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Esu CO, Pyo J, Cho K. Machine learning-derived dose-response relationships considering interactions in mixtures: Applications to the oxidative potential of particulate matter. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 475:134864. [PMID: 38876025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Conventional environmental health research is primarily focused on isolated chemical exposures, neglecting the complex interactions between multiple pollutants that may synergistically or antagonistically influence toxicity, thereby posing unexpected health risks. In this study, we address this knowledge gap by introducing an explainable machine learning (ML) approach with Feature Localized Intercept Transformed-Shapley Additive Explanations (FLIT-SHAP) designed to extract the dose-response relationships of specific pollutants in mixtures. In contrast to traditional SHAP, FLIT-SHAP can localize the global intercept to elucidate mixture effects, which is crucial for understanding the oxidative potential (OP) of ambient particulate matter (PM). Assessing multi-pollutant OP using FLIT-SHAP revealed both synergistic (55-63 %) and antagonistic (25-42 %) effects in laboratory-controlled OP data, but an antagonistic (33-66 %; lower OP) effect in ambient PM. Notably, the FLIT-SHAP approach demonstrated higher prediction accuracy (R2 = 0.99) compared to the additive model (R2 = 0.89) when evaluated against real-world PM samples. Quinones, such as phenanthrenequinone, play a more significant role in PM2.5 than previously recognized. Through this study, we highlighted the potential of FLIT-SHAP to enhance toxicity predictions and aid decision-making in the field of environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles O Esu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea
| | - JongCheol Pyo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuk Cho
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea; Institute of Environmental Studies, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Yu H, Wang Y, Puthussery JV, Verma V. Sources of acellular oxidative potential of water-soluble fine ambient particulate matter in the midwestern United States. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134763. [PMID: 38843639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with numerous health complications, yet the specific PM2.5 chemical components and their emission sources contributing to these health outcomes are understudied. Our study analyzes the chemical composition of PM2.5 collected from five distinct locations at urban, roadside and rural environments in midwestern region of the United States, and associates them with five acellular oxidative potential (OP) endpoints of water-soluble PM2.5. Redox-active metals (i.e., Cu, Fe, and Mn) and carbonaceous species were correlated with most OP endpoints, suggesting their significant role in OP. We conducted a source apportionment analysis using positive matrix factorization (PMF) and found a strong disparity in the contribution of various emission sources to PM2.5 mass vs. OP. Regional secondary sources and combustion-related aerosols contributed significantly (> 75 % in total) to PM2.5 mass, but showed weaker contribution (43-69 %) to OP. Local sources such as parking emissions, industrial emissions, and agricultural activities, though accounting marginally to PM2.5 mass (< 10 % for each), significantly contributed to various OP endpoints (10-50 %). Our results demonstrate that the sources contributing to PM2.5 mass and health effects are not necessarily same, emphasizing the need for an improved air quality management strategy utilizing more health-relevant PM2.5 indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211 116th St, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Yixiang Wang
- College of Health, Lehigh University, 124 E Morton St, Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Joseph V Puthussery
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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3
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Salana S, Yu H, Dai Z, Subramanian PSG, Puthussery JV, Wang Y, Singh A, Pope FD, Leiva G MA, Rastogi N, Tripathi SN, Weber RJ, Verma V. Inter-continental variability in the relationship of oxidative potential and cytotoxicity with PM 2.5 mass. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5263. [PMID: 38898130 PMCID: PMC11187120 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Most fine ambient particulate matter (PM2.5)-based epidemiological models use globalized concentration-response (CR) functions assuming that the toxicity of PM2.5 is solely mass-dependent without considering its chemical composition. Although oxidative potential (OP) has emerged as an alternate metric of PM2.5 toxicity, the association between PM2.5 mass and OP on a large spatial extent has not been investigated. In this study, we evaluate this relationship using 385 PM2.5 samples collected from 14 different sites across 4 different continents and using 5 different OP (and cytotoxicity) endpoints. Our results show that the relationship between PM2.5 mass vs. OP (and cytotoxicity) is largely non-linear due to significant differences in the intrinsic toxicity, resulting from a spatially heterogeneous chemical composition of PM2.5. These results emphasize the need to develop localized CR functions incorporating other measures of PM2.5 properties (e.g., OP) to better predict the PM2.5-attributed health burdens.
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Grants
- CBET-1847237 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems (CBET)
- CBET-2012149 NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems (CBET)
- Centre of Excellence Advanced Technologies for Monitoring Air-quality iNdicators (ATMAN) approved by the PSA office, Government of India, and supported by a group of philanthropic funders, including the Bloomberg Philanthropies, the Open Philanthropy, and the Clean Air Fund
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheer Salana
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Haoran Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zhuying Dai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - P S Ganesh Subramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Joseph V Puthussery
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Energy, Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Yixiang Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- College of Health, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Ajit Singh
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Francis D Pope
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Manuel A Leiva G
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, RM, Chile
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Sachchida Nand Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
- Department of Sustainable Energy Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Rodney J Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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4
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Li H, Ma J, Qin Y, Sun X, Pei Z, Yang R, Li Y, Zhang Q. Assessment of interactions between elemental carbon and metals in black carbon: Hydroxyl radical generation and glutathione depletion. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134223. [PMID: 38593664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Elemental carbon (EC) and metals are two important parts of atmospheric black carbon (BC). However, little information is available regarding the interaction between them and its impacts on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and physiological antioxidants depletion. In this study, we chose six most frequently detected metals (Cu(Ⅱ), Fe(Ⅲ), Mn(Ⅱ), Cr(Ⅲ), Pb(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ)) in BC and examined their interactions with EC in the ROS generation and glutathione (GSH) oxidation. Results showed that only Cu(Ⅱ) and EC synergically promoted the GSH oxidation and hydroxyl radical (•OH) generation. Other five metals had negligible effects on the GSH oxidation regardless of the presence or absence of EC. The synergistic interaction between Cu(Ⅱ) and EC could be attributed to the superior electrical conductivity of EC. In the process, EC transferred electrons from the adjacent GSH to Cu(Ⅱ) through its graphitic carbon framework to yield Cu(Ⅰ) and GSH radical. Cu(Ⅰ) further reacted with dioxygen to generate •OH, which eventually led to the oxidation of GSH. Our results revealed a new driving force inducing the ROS formation and GSH depletion as well as provided novel insights into the risk assessment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanming Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Beijing Urban Ecosystem Research Station, State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Xu H, Gu Y, Bai Y, Li D, Liu M, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Sun J, Shen Z. Exploration and comparison of the relationship between PAHs and ROS in PM 2.5 emitted from multiple anthropogenic sources in the Guanzhong Plain, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170229. [PMID: 38246388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions have emerged as an important source of urban atmospheric PM2.5, exacerbating air pollution and the associated health implications. This study analyses PM2.5, originating from major anthropogenic sources (industries, motor vehicles, and solid-fuel combustion for domestic applications) in the Guanzhong Plain in China, along with the parent- (p-), alkylated- (a-), and oxygenated- (o-) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in PM2.5. Industrial emissions are mainly characterised by high abundances of benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), and benz[a]fluoranthene (BaF). The 4-ring p-PAHs, such as fluoranthene (FLA), pyrene (PYR), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), and chrysene (CHR) proportions and the diagnostic ratios of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcdP)/[IcdP + benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP)] and 1-acenaphthenone (1ACO)/[1ACO + 9-fluorenone (9FO)] in motor vehicle emission PM2.5 were higher than the other sources. Household solid fuel combustion features high proportions of methylnaphthalene (M-NAP), i.e., 2 M-NAP and 1 M-NAP and 3-ring p-PAHs. Acenaphthylene (ACY), acenaphthene (ACE), anthracene (ANT), 1,4-chrysenequinone (1,4CHRQ), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were positively correlated among the three anthropogenic sources. Moreover, the correlations between other PAHs and ROS varied significantly among the three sources. As mixed and compound organic pollutants, 2- and 3-ring p-PAHs were more positively correlated with the ROS activity of household solid fuel combustion sources compared with industrial and motor vehicle sources. Based on the relative contribution of these three sources to PAHs in PM2.5, we estimated the cancer risks of males and females in the Guanzhong area to be 2.95 × 10-6 and 2.87 × 10-6, respectively, exceeding the safety threshold of 1 × 10-6. This study provides a basic dataset for conducting a refined source apportionment of PM2.5 and a scientific basis for further understanding the relationship between PM2.5, PAHs, and ROS in northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Yunxuan Gu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yunlong Bai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Meixuan Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zexuan Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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6
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Li R, Yan C, Meng Q, Yue Y, Jiang W, Yang L, Zhu Y, Xue L, Gao S, Liu W, Chen T, Meng J. Key toxic components and sources affecting oxidative potential of atmospheric particulate matter using interpretable machine learning: Insights from fog episodes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133175. [PMID: 38086305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Fog significantly affects the air quality and human health. To investigate the health effects and mechanisms of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during fog episodes, PM2.5 samples were collected from the coastal suburb of Qingdao during different seasons from 2021 to 2022, with the major chemical composition in PM2.5 analyzed. The oxidative potential (OP) of PM2.5 was determined using the dithiothreitol (DTT) method. A positive matrix factorization model was adopted for PM2.5. Interpretable machine learning (IML) was used to reveal and quantify the key components and sources affecting OP. PM2.5 exhibited higher oxidative toxicity during fog episodes. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), NH4+, K+, and water-soluble Fe positively affected the enhancement of DTTV (volume-based DTT activity) during fog episodes. The IML analysis demonstrated that WSOC and K+ contributed significantly to DTTV, with values of 0.31 ± 0.34 and 0.27 ± 0.22 nmol min-1 m-3, respectively. Regarding the sources, coal combustion and biomass burning contributed significantly to DTTV (0.40 ± 0.38 and 0.39 ± 0.36 nmol min-1 m-3, respectively), indicating the significant influence of combustion-related sources on OP. This study provides new insights into the effects of PM2.5 compositions and sources on OP by applying IML models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyu Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Qingpeng Meng
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yang Yue
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weijian Liu
- College of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Tianxing Chen
- College of Engineering, University of Washington, 1410 NE Campus Pkwy, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jingjing Meng
- College of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
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7
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Wang Y, Xing C, Cai B, Qiu W, Zhai J, Zeng Y, Zhang A, Shi S, Zhang Y, Yang X, Fu TM, Shen H, Wang C, Zhu L, Ye J. Impact of antioxidants on PM 2.5 oxidative potential, radical level, and cytotoxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169555. [PMID: 38157913 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Antioxidants are typically seen as agents that mitigate environmental health risks due to their ability to scavenge free radicals. However, our research presents a paradox where these molecules, particularly those within lung fluid, act as prooxidants in the presence of airborne particulate matter (PM2.5), thus enhancing PM2.5 oxidative potential (OP). In our study, we examined a range of antioxidants found in the respiratory system (e.g., vitamin C, glutathione (GSH), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC)), in plasma (vitamin A, vitamin E, and β-carotene), and in food (tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)). We aimed to explore antioxidants' prooxidant and antioxidant interactions with PM2.5 and the resulting OP and cytotoxicity. We employed OH generation assays and electron paramagnetic resonance assays to assess the pro-oxidative and anti-oxidative effects of antioxidants. Additionally, we assessed cytotoxicity interaction using a Chinese hamster ovary cell cytotoxicity assay. Our findings revealed that, in the presence of PM2.5, all antioxidants except vitamin E significantly increased the PM2.5 OP by generating more OH radicals (OH generation rate: 0.16-24.67 pmol·min-1·m-3). However, it's noteworthy that these generated OH radicals were at least partially neutralized by the antioxidants themselves. Among the pro-oxidative antioxidants, vitamin A, β-carotene, and TBHQ showed the least ability to quench these radicals, consistent with their observed impact in enhancing PM2.5 cytotoxicity (PM2.5 LC50 reduced to 91.2 %, 88.8 %, and 75.1 % of PM2.5's original level, respectively). Notably, vitamin A and TBHQ-enhanced PM2.5 OP were strongly associated with the presence of metals and organic compounds, particularly with copper (Cu) contributing significantly (35 %) to TBHQ's pro-oxidative effect. Our study underscores the potential health risks associated with the interaction between antioxidants and ambient pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chunbo Xing
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baohua Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenhui Qiu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jinghao Zhai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yaling Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Antai Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shao Shi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
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8
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Li JM, Zhao SM, Wu SP, Jiang BQ, Liu YJ, Zhang J, Schwab JJ. Size-segregated characteristics of water-soluble oxidative potential in urban Xiamen: Potential driving factors and implications for human health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168902. [PMID: 38029991 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative potential (OP), defined as the ability of particulate matter (PM) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been considered as a potential health-related metric for PM. Particles with different sizes have different OP and deposition efficiencies in the respiratory tract and pose different health risks. In this study, size-segregated PM samples were collected at a coastal urban site in Xiamen, a port city in southeastern China, between August 2020 and September 2021. The water-soluble constituents, including inorganic ions, elements and organic carbon, were determined. Total volume-normalized OP based on the dithiothreitol assay was highest in spring (0.241 ± 0.033 nmol min-1 m-3) and lowest in summer (0.073 ± 0.006 nmol min-1 m-3). OP had a biomodal distribution with peaks at 0.25-0.44 μm and 1.0-1.4 μm in spring, summer, and winter and a unimodal pattern with peak at 0.25-0.44 μm in fall, which were different from the patterns of redox-active species. Variations in the seasonality of fine and coarse mode OP and their correlations with water-soluble constituents showed that the size distribution patterns of OP could be attributed to the combined effects of the size distributions of transition metals and redox-active organics and the interactions between them which varied with emissions, meteorological conditions and atmospheric processes. Respiratory tract deposition model indicated that the deposited OP and the toxic elements accounted for 47.9 % and 36.8 % of their measured concentrations, respectively. The highest OP doses and the excess lifetime carcinogenic risk (ELCR) were found in the head airway (>70 %). However, the size distributions of OP deposition and ELCR in the respiratory tract were different, with 63.9 % and 49.4 % of deposited ELCR and OP, respectively, coming from PM2.5. Therefore, attention must be paid to coarse particles from non-exhaust emissions and road dust resuspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Si-Min Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shui-Ping Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Bing-Qi Jiang
- Fujian Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Yi-Jing Liu
- Fujian Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany 12203, USA
| | - James J Schwab
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany 12203, USA
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9
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Raparthi N, Yadav S, Khare A, Dubey S, Phuleria HC. Chemical and oxidative properties of fine particulate matter from near-road traffic sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122514. [PMID: 37678733 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity associated with the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has not been well studied, particularly in relation to the emissions from on-road vehicles and other sources in low- and middle-income countries such as India. Thus, a study was conducted to examine the oxidative potential (OP) of PM2.5 at a roadside (RS) site with heavy vehicular traffic and an urban background (BG) site in Mumbai using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Simultaneous gravimetric PM2.5 was measured at both sites and characterized for carbonaceous constituents and water-soluble trace elements and metals. Results depicted higher PM2.5, elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC) concentrations on the RS than BG (by a factor of 1.7, 4.6, and 1.2, respectively), while BG had higher water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) levels (by a factor of 1.4) and a higher WSOC to OC ratio (86%), likely due to the dominance of secondary aerosol formation. In contrast, the measured OPDTTv at RS (8.9 ± 5.5 nmol/min/m3) and BG (8.1 ± 6.4 nmol/min/m3) sites were similar. However, OPDTTv at BG was higher during the afternoon, suggesting the influence of photochemical transformation on measured OPDTTv at BG. At RS, OC and redox-active metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe) were significantly associated with measured OP (p < 0.05), while at BG, WSOC was most strongly associated (p < 0.05). The coefficient of divergence (COD) for PM2.5, its chemical species, and OPDTTv was >0.2, indicating spatial heterogeneity between the sites, and differences in emission sources and toxicity. The estimated hazard index (HI) was not associated with OPDTTv, indicating that current PM2.5 mass regulations may not adequately capture the health effects of PM2.5. The study highlights the need for further studies examining PM2.5 toxicity and developing toxicity-based air quality regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Raparthi
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India; Air Quality Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Suman Yadav
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Ashi Khare
- Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Shreya Dubey
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Harish C Phuleria
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India; IDP in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India; Koita Centre for Digital Health, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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10
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Zhai S, Zeng J, Zhang Y, Huang J, Li X, Wang W, Zhang T, Deng Y, Yin F, Ma Y. Combined health effects of PM 2.5 components on respiratory mortality in short-term exposure using BKMR: A case study in Sichuan, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165365. [PMID: 37437633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the major causes of global mortality is respiratory diseases. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) increased the risk of respiratory death in short-term exposure. PM2.5 is the chemical mixture of components with different health effects. The combined health effects of PM2.5 are determined by the role of each component and the potential interaction between components, but they have not been studied in short-term exposure. Sichuan Province (SC), with high respiratory mortality and heavy PM2.5 pollution, had distinctive regional differences in four regions in sources and proportions of PM2.5, so it was divided into four regions to explore the combined health effects of PM2.5 components on respiratory mortality in short-term exposure and to identify the main hazardous components. Due to the multicollinear, interactive, and nonlinear characteristics of the associations between PM2.5 components and respiratory mortality, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) was used to characterize the combined health effects, along with quantile-based g-computation (QGC) as a reference. Positive combined effects of PM2.5 were found in all four regions of Sichuan using BKMR with excess risks (ER) of 0.0101-0.0132 (95 % CI: 0.0093-0.0158) and in the central basin and northwest basin using QGC with relative risks (RR) of 1.0064 (95 % CI: 1.0039, 1.0089) and 1.0044 (95 % CI: 1.0022, 1.0066), respectively. In addition, the adverse health effect was larger in cold seasons than that in warm seasons, so vulnerable people should reduce outdoor activities in heavily polluted days, especially in the cold season. For the components of PM2.5, the BC and OM mainly from traffic, dominated the adverse health effects on respiratory mortality. Furthermore, NO3- might aggravate the adverse health effects of BC/OM. Therefore, BC/OM and NO3- should be focused together in air pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Zhai
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Sichuan Provincial Disease Prevention and Control Center, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Jingfei Huang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Xuelin Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Wei Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Ying Deng
- Sichuan Provincial Disease Prevention and Control Center, China
| | - Fei Yin
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yue Ma
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
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11
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Kayaba S, Kajino M. Potential Impacts of Energy and Vehicle Transformation Through 2050 on Oxidative Stress-Inducing PM 2.5 Metals Concentration in Japan. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2023GH000789. [PMID: 37842137 PMCID: PMC10574721 DOI: 10.1029/2023gh000789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of renewable energy shifting, passenger car electrification, and lightweighting through 2050 on the atmospheric concentrations of PM2.5 total mass and oxidative stress-inducing metals (PM2.5-Fe, Cu, and Zn) in Japan were evaluated using a regional meteorology-chemistry model. The surface concentrations of PM2.5 total mass, Fe, Cu, and Zn in the urban area decreased by 8%, 13%, 18%, and 5%, respectively. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have been considered to have no advantage in terms of non-exhaust PM emissions by previous studies. This is because the disadvantages (heavier weight increases tire wear, road wear, and resuspention) offset the advantages (regenerative braking system (RBS) reduces brake wear). However, the future lightweighting of drive battery and body frame were estimated to reduce all non-exhaust PM. Passenger car electrification only reduced PM2.5 concentration by 2%. However, Fe and Cu concentrations were more reduced (-8% and -13%, respectively) because they have high brake wear-derived and significantly reflects the benefits of BEV's RBS. The water-soluble fraction concentration of metals (induces oxidative stress in the body) was estimated based on aerosol acidity. The reduction of SOx, NOx, and NH3 emissions from on-road and thermal power plants slightly changed the aerosol acidity (pH ± 0.2). However, it had a negligible effect on water-soluble metal concentrations (maximum +2% for Fe and +0.5% for Cu and Zn). Therefore, the metal emissions reduction was more important than gaseous pollutants in decreasing the water-soluble metals that induces respiratory oxidative stress and passenger car electrification and lightweighting were effective means of achieving this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Kayaba
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
- Meteorological Research InstituteJapan Meteorological AgencyTsukubaJapan
| | - Mizuo Kajino
- Meteorological Research InstituteJapan Meteorological AgencyTsukubaJapan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
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12
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Lyu Y, Wu H, Pang X, Wang J, Zhao M, Chen J, Qin K. The complexation of atmospheric Brown carbon surrogates on the generation of hydroxyl radical from transition metals in simulated lung fluid. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108240. [PMID: 37797479 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) poses great adverse effects through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Various components in PM are acknowledged to induce ROS formation, while the interactions among chemicals remain to be elucidated. Here, we systematically investigate the influence of Brown carbon (BrC) surrogates (e.g., imidazoles, nitrocatechols and humic acid) on hydroxyl radical (OH) generation from transition metals (TMs) in simulated lung fluid. Present results show that BrC has an antagonism (interaction factor: 20-90 %) with Cu2+ in OH generation upon the interaction with glutathione, in which the concentrations of BrC and TMs influence the extent of antagonism. Rapid OH generation in glutathione is observed for Fe2+, while OH formation is very little for Fe3+. The compositions of antioxidants (e.g., glutathione, ascorbate, urate), resembling the upper and lower respiratory tract, respond differently to BrC and TMs (Cu2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+) in OH generation and the degree of antagonism. The complexation equilibrium constants and site numbers between Cu2+ and humic acid were further analyzed using fluorescence quenching experiments. Possible complexation products among TMs, 4-nitrocatechol and glutathione were also identified using quadropule-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The results suggest atmospheric BrC widely participate in complexation with TMs which influence OH formation in the human lung fluid, and complexation should be considered in evaluating ROS formation mediated by ambient PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lyu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; Shaoxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Shaoxing 312077, China.
| | - Haonan Wu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xiaobing Pang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Jiade Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jinyuan Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Kai Qin
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
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13
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Liu F, Joo T, Ditto JC, Saavedra MG, Takeuchi M, Boris AJ, Yang Y, Weber RJ, Dillner AM, Gentner DR, Ng NL. Oxidized and Unsaturated: Key Organic Aerosol Traits Associated with Cellular Reactive Oxygen Species Production in the Southeastern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14150-14161. [PMID: 37699525 PMCID: PMC10538939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with millions of premature deaths annually. Oxidative stress through overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a possible mechanism for PM2.5-induced health effects. Organic aerosol (OA) is a dominant component of PM2.5 worldwide, yet its role in PM2.5 toxicity is poorly understood due to its chemical complexity. Here, through integrated cellular ROS measurements and detailed multi-instrument chemical characterization of PM in urban southeastern United States, we show that oxygenated OA (OOA), especially more-oxidized OOA, is the main OA type associated with cellular ROS production. We further reveal that highly unsaturated species containing carbon-oxygen double bonds and aromatic rings in OOA are major contributors to cellular ROS production. These results highlight the key chemical features of ambient OA driving its toxicity. As more-oxidized OOA is ubiquitous and abundant in the atmosphere, this emphasizes the need to understand its sources and chemical processing when formulating effective strategies to mitigate PM2.5 health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fobang Liu
- Department
of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power
Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Taekyu Joo
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jenna C. Ditto
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Maria G. Saavedra
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- School of
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Alexandra J. Boris
- Air
Quality Research Center, University of California
Davis, Davis, California 95618, United States
| | - Yuhan Yang
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rodney J. Weber
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ann M. Dillner
- Air
Quality Research Center, University of California
Davis, Davis, California 95618, United States
| | - Drew R. Gentner
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Nga L. Ng
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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14
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Garcia A, Santa-Helena E, De Falco A, de Paula Ribeiro J, Gioda A, Gioda CR. Toxicological Effects of Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5): Health Risks and Associated Systemic Injuries-Systematic Review. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2023; 234:346. [PMID: 37250231 PMCID: PMC10208206 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-023-06278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies focused on investigating particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5) have shown the risk of disease development, and association with increased morbidity and mortality rates. The current review investigate epidemiological and experimental findings from 2016 to 2021, which enabled the systemic overview of PM2.5's toxic impacts on human health. The Web of Science database search used descriptive terms to investigate the interaction among PM2.5 exposure, systemic effects, and COVID-19 disease. Analyzed studies have indicated that cardiovascular and respiratory systems have been extensively investigated and indicated as the main air pollution targets. Nevertheless, PM2.5 reaches other organic systems and harms the renal, neurological, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems. Pathologies onset and/or get worse due to toxicological effects associated with the exposure to this particle type, since it can trigger several reactions, such as inflammatory responses, oxidative stress generation and genotoxicity. These cellular dysfunctions lead to organ malfunctions, as shown in the current review. In addition, the correlation between COVID-19/Sars-CoV-2 and PM2.5 exposure was also assessed to help better understand the role of atmospheric pollution in the pathophysiology of this disease. Despite the significant number of studies about PM2.5's effects on organic functions, available in the literature, there are still gaps in knowledge about how this particulate matter can hinder human health. The current review aimed to approach the main findings about the effect of PM2.5 exposure on different systems, and demonstrate the likely interaction of COVID-19/Sars-CoV-2 and PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Garcia
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900 Brazil
| | - Eduarda Santa-Helena
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900 Brazil
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Departmento de Química, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anna De Falco
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Departmento de Química, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joaquim de Paula Ribeiro
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900 Brazil
| | - Adriana Gioda
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Departmento de Química, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Rosa Gioda
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900 Brazil
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15
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Yu YQ, Zhu T. Effects of endogenous and exogenous reductants in lung fluid on the bioaccessible metal concentration and oxidative potential of ultrafine particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163652. [PMID: 37094683 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Health risk posed by ultrafine particles (UFPs) is potentially increased by reducing substances present in lung fluid, although knowledge of the underlying mechanisms is insufficient. Here, UFPs mainly consisting of metals and quinones were prepared. The reducing substances examined included lung endogenous and exogenous reductants. UFPs were extracted in simulated lung fluid containing reductants. Extracts were used to analyze metrics relevant to health effects, including the bioaccessible metal concentration (MeBA) and oxidative potential (OPDTT). The MeBA of Mn (974.5-9896.9 μg L-1) was higher than those of Cu (155.0-599.6 μg L-1) and Fe (79.9-500.9 μg L-1). Correspondingly, UFPs containing Mn had higher OPDTT (2.07-12.0 pmol min-1 μg-1) than those containing Cu (2.03-7.11 pmol min-1 μg-1) and Fe (1.63-5.34 pmol min-1 μg-1). Endogenous and exogenous reductants can increase MeBA and OPDTT, and the increments were generally higher for composite than pure UFPs. Positive correlations between OPDTT and MeBA of UFPs in the presence of most reductants emphasized the importance of the bioaccessible metal fraction in UFPs for inducing oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating reactions between quinones, metals, and lung reductants. Present findings provide novel insight into the toxicity and health risks of UFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qi Yu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P.R. China
| | - Tong Zhu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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16
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Xing C, Wang Y, Yang X, Zeng Y, Zhai J, Cai B, Zhang A, Fu TM, Zhu L, Li Y, Wang X, Zhang Y. Seasonal variation of driving factors of ambient PM 2.5 oxidative potential in Shenzhen, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160771. [PMID: 36513240 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a central role in health effects of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5). In this work, we screened for efficient and complementary oxidative potential (OP) measurements by comparing the response values of multiple chemical probes (OPDTT, OPOH, OPGSH) to ambient PM2.5 in Shenzhen, China. Combined with meteorological condition and PM2.5 chemical composition analysis, we explored the effects of different chemical components and emission sources on the ambient PM2.5 OP and analyzed their seasonal variations. The results show that OPmDTT(mass-normalized) and OPmGSH-SLF were highly correlated (r = 0.77). OPDTT was mainly influenced by organic carbon, while OPOH was highly dominated by heavy metals. The combination of OPDTT and OPOH provides an efficient and comprehensive measurement of OP. Temporally, the OPs were substantially higher in winter than in summer (1.4 and 4 times higher for OPmDTT and OPmOH, respectively). The long-distance transported biomass burning sources from the north dominated the OPDTT in winter, while the ship emissions mainly influenced the summer OP. The OPmDTT increased sharply with the decrease of PM2.5 mass concentration, especially when the PM2.5 concentration was lower than 30 μg/m3. The huge differences in wind fields between the winter and summer cause considerable variations in PM2.5 concentrations, components, and OP. Our work emphasizes the necessity of long-term, multi-method, multi-component assessment of the OP of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Xing
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yixiang Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Yaling Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jinghao Zhai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baohua Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Antai Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Ocean Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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17
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Zhao T, Yan Y, Zhou B, Zhong X, Hu X, Zhang L, Huo P, Xiao K, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. Insights into reactive oxygen species formation induced by water-soluble organic compounds and transition metals using spectroscopic method. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:835-845. [PMID: 36182187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter (PM) can cause adverse health effects via their ability to produce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Water-Soluble Organic Compounds (WSOCs), a complex mixture of organic compounds which usually coexist with Transition Metals (TMs) in PM, have been found to contribute to ROS formation. However, the interaction between WSOCs and TMs and its effect on ROS generation are still unknown. In this study, we examined the ROS concentrations of V, Zn, Suwannee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA), Suwannee River Humic Acid (SRHA) and the mixtures of V/Zn and SRFA/SRHA by using a cell-free 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) assay. The results showed that V or Zn synergistically promoted ROS generated by SRFA, but had an antagonistic effect on ROS generated by SRHA. Fluorescence quenching experiments indicated that V and Zn were more prone to form stable complexes with aromatic humic acid-like component (C1) and fulvic acid-like component (C3) in SRFA and SRHA. Results suggested that the underlying mechanism involving the fulvic acid-like component in SRFA more tending to complex with TMs to facilitate ROS generation through π electron transfer. Our work showed that the complexing ability and complexing stability of atmospheric PM organics with metals could significantly affect ROS generation. It is recommended that the research deploying multiple analytical methods to quantify the impact of PM components on public health and environment is needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yu Yan
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Bian Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Xuezhen Zhong
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Lijia Zhang
- Resource and Environmental Branch, China National Institute of Standardization, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peng Huo
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Beijing Yanshan Earth Critical Zone National Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Beijing Yanshan Earth Critical Zone National Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China.
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18
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Wu N, Lyu Y, Lu B, Cai D, Meng X, Li X. Oxidative potential induced by metal-organic interaction from PM 2.5 in simulated biological fluids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157768. [PMID: 35931153 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative potential (OP) of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has recently been proposed as a metric that may prove more indicative of human health effects than the routinely measured PM2.5 concentration. Observations of exposure to PM2.5 show most OP are originated from the contribution of transition metals and organics, but the pertinent coupling mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report laboratory observations in four simulated biological fluids (i.e., simulated saliva, surrogate lung fluid, artificial lysosomal fluid, and synthetic serum) that reveal OP of PM2.5 are significantly induced by prevalent metal complexes formed with nitrogen- and oxygen-containing compounds in low acid environments. Analyses of mass spectra and interaction factors indicate that organic-metal mixture effect in PM2.5, leading to synergistic, additive to antagonistic effects, which may serve as the dominant mechanism for this OP formation. A metal-organic mixtures origin for OP could explain why PM2.5 emission controls should emphasize the reduction of key toxic components, rather than just PM2.5 mass concentration control. SYNOPSIS: This study has investigated the oxidative potential of inhaled atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in four simulated biological fluids, which highlight the importance of metal-organic complexes to the formation of oxidative potential (OP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yan Lyu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Bingqing Lu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Dongmei Cai
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xue Meng
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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19
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Puthussery JV, Dave J, Shukla A, Gaddamidi S, Singh A, Vats P, Salana S, Ganguly D, Rastogi N, Tripathi SN, Verma V. Effect of Biomass Burning, Diwali Fireworks, and Polluted Fog Events on the Oxidative Potential of Fine Ambient Particulate Matter in Delhi, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14605-14616. [PMID: 36153963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of biomass burning (BURN), Diwali fireworks, and fog events on the ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) oxidative potential (OP) during the postmonsoon (PMON) and winter season in Delhi, India. The real-time hourly averaged OP (based on a dithiothreitol assay) and PM2.5 chemical composition were measured intermittently from October 2019 to January 2020. The peak extrinsic OP (OPv: normalized by the volume of air) was observed during the winter fog (WFOG) (5.23 ± 4.6 nmol·min-1·m-3), whereas the intrinsic OP (OPm; normalized by the PM2.5 mass) was the highest during the Diwali firework-influenced period (29.4 ± 18.48 pmol·min-1·μg-1). Source apportionment analysis using positive matrix factorization revealed that traffic + resuspended dust-related emissions (39%) and secondary sulfate + oxidized organic aerosols (38%) were driving the OPv during the PMON period, whereas BURN aerosols dominated (37%) the OPv during the WFOG period. Firework-related emissions became a significant contributor (∼32%) to the OPv during the Diwali period (4 day period from October 26 to 29), and its contribution peaked (72%) on the night of Diwali. Discerning the influence of seasonal and episodic sources on health-relevant properties of PM2.5, such as OP, could help better understand the causal relationships between PM2.5 and health effects in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph V Puthussery
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jay Dave
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5C9, Canada
| | - Ashutosh Shukla
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sreenivas Gaddamidi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Atinderpal Singh
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pawan Vats
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sudheer Salana
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Dilip Ganguly
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Sachchida Nand Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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20
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Lin H, Chen Q, Wang M, Chang T. Oxidation potential and coupling effects of the fractionated components in airborne fine particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113652. [PMID: 35700767 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and damage human tissues. Fully understanding the generation mechanism of oxidative toxicity of PM is challenging due to the extremely complex composition. Classification methods may be helpful in understanding the ROS production mechanisms of complex PM. This study used a solvent extraction and solid phase extraction methods to separate five different components from PM2.5 includes non-extractable components that have rarely been studied before, and discussed the coupling effect and heterogeneous characteristics of oxidation activity they produced. It is found that the water-soluble component contribute about half of the PM oxidation activity, and metal ions probably contribute most of the oxidation activity. Experimental results show that oxygen molecules is the main precursor of ROS production, which depends on whether the aerosol component has catalytic conversion ability. After mixing humic-like substance (HULIS) and hydrophilic water-soluble (HP-WSM) PM, the oxidation activity increased, it is most likely to be a synergistic effect between HULIS and metal ions is dominant, but limited contribution to oxidation activity. It turns out that the non-extractable and water-insoluble components have higher oxidation activity than the water-soluble components, and the two components exhibited a more durable ability to produce 1O2. The reaction of soluble components to produce ROS is homogeneous, but it is obviously heterogeneous for these insoluble components. This study suggests that future attention should be paid to the oxidative toxicity of the non-extractable component, and that single PM component or compound cannot simply be studied independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Mamin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Tian Chang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
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21
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Yu Q, Chen J, Qin W, Ahmad M, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Xin K, Ai J. Oxidative potential associated with water-soluble components of PM 2.5 in Beijing: The important role of anthropogenic organic aerosols. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 433:128839. [PMID: 35397338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the mainstream toxicological mechanism for the adverse health outcomes of ambient aerosols. However, our understanding of the crucial redox-active species affecting the oxidative potential of water-soluble aerosols (OPWS) remains limited. In this study, the OPWS of PM2.5 in Beijing was measured using dithiothreitol (DTT) assay, including DTT consumption rate and ·OH formation rate. OPWS was more closely related to water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) rather than transition metals. Laboratory simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of individual target species in the context of complex metal-organic interactions. The results showed that reducing WSOC can effectively decrease OPWS, while reducing Cu2+ increased OPWS. Parallel factor analysis demonstrated that OPWS was the most significantly correlated with the highly oxidized humic-like or quinone-like substances. Multiple linear regression showed that aromatic secondary organic carbon (SOC) (34.4%), other primary combustion sources of WSOC (20.0%), primary biomass burning WSOC (19.8%), transition metal ions (12.9%) and biomass burning SOC (12.8%) made significant contributions to DTTV. In addition to the anthropogenic sources of WSOC, the aged biogenic SOC also contributed to OHV, particularly in summer. Reducing anthropogenic WSOC was the key to the effective control of OPWS of PM2.5 in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Weihua Qin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuepeng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuewei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ke Xin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Ai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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22
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Martin de Lagarde V, Rogez-Florent T, Cazier F, Dewaele D, Cazier-Dennin F, Ollivier A, Janona M, Achard S, André V, Monteil C, Corbière C. Oxidative potential and in vitro toxicity of particles generated by pyrotechnic smokes in human small airway epithelial cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 239:113637. [PMID: 35605322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyrotechnic smokes are widely used in civilian and military applications. The major issue arise from the release of particles after smoke combustion but the health risks related to their exposure are poorly documented whereas toxicity of airborne particles on the respiratory target are very well known. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the in vitro toxicity of the particle fraction of different pyrotechnic smokes. Particles from a red signalling smoke (RSS), an hexachloroethane-based obscuring smoke (HC-OS) and an anti-intrusion smoke (AIS) were collected from the cloud. RSS particles displayed the highest organic fraction (quinones and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) of the three samples characterized. AIS particles contained K and cholesterol derivatives. HC-OS particles were mainly metallic with very high concentrations of Al, Fe and Ca. Intrinsic oxidative potential of smoke particles was measured with two assays. Depletions of DTT by RSS particles was greater than depletion obtained with AIS and HC-OS particles but depletion of acid ascorbic (AA) was only observed with HC-OS particles. In vitro toxicity was assessed by exposing human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) to various concentrations of particles. After 24 h of exposure, cell viability was not affected but significant modifications of mRNA expression of antioxidant (SOD-1 and -2, catalase, HO-1, NQO-1) and inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) were observed and were dependent on smoke type. Particles rich in metal, such as HC-OS, induced a greatest depletion of AA and a greatest inflammatory response, whereas particles rich in organic compounds, such as RSS, induced a greatest DTT depletion and a greatest antioxidant response. In conclusion, the three smoke particles have an intrinsic oxidative potential and triggered a cell adaptive response. Our study improved the knowledge of particle toxicity of pyrotechnic smokes and scientific approach developed here could be used to study other type of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabrice Cazier
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CCM - Centre Commun de Mesures, Dunkerque, France
| | - Dorothée Dewaele
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CCM - Centre Commun de Mesures, Dunkerque, France
| | - Francine Cazier-Dennin
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 417, Dunkerque, France
| | - Alexane Ollivier
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Marion Janona
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Achard
- Univ. de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie, Inserm UMR1153 - CRESS, HERA " Health Environmental Risk Assessment ", Paris, France
| | - Véronique André
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen, 76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Cécile Corbière
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen, 76000 Rouen, France.
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23
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Effects of Chemical Reactions on the Oxidative Potential of Humic Acid, a Model Compound of Atmospheric Humic-like Substances. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) contains various chemicals, some of which generate in vivo reactive oxygen species (ROS). Owing to their high reactivity and oxidation ability, ROS can cause various diseases. To understand how atmospheric PM affects human health, we must clarify the PM components having oxidative potential (OP) leading to ROS production. According to previous studies, OP is exhibited by humic-like substances (HULIS) in atmospheric PM. However, the OP-dependence of the chemical structures of HULIS has not been clarified. Therefore, in this study, humic acid (HA, a model HULIS material) was exposed to ozone and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and its OP and structures were evaluated before and after the reactions using dithiothreitol (DTT) assay and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), respectively. The OP of HA was more significantly increased by UV irradiation than by ozone exposure. FT-IR analysis showed an increased intensity of the C=O peak in the HA structure after UV irradiation, suggesting that the OP of HA was increased by a chemical change to a more quinone-like structure after irradiation.
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24
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Hasani Zadeh P, Serrano A, Collins G, Fermoso FG. Interrelating EPS, soluble microbial products and metal solubility in a methanogenic consortium stressed by nickel and cobalt. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 238:113579. [PMID: 35551045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), soluble microbial product production, metal solubility, and methanogenic activity were investigated. The individual, and joint, toxic effects of nickel and cobalt on methanogenic consortia fed with glucose as model substrate were studied using biomethane potential assays. Cobalt was found to be less toxic to methanogens than nickel at each concentration tested, and the combined effects of Ni and Co on methane production in the bimetal experiment was higher than the sum of the effects of each metal alone. The protein content of EPS, and extracellular soluble protein fractions, decreased with increasing concentrations of total metals. Meanwhile, no significant change in response to metal stress was apparent for carbohydrate content of EPS or extracellular soluble carbohydrate. Decreasing protein content of EPS was accompanied by reduced methanogenic activity and an increase in the soluble metal fraction. The strong associations observed between these variables could be due to the critical role of EPS in protecting microbial cells against nickel and cobalt stress, possibly by capturing metal cations through their functional groups, thus reducing metal availability to the microbial cells in the methanogenic consortia underpinning the anaerobic digestion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Hasani Zadeh
- Bioprocesses for the Circular Economy Group, Instituto de la Grasa, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Seville, Spain; Microbial Communities Laboratory, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Antonio Serrano
- Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; Department of Microbiology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Gavin Collins
- Microbial Communities Laboratory, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Fernando G Fermoso
- Bioprocesses for the Circular Economy Group, Instituto de la Grasa, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Seville, Spain
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25
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Liu Y, Chan CK. The oxidative potential of fresh and aged elemental carbon-containing airborne particles: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:525-546. [PMID: 35333266 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00497b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Elemental carbon is often found in ambient particulate matter (PM), and it contributes to the PM's oxidative potential (OP) and thus poses great health concerns. Previous review articles mainly focused on the methodologies in evaluating OP in PM and its relationship with selected chemical constituents, including metal ions, PAHs, and inorganic species. In recent years, growing attention has been paid to the effect of atmospheric aging processes on the OP of EC-containing airborne particles (ECCAPs). This review investigates more than 150 studies concerning the OP measurements and physico-chemical properties of both fresh and aged ECCAPs such as laboratory-generated elemental carbon (LGEC), carbon black (CB), soot (black carbon), and engineered carbon-containing nanomaterials (ECCBNs). Specifically, we summarize the characteristics of water-soluble and insoluble organic species, PAHs, quinone, and oxygen-containing functional groups (OFGs), and EC crystallinity. Both water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and water-insoluble organic carbon (WIOC) contribute to the OP. Low molecular weight (MW) PAHs show a higher correlation with OP than high MW PAHs. Furthermore, oxidative aging processes introduce OFGs, where quinone (CO) and epoxide (O-C-O) increase the OP of ECCAPs. In contrast, carboxyl (-COOH) and hydroxyl (-OH) slightly change the OP. The low crystallinity of EC favors the oxygen addition and forms active OFG quinone, thus increasing the OP. More detailed analyses for the EC microstructures and the organic coatings are needed to predict the OP of ECCAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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26
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Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects of Aerosol Components on Its Oxidative Potential as Predictor of Particle Toxicity. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10040196. [PMID: 35448457 PMCID: PMC9032230 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the component-specific contribution to the oxidative potential (OP) of ambient particle matter (PM) is the key information to properly representing its acute health hazards. In this study, we investigated the interactions between the major contributors to OP, i.e., transition metals and quinones, to highlight the relative effects of these species to the total OP. Several synergistic and antagonistic interactions were found that significantly change the redox properties of their binary mixtures, increasing or decreasing the values computed by a simple additive model. Such results from the standard solutions were confirmed by extending the study to atmospheric PM2.5 samples collected in winter in the Lombardia region, a hot spot for air pollution in northern Italy. This work highlights that a solid estimation of oxidative properties of ambient PM requires an interaction-based approach accounting for the interaction effects between metals and quinones.
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27
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Li J, Li J, Wang G, Ho KF, Han J, Dai W, Wu C, Cao C, Liu L. In-vitro oxidative potential and inflammatory response of ambient PM 2.5 in a rural region of Northwest China: Association with chemical compositions and source contribution. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112466. [PMID: 34863982 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by atmospheric particles and subsequent inflammatory responses are considered as one of the most important pathological mechanisms with regard to the adverse effects of air pollution exposure. In this study, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected at a rural site in Guanzhong Basin, Northwest China, in both summer (August 3-23, 2016) and winter (January 5-February 1, 2017). Then, human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were exposed to the PM2.5, cultured for 24 h, and then assayed for particle-induced ROS and three inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)) in vitro. The oxidative potential (OP) induced by winter PM2.5 samples was higher than that induced by summertime samples, whereas inflammatory values showed contrasting seasonal variations. Both OP and inflammatory factors were significantly correlated with most chemical compounds in winter, but not in summer, which was thought to be related mainly to the higher contribution from secondary aerosols formed during the warm season. Source apportionment results showed secondary aerosols formation have significant contribution to OP of PM2.5 in both seasons, but the dominant oxidation processes is different. Secondary nitrates-related process was the major contributors regulating the OP in winter; however, secondary sulfates formation were mainly responsible for the ROS responses in summer. For primary emission, biomass burning, rather than coal emission or vehicle exhaust, was the significant source for OP of PM2.5 in winter. In most cases, the source contribution of each inflammatory factor was similar to that of the ROS. Our results highlighted the significant health risk of atmospheric aerosols from biomass burning in the rural regions of Guanzhong Basin, Northwest China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Jin Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Han
- College of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Cong Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Lang Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
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28
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Contribution of Physical and Chemical Properties to Dithiothreitol-Measured Oxidative Potentials of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles at Urban and Rural Sites in Japan. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dithiothreitol-measured oxidative potential (OPDTT) can chemically quantify the adverse health effects of atmospheric aerosols. Some chemical species are characterized with DTT activities, and the particle diameter and surface area control DTT oxidizability; however, the physical contribution to OPDTT by atmospheric aerosols is controversial. Therefore, we performed field observations and aerosol sampling at urban and rural sites in Japan to investigate the effect of both physical and chemical properties on the variation in OPDTT of atmospheric aerosols. The shifting degree of the representative diameter to the ultrafine range (i.e., the predominance degree of ultrafine particles) was retrieved from the ratio between the lung-deposited surface area and mass concentrations. The chemical components and OPDTT were also elucidated. We discerned strong positive correlations of K, Mn, Pb, NH4+, SO42−, and pyrolyzable organic carbon with OPDTT. Hence, anthropogenic combustion, the iron–steel industry, and secondary organic aerosols were the major emission sources governing OPDTT variations. The increased specific surface area did not lead to the increase in the OPDTT of atmospheric aerosols, despite the existing relevance of the surface area of water-insoluble particles to DTT oxidizability. Overall, the OPDTT of atmospheric aerosols can be estimated by the mass of chemical components related to OPDTT variation, owing to numerous factors controlling DTT oxidizability (e.g., strong contribution of water-soluble particles). Our findings can be used to estimate OPDTT via several physicochemical parameters without its direct measurement.
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Trechera P, Moreno T, Córdoba P, Moreno N, Amato F, Cortés J, Zhuang X, Li B, Li J, Shangguan Y, Dominguez AO, Kelly F, Mhadhbi T, Jaffrezo JL, Uzu G, Querol X. Geochemistry and oxidative potential of the respirable fraction of powdered mined Chinese coals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149486. [PMID: 34391157 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates geochemical and oxidative potential (OP) properties of the respirable (finer than 4 μm) fractions of 22 powdered coal samples from channel profiles (CP4) in Chinese mined coals. The CP4 fractions extracted from milled samples of 22 different coals were mineralogically and geochemically analysed and the relationships with the OP evaluated. The evaluation between CP4/CP demonstrated that CP4 increased concentrations of anatase, Cs, W, Zn and Zr, whereas sulphates, Fe, S, Mo, Mn, Hf and Ge decreased their CP4 concentrations. OP results from ascorbic acid (AA), glutathione (GSH) and dithiothreitol (DTT) tests evidenced a clear link between specific inorganic components of CP4 with OPAA and the organic fraction of OPGSH and OPDTT. Correlation analyses were performed for OP indicators and the geochemical patterns of CP4. These were compared with respirable dust samples from prior studies. They indicate that Fe (r = 0.83), pyrite (r = 0.66) and sulphate minerals (r = 0.42) (tracing acidic species from pyrite oxidation), followed by S (r = 0.50) and ash yield (r = 0.46), and, to a much lesser extent, Ti, anatase, U, Mo, V and Pb, are clearly linked with OPAA. Moreover, OPGSH correlation was identified by organic matter, as moisture (r = 0.73), Na (r = 0.56) and B (r = 0.51), and to a lesser extent by the coarse particle size, Ca and carbonate minerals. In addition, Mg (r = 0.70), B (r = 0.47), Na (r = 0.59), Mn, Ba, quartz, particle size and Sr regulate OPDTT correlations. These became more noticeable when the analysis was done for samples of the same type of coal rank, in this case, bituminous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Trechera
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Industrial and TIC Engineering (EMIT-UPC), 08242 Manresa, Spain.
| | - Teresa Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Córdoba
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Cortés
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xinguo Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, China University of Geosciences, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Baoqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, China University of Geosciences, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, China University of Geosciences, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yunfei Shangguan
- Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, China University of Geosciences, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ana Oliete Dominguez
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Frank Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Takoua Mhadhbi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean Luc Jaffrezo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gaelle Uzu
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, China University of Geosciences, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Kitanovski Z, Hovorka J, Kuta J, Leoni C, Prokeš R, Sáňka O, Shahpoury P, Lammel G. Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (nitrophenols, nitrocatechols, nitrosalicylic acids) in ambient air: levels, mass size distributions and inhalation bioaccessibility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59131-59140. [PMID: 32529617 PMCID: PMC8541976 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (NMAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment and an important part of atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) and brown carbon. They are ecotoxic and with underresearched toxic potential for humans. NMAHs were determined in size-segregated ambient particulate matter collected at two urban sites in central Europe, Ostrava and Kladno, Czech Republic. The average sums of 12 NMAHs (Σ12NMAH) measured in winter PM10 samples from Ostrava and Kladno were 102 and 93 ng m-3, respectively, and 8.8 ng m-3 in summer PM10 samples from Ostrava. The concentrations in winter corresponded to 6.3-7.3% and 2.6-3.1% of HULIS-C and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), respectively. Nitrocatechols represented 67-93%, 61-73% and 28-96% of NMAHs in PM10 samples collected in winter and summer at Ostrava and in winter at Kladno, respectively. The mass size distribution of the targeted substance classes peaked in the submicrometre size fractions (PM1), often in the PM0.5 size fraction especially in summer. The bioaccessible fraction of NMAHs was determined by leaching PM3 samples in two simulated lung fluids, Gamble's solution and artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF). More than half of NMAH mass is found bioaccessible, almost complete for nitrosalicylic acids. The bioaccessible fraction was generally higher when using ALF (mimics the chemical environment created by macrophage activity, pH 4.5) than Gamble's solution (pH 7.4). Bioaccessibility may be negligible for lipophilic substances (i.e. log KOW > 4.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Kitanovski
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Hovorka
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kuta
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Cecilia Leoni
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pourya Shahpoury
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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31
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Yang F, Liu C, Qian H. Comparison of indoor and outdoor oxidative potential of PM 2.5: pollution levels, temporal patterns, and key constituents. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 155:106684. [PMID: 34118656 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative potential (OP) of PM2.5 is an emerging health indicator representing its ability to induce oxidative stress and cause adverse health effects. We examined pollution levels, temporal variations, and key constituents of PM2.5 OP by DTT assay in both indoor and outdoor environments in Nanjing, China, for over one year. Outdoor OPM (mass-normalized OP characterizes toxicity) and OPV (volume-based OP characterizes overall oxidative burden) in Nanjing were at a medium level compared to results reported for twenty-seven cities. Although PM2.5 mass concentration consistently decreased during outdoor-to-indoor transport, OPM varied by a factor of up to 2 in either direction, indicating a change of PM2.5's ability to disrupt oxidative-reductive balance. Temporally, both outdoor and indoor OPM exhibited a significant seasonality pattern (P < 0.01) as autumn > summer > spring > winter. Outdoor and indoor daytime-nighttime OPV and OPM are fluctuating within two-fold range. In addition, the change in water-soluble Fe had the highest correlation coefficient (P < 0.05) with ΔOPM (ΔOPM = OPM, in-OPM, out) among constituents measured here. Our results suggest that development of mitigation strategies take indoor PM2.5's OP into account, instead of outdoors only, since they differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Engineering Research Center of Building Equipment, Energy, and Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Engineering Research Center of Building Equipment, Energy, and Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Engineering Research Center of Building Equipment, Energy, and Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
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Metabolic Response of RAW 264.7 Macrophages to Exposure to Crude Particulate Matter and a Reduced Content of Organic Matter. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9090205. [PMID: 34564356 PMCID: PMC8472964 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution from various airborne particulate matter (PM) is regarded as a potential health risk. Airborne PM penetrates the lungs, where it is taken up by macrophages, what results in macrophage activation and can potentially lead to negative consequences for the organism. In the present study, we assessed the effects of direct exposure of RAW 264.7 macrophages to crude PM (NIST1648a) and to a reduced content of organic matter (LAp120) for up to 72 h on selected parameters of metabolic activity. These included cell viability and apoptosis, metabolic activity and cell number, ROS synthesis, nitric oxide (NO) release, and oxidative burst. The results indicated that both NIST1648a and LAp120 negatively influenced the parameters of cell viability and metabolic activity due to increased ROS synthesis. The negative effect of PM was concentration-dependent; i.e., it was the most pronounced for the highest concentration applied. The impact of PM also depended on the time of exposure, so at respective time points, PM induced different effects. There were also differences in the impact of NIST1648a and LAp120 on almost all parameters tested. The negative effect of LAp120 was more pronounced, what appeared to be associated with an increased content of metals.
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The Role of Fossil Fuel Combustion Metals in PM2.5 Air Pollution Health Associations. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12091086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we elucidate the central role played by fossil fuel combustion in the health-related effects that have been associated with inhalation of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5). We especially focus on individual properties and concentrations of metals commonly found in PM air pollution, as well as their sources and their adverse health effects, based on both epidemiologic and toxicological evidence. It is known that transition metals, such as Ni, V, Fe, and Cu, are highly capable of participating in redox reactions that produce oxidative stress. Therefore, particles that are enriched, per unit mass, in these metals, such as those from fossil fuel combustion, can have greater potential to produce health effects than other ambient particulate matter. Moreover, fossil fuel combustion particles also contain varying amounts of sulfur, and the acidic nature of the resulting sulfur compounds in particulate matter (e.g., as ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, or sulfuric acid) makes transition metals in particles more bioavailable, greatly enhancing the potential of fossil fuel combustion PM2.5 to cause oxidative stress and systemic health effects in the human body. In general, there is a need to further recognize particulate matter air pollution mass as a complex source-driven mixture, in order to more effectively quantify and regulate particle air pollution exposure health risks.
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Fushimi A, Nakajima D, Furuyama A, Suzuki G, Ito T, Sato K, Fujitani Y, Kondo Y, Yoshino A, Ramasamy S, Schauer JJ, Fu P, Takahashi Y, Saitoh K, Saito S, Takami A. Source contributions to multiple toxic potentials of atmospheric organic aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145614. [PMID: 33592460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the atmosphere is of high priority for air quality management efforts to address adverse health effects in human. We believe that emission control policies, which are traditionally guided by source contributions to PM mass, should also consider source contributions to PM health effects or toxicity. In this study, we estimated source contributions to the toxic potentials of organic aerosols (OA) as measured by a series of chemical and in-vitro biological assays and chemical mass balance model. We selected secondary organic aerosols (SOA), vehicles, biomass open burning, and cooking as possible important OA sources. Fine particulate matter samples from these sources and parallel atmospheric samples from diverse locations and seasons in East Asia were collected for the study. The source and atmospheric samples were analyzed for chemical compositions and toxic potentials, i.e. oxidative potential, inflammatory potential, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist activity, and DNA-damage, were measured. The toxic potentials per organic carbon (OC) differed greatly among source and ambient particulate samples. The source contributions to oxidative and inflammatory potentials were dominated by naphthalene-derived SOA (NapSOA), followed by open burning and vehicle exhaust. The AhR activity was dominated by open burning, followed by vehicle exhaust and NapSOA. The DNA damage was dominated by vehicle exhaust, followed by open burning. Cooking and biogenic SOA had smaller contributions to all the toxic potentials. Regarding atmospheric OA, urban and roadside samples showed stronger toxic potentials per OC. The toxic potentials of remote samples in summer were consistently very weak, suggesting that atmospheric aging over a long time decreased the toxicity. The toxic potentials of the samples from the forest and the experimentally generated biogenic SOA were low, suggesting that toxicity of biogenic primary and secondary particles is relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Fushimi
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | | | - Akiko Furuyama
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ito
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujitani
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kondo
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ayako Yoshino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - James J Schauer
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Katsumi Saitoh
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan; Environmental Science Analysis and Research Laboratory, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinori Takami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
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Wang X, Qin Y, Qin J, Long X, Qi T, Chen R, Xiao K, Tan J. Spectroscopic insight into the pH-dependent interactions between atmospheric heavy metals (Cu and Zn) and water-soluble organic compounds in PM 2.5. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:145261. [PMID: 33550065 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Taking Cu and Zn as examples, the pH-dependent interactions between atmospheric heavy metals (AHMs) and water-soluble organic compounds (WSOCs) in PM2.5 were analyzed by a combination of UV-vis absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). We found metal-H ion exchange, complexation and electrostatic adsorption might occur between AHMs and WSOCs, and were generally enhanced with the increase of pH. Furthermore, these interactions were strengthened with the stepwise addition of [Cu2+] (from 0 to 500 μmol·L-1), but had a relatively slight change with the stepwise addition of [Zn2+] (from 0 to 500 μmol·L-1) generally. This indicated that the above interactions depended on the types and the concentrations of AHMs. Carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl and aromatic structures of WSOCs were the major binding sites with AHMs. Humic acid-like substances were the dominant components of WSOCs binding with AHMs. The ratios of the apparent fluorescence quantum yields of the low and the high conjugation fractions of WSOCs (QExL/H) declined by more than 28% as adding [Cu2+], indicating the formers had more strong complexing capacity with AHMs. AHMs might significantly impact the light absorption capacity and the wavelength dependence of WSOCs. The humification index (HIXem) declined more than 15% as adding [Cu2+] at pH 5.6 and 7.5, indicating AHMs might weaken the oxidation capacity of WSOCs. These results implied the interactions between AHMs and WSOCs might play a profound role in atmospheric environment, human health, and global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Xinxin Long
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Ting Qi
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Kang Xiao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jihua Tan
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
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36
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Lin M, Yu JZ. Assessment of oxidative potential by hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions of water-soluble PM 2.5 and their mixture effects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 275:116616. [PMID: 33556731 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transition metals (TMs) (e.g. copper (Cu) and iron (Fe)) and certain organic compounds are known active constituents causing oxidative potential (OP) by inhaled ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in lung fluid. Humic-like substances (HULIS), isolated from atmospheric PM2.5, are largely metal-free and contain mixtures of organics that are capable of complexing TMs. TMs and HULIS co-exist in the water-extractable part of PM2.5. In this work, we used a solid phase extraction procedure to isolate the water-soluble TMs in the hydrophilic fraction (HPI) and HULIS in the hydrophobic fraction (HPO) and carried out this isolation procedure to a set of 32 real-world PM2.5 samples collected in Beijing and Hong Kong, China. We quantified two OP endpoints, namely hydroxyl radical formation (denoted as OP•OH) and ascorbic acid depletion (denoted as OPAA), by the two fractions separately and combined, as well as by the bulk water-soluble aerosols. OP•OH and OPAA were well-correlated in both separate fractions and their combined mixtures or bulk water-soluble aerosols. OP by HPI far exceeded that by HPO. On a per unit PM2.5 mass basis, the Hong Kong samples on average had a higher OPAA and OP•OH than the Beijing samples due to more water-soluble Cu. For HPI, Cu was a dominant OP•OH and OPAA contributor (>80%), although water-soluble Fe was present at a concentration approximately one order of magnitude higher. Suppression effects on OP•OH were observed through comparing the OP of the bulk water-soluble aerosol with that of HPI. Our work reveals the importance of monitoring PM2.5 chemical compositions (especially water-soluble redox active metals). Furthermore, we demonstrate the need to consider metal-organic interactions when evaluating the aggregate OP by PM2.5 from individual components or apportioning OP by PM2.5 to specific chemical components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Division of Environment & Sustainability, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Kajino M, Hagino H, Fujitani Y, Morikawa T, Fukui T, Onishi K, Okuda T, Igarashi Y. Simulation of the transition metal-based cumulative oxidative potential in East Asia and its emission sources in Japan. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6550. [PMID: 33753804 PMCID: PMC7985388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85894-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aerosol oxidative potential (OP) is considered to better represent the acute health hazards of aerosols than the mass concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). The proposed major contributors to OP are water soluble transition metals and organic compounds, but the relative magnitudes of these compounds to the total OP are not yet fully understood. In this study, as the first step toward the numerical prediction of OP, the cumulative OP (OPtm*) based on the top five key transition metals, namely, Cu, Mn, Fe, V, and Ni, was defined. The solubilities of metals were assumed constant over time and space based on measurements. Then, the feasibility of its prediction was verified by comparing OPtm* values based on simulated metals to that based on observed metals in East Asia. PM2.5 typically consists of primary and secondary species, while OPtm* only represents primary species. This disparity caused differences in the domestic contributions of PM2.5 and OPtm*, especially in large cities in western Japan. The annual mean domestic contributions of PM2.5 were 40%, while those of OPtm* ranged from 50 to 55%. Sector contributions to the OPtm* emissions in Japan were also assessed. The main important sectors were the road brake and iron-steel industry sectors, followed by power plants, road exhaust, and railways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuo Kajino
- Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Nagamine 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0052, Japan. .,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Hagino
- Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0822, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujitani
- National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tazuko Morikawa
- Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0822, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Fukui
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-0845, Japan
| | - Kazunari Onishi
- St. Luke's International University, Chuo, Tokyo, 104-0044, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Okuda
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Igarashi
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science (KURNS), Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan.,College of Science, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
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38
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Cheng Y, Ma Y, Dong B, Qiu X, Hu D. Pollutants from primary sources dominate the oxidative potential of water-soluble PM 2.5 in Hong Kong in terms of dithiothreitol (DTT) consumption and hydroxyl radical production. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124218. [PMID: 33092883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing scientific findings show that the adverse health effects of PM2.5 are related not only to its mass but also PM2.5 sources and chemical compositions. Here, we conducted a comprehensive characterization and source apportionment of oxidative potential (OP) of water-soluble PM2.5 collected in Hong Kong for one year. Two OP indicators, namely dithiothreitol (DTT) consumption and ∙OH formation, were quantified. Six PM2.5 sources, i.e. secondary sulfate, biomass burning, secondary organic aerosol (SOA), vehicle emissions, marine vessels, and a metal-related factor, were apportioned and identified to be DTT active. The four primary sources accounted for 83.5% of DTT activity of water-soluble PM2.5, with the metal-related factor and marine vessels as the leading contributors. However, only three sources, i.e. metal-related factor, vehicle emissions, and SOA, showed ∙OH generation ability, with a predominant contribution of 96.2% from the two primary sources, especially the metal-related factor (84.5%). Based on the source apportionment results, we further evaluate the intrinsic OP of water-soluble PM2.5 from each source. Marine vessels exhibited the highest intrinsic DTT activity; while metal-related factor was most effective in ∙OH generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiqiu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen 518057, PR China
| | - Biao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Di Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen 518057, PR China.
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Gonzalez DH, Diaz DA, Baumann JP, Ghio AJ, Paulson SE. Effects of albumin, transferrin and humic-like substances on iron-mediated OH radical formation in human lung fluids. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:79-87. [PMID: 33486087 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of particulate matter is hypothesized to contribute to health effects by overproducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inducing oxidative stress. Fe(II) has been shown to contribute to ROS generation in acellular simulated lung fluids. Atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) have been shown to chelate Fe(II) and significantly enhance this ROS generation. Here, we investigate Fe(II)-mediated .OH generation from the iron active proteins in lung fluid, albumin and transferrin, and fulvic acid, a surrogate for HULIS, in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). We find that albumin enhances .OH generation from inorganic Fe(II) and that transferrin attenuates this enhancement. We estimate the rate constants for albumin-Fe(II) and fulvic acid-Fe(II) mediated O2.- reduction (1.9 ± 0.3) M-1 s-1 and (2.7 ± 0.3) M-1s-1 (pH = 5.5, T = 37 °C), 17-25 times the rate for free iron, which we measured to be (110 ± 20) × 10-3 M-1s-1, in agreement with the literature. .OH generation measured from fulvic acid-Fe(II) in BALF from 8 individuals with added fulvic acid is successfully predicted rates of .OH generation by mixtures of Fe(II), albumin, transferrin, fulvic acid, and ascorbate in saline solution. This indicates that fulvic acid enhances .OH formation in BALF, and that albumin and transferrin in BALF moderate the effect. We propose that fulvic acid, and thereby HULIS, is capable of mobilizing Fe(II) away from albumin and transferrin and this increases the formation rate of O2.- and ultimately of .OH. Furthermore, we find that albumin and transferrin have significantly different impacts on Fe(II)-mediated .OH than citrate, a common component of simulated lung fluids, a factor that should be considered carefully in the interpretation of results obtained from solutions containing citrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Gonzalez
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90405, USA
| | - David A Diaz
- California State University, Northridge Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, 18111 Nordhoff St, Northridge, CA, 91330, USA
| | - J Puna Baumann
- California State University, Northridge Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, 18111 Nordhoff St, Northridge, CA, 91330, USA
| | - Andrew J Ghio
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Suzanne E Paulson
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90405, USA.
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40
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Wang X, Qin Y, Qin J, Yang Y, Qi T, Chen R, Tan J, Xiao K. The interaction laws of atmospheric heavy metal ions and water-soluble organic compounds in PM 2.5 based on the excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123497. [PMID: 32707462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy was used to characterize the fluorescence properties of water-soluble organic compounds (WSOCs) in PM2.5 coupled with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Three main components of WSOCs were extracted from PM2.5, i.e., humic-like (fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like) substances (HULIS), and soluble microbial by-product-like or aromatic protein-like, respectively. A fluorescence quenching experiment was designed to systematically analyze the interaction laws of atmospheric heavy metal ions and WSOCs in PM2.5. Our study revealed HULIS, especially the humic acid-like substances, might be principal substances binding with metal ions and the strength of interactions was related to the types and concentrations of metal ions. Furthermore, EEM was a powerful tool to understand the interaction laws of atmospheric heavy metal ions and WSOCs in PM2.5. This work implied that the interactions of atmospheric heavy metal ions and WSOCs might directly or indirectly play a significant role in atmospheric environment and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Juanjuan Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanrong Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Qi
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jihua Tan
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Kang Xiao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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41
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Li J, Li J, Wang G, Ho KF, Dai W, Zhang T, Wang Q, Wu C, Li L, Li L, Zhang Q. Effects of atmospheric aging processes on in vitro induced oxidative stress and chemical composition of biomass burning aerosols. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123750. [PMID: 33113732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) has an important impact on local/regional air quality and human health in China, but most previous studies overlooked the influence of atmospheric aging processes on cytotoxicity and chemical composition of BB aerosols. In this study, we combined a combustion chamber and an oxidation flow reactor to generate fresh and aged BB PM2.5. Human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were exposed to PM2.5 preparation for 24 h, and then determined for particle-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro. The particle-induced ROS production increased by 11 %-64 % after two days of aging, suggesting an enhancement of in vitro-induced oxidative stress (OS) of aged BB particles. Chemical analysis showed that organic matter (OM) was the dominant component with no changes in relative abundance for the fresh and aged BB particles. Organic polycyclic aromatic compounds and some metals showed strong correlations with ROS in fresh particles, indicating the important effects of these harmful components on the OS of fresh BB aerosols. However, such correlations were not found for the aged particles, which is possibly related to the loss of non- or low-toxic semivolatile compounds and the formation of secondary harmful OM (such as some N-containing organic compounds) during the atmospheric aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Jin Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Li Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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42
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Wu N, Lu B, Chen J, Li X. Size distributions of particle-generated hydroxyl radical (·OH) in surrogate lung fluid (SLF) solution and their potential sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115582. [PMID: 33017744 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although it is known that increases in ambient particulate matter (PM) levels are associated with elevated occurrence of adverse health outcomes, the understanding of the mechanisms of PM-related health effects is limited by our knowledge of how particle size and composition are altered subsequent to inhalation through respiratory-deposited processing. Here we present a particle-generated hydroxyl radical (·OH) study of the size-resolved particles as particles are inhaled in the human respiratory tract (RT), and we show that accumulation-mode particles are significant factors (71-75%) in ·OH generation of lung-deposited particles using Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD) model. The ability of PM to catalyze ·OH generation is mainly related to transition metals, particularly towards the upper regions of the RT (75%), and to quinones deeper in the lung (42-46%). Identification of this generation ability induced by chemical composition has shown that four potential sources (biomass burning, incomplete combustion, mobile & industry, and mineral dust) are responsible for ·OH generation. With ·OH-forming ability after PM inhalation implicated as the first step towards revealing the subsequent toxic processes, this work draws a connection between the detailed ·OH chemistry occurring on size-resolved particles and a possible toxicological mechanism based on chemical composition and sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Bingqing Lu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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43
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Oxidative Potential Induced by Ambient Particulate Matters with Acellular Assays: A Review. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8111410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acellular assays of oxidative potential (OP) induced by ambient particulate matters (PMs) are of great significance in screening for toxicity in PMs. In this review, several typical OP measurement techniques, including the respiratory tract lining fluid assay (RTLF), ascorbate depletion assay (AA), dithiothreitol assay (DTT), chemiluminescent reductive acridinium triggering (CRAT), dichlorofluorescin assay (DCFH) and electron paramagnetic/spin resonance assay (EPR/ESR) are discussed and their sensitivity to different PMs species composition, PMs size distribution and seasonality is compared. By comparison, the DTT assay tends to be the preferred method providing a more comprehensive measurement with transition metals and quinones accumulated in the fine PMs fraction. Specific transition metals (i.e., Mn, Cu, Fe) and quinones are found to contribute OPDTT directly whereas the redox properties of PMs species may be changed by the interactions between themselves. The selection of the appropriate OP measurement methods and the accurate analysis of the relationship between the methods and PM components is conducive to epidemiological researches which are related with oxidative stress induced by PMs exposure.
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44
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Wang Y, Puthussery JV, Yu H, Verma V. Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among organic and metallic components of the ambient particulate matter (PM) for the cytotoxicity measured by Chinese hamster ovary cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139511. [PMID: 32474273 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although PM2.5 toxicity is known to be related to its chemical composition, the effect of interactions among various particles' components on the toxicity is not well explored. To understand these interactions, especially metals and organic compounds on PM2.5 cytotoxicity, we chose several redox-active substances known to be present in the ambient particles such as metals (Cu, Fe, and Mn) and quinones [9,10-phenanthraquinone (PQ), 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ), 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ), and 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (5,H-1,4-NQ)]. Cytotoxicity was assessed through a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells assay and expressed by a median lethal concentration (LC50). Two methods were employed to assess the interactions. In the first method, we tested the impact of nontoxic level of a component on the LC50 of other components. In the second method, we mixed two components in different concentration ratios to expose the cells and calculated a mixture toxicity index (MTI). MTI is a composite value to quantify the nature of interactions such that the interactions are considered synergistic when MTI > 1, additive when 0 < MTI ≤ 1 and antagonistic when MTI < 0. The interactions between quinones and metals were largely synergistic by both methods. To further assess the environmental relevance of these mixtures, we extracted organic compounds termed as water-soluble Humic-like substances (HULIS) from real ambient PM samples and mixed them with individual metals. A similar pattern, as observed from the interaction of quinones and metals, was found. Moreover, the interactions became more synergistic as the relative concentration of metals with respect to water-soluble HULIS was decreased in these mixtures. With environmentally relevant mass concentration ratios of organics to metals (75-7500), the interactions were strongly synergistic (MTI = 1-115). These results indicate the importance of incorporating the interaction among various PM components for estimating the net toxicity of ambient PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Joseph V Puthussery
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Haoran Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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45
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Kajino M, Hagino H, Fujitani Y, Morikawa T, Fukui T, Onishi K, Okuda T, Kajikawa T, Igarashi Y. Modeling Transition Metals in East Asia and Japan and Its Emission Sources. GEOHEALTH 2020; 4:e2020GH000259. [PMID: 32999946 PMCID: PMC7507570 DOI: 10.1029/2020gh000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Emission inventories of anthropogenic transition metals, which contribute to aerosol oxidative potential (OP), in Asia (Δx = 0.25°, monthly, 2000-2008) and Japan (Δx = 2 km, hourly, mainly 2012) were developed, based on bottom-up inventories of particulate matters and metal profiles in a speciation database for particulate matters. The new inventories are named Transition Metal Inventory (TMI)-Asia v1.0 and TMI-Japan v1.0, respectively. It includes 10 transition metals in PM2.5 and PM10, which contributed to OP based on reagent experiments, namely, Cu, Mn, Co, V, Ni, Pb, Fe, Zn, Cd, and Cr. The contributions of sectors in the transition metals emission in Japan were also investigated. Road brakes and iron-steel industry are primary sources, followed by other metal industry, navigation, incineration, power plants, and railway. In order to validate the emission inventory, eight elements such as Cu, Mn, V, Ni, Pb, Fe, Zn, and Cr in anthropogenic dust and those in mineral dust were simulated over East Asia and Japan with Δx = 30 km and Δx = 5 km domains, respectively, and compared against the nation-wide seasonal observations of PM2.5 elements in Japan and the long-term continuous observations of total suspended particles (TSPs) at Yonago, Japan in 2013. Most of the simulated elements generally agreed with the observations, while Cu and Pb were significantly overestimated. This is the first comprehensive study on the development and evaluation of emission inventory of OP active elements, but further improvement is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuo Kajino
- Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)TsukubaJapan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | | | - Yuji Fujitani
- National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)TsukubaJapan
| | | | | | - Kazunari Onishi
- Graduate School of Public HealthSt. Luke's International UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoaki Okuda
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyKeio UniversityYokohamaJapan
| | - Tomoki Kajikawa
- Graduate School of Creative Science and EngineeringWaseda UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuhito Igarashi
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science (KURNS)Kyoto UniversityOsakaJapan
- College of ScienceIbaraki UniversityMitoJapan
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46
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Airborne Aerosols and Human Health: Leapfrogging from Mass Concentration to Oxidative Potential. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11090917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mass concentration of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has been systematically used in epidemiological studies as an indicator of exposure to air pollutants, connecting PM concentrations with a wide variety of human health effects. However, these effects can be hardly explained by using one single parameter, especially because PM is formed by a complex mixture of chemicals. Current research has shown that many of these adverse health effects can be derived from the oxidative stress caused by the deposition of PM in the lungs. The oxidative potential (OP) of the PM, related to the presence of transition metals and organic compounds that can induce the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), could be a parameter to evaluate these effects. Therefore, estimating the OP of atmospheric PM would allow us to evaluate and integrate the toxic potential of PM into a unique parameter, which is related to emission sources, size distribution and/or chemical composition. However, the association between PM and particle-induced toxicity is still largely unknown. In this commentary article, we analyze how this new paradigm could help to deal with some unanswered questions related to the impact of atmospheric PM over human health.
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47
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Guo H, Fu H, Jin L, Huang S, Li X. Quantification of synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects of aerosol components on total oxidative potential. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126573. [PMID: 32220725 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interaction-based oxidative potential (OPint) represents the prediction of binary mixture effects distinguishing from linear additivity by including information on binary mixtures among PM components. The objective of this work is to develope a reliable estimate on the possible synergistic or antagonistic possibility of binary PM components and to quantify the combined effect. We firstly assessed the interactions among PM components in generating the OP based on DTT consumption rate and AA depletion. We started with the standard solution sequence (from 0.005 to 10 μM), including quinones (PQ, 1,2-NQ, and 1,4-NQ) and metals (Cu, Mn, and Fe). The interactions between metals were antagonistic interactions in DTT consumption. Cu showed antagonistic interaction with PQ, but additive with 1,2-NQ and 1,4-NQ. Mn interacted synergistically with 1,4-NQ in DTT consumption but antagonistically with PQ (where CPQ < 2.5 μM) and 1,4-NQ (where CPQ < 2 μM). Fe showed synergistic with quinones in investigated concentration range (from 0.01 to 5 μM). Finally, applying a moderate approach, on the basis of interaction magnitude (M = 5), resulted in 1-17% higher environmental risks, compared with the classical calculation method using simple addition. This work highlights a new approach to quantify the interaction effects between metals and quinones in PM components, and apportioning the components' contributions for PM OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Guo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Haiyan Fu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Sijing Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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48
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Jiang H, Ahmed CMS, Zhao Z, Chen JY, Zhang H, Canchola A, Lin YH. Role of functional groups in reaction kinetics of dithiothreitol with secondary organic aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114402. [PMID: 32247903 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of organic aerosols has been largely ascribed to the generation of reactive oxygen species, which could subsequently induce oxidative stress in biological systems. The reaction of DTT with redox-active species in PM has been generally assumed to be pseudo-first order, with the oxidative potential of PM being represented by the DTT consumption per minute of reaction time per μg of PM. Although catalytic reactive species such as transition metals and quinones are long believed to be the main contributors of DTT responses, the role of non-catalytic DTT reactive species such as organic hydroperoxides (ROOH) and electron-deficient alkenes (e.g., conjugated carbonyls) in DTT consumption has been recently highlighted. Thus, understanding the reaction kinetics and mechanisms of DTT consumption by various PM components is required to interpret the oxidative potential measured by DTT assays more accurately. In this study, we measured the DTT consumptions over time and characterized the reaction products using model compounds and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) with varying initial concentrations. We observed that the DTT consumption rates linearly increased with both initial DTT and sample concentrations. The overall reaction order of DTT with non-catalytic reactive species and SOA in this study is second order. The reactions of DTT with different functional groups have significantly different rate constants. The reaction rate constant of isoprene SOA with DTT is mainly determined by the concentration of ROOH. For toluene SOA, both ROOH and electron-deficient alkenes may dominate its DTT reaction rates. These results provide some insights into the interpretation of DTT-based aerosol oxidative potential and highlight the need to study the toxicity mechanism of ROOH and electron-deficient alkenes in PM for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Jiang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - C M Sabbir Ahmed
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Zixu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Jin Y Chen
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Haofei Zhang
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Alexa Canchola
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States; Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States.
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49
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Xie T, Lu S, Zeng J, Rao L, Wang X, Win MS, Zhang D, Lu H, Liu X, Wang Q. Soluble Fe release from iron-bearing clay mineral particles in acid environment and their oxidative potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138650. [PMID: 32305773 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soluble iron from atmospheric aerosol particles has toxicological effects on ambient environment due to their oxidative potential. However, the dissolution process and factors affecting this process are poorly understood. In this study, by solid phase characterization and aqueous dissolution experiments, we investigated the influence of acids, including HCl, H2SO4 and HNO3, and H+ concentration on iron dissolution rate, solubility and speciation of iron in chlorite, illite, kaolinite and pyrite. The dissolution of iron-bearing clay minerals, i.e. chlorite, illite and kaolinite, was a multi-stage process with a rapid rate in the initial stage and then decreasing rate in the following stages. In contrast, the regularly crystallized pyrite proceeded with an extremely rapid dissolution rate at very beginning and then remained almost constant. In all acid solutions, the dissolution rate was in the order of pyrite > illite > chlorite > kaolinite. H2SO4 was stronger than HCl and HNO3 in the destruction of mineral structures to release iron, while HNO3 dissolved more iron in pyrite (FeS2). High H+ concentration easily destroyed the mineral structures to release the structural or interlayer iron, whereas low H+ concentration increased the proportion of Fe (II) in clay minerals. Non-linear fitting of continuous dissolution models showed that the iron dissolution rates and iron redox speciation as functions of time were well predicted, with r2 > 0.99 for chlorite and illite, and r2 > 0.96 for kaolinite. Oxidative potential analysis proved that the dissolved iron possessed a considerable potential to generate reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xie
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Senlin Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Junyang Zeng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lanfang Rao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xingzi Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Myat Sandar Win
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Kumamoto University, 862-8502, Japan
| | - Hui Lu
- School of Environmental Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xinchun Liu
- Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 83002, China
| | - Qingyue Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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50
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Gao D, Ripley S, Weichenthal S, Godri Pollitt KJ. Ambient particulate matter oxidative potential: Chemical determinants, associated health effects, and strategies for risk management. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 151:7-25. [PMID: 32430137 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient air pollution has an adverse influence on human health. There is increasing evidence that oxidative potential (OP), the capacity of airborne pollutants to oxidize target molecules by generating redox oxidizing species, is a plausible metric for particulate matter (PM) toxicity. Here we describe the commonly used acellular techniques for measuring OP (respiratory tract lining fluid, dithiothreitol, ascorbic acid, and electron paramagnetic resonance assays) and review the PM chemical constituents that have been identified to drive the OP response. We further perform a review of the epidemiologic literature to identify studies that reported an association between exposure to ambient PM and a health outcome in a human population, and in which exposure was measured by both PM mass concentration and OP. Laboratory studies have shown that specific redox-active metals and quinones are able to contribute OP directly. However, interactions among PM species may alter the redox properties of PM components. In ambient PM measurements, all OP assays were found to be correlated with metals (Fe, Cu) and organic species (photochemically aged organics). Across the epidemiological studies reviewed, associations between fine PM (PM2.5) mass and cardio-respiratory outcomes were found to be stronger at elevated OP levels but findings varied across the different OP measurement techniques. Future work should aim to identify specific situations in which PM OP can improve air pollution exposure assessment and/or risk management. This may be particularly useful in countries with low PM2.5 mass concentrations over broad spatial scales where such information may greatly improve the efficiency of risk management activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Susannah Ripley
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Scott Weichenthal
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States.
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