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Wang D, Chen X, Luo J, Shi P, Zhou Q, Li A, Pan Y. Comparison of chlorine and chlorine dioxide disinfection in drinking water: Evaluation of disinfection byproduct formation under equal disinfection efficiency. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 260:121932. [PMID: 38906077 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Disinfection efficiency and disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation are two important aspects deserving careful consideration when evaluating different disinfection protocols. However, most of the previous studies on the selection of disinfection methods by comparing DBP formation were carried out under the same initial/residual dose and contact time of different disinfectants, and such a practice may cause overdose or underdose of a certain disinfectant, leading to the inaccurate evaluation of disinfection. In this study, a comprehensive and quantitative comparison of chlorine (Cl2) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) disinfection was conducted with regard to their DBP formation under equal disinfection efficiency. The microbial inactivation models as well as the Cl2 and ClO2 demand models were developed. On such basis, the integral CT (ICT) values were determined and used as a bridge to connect disinfection efficiency and DBP formation. For 3-log10 and 4-log10 reductions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ClO2 had 1.5 and 5.8 times higher inactivation ability than Cl2, respectively. In the premise of equal disinfection efficiency (i.e., the ICT ratios of Cl2 to ClO2 = 1.5 and 5.8), the levels of total organic chlorine, total organic bromine, and total organic halogen formed in the Cl2 disinfection were significantly higher than those formed in the ClO2 disinfection. Among the 35 target aliphatic DBPs, trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) were the dominant species formed in both Cl2 and ClO2 disinfection. The total THM levels formed in Cl2 disinfection were 14.6 and 30.3 times higher than those in ClO2 disinfection, respectively. The total HAA levels formed in Cl2 disinfection were 3.5 and 5.4 times higher than those in ClO2 disinfection, respectively. Formation of the target 48 aromatic DBPs was much favored in Cl2 disinfection than that in ClO2 disinfection, and the formation levels was dominated by contact time. This study demonstrated that ClO2 had significant advantages over Cl2, especially at higher microorganism inactivation and lower DBP formation requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xueyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jiayi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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2
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von Gunten U. Oxidation processes and me. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121148. [PMID: 38387263 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This publication summarizes my journey in the field of chemical oxidation processes for water treatment over the last 30+ years. Initially, the efficiency of the application of chemical oxidants for micropollutant abatement was assessed by the abatement of the target compounds only. This is controlled by reaction kinetics and therefore, second-order rate constant for these reactions are the pre-requisite to assess the efficiency and feasibility of such processes. Due to the tremendous efforts in this area, we currently have a good experimental data base for second-order rate constants for many chemical oxidants, including radicals. Based on this, predictions can be made for compounds without experimental data with Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships with Hammet/Taft constants or energies of highest occupied molecular orbitals from quantum chemical computations. Chemical oxidation in water treatment has to be economically feasible and therefore, the extent of transformation of micropollutants is often limited and mineralization of target compounds cannot be achieved under realistic conditions. The formation of transformation products from the reactions of the target compounds with chemical oxidants is inherent to oxidation processes and the following questions have evolved over the years: Are the formed transformation products biologically less active than the target compounds? Is there a new toxicity associated with transformation products? Are transformation products more biodegradable than the corresponding target compounds? In addition to the positive effects on water quality related to abatement of micropollutants, chemical oxidants react mainly with water matrix components such as the dissolved organic matter (DOM), bromide and iodide. As a matter of fact, the fraction of oxidants consumed by the DOM is typically > 99%, which makes such processes inherently inefficient. The consequences are loss of oxidation capacity and the formation of organic and inorganic disinfection byproducts also involving bromide and iodide, which can be oxidized to reactive bromine and iodine with their ensuing reactions with DOM. Overall, it has turned out in the last three decades, that chemical oxidation processes are complex to understand and to manage. However, the tremendous research efforts have led to a good understanding of the underlying processes and allow a widespread and optimized application of such processes in water treatment practice such as drinking water, municipal and industrial wastewater and water reuse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland; ENAC, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, CH-1000, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Jarin M, Wang T, Xie X. Operando investigation of the synergistic effect of electric field treatment and copper for bacteria inactivation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1345. [PMID: 38355666 PMCID: PMC10867087 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
