(IV)+H2O2 and S(IV)+Fe×Mn pathways to produce secondary SO42-. This study contributes to our understanding of secondary SO42- production under low PM2.5 concentrations but high SO42- percentages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Li Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zifu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361104, China
| | - Shuhan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuanzhe Ni
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Shuh-Ji Kao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Ye C, Lu K, Song H, Mu Y, Chen J, Zhang Y. A critical review of sulfate aerosol formation mechanisms during winter polluted periods. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:387-399. [PMID: 36522000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate aerosol contributes to particulate matter pollution and plays a key role in aerosol radiative forcing, impacting human health and climate change. Atmospheric models tend to substantially underestimate sulfate concentrations during haze episodes, indicating that there are still missing mechanisms not considered by the models. Despite recent good progress in understanding the missing sulfate sources, knowledge on different sulfate formation pathways during polluted periods still involves large uncertainties and the dominant mechanism is under heated debate, calling for more field, laboratory, and modeling work. Here, we review the traditional sulfate formation mechanisms in cloud water and also discuss the potential factors affecting multiphase S(Ⅳ) oxidation. Then recent progress in multiphase S(Ⅳ) oxidation mechanisms is summarized. Sulfate formation rates by different prevailing oxidation pathways under typical winter-haze conditions are also calculated and compared. Based on the literature reviewed, we put forward control of the atmospheric oxidation capacity as a means to abate sulfate aerosol pollution. Finally, we conclude with a concise set of research priorities for improving our understanding of sulfate formation mechanisms during polluted periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Ye
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Huan Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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9
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Zhang Y, Cheng M, Gao J, Li J. Review of the influencing factors of secondary organic aerosol formation and aging mechanism based on photochemical smog chamber simulation methods. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:545-559. [PMID: 36522014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The formation and aging mechanism of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and its influencing factors have attracted increasing attention in recent years because of their effects on climate change, atmospheric quality and human health. However, there are still large errors between air quality model simulation results and field observations. The currently undetected components during the formation and aging of SOA due to the limitation of current monitoring techniques and the interactions among multiple SOA formation influencing factors might be the main reasons for the differences. In this paper, we present a detailed review of the complex dynamic physical and chemical processes and the corresponding influencing factors involved in SOA formation and aging. And all these results were mainly based the studies of photochemical smog chamber simulation. Although the properties of precursor volatile organic compounds (VOCs), oxidants (such as OH radicals), and atmospheric environmental factors (such as NOx, SO2, NH3, light intensity, temperature, humidity and seed aerosols) jointly influence the products and yield of SOA, the nucleation and vapor pressure of these products were found to be the most fundamental aspects when interpreting the dynamics of the SOA formation and aging process. The development of techniques for measuring intermediate species in SOA generation processes and the study of SOA generation and aging mechanism in complex systems should be important topics of future SOA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Miaomiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Junling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Kuang B, Zhang F, Shen J, Shen Y, Qu F, Jin L, Tang Q, Tian X, Wang Z. Chemical characterization, formation mechanisms and source apportionment of PM 2.5 in north Zhejiang Province: The importance of secondary formation and vehicle emission. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158206. [PMID: 36028033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 affects air quality, therefore, chemical evolution, formation mechanism and source identification of PM2.5 are essential to help figure out mitigation measures. PM2.5 and its constituents were comprehensively characterized with highly time-resolved measurements from 2019 to 2020 in north Zhejiang Province (Shanxi, SX) for the first time, with an emphasis on the contribution of secondary formation and vehicle emission to PM2.5. Secondary inorganic ions (sulfate: 3.86 μg/m3, nitrate: 7.82 μg/m3 and ammonium: 4.59 μg/m3, SNA) were found to be the major components (54%) in PM2.5 (29.70 μg/m3). The highly consistence of nitrate, sulfate and secondary organic compounds (SOC) with Ox (NO2 + O3) or RH indicated the importance of photochemical oxidation and heterogeneous reaction in different scenarios. Higher atmospheric oxidative potential facilitated the SOC formation in spring. The PM2.5 mass was apportioned to eight sources resolved by positive matrix factorization (PMF): secondary nitrate (9.63 μg/m3), secondary sulfate (5.14 μg/m3), vehicle emission (7.26 μg/m3), coal combustion (2.39 μg/m3), biomass burning (1.38 μg/m3), soil dust (0.86 μg/m3), industry emission (0.50 μg/m3), and ship emission (0.32 μg/m3). Secondary nitrate (35%) and sulfate (19%) formation and vehicle emission (26%) were the main factors contributing to the PM2.5. Furthermore, the contribution of secondary nitrate formation increased with elevating PM2.5 concentration. Regional transport was synthetically studied by chemical and backward trajectory analysis, reflecting that secondary nitrate contributed severely to the air quality at SX, while vehicle emission contribution enhanced when atmosphere was stagnant. This study first provides long-term comprehensive chemical characterization and source apportionments of PM2.5 pollution in north Zhejiang, which may provide some guidance for the air pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyu Kuang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiasi Shen
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yemin Shen
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Fangqi Qu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lingling Jin
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Qian Tang
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Xudong Tian
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Zhibin Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311200, China.
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11
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Gao J, Wei Y, Zhao H, Liang D, Feng Y, Shi G. The role of source emissions in sulfate formation pathways based on chemical thermodynamics and kinetics model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158104. [PMID: 35987245 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate is a major PM2.5 constituent and poses a significant threat to ecosystems and human health, which has attracted lots of attention to the sulfate formation mechanism. In recent years, there has been great scientific interest in the multiphase oxidation of SO2 in aqueous aerosol particles. Many factors are involved in the reaction process, including precursor SO2, oxidants/catalysts, and aerosol acidity, which are three channels closely related to the source emission. The conjoint analysis of source emissions and sulfate aqueous formation can provide a scientific basis for designing effective strategies, though the related research is extremely limited. Here, we applied an improved solute strength-dependent chemical Thermodynamics & Kinetics model (for aqueous pathway contribution) and the Partial Target Transformation-Positive matrix factor model (for source apportionment) to explore the role of source emission in sulfate aqueous formation. The results indicated H2O2 aqueous oxidation was the dominant pathway (65.9 %), and secondary nitrate source may grow together with sulfate formation from H2O2 pathway. H2O2 and TMI pathways were related to higher SOR (sulfur oxidation rate). TMI pathway was significant in summer (54.6 %) and increased with secondary sources and vehicle exhaust. NO2 pathway was more significant at low secondary source and high coal combustion (higher contribution of NO2 pathway appeared in winter, 24.7 %). While high formation rate of the O3 pathway always occurred at low source levels. Coal combustion and vehicle exhaust showed obvious effects on sulfate aqueous formation. Notably, aerosol acidity is a significant factor related to sources and plays a key role in sulfate formation. The result also suggested aerosol pH may be more important than the amounts of substances involved in the oxidation reaction. The findings in this work can provide useful information for better understanding sulfate aqueous formation and offer a scientific basis for designing strategies for air pollution control and sulfate mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuting Wei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Danni Liang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
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12
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Ye C, Xue C, Liu P, Zhang C, Ma Z, Zhang Y, Liu C, Liu J, Lu K, Mu Y. Strong impacts of biomass burning, nitrogen fertilization, and fine particles on gas-phase hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156997. [PMID: 35777574 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry as an indicator of the atmospheric oxidizing capacity. It is also a vital oxidant of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the aqueous phase, resulting in the formation of acid precipitation and sulfate aerosol. However, sources of H2O2 are not fully understood especially in polluted areas affected by human activities. In this study, we reported some high H2O2 cases observed during one summer and two winter campaigns conducted at a polluted rural site in the North China Plain. Our results showed that agricultural fires led to high H2O2 concentrations up to 9 ppb, indicating biomass burning events contributed substantially to primary H2O2 emission. In addition, elevated H2O2 and O3 concentrations were measured after fertilization as a consequence of the enhanced atmospheric oxidizing capacity by soil HONO emission. Furthermore, H2O2 exhibited unexpectedly high concentration under high NOx conditions in winter, which are closely related to multiphase reactions in particles involving organic chromophores. Our findings suggest that these special factors (biomass burning, fertilization, and ambient particles), which are not well considered in current models, are significant contributors to H2O2 production, thereby affecting the regional atmospheric oxidizing capacity and the global sulfate aerosol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Ye
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), CNRS - Université Orléans - CNES, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuobiao Ma
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengtang Liu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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13
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Wang S, Wang L, Fan X, Wang N, Ma S, Zhang R. Formation pathway of secondary inorganic aerosol and its influencing factors in Northern China: Comparison between urban and rural sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 840:156404. [PMID: 35662601 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Secondary inorganic aerosol, including sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA), is a significant source of PM2.5 during haze episodes in Northern China. A series of high-time-resolution instruments were used in collecting PM2.5 chemical components and gaseous pollutants during a regional heavy pollution process from January 12-25, 2018, at urban and rural sites. SNA, accounting for >50% of PM2.5 at both sites, had greater importance on haze formation. Gas-phase and N2O5 hydrolysis reactions were the main formation pathways of nitrate during the daytime and nighttime, respectively. The OH radical was the primary factor for gas-phase reactions. HONO photolysis played a more critical role in OH radical formation when O3 concentration decreased during the haze episode. N2O5 hydrolysis reaction was mainly affected by O3 and aerosol water content. High relative humidity, aerosol water content, and N2O5 concentrations at the urban site enhanced the hydrolysis reactions more than those at the rural site. The aqueous-phase reactions dominated the sulfate formation with the highest rate of transition metal ion catalytic and H2O2 oxidation reactions at the urban and rural sites, respectively. Elevated relative humidity and particle acidity at the urban site resulted in a higher formation rate of aqueous-phase sulfate than at the rural site. The gas-particle partition coefficient of NH3 had a negative correlation with the particle pH, and the presence of NH3 could promote the increase of SNA concentration. Thus, more attention should be paid to the differences in SNA formation between urban and rural regions when formulating air quality policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenbo Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Environmental Protection of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiangge Fan
- Zhengzhou Ecological Environment Monitoring Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Environmental Protection of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuangliang Ma
- Department of Environmental Protection of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
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14
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Peng C, Malek KA, Rastogi D, Zhang Y, Wang W, Ding X, Asa-Awuku AA, Wang X, Tang M. Hygroscopicity and cloud condensation nucleation activities of hydroxyalkylsulfonates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154767. [PMID: 35346709 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyalkylsulfonates may contribute significantly to atmospheric particles; however, their hygroscopic properties and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activities remain unknown. In this study, three complementary techniques were utilized to examine the hygroscopicity of sodium hydroxymethanesulfonate (NaHMS), sodium 2-hydroxyethylsulfonate (NaHES), and ammonium 2-hydroxyethylsulfonate (NH4HES) under subsaturated and supersaturated environments. The mass changes in the three hydroxyalkylsulfonates at different relative humidities at 25 °C were examined by a vapor sorption analyzer, and the mass growth factors were measured to be 3.25 ± 0.01 for NaHMS, 3.32 ± 0.02 for NaHES, and 3.34 ± 0.04 for NH4HES at 90% RH. Their hygroscopic growth was investigated by a humidity tandem differential mobility analyzer, and hygroscopic growth factors were 1.78 ± 0.02 for NaHMS, 1.71 ± 0.02 for NaHES, and 1.68 ± 0.03 for NH4HES at 90% RH. Furthermore, the CCN activities of NaHMS, NaHES, and NH4HES were explored, and their single hygroscopicity parameters (κccn) were measured to be 0.649 ± 0.097 for NaHMS, 0.559 ± 0.069 for NaHES, and 0.434 ± 0.073 for NH4HES. In addition, the hygroscopic growth and CCN activities of binary mixtures of ammonium sulfate with one of the three hydroxyalkylsulfonates were also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kotiba A Malek
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Dewansh Rastogi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Akua A Asa-Awuku
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Computer, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mingjin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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15
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Wang T, Liu M, Liu M, Song Y, Xu Z, Shang F, Huang X, Liao W, Wang W, Ge M, Cao J, Hu J, Tang G, Pan Y, Hu M, Zhu T. Sulfate Formation Apportionment during Winter Haze Events in North China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7771-7778. [PMID: 35609338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a large gap between the simulated and observed sulfate concentrations during winter haze events in North China. Although multiphase sulfate formation mechanisms have been proposed, they have not been evaluated using chemical transport models. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) was used to apportion sulfate formation. It was found that Mn-catalyzed oxidation on aerosol surfaces was the dominant sulfate formation pathway, accounting for 92.3 ± 3.5% of the sulfate formation during haze events. Gas-phase oxidation contributed 3.1 ± 0.5% to the sulfate formation due to the low OH levels. The H2O2 oxidation in aerosol water accounted for 4.2 ± 3.6% of the sulfate formation, caused by the rapid consumption of H2O2. The contributions of O3, NO2 oxidation, and transition metal ion-catalyzed reactions in aerosol water could be negligible owing to the low aerosol water content, low pH, and high ionic strength. The contributions from in-cloud reactions were negligible due to the barrier provided by stable stratification during winter haze events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingxu Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenying Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fang Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenling Liao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Jingnan Hu
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Guigang Tang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuepeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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16
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Jiang X, Liu D, Xu L, Tsona NT, Du L. Assessing the influence of environmental conditions on secondary organic aerosol formation from a typical biomass burning compound. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:136-148. [PMID: 35459479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric chemistry in complex air pollution remains poorly understood. In order to probe how environmental conditions can impact the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from biomass burning emissions, we investigated the photooxidation of 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) under different environmental conditions in a smog chamber. It was found that SO2 could promote the formation of SOA and increase the amounts of inorganic salts produced during the photooxidation. The formation rate of SOA and the corresponding SOA mass concentration increased gradually with the increasing DMF/OH ratio. The addition of (NH4)2SO4 seed aerosol accelerated the SOA formation rate and significantly shortened the time for the reaction to reach equilibrium. Additionally, a relatively high illumination intensity promoted the formation of OH radicals and, correspondingly, enhanced the photooxidation of DMF. However, the enhancement of light intensity accelerated the aging of SOA, which led to a gradual decrease of the SOA mass concentration. This work shows that by having varying influence on atmospheric chemical reactions, the same environmental factor can affect SOA formation in different ways. The present study is helpful for us to better understand atmospheric complex pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Li Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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17
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Yang J, Wang S, Zhang R, Yin S. Elevated particle acidity enhanced the sulfate formation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Zhengzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 296:118716. [PMID: 34933059 PMCID: PMC8684291 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The significant reduction in PM2.5 mass concentration after the outbreak of COVID-19 provided a unique opportunity further to study the formation mechanism of secondary inorganic aerosols. Hourly data of chemical components in PM2.5, gaseous pollutants, and meteorological data were obtained from January 1 to 23, 2020 (pre-lockdown) and January 24 to February 17, 2020 (COVID-lockdown) in Zhengzhou, China. Sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium were the main components of PM2.5 during both the pre-lockdown and COVID-lockdown periods. Compared with the pre-lockdown period, even though the concentration and proportion of nitrate decreased, nitrate was the dominant component in PM2.5 during the COVID-lockdown period. Moreover, nitrate production was enhanced by the elevated O3 concentration, which was favorable for the homogeneous and hydrolysis nitrate formation despite the drastic decrease of NO2. The proportion of sulfate during the COVID-lockdown period was higher than that before. Aqueous-phase reactions of H2O2 and transition metal (TMI) catalyzed oxidations were the major pathways for sulfate formation. During the COVID-lockdown period, TMI-catalyzed oxidation became the dominant pathway for aqueous-phase sulfate formation because the elevated acidity favored the dissolution of TMI. Therefore, the enhanced TMI-catalyzed oxidation affected by the elevated particle acidity dominated the sulfate formation, resulting in the slight increase of sulfate concentration during the COVID-lockdown period in Zhengzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Yang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, China
| | - Shenbo Wang
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Shasha Yin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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18
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Altuwayjiri A, Pirhadi M, Kalafy M, Alharbi B, Sioutas C. Impact of different sources on the oxidative potential of ambient particulate matter PM 10 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A focus on dust emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150590. [PMID: 34597581 PMCID: PMC8907835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we employed Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multi-Linear Regression (MLR) to identify the most significant sources contributing to the toxicity of PM10 in the city center of Riyadh. PM10 samples were collected using a medium-volume air sampler during cool (December 2019-March 2020) and warm (May 2020-August 2020) seasons, including dust and non-dust events. The collected filters were analyzed for their chemical components (i.e., water-soluble ions, metals, and trace elements) as well as oxidative potential and elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC) contents. Our measurements revealed comparable extrinsic oxidative potential (P-value = 0.30) during the warm (1.2 ± 0.1 nmol/min-m3) and cool (1.1 ± 0.1 nmol/min-m3) periods. Moreover, we observed higher extrinsic oxidative potential of PM10 samples collected during dust events (~30% increase) compared to non-dust samples. Our PCA-MLR analysis identified soil and resuspended dust, secondary aerosol (SA), local industrial activities and petroleum refineries, and traffic emissions as the four sources contributing to the ambient PM10 oxidative potential in central Riyadh. Soil and resuspended dust were the major source contributing to the oxidative potential of ambient PM10, accounting for 31% of the total oxidative potential. Secondary aerosols (SA) were the next important source of PM10 toxicity in the area as they contributed to about 20% of the PM10 oxidative potential. Results of this study revealed the major role of soil and resuspended road dust on PM10 toxicity and can be helpful in adopting targeted air quality policies to reduce the population exposure to PM10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmalik Altuwayjiri
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Majmaah University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Majmaah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Milad Pirhadi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohammed Kalafy
- Saudi Envirozone, Air Quality Monitoring Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr Alharbi
- National Center for Environmental Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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19
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Sha T, Ma X, Wang J, Tian R, Zhao J, Cao F, Zhang YL. Improvement of inorganic aerosol component in PM 2.5 by constraining aqueous-phase formation of sulfate in cloud with satellite retrievals: WRF-Chem simulations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150229. [PMID: 34798748 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of PM2.5 in China have caused severe visibility degradation and health problems. However, it is still challenging to accurately predict PM2.5 and its chemical components in numerical models. In this study, we compared the inorganic aerosol components of PM2.5 (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA)) simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting model fully coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) model with in-situ data in a heavy haze-fog event during November 2018 in Nanjing, China. Comparisons show that the model underestimates sulfate concentrations by 81% and fails to reproduce the significant increase of sulfate from early morning to noon, which corresponds to the timing of fog dissipation that suggests the model underestimates the aqueous-phase formation of sulfate in clouds. In addition, the model overestimates both nitrate and ammonium concentrations by 184% and 57%, respectively. These overestimates contribute to the simulated SNA being 77.2% higher than observed. However, cloud water content is also underestimated which is a pathway for important aqueous-phase reactions. Therefore, we constrained the simulated cloud water content based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Liquid Water Path observations. Results show that the simulation with MODIS-corrected cloud water content increases the sulfate by a factor of 3, decreases the Normalized Mean Bias (NMB) by 53.5%, and reproduces its diurnal cycle with the peak concentration occurring at noon. The improved sulfate simulation also improves the simulation of nitrate, which decreases the simulated nitrate bias by 134%. Although the simulated ammonium is still higher than the observations, corrected cloud water content leads to a decrease of the modelled bias in SNA from 77.2% to 14.1%. The strong sensitivity of simulated SNA concentration to the cloud water content provides an explanation for the simulated SNA bias. Hence, uncertainties in cloud water content can contribute to model biases in simulating SNA which are less frequently explored from a process-level perspective and can be reduced by constraining the model with satellite observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Sha
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Rong Tian
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianqi Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change and Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change and Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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20
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Li C, Hammer MS, Zheng B, Cohen RC. Accelerated reduction of air pollutants in China, 2017-2020. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:150011. [PMID: 34525772 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Emission regulations of the power and industry sectors have been identified as the major driver of PM2.5 mitigation over China during 2013-2017. In this study, we use ground-based observations of four air pollutants (CO, NO2, SO2, and PM2.5) to show that additional stringent emission policies on the industrial, transportation, and residential sectors during the new 3-year protection plan (2018-2020) have accelerated the improvement of China's air quality. Based on regional (North and South China) trends of annual mean measurements, significant reductions are observed for all four pollutants during 2017-2020. These decreasing trends are found to be >30% stronger than 2015-2017 for NO2, CO, and PM2.5. For CO and PM2.5, the acceleration is the strongest in winter and North China, when and where the residential clean-heating actions were implemented. While for NO2, the accelerations are pronounced regardless of region or season, reflecting nationwide measures to reduce NOx emissions from industrial and transportation activities. SO2 concentration reductions that were already substantial before 2017 are maintained but not accelerated, consistent with the dominance of end-of-pipe measures rather than a structural change of energy fuels. Our investigation highlights the value of multi-pollutant analysis to relate emission policies with air quality changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Melanie S Hammer
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bo Zheng
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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21
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Efficient absorption of low partial pressure SO2 by deep eutectic solvents based on pyridine derivatives. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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22
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Chen XL, Wu CY, Ma JT, Zhuang SY, Yu ZC, Wu YD, Wu AX. Rongalite as C1 Synthon and Sulfone Source: A Practical Sulfonylmethylation Based on the Separate-Embedding Strategy. Org Lett 2021; 24:223-227. [PMID: 34913708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rongalite has been used in several challenging synthetic transformations with operationally simple and effective protocols. However, the employment of multiple characteristics of rongalite in synthetic chemistry is comparatively little known. Herein we report a separate-embedding type sulfonylmethylation of sulfoxonium ylides in which rongalite concurrently acted as a sulfone source, C1 synthon, radical initiator, and potential reducing reagent for the first time. Notably, this facile and easy-handling reaction does not require a catalyst or prefunctionalized sulfonylmethylation reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Tian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Yi Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Dong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - An-Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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23
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Tian R, Ma X, Sha T, Pan X, Wang Z. Exploring dust heterogeneous chemistry over China: Insights from field observation and GEOS-Chem simulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149307. [PMID: 34375256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dust heterogeneous chemistry plays an important role in tropospheric chemistry, but its parameterization in numerical models is often quite simplified, which hampers accurate prediction of particulate matter and its chemical component. In this study, we investigate the evolution of dust heterogeneous chemical process and its potential impacts on gaseous and aerosol components during a dust pollution episode from March 27 to April 2, 2015 over North China. Based on field measurements, the significant role of relative humidity (RH) in dust heterogeneous chemistry is found and a RH-dependent parameterization for uptake coefficients of HNO3 and SO2 is incorporated in GEOS-Chem to reproduce the dust heterogeneous chemical process. During the study period, observed dust sulfate (DSO4) and dust nitrate (DNIT) exhibit maximum concentrations of 9.1 and 22.8 μg m-3 respectively, accompanied by high RH and gaseous precursor concentrations. DSO4 concentrations are positively related to RH. The observed dust sulfate oxidation ratio (DSOR) is elevated evidently with increased RH, especially when RH is higher than ~40%, implying that enhanced RH could promote heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 to DSO4. Model simulation shows that when incorporating the RH-dependent parameterization, DNIT and DSO4 are generally well captured and the model performance of total sulfate oxidation ratio (TSOR) and total nitrate oxidation ratio (TNOR) are improved. High contribution of DNIT and DSO4 are found to be located over the regions close to source areas (>60%) and downwind regions (>40%), respectively. Sensitivity results show that SO2 and HNO3 reduce by 2-24 μg m-3 and 1-18 μg m-3 when considering dust heterogeneous impacts, thus leading to reduction in non-dust sulfate and non-dust nitrate concentrations. As a result, simulated NH3 increases and ammonium reduces by more than 20%. Our study indicates that the contribution of heterogeneous reactions to sulfate formation is 20-30% over North China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tian
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Tong Sha
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaole Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China
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25
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Wang L, Zuo N, Sun M, Ma Y, Mominou N, Jiang W, Li S, Jing C. Deep desulfurization and denitrogenation of diesel fuel over Ir/Pr-N-CQDs-TiO2 under ultraviolet radiation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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26
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Tilgner A, Schaefer T, Alexander B, Barth M, Collett JL, Fahey KM, Nenes A, Pye HOT, Herrmann H, McNeill VF. Acidity and the multiphase chemistry of atmospheric aqueous particles and clouds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021. [PMID: 34675968 PMCID: PMC8525431 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The acidity of aqueous atmospheric solutions is a key parameter driving both the partitioning of semi-volatile acidic and basic trace gases and their aqueous-phase chemistry. In addition, the acidity of atmospheric aqueous phases, e.g., deliquesced aerosol particles, cloud, and fog droplets, is also dictated by aqueous-phase chemistry. These feedbacks between acidity and chemistry have crucial implications for the tropospheric lifetime of air pollutants, atmospheric composition, deposition to terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems, visibility, climate, and human health. Atmospheric research has made substantial progress in understanding feedbacks between acidity and multiphase chemistry during recent decades. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on these feedbacks with a focus on aerosol and cloud systems, which involve both inorganic and organic aqueous-phase chemistry. Here, we describe the impacts of acidity on the phase partitioning of acidic and basic gases and buffering phenomena. Next, we review feedbacks of different acidity regimes on key chemical reaction mechanisms and kinetics, as well as uncertainties and chemical subsystems with incomplete information. Finally, we discuss atmospheric implications and highlight the need for future investigations, particularly with respect to reducing emissions of key acid precursors in a changing world, and the need for advancements in field and laboratory measurements and model tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mary Barth
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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27
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Li H, Ma Y, Duan F, Zhu L, Ma T, Yang S, Xu Y, Li F, Huang T, Kimoto T, Zhang Q, Tong D, Wu N, Hu Y, Huo M, Zhang Q, Ge X, Gong W, He K. Stronger secondary pollution processes despite decrease in gaseous precursors: A comparative analysis of summer 2020 and 2019 in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116923. [PMID: 33751950 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To control the spread of COVID-19, China implemented a series of lockdowns, limiting various offline interactions. This provided an opportunity to study the response of air quality to emissions control. By comparing the characteristics of pollution in the summers of 2019 and 2020, we found a significant decrease in gaseous pollutants in 2020. However, particle pollution in the summer of 2020 was more severe; PM2.5 levels increased from 35.8 to 44.7 μg m-3, and PM10 increased from 51.4 to 69.0 μg m-3 from 2019 to 2020. The higher PM10 was caused by two sandstorm events on May 11 and June 3, 2020, while the higher PM2.5 was the result of enhanced secondary formation processes indicated by the higher sulfate oxidation rate (SOR) and nitrate oxidation rate (NOR) in 2020. Higher SOR and NOR were attributed mainly to higher relative humidity and stronger oxidizing capacity. Analysis of PMx distribution showed that severe haze occurred when particles within Bin2 (size ranging 1-2.5 μm) dominated. SO42-(1/2.5) and SO42-(2.5/10) remained stable under different periods at 0.5 and 0.8, respectively, indicating that SO42- existed mainly in smaller particles. Decreases in NO3-(1/2.5) and increases in NO3-(2.5/10) from clean to polluted conditions, similar to the variations in PMx distribution, suggest that NO3- played a role in the worsening of pollution. O3 concentrations were higher in 2020 (108.6 μg m-3) than in 2019 (96.8 μg m-3). Marked decreases in fresh NO alleviated the titration of O3. Furthermore, the oxidation reaction of NO2 that produces NO3- was dominant over the photochemical reaction of NO2 that produces O3, making NO2 less important for O3 pollution. In comparison, a lower VOC/NOx ratio (less than 10) meant that Beijing is a VOC-limited area; this indicates that in order to alleviate O3 pollution in Beijing, emissions of VOCs should be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yongliang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Lidan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tao Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yunzhi Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimoto
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dan Tong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Nana Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yunxing Hu
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - Mingyu Huo
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiang Ge
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - Wanru Gong
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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28
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Ye C, Chen H, Hoffmann EH, Mettke P, Tilgner A, He L, Mutzel A, Brüggemann M, Poulain L, Schaefer T, Heinold B, Ma Z, Liu P, Xue C, Zhao X, Zhang C, Zhang F, Sun H, Li Q, Wang L, Yang X, Wang J, Liu C, Xing C, Mu Y, Chen J, Herrmann H. Particle-Phase Photoreactions of HULIS and TMIs Establish a Strong Source of H 2O 2 and Particulate Sulfate in the Winter North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7818-7830. [PMID: 34019409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
During haze periods in the North China Plain, extremely high NO concentrations have been observed, commonly exceeding 1 ppbv, preventing the classical gas-phase H2O2 formation through HO2 recombination. Surprisingly, H2O2 mixing ratios of about 1 ppbv were observed repeatedly in winter 2017. Combined field observations and chamber experiments reveal a photochemical in-particle formation of H2O2, driven by transition metal ions (TMIs) and humic-like substances (HULIS). In chamber experiments, steady-state H2O2 mixing ratios of 116 ± 83 pptv were observed upon the irradiation of TMI- and HULIS-containing particles. Correspondingly, H2O2 formation rates of about 0.2 ppbv h-1 during the initial irradiation periods are consistent with the H2O2 rates observed in the field. A novel chemical mechanism was developed explaining the in-particle H2O2 formation through a sequence of elementary photochemical reactions involving HULIS and TMIs. Dedicated box model studies of measurement periods with relative humidity >50% and PM2.5 ≥ 75 μg m-3 agree with the observed H2O2 concentrations and time courses. The modeling results suggest about 90% of the particulate sulfate to be produced from the SO2 reaction with OH and HSO3- oxidation by H2O2. Overall, under high pollution, the H2O2-caused sulfate formation rate is above 250 ng m-3 h-1, contributing to the sulfate formation by more than 70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Ye
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Erik H Hoffmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Peter Mettke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Lin He
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Anke Mutzel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Martin Brüggemann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Bernd Heinold
- Modeling of Atmospheric Processes Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Zhuobiao Ma
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhao
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jinhe Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Co-Innovation Centre for Green Building of Shandong Province, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chengzhi Xing
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Liu T, Chan AWH, Abbatt JPD. Multiphase Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide in Aerosol Particles: Implications for Sulfate Formation in Polluted Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4227-4242. [PMID: 33760581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) forms sulfate-containing aerosol particles that impact air quality, climate, and human and ecosystem health. It is well-known that in-cloud oxidation of SO2 frequently dominates over gas-phase oxidation on regional and global scales. Multiphase oxidation involving aerosol particles, fog, and cloud droplets has been generally thought to scale with liquid water content (LWC) so multiphase oxidation would be negligible for aerosol particles due to their low aerosol LWC. However, recent field evidence, particularly from East Asia, shows that fast sulfate formation prevails in cloud-free environments that are characterized by high aerosol loadings. By assuming that the kinetics of cloud water chemistry prevails for aerosol particles, most atmospheric models do not capture this phenomenon. Therefore, the field of aerosol SO2 multiphase chemistry has blossomed in the past decade, with many oxidation processes proposed to bridge the difference between modeled and observed sulfate mass loadings. This review summarizes recent advances in the fundamental understanding of the aerosol multiphase oxidation of SO2, with a focus on environmental conditions that affect the oxidation rate, experimental challenges, mechanisms and kinetics results for individual reaction pathways, and future research directions. Compared to dilute cloud water conditions, this paper highlights the differences that arise at the molecular level with the extremely high solute strengths present in aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyu Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Wang S, Wang L, Wang N, Ma S, Su F, Zhang R. Formation of droplet-mode secondary inorganic aerosol dominated the increased PM 2.5 during both local and transport haze episodes in Zhengzhou, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128744. [PMID: 33131735 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The size distribution and formation of secondary inorganic aerosol play a key role in the increasing PM2.5 concentration. Size-segregated data including mass, number, and chemical component concentrations were obtained during a haze episode from January 12 to 23 in Zhengzhou to gain insight into the dominant factors for the growth of PM2.5. PM2.5 levels during two local processes (LP1 and LP2) were mainly affected by the accumulation and secondary formation of local pollutants. The transport process (TP) was affected by the air mass transported from the northern area of Zhengzhou. Results show that the growth of particle mass concentration in LP1 mainly occurred in the size range of 400-640 nm and 640-1000 nm. With the aggravated particles increases (LP2), 640-1000 nm and 1-1.6 μm particles dominated the increasing PM2.5 concentration. The particles carried by northern air mass (TP) were concentrated in the size range of 1-1.6 μm. Variation trends of hourly PM2.5 chemical components and size distribution of water-soluble inorganic ions suggested that the formation and growth of droplet-mode nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium dominated the increase of PM2.5, and the particle sizes of these components increased with the increasing PM2.5. High concentrations of aerosol water content and large surface area in droplet-mode were beneficial for the heterogeneous reactions for droplet-mode nitrate formation. Moreover, large particle surface area in droplet-mode particles also provided adequate carriers for the adsorption and condensation of gaseous HNO3 onto these particles. Elevated aerosol water, surface area, and particle acidity enhanced the H2O2 and transition metal (TMI) oxidation for aqueous-phase droplet-mode sulfate formation. The contribution of TMI-catalyzed oxidation significantly increased in LP2 because of the high TMI concentration and particle acidity. Relatively low aqueous-phase sulfate production rates in TP suggest that the observed high concentration of droplet-mode sulfate was mainly originated from the completely transformed SO42- carried by air masses. Moreover, droplet-mode particles exhibited moderate acidity, which enhanced the gas-particle partitioning of NH3(g)/NH4+(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenbo Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China; Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Environmental Protection of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Environmental Protection of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shuangliang Ma
- Department of Environmental Protection of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Fangcheng Su
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China; Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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31
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Chu B, Zhang S, Liu J, Ma Q, He H. Significant concurrent decrease in PM 2.5 and NO 2 concentrations in China during COVID-19 epidemic. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 99:346-353. [PMID: 33183713 PMCID: PMC7328636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The strict control measures and social lockdowns initiated to combat COVID-19 epidemic have had a notable impact on air pollutant concentrations. According to observation data obtained from the China National Environmental Monitoring Center, compared to levels in 2019, the average concentration of NO2 in early 2020 during COVID-19 epidemic has decreased by 53%, 50%, and 30% in Wuhan city, Hubei Province (Wuhan excluded), and China (Hubei excluded), respectively. Simultaneously, PM2.5 concentration has decreased by 35%, 29%, and 19% in Wuhan, Hubei (Wuhan excluded), and China (Hubei excluded), respectively. Less significant declines have also been found for SO2 and CO concentrations. We also analyzed the temporal variation and spatial distribution of air pollutant concentrations in China during COVID-19 epidemic. The decreases in PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations showed relatively consistent temporal variation and spatial distribution. These results support control of NOx to further reduce PM2.5 pollution in China. The concurrent decrease in NOx and PM2.5 concentrations resulted in an increase of O3 concentrations across China during COVID-19 epidemic, indicating that coordinated control of other pollutants is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Xu W, Kuang Y, Liang L, He Y, Cheng H, Bian Y, Tao J, Zhang G, Zhao P, Ma N, Zhao H, Zhou G, Su H, Cheng Y, Xu X, Shao M, Sun Y. Dust-Dominated Coarse Particles as a Medium for Rapid Secondary Organic and Inorganic Aerosol Formation in Highly Polluted Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15710-15721. [PMID: 33237756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Secondary aerosol (SA) frequently drives severe haze formation on the North China Plain. However, previous studies mostly focused on submicron SA formation, thus our understanding of SA formation on supermicron particles remains poor. In this study, PM2.5 chemical composition and PM10 number size distribution measurements revealed that the SA formation occurred in very distinct size ranges. In particular, SA formation on dust-dominated supermicron particles was surprisingly high and increased with relative humidity (RH). SA formed on supermicron aerosols reached comparable levels with that on submicron particles during evolutionary stages of haze episodes. These results suggested that dust particles served as a medium for rapid secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation under favorable photochemical and RH conditions in a highly polluted environment. Further analysis indicated that SA formation pathways differed among distinct size ranges. Overall, our study highlights the importance of dust in SA formation during non-dust storm periods and the urgent need to perform size-resolved aerosol chemical and physical property measurements in future SA formation investigations that are extended to the coarse mode because the large amount of SA formed thereon might have significant impacts on ice nucleation, radiative forcing, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ye Kuang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Linlin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yao He
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongbing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuxuan Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiangchuan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pusheng Zhao
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huarong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hang Su
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Min Shao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Cheng Y, Yu QQ, Liu JM, Du ZY, Liang LL, Geng GN, Ma WL, Qi H, Zhang Q, He KB. Secondary inorganic aerosol during heating season in a megacity in Northeast China: Evidence for heterogeneous chemistry in severe cold climate region. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127769. [PMID: 32738716 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosol including sulfate, nitrate and ammonium (SNA) were investigated during a six-month long heating season in the Harbin-Changchun metropolitan area, i.e., China's only national-level city cluster located in the severe cold climate region. The contribution of SNA to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) tended to decrease with increasing PM2.5 concentration, opposite to the trend repeatedly observed during winter in Beijing. Heterogeneous sulfate formation was still evident when the daily average temperature was as low as below -10 °C, with the preconditions of high relative humidity (RH; above ∼80%) and high nitrogen dioxide (above ∼60 μg/m3). Both the sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) and nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) were enhanced at high RH, reaching ∼0.3. However, the high RH conditions were not commonly seen during the heating season, which should be responsible for the overall lack of linkage between the SNA contribution and PM2.5 temporal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Qin-Qin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jiu-Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, China.
| | - Lin-Lin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & CMA Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guan-Nan Geng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Bin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Aik J, Chua R, Jamali N, Chee E. The burden of acute conjunctivitis attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution in Singapore and its exacerbation during South-East Asian haze episodes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140129. [PMID: 32562998 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Urban air quality in South-East Asia is influenced by local and transboundary sources of air pollutants. Research studies have well characterized the short-term effects of air pollution on cardiovascular and respiratory health but less so on ocular health. We investigated the relationship between air pollution and acute conjunctivitis in Singapore, a tropical city-state located in South-East Asia. METHODS Assuming a negative-binomial distribution, we examined the short-term associations between all-cause acute conjunctivitis reports from 2009 to 2018 and contemporaneous ambient air pollutant concentrations using a time-series analysis. In separate pollutant models for PM2.5 and PM10, we fitted fractional polynomials to investigate the linearity between air pollutant exposures and conjunctivitis, adjusting for long-term trend, seasonality, climate variability, public holidays, immediate and lagged exposure effects, and autocorrelation. RESULTS There were 261,959 acute conjunctivitis reports over the study period. Every 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with a 3.8% (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR): 1.038, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.029-1.046, p < 0.001) cumulative increase in risk of conjunctivitis over the present and subsequent week. Every 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10 was associated with a 2.9% (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR): 1.029, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.022-1.036, p < 0.001) cumulative increase in risk of conjunctivitis over the present and subsequent week. Acute conjunctivitis reports exhibited an inverse dependence on ambient air temperature and relative humidity variability. Approximately 3% of all acute conjunctivitis reports were attributable to PM2.5. Particulate matter attributed acute conjunctivitis was disproportionately higher during transboundary haze episodes. CONCLUSION Our study strengthens the evidence linking particulate matter exposure to an increased risk of conjunctival disease, with a disproportionately higher disease burden during South-East Asia transboundary haze episodes. Our findings underscore the importance of reducing the health impact of indigenous and transboundary sources of ambient particulate matter pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Aik
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Level 3, Samuels Building, Botany Road, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia; Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 40 Scotts Road, #13-00, Singapore 228231, Singapore.
| | - Rae Chua
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Natasha Jamali
- Pollution Control Department, National Environment Agency, 40 Scotts Road, #13-00, Singapore 228231, Singapore
| | - Elaine Chee
- Eye & Retina Surgeons, 38 Irrawaddy Road #07-63, Mount Elizabeth Novena Specialist Centre, Singapore 329563, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168751, Singapore
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Liu C, Wang H, Ma Q, Ma J, Wang Z, Liang L, Xu W, Zhang G, Zhang X, Wang T, He H. Efficient Conversion of NO to NO 2 on SO 2-Aged MgO under Atmospheric Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11848-11856. [PMID: 32885975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The NO-NO2 cycle determines the formation of O3 and hence plays a critical role in the oxidizing capacity of troposphere. Traditional view concluded that the heterogeneous oxidation of NO to NO2 was negligible due to the weak reactivity of NO on aerosols, compared to the homogeneous oxidation process. However, the results here reported for the first time that SO2 can greatly promote the heterogeneous transformation of NO into NO2 and HONO on MgO particles under ambient conditions. The uptake coefficients of NO were increased by 2-3 orders of magnitudes on SO2-aged MgO, compared to the fresh sample. Based on spectroscopic characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the active sites for the adsorption and oxidation of NO were determined to be sulfates, where an intermediate [SO4-NO] complex was formed during the adsorption. The decomposition of this species led to the formation of NO2 and the change of sulfate configuration. The formed NO2 could further react with surface sulfite to form HONO and sulfate. The conversion of NO to NO2 and HONO on the SO2-aged MgO surface under ambient conditions contributes a new formation pathway of NO2 and HONO and could be quite helpful for understanding the source of atmospheric oxidizing capacity as well as the formation of air pollution complexes in polluted regions such as the northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Honghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linlin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Liu Y, Wang T, Fang X, Deng Y, Cheng H, Bacha AUR, Nabi I, Zhang L. Brown carbon: An underlying driving force for rapid atmospheric sulfate formation and haze event. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139415. [PMID: 32464390 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The rapid sulfate formation is a crucial factor determining the explosive growth of fine particles and the frequent occurrence of severe haze events in China. Recent field observations also show that brown carbon is one of the most critical components in aerosol particles sampled during haze episodes. To this day, there is limited knowledge that accesses the role of brown carbon in atmospheric chemistry. In fact, these carbonaceous particulate matters, mainly derived from forest fires, biomass burning, and biogenic release, can act as photosensitizers and produce varieties of active intermediates to alter oxidation capacity. Experimental results in this work provide evidence that hydroxyl radical (∙OH) stems from brown carbon proxies fulvic acid /humic acid (FA/HA) upon irradiation, leading to rapid SO2 oxidation on brown carbon particles in the atmosphere. Further correlation analyses for sulfate formation and chromophore properties of 12 model compounds demonstrate that brown carbon particles with higher aromaticity and E2/E3 (the ratio of absorbance at 254 nm to that at 365 nm) would facilitate ∙OH production and SO2 photo-oxidation. Uptake coefficient measurements and sulfate production rate estimation indicate that brown carbon could gain importance in atmospheric SO2 oxidation. A better understanding of SO2 uptake kinetics on brown carbon surfaces favors in defining new regulations to improve air quality and reduce the harmful effects of haze events on resident health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xiaozhong Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yue Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Hanyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Aziz-Ur-Rahim Bacha
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Iqra Nabi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China..
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Pang N, Gao J, Che F, Ma T, Liu S, Yang Y, Zhao P, Yuan J, Liu J, Xu Z, Chai F. Cause of PM 2.5 pollution during the 2016-2017 heating season in Beijing, Tianjin, and Langfang, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:201-209. [PMID: 32653181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the cause of fine particulate matter (particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm, PM2.5) pollution in the heating season in the North China Plain (specifically Beijing, Tianjin, and Langfang), water-soluble ions and carbonaceous components in PM2.5 were simultaneously measured by online instruments with 1-hr resolution, from November 15, 2016 to March 15, 2017. The results showed extreme severity of PM2.5 pollution on a regional scale. Secondary inorganic ions (SNA, i.e., NO3-+SO42+ NH4+) dominated the water-soluble ions, accounting for 30%-40% of PM2.5, while the total carbon (TC, i.e., OC + EC) contributed to 26.5%-30.1% of PM2.5 in the three cities. SNA were mainly responsible for the increasing PM2.5 pollution compared with organic matter (OM). NO3- was the most abundant species among water-soluble ions, but SO42- played a much more important role in driving the elevated PM2.5 concentrations. The relative humidity (RH) and its precursor SO2 were the key factors affecting the formation of sulfate. Homogeneous reactions dominated the formation of nitrate which was mainly limited by HNO3 in ammonia-rich conditions. Secondary formation and regional transport from the heavily polluted region promoted the growth of PM2.5 concentrations in the formation stage of PM2.5 pollution in Beijing and Langfang. Regional transport or local emissions, along with secondary formation, made great contributions to the PM2.5 pollution in the evolution stage of PM2.5 pollution in Beijing and Langfang. The favourable meteorological conditions and regional transport from a relatively clean region both favored the diffusion of pollutants in all three cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nini Pang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fei Che
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tong Ma
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Su Liu
- Qingdao Huasi Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266199, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Pusheng Zhao
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Tianjin Environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Jiayuan Liu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhongjun Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Fahe Chai
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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38
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Wang T, Liu Y, Deng Y, Cheng H, Fang X, Zhang L. Heterogeneous Formation of Sulfur Species on Manganese Oxides: Effects of Particle Type and Moisture Condition. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7300-7312. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Yue Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Hanyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhong Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, Peoples’ Republic of China
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Acharja P, Ali K, Trivedi DK, Safai PD, Ghude S, Prabhakaran T, Rajeevan M. Characterization of atmospheric trace gases and water soluble inorganic chemical ions of PM 1 and PM 2.5 at Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi during 2017-18 winter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:138800. [PMID: 32361437 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water soluble inorganic chemical ions of PM1 and PM2.5 and atmospheric trace gases were monitored simultaneously on hourly resolution at Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA), Delhi during 8 December 2017-10 February 2018. Monitoring was made by MARGA (Monitoring AeRosol and Gases in ambient Air) under winter fog experiment (WIFEX) program of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India. The result based on the analysis of the data so generated reveals that Cl-, NH4+, NO3- and SO42- were dominant ions in order which collectively constituted 96.8 and 97.3% of the of the total measured ionic mass in PM1 and PM2.5 respectively. Their overall average concentrations in PM1 were 19.5 ± 19.7, 18.4 ± 10.5, 16.6 ± 8.7 and 10.3 ± 5.7 μg/m3 and in PM2.5 were 36.0 ± 33.9, 32.7 ± 17.2, 28.5 ± 13.6 and 19.9 ± 13.9 μg/m3. Average concentrations of HCl, HNO3, HNO2, SO2 and NH3 trace gases were 0.7 ± 0.3, 2.7 ± 1.1, 6.6 ± 4.7, 22.0 ± 12.3 and 25.7 ± 9.1 μg/m3 respectively. Weather parameters along with low mixing height played significant role in the occurrence of high concentration of these chemical species. NH4+ was the prime neutralizer of the acidic components and mostly occurred in (NH4)2SO4/NH4HSO4, NH4NO3 and NH4Cl molecular forms. Major sources of these chemical species were fossil fuel combustion in aviation activity and transportation, coal burning in thermal power plants, industrial processes and emissions from biomass burning and agro-based activity. The quality of air with respect to PM2.5 always remained deteriorated. It became alarming during low visibility period mainly due to high concentration of Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and NH4+. Both meteorological and chemical processes interactively fed each other which occasionally resulted in fog development and visibility degradation. The knowledge gained by this study will help in simulation of atmospheric processes which lead to fog development and dispersal in the Delhi region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prodip Acharja
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India
| | - Kaushar Ali
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
| | - Dinesh Kumar Trivedi
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - P D Safai
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sachin Ghude
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Thara Prabhakaran
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - M Rajeevan
- Ministry of Earth Sciences, Prithvi Bhavan, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, India
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40
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Wang J, Li J, Ye J, Zhao J, Wu Y, Hu J, Liu D, Nie D, Shen F, Huang X, Huang DD, Ji D, Sun X, Xu W, Guo J, Song S, Qin Y, Liu P, Turner JR, Lee HC, Hwang S, Liao H, Martin ST, Zhang Q, Chen M, Sun Y, Ge X, Jacob DJ. Fast sulfate formation from oxidation of SO 2 by NO 2 and HONO observed in Beijing haze. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2844. [PMID: 32503967 PMCID: PMC7275061 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16683-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe events of wintertime particulate air pollution in Beijing (winter haze) are associated with high relative humidity (RH) and fast production of particulate sulfate from the oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emitted by coal combustion. There has been considerable debate regarding the mechanism for SO2 oxidation. Here we show evidence from field observations of a haze event that rapid oxidation of SO2 by nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrous acid (HONO) takes place, the latter producing nitrous oxide (N2O). Sulfate shifts to larger particle sizes during the event, indicative of fog/cloud processing. Fog and cloud readily form under winter haze conditions, leading to high liquid water contents with high pH (>5.5) from elevated ammonia. Such conditions enable fast aqueous-phase oxidation of SO2 by NO2, producing HONO which can in turn oxidize SO2 to yield N2O.This mechanism could provide an explanation for sulfate formation under some winter haze conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yangzhou Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Dongyang Nie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fuzhen Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xiangpeng Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Dan Dan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shaojie Song
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yiming Qin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jay R Turner
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Hyun Chul Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hwang
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Scot T Martin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Daniel J Jacob
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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41
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Li J, Zhang YL, Cao F, Zhang W, Fan M, Lee X, Michalski G. Stable Sulfur Isotopes Revealed a Major Role of Transition-Metal Ion-Catalyzed SO 2 Oxidation in Haze Episodes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2626-2634. [PMID: 31944676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Secondary sulfate aerosols played an important role in aerosol formation and aging processes, especially during haze episodes in China. Secondary sulfate was formed via atmospheric oxidation of SO2 by OH, O3, H2O2, and transition-metal-catalyzed (TMI) O2. However, the relative importance of these oxidants in haze episodes was strongly debated. Here, we use stable sulfur isotopes (δ34S) of sulfate aerosols and a Rayleigh distillation model to quantify the contributions of each oxidant during a haze episode in Nanjing, a megacity in China. The observed δ34S values of sulfate aerosols showed a negative correlation with sulfur oxidation ratios, which was attributed to the sulfur isotopic fractionations during the sulfate formation processes. Using the average fractionation factor calculated from our observations and zero-dimensional (0-D) atmospheric chemistry modeling estimations, we suggest that OH oxidation was trivial during the haze episode, while the TMI pathway contributed 49 ± 10% of the total sulfate production and O3/H2O2 oxidations accounted for the rest. Our results displayed good agreement with several atmospheric chemistry models that carry aqueous and heterogeneous TMI oxidation pathways, suggesting the role of the TMI pathway was significant during haze episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghanyang Li
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Meiyi Fan
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xuhui Lee
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Greg Michalski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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42
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Liu JM, Wang PF, Zhang HL, Du ZY, Zheng B, Yu QQ, Zheng GJ, Ma YL, Zheng M, Cheng Y, Zhang Q, He KB. Integration of field observation and air quality modeling to characterize Beijing aerosol in different seasons. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:125195. [PMID: 31683164 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution in Beijing was investigated based on field observation and air quality modeling. Measurement results showed that when using elemental carbon (EC) as the reference component, concurrent increases were observed in the relative abundances of sulfate, nitrate, organic carbon (OC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) when RH exceeded ∼65% during winter. The observed increases could not be explained by variations of primary biomass burning emissions, instead they likely pointed to heterogeneous chemistry and presumably indicated that formation of secondary inorganic and organic aerosols might be related during winter haze events in Beijing. Large gaps were found in winter when comparing the observational and modeling results. In summer, RH exhibited little influence on the observed sulfate/EC, OC/EC or WSOC/EC, and the observed and modeled results were in general comparable for the concentrations of sulfate, EC and OC. This study suggests that distinct yet poorly-understood atmospheric chemistry may be at play in China's winter haze events, and it could be a substantial challenge to properly incorporate the related mechanisms into air quality models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Qin-Qin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Guang-Jie Zheng
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yong-Liang Ma
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Bin He
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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43
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Liu T, Clegg SL, Abbatt JPD. Fast oxidation of sulfur dioxide by hydrogen peroxide in deliquesced aerosol particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1354-1359. [PMID: 31900361 PMCID: PMC6983387 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916401117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric sulfate aerosols have important impacts on air quality, climate, and human and ecosystem health. However, current air-quality models generally underestimate the rate of conversion of sulfur dioxide (SO2) to sulfate during severe haze pollution events, indicating that our understanding of sulfate formation chemistry is incomplete. This may arise because the air-quality models rely upon kinetics studies of SO2 oxidation conducted in dilute aqueous solutions, and not at the high solute strengths of atmospheric aerosol particles. Here, we utilize an aerosol flow reactor to perform direct investigation on the kinetics of aqueous oxidation of dissolved SO2 by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using pH-buffered, submicrometer, deliquesced aerosol particles at relative humidity of 73 to 90%. We find that the high solute strength of the aerosol particles significantly enhances the sulfate formation rate for the H2O2 oxidation pathway compared to the dilute solution. By taking these effects into account, our results indicate that the oxidation of SO2 by H2O2 in the liquid water present in atmospheric aerosol particles can contribute to the missing sulfate source during severe haze episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada;
| | - Simon L Clegg
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada;
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44
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Martínez-Ahumada E, López-Olvera A, Jancik V, Sánchez-Bautista JE, González-Zamora E, Martis V, Williams DR, Ibarra IA. MOF Materials for the Capture of Highly Toxic H2S and SO2. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Martínez-Ahumada
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica y Reactividad de Superficies, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alfredo López-Olvera
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica y Reactividad de Superficies, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Vojtech Jancik
- Centro Conjunto de Investigaciones en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carr. Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Jonathan E. Sánchez-Bautista
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica y Reactividad de Superficies, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Eduardo González-Zamora
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, C. P. 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Vladimir Martis
- Surface Measurement Systems, Unit 5, Wharfside, Rosemont Road, London HA0 4PE, U.K
| | - Daryl R. Williams
- Surfaces and Particle Engineering Laboratory (SPEL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Ilich A. Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica y Reactividad de Superficies, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
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45
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Wang Q, Zhang T, Zhang S, Fan Y, Chen B. Extractive desulfurization of fuels using trialkylamine-based protic ionic liquids. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Zhao D, Xin J, Gong C, Quan J, Liu G, Zhao W, Wang Y, Liu Z, Song T. The formation mechanism of air pollution episodes in Beijing city: Insights into the measured feedback between aerosol radiative forcing and the atmospheric boundary layer stability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:371-381. [PMID: 31351281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Based on the high-resolution observation of meteorological factors profiles, particulate matter concentration and aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) from 25 August to 17 November 2018 in Beijing, the feedback between ARF and the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) stability was systematically investigated during air pollution episodes. There was the initial explosive growth in particulate matter (PM) concentration that PM2.5 sharply increased from ~8μgm-3 to ~100μgm-3, with aerosol optical depth (AOD) increasing from ~0.25 to ~0.58. This was the transport phase dominated by the southerly winds. As PM increased, the high aerosol loading scattered more solar radiation cooling the earth-atmosphere system (ARF at the top of the atmospheric column (TOA): from ~5Wm-2 to ~-52Wm-2). Meanwhile, high aerosol loading absorbed more solar radiation and heated the atmospheric layer with ARF at the interior of the atmospheric column (ATM) increasing from ~21Wm-2 to ~42Wm-2. The absorption and scattering effects of aerosol together cooled the surface (ARF at the surface of the atmospheric column (SFC): from ~-16Wm-2 to ~-90Wm-2). Thus, the ABL stability rapidly increased in the following cumulative phase and heavy pollution phase with a strong temperature inversion (inversion depth of ~300-1000m) occurring. In turn, the persistent temperature inversion caused the significant accumulation of moisture (water vapor density of ~5-10gm-3) and pollutants, and PM were prone to physicochemical reactions in the high-humidity environment, further increasing PM. It was the constant feedback effect between ARF and the ABL stability that continually reduced atmospheric environmental capacity and aggravated air pollution (PM2.5 and AOD reaching ~95-125μgm-3 and ~1.38-1.75, respectively). Finally, the feedback was broken by dry, clean and strong north winds appearing in Beijing in the dissipation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinyuan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Chongshui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China; Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Chance and Disaster Reduction, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou, China; Northwestern Regional Center of Numerical Weather Prediction, China
| | - Jiannong Quan
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Guangjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenpeng Zhao
- College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; College of Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Yang J, Li L, Wang S, Li H, Francisco JS, Zeng XC, Gao Y. Unraveling a New Chemical Mechanism of Missing Sulfate Formation in Aerosol Haze: Gaseous NO2 with Aqueous HSO3–/SO32–. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19312-19320. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Shixian Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Yi Gao
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
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48
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Wang S, Zhou S, Tao Y, Tsui WG, Ye J, Yu JZ, Murphy JG, McNeill VF, Abbatt JPD, Chan AWH. Organic Peroxides and Sulfur Dioxide in Aerosol: Source of Particulate Sulfate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10695-10704. [PMID: 31418552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur oxides (SOx) are important atmospheric trace species in both gas and particulate phases, and sulfate is a major component of atmospheric aerosol. One potentially important source of particulate sulfate formation is the oxidation of dissolved SO2 by organic peroxides, which comprises a major fraction of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, we investigated the reaction kinetics and mechanisms between SO2 and condensed-phase peroxides. pH-dependent aqueous phase reaction rate constants between S(IV) and organic peroxide standards were measured. Highly oxygenated organic peroxides with O/C > 0.6 in α-pinene SOA react rapidly with S(IV) species in the aqueous phase. The reactions between organic peroxides and S(IV) yield both inorganic sulfate and organosulfates (OS), as observed by electrospray ionization ion mobility mass spectrometry. For the first time, 34S-labeling experiments in this study revealed that dissolved SO2 forms OS via direct reactions without forming inorganic sulfate as a reactive intermediate. Kinetics of OS formation was estimated semiquantitatively, and such reaction was found to account for 30-60% of sulfur reacted. The photochemical box model GAMMA was applied to assess the implications of the measured SO2 consumption and OS formation rates. Our findings indicate that this novel pathway of SO2-peroxide reaction is important for sulfate formation in submicron aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
| | - Shouming Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , Toronto , Ontario M1C 1A4 , Canada
| | - William G Tsui
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Columbia , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Hong Kong , China
| | - Jennifer G Murphy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Columbia , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
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Wang Y, Han X, Liu Y. Removal of Carbon Monoxide from Simulated Flue Gas Using Two New Fenton Systems: Mechanism and Kinetics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10387-10397. [PMID: 31389232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two novel removal processes of carbon monoxide using two new Fenton systems (i.e., Cu2+/Fe2+ and Mn2+/Fe2+ coactivated H2O2 systems) were developed. The effect of several process parameters (concentrations of H2O2, Fe2+, Cu2+, and Mn2+, reagent pH value, solution temperature, and simulated flue gas components) on CO removal was studied in a bubbling reactor. The mechanism and kinetics of CO removal were also revealed. Results show that adding Cu2+ or Mn2+ obviously enhances the removal process of CO in new Fenton systems. The measured results of free radical yield demonstrate that the enhancing role is derived from producing more ·OH (they are produced due to the synergistic activation role of Cu2+/Fe2+ or Mn2+/Fe2+ in new Fenton systems. The removal efficiency of CO is raised by increasing concentrations of Fe2+, Cu2+, and Mn2+ and is reduced by raising concentrations of CO, NO, and SO2. Increasing H2O2 concentration, reagent pH, and solution temperature demonstrates a dual impact on CO absorption. Three oxidation pathways are found to be responsible for CO removal in new Fenton systems. Results of mass-transfer reaction kinetics reveal that CO removal processes are located in a fast-speed reaction kinetics region (the CO removal process is controlled by the mass transfer rate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013 , China
| | - Xuan Han
- School of Energy and Power Engineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013 , China
| | - Yangxian Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013 , China
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50
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Chen T, Chu B, Ge Y, Zhang S, Ma Q, He H, Li SM. Enhancement of aqueous sulfate formation by the coexistence of NO 2/NH 3 under high ionic strengths in aerosol water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:236-244. [PMID: 31153028 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Current air quality models usually underestimate the concentration of ambient air sulfate, but the cause of this underestimation remains unclear. One reason for the underestimation is that the sulfate formation mechanism in the models is incomplete, and does not adequately consider the impact of the synergistic effects of high concentrations of multiple pollutants on sulfate formation. In this work, the roles of gaseous NO2, NH3 and solution ionic strength in the formation of sulfate in the aqueous phase were quantitatively investigated using a glass reactor and a 30 m3 smog chamber, separately. The results showed that sulfate formation was enhanced to different degrees in the presence of gas-phase NO2, NH3 and their coexistence as solutes in both liquid solution and aerosol water. NH3 enhances the aqueous oxidation of SO2 by NO2 mainly by accelerating the uptake of SO2 through increased solubility. More importantly, we found that high ionic strength in aerosol water could significantly accelerate the aqueous oxidation of SO2, resulting in unexpectedly high S(VI) formation rates. We estimate that under severe haze conditions, heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 by NO2 on aerosols may be much shorter than that through gas phase oxidation by OH, aided by high ionic strengths in aerosols. Considering the existence of complex air pollution conditions with high concentrations of NO2, NH3 and aerosol water, as expected in typical urban and suburban settings, the sulfate formation mechanisms revealed in the present work should be incorporated into air quality models to improve the prediction of sulfate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Yanli Ge
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shao-Meng Li
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, M3H5T4, Canada
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