As the overuse of chemicals in our disinfection processes becomes an ever-growing concern, alternative approaches to reduce and replace the usage of chemicals is warranted. Electric field treatment has shown promising potential to have synergistic effects with standard chemical-based methods as they both target the cell membrane specifically. In this study, we use a lab-on-a-chip device to understand, observe, and quantify the synergistic effect between electric field treatment and copper inactivation. Observations in situ, and at a single cell level, ensure us that the combined approach has an enhancement effect leading more bacteria to be weakened by electric field treatment and susceptible to inactivation by copper ion permeation. The synergistic effects of electric field treatment and copper can be visually concluded here, enabling the further study of this technology to optimally develop, mature, and scale for its various applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourin Jarin
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Xing Xie
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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Wang Z, Li J, Song W, Yang J, Dong W, Zhang X. Bisphenol A degradation by chlorine dioxide (ClO 2) and S(IV)/ClO 2 process: Mechanism, degradation pathways and toxicity assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 339:122736. [PMID: 37838321 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and (bi)sulfite/ClO2 showed excellent performance in micropollutant removal from water; however, the degradation mechanisms and application boundaries of the two system have not been identified. In this study, bisphenol A (BPA) was chosen as the target contaminant to give multiple comparisons of ClO2 and S(IV)/ClO2 process regarding the degradation performance of contaminant, generation of reactive species, transformation of products and toxicity variation. Both ClO2 and S(IV)/ClO2 can degrade BPA within 3 min. The BPA degradation mechanism was mainly based on direct oxidation in ClO2 process while it was attributed to radicals (especially SO4·-) generation in S(IV)/ClO2 process. Meanwhile, the effect of pH and coexisting substances (Cl-, Br-, HCO3- and HA) were evaluated. It was found that ClO2 preferred the neutral and alkaline condition and S(IV)/ClO2 preferred the acidic condition for BPA degradation. An unexpected speed-up of BPA degradation was observed in ClO2 process in the presence of Br-, HCO3- and HA. In addition, the intermediate products in BPA degradation were identified. Three exclusive products were found in ClO2 process, in which p-benzoquinone was considered to be the reason of the acute toxicity increase in ClO2 process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyue Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Ji Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jingxin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenyi Dong
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Jütte M, Wilbert JA, Reusing M, Abdighahroudi MS, Schüth C, Lutze HV. Reaction Mechanisms of Chlorine Dioxide with Phenolic Compounds─Influence of Different Substituents on Stoichiometric Ratios and Intrinsic Formation of Free Available Chlorine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18846-18855. [PMID: 37276343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is an oxidant applied in water treatment processes that is very effective for disinfection and abatement of inorganic and organic pollutants. Thereby phenol is the most important reaction partner of ClO2 in reactions of natural organic matter (NOM) and in pollutant degradation. It was previously reported that with specific reaction partners (e.g., phenol), free available chlorine (FAC) could form as another byproduct next to chlorite (ClO2-). This study investigates the impact of different functional groups attached to the aromatic ring of phenol on the formation of inorganic byproducts (i.e., FAC, ClO2-, chloride, and chlorate) and the overall reaction mechanism. The majority of the investigated compounds reacted with a 2:1 stoichiometry and formed 50% ClO2- and 50% FAC, regardless of the position and kind of the groups attached to the aromatic ring. The only functional groups strongly influencing the FAC formation in the ClO2 reaction with phenols were hydroxyl- and amino-substituents in ortho- and para-positions, causing 100% ClO2- and 0% FAC formation. Additionally, this class of compounds showed a pH-dependent stoichiometric ratio due to pH-dependent autoxidation. Overall, FAC is an important secondary oxidant in ClO2 based treatment processes. Synergetic effects in pollutant control and disinfection might be observable; however, the formation of halogenated byproducts needs to be considered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mischa Jütte
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of Environmental Analytics and Pollutants, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Janis A Wilbert
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of Environmental Analytics and Pollutants, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marcel Reusing
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of Environmental Analytics and Pollutants, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mohammad Sajjad Abdighahroudi
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of Environmental Analytics and Pollutants, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christoph Schüth
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Schnittspahnstr. 9, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, D-45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Holger V Lutze
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of Environmental Analytics and Pollutants, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, D-45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
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Wang Y, Sun W, Dong H, Qiang Z. Accelerated degradation of micro-pollutant by combined UV and chlorine dioxide: Unexpected inhibition of chlorite formation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122600. [PMID: 37739255 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
UV/chlorine dioxide (ClO2) process can be intentionally or accidently conducted and is potentially effective in micro-pollutants degradation. UV irradiation can promote ClO2 decay and subsequently result in the formation of reactive radicals. Hence, the co-exposure of ClO2 and UV exhibited a synergetic effect on metribuzin (MET) degradation. The MET degradation was promoted by UV/ClO2 with a rate of 0.089 min-1 at pH 7.5, which was around 2.4 folds the total of rates caused by single ClO2 (0.004 min-1) and single UV (0.033 min-1). Reactive radicals mainly HO• and reactive chlorine species were involved in the acceleration effect, and contributed to 59%-67% of the total degradation rate of MET during UV/ClO2 under pHs 5.5-7.5. Among them, HO• was the predominant contributor and the contribution rate gradually rose under higher pH. Chlorite (ClO2-) and chlorate (ClO3-) formation has been the major concern of ClO2 oxidation. However, a comparison of their formation during UV/ClO2 and ClO2 oxidation is rarely reported. Herein, during MET degradation by ClO2, only ClO2- was identified with the highest amount of 1.17 mg L-1. Conversely, during MET degradation by UV/ClO2, only ClO3- was identified with the highest amount of 0.68 mg L-1, showing an upward trend with prolonging treatment time. Furthermore, organic halogenated DBPs formation after 24 h post-chlorination with UV/ClO2 and ClO2 pre-treatments was comparatively evaluated. Organic DBPs formation after post-chlorination was higher with UV/ClO2 pre-treatment compared to ClO2 pre-treatment. The overall concentration of DBPs produced with 30 min UV/ClO2 pre-treatment was about 4.5 times that with 1min UV/ClO2 pre-treatment. This study provided useful reference for the application of UV/ClO2 in micro-pollutants degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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7
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Suh MJ, Simpson AMA, Mitch WA. Purified Chlorine Dioxide as an Alternative to Chlorine Disinfection to Minimize Chlorate Formation During Postharvest Produce Washing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:12063-12071. [PMID: 37531609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The washwater used to wash produce within postharvest washing facilities frequently contains high chlorine concentrations to prevent pathogen cross-contamination. To address concerns regarding the formation and uptake of chlorate (ClO3-) into produce, this study evaluated whether switching to chlorine dioxide (ClO2) could reduce chlorate concentrations within the produce. Because ClO2 exhibits lower disinfectant demand than chlorine, substantially lower concentrations can be applied. However, ClO3- can form through several pathways, particularly by reactions between ClO2 and the chlorine used to generate ClO2 via reaction with chlorite (ClO2-) or chlorine that forms when ClO2 reacts with produce. This study demonstrates that purging ClO2 from the chlorine and ClO2- mixture used for its generation through a trap containing ClO2- can scavenge chlorine, substantially reducing ClO3- concentrations in ClO2 stock solutions. Addition of low concentrations of ammonia to the produce washwater further reduced ClO3- formation by binding the chlorine produced by ClO2 reactions with produce as inactive chloramines without scavenging ClO2. While chlorate concentrations in lettuce, kale, and broccoli exceeded regulatory guidelines during treatment with chlorine, ClO3- concentrations were below regulatory guidelines for each of these vegetables when treated with ClO2 together with these two purification measures. Switching to purified ClO2 also reduced the concentrations of lipid-bound oleic acid chlorohydrins and protein-bound chlorotyrosines, which are exemplars of halogenated byproducts formed from disinfectant reactions with biomolecules within produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jeong Suh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Engineering, Fred DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Science, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11549, United States
| | - Adam M-A Simpson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Wang A, Huo S, Croué JP, Liu C. Reaction of Polyamide Membrane Model Monomers with Chlorine Dioxide: Kinetics, Pathways, and Implications. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 241:120159. [PMID: 37290190 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic polyamide (PA) based membranes are widely used for reverse osmosis (RO), but they can be degraded by free chlorine used for controlling the biofouling prior to RO treatment. Kinetics and mechanisms for the reactions of PA membrane model monomers, i.e., benzanilide (BA), and acetanilide (AC), with chlorine dioxide (ClO2) were investigated in this study. Rate constants for the reactions of ClO2 with BA and AC at pH 8.3 and 21°C were determined to be (4.1±0.1) × 10-1 M-1.24 s-1 and (6.0±0.1) × 10-3 M-1 s-1, respectively. These reactions are base assisted with a strong pH dependence. The activation energies of BA and AC degradation by ClO2 were 123.7 and 81.0 kJ mol-1, respectively. This indicates a relatively strong temperature dependence in the studied temperature range of 21-35 °C. The presence of bromide and natural organic matter does not promote the degradation of model monomers by ClO2. BA was degraded by ClO2 via two pathways: (1) the attack on the anilide moiety with the formation of benzamide (major pathway) and (2) oxidative hydrolysis to benzoic acid (minor pathway). A kinetic model was developed to simulate the degradation of BA and formation of byproducts during ClO2 pretreatment, and simulations agree well with the experimental data. Half-lives of BA treated by ClO2 were 1-5 orders of magnitude longer than chlorine under typical seawater treatment conditions. These novel findings suggest the potential application of ClO2 for controlling biofouling ahead of RO treatment at desalination treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shouliang Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jean-Philippe Croué
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers 86073, France
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Yang T, Zhu M, An L, Zeng G, Fan C, Li J, Jiang J, Ma J. Photolysis of chlorite by solar light: An overlooked mitigation pathway for chlorite and micropollutants. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119809. [PMID: 36878179 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorite (ClO2-) is an undesirable toxic byproduct commonly produced in the chlorine dioxide and ultraviolet/chlorine dioxide oxidation processes. Various methods have been developed to remove ClO2- but require additional chemicals or energy input. In this study, an overlooked mitigation pathway of ClO2- by solar light photolysis with a bonus for simultaneous removal of micropollutant co-present was reported. ClO2- could be efficiently decomposed to chloride (Cl-) and chlorate by simulated solar light (SSL) at water-relevant pHs with Cl- yield up to 65% at neutral pH. Multiple reactive species including hydroxyl radical (•OH), ozone (O3), chloride radical (Cl•), and chlorine oxide radical (ClO•) were generated in the SSL/ClO2- system with the steady-state concentrations following the order of O3 (≈ 0.8 μΜ) > ClO• (≈ 4.4 × 10-6 μΜ)> •OH (≈ 1.1 × 10-7 μΜ)> Cl• (≈ 6.8 × 10-8 μΜ) at neutral pH under investigated condition. Bezafibrate (BZF) as well as the selected six other micropollutants was efficiently degraded by the SSL/ClO2- system with pseudofirst-order rate constants ranging from 0.057 to 0.21 min-1 at pH 7.0, while most of them were negligibly degraded by SSL or ClO2- treatment alone. Kinetic modeling of BZF degradation by SSL/ClO2- at pHs 6.0 - 8.0 suggested that •OH contributed the most, followed by Cl•, O3, and ClO•. The presence of water background components (i.e., humic acid, bicarbonate, and chloride) exhibited negative effects on BZF degradation by the SSL/ClO2- system, mainly due to their competitive scavenging of reactive species therein. The mitigation of ClO2- and BZF under photolysis by natural solar light or in realistic waters was also confirmed. This study discovered an overlooked natural mitigation pathway for ClO2- and micropollutants, which has significant implications for understanding their fate in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Mengyang Zhu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Linqian An
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Ge Zeng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Chengqian Fan
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Juan Li
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhu Hai 519087, China.
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Xu Q, Li Z, Liu F, You H, Xie B. Iron species activating chlorite: Neglected selective oxidation for water treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:100225. [PMID: 36507056 PMCID: PMC9732127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2022.100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorite (ClO2 -) is the by-product of the water treatment process carried out using chlorine dioxide (ClO2) as an effective disinfectant and oxidant; however, the reactivation of ClO2 - has commonly been overlooked. Herein, it was unprecedentedly found that ClO2 - could be activated by iron species (Feb: Fe0, FeII, or FeIII), which contributed to the synchronous removal of ClO2 - and selective oxidative treatment of organic contaminants. However, the above-mentioned activation process presented intensive H+-dependent reactivity. The introduction of Feb significantly shortened the autocatalysis process via the accumulation of Cl- or ClO- during the protonation of ClO2 - driven by ultrasonic field. Furthermore, it was found that the interdependent high-valent-Fe-oxo and ClO2, after identification, were the dominant active species for accelerating the oxidation process. Accordingly, the unified mechanisms based on coordination catalysis ([Fe N (H2O) a (ClO x m-) b ] n +-P) were putative, and this process was thus used to account for the pollutant removal by the Feb-activated protonated ClO2 -. This study pioneers the activation of ClO2 - for water treatment and provides a novel strategy for "waste treating waste". Derivatively, this activation process further provides the preparation methods for sulfones and ClO2, including the oriented oxidation of sulfoxides to sulfones and the production of ClO2 for on-site use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Hong You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Binghan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, 264209, China
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Angyal D, Fábián I, Szabó M. Kinetic Role of Reactive Intermediates in Controlling the Formation of Chlorine Dioxide in the Hypochlorous Acid-Chlorite Ion Reaction. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5426-5434. [PMID: 36977487 PMCID: PMC10091416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
An advanced experimental protocol is reported for studying the kinetics and mechanism of the complex redox reaction between chlorite ion and hypochlorous acid under acidic condition. The formation of ClO2 is followed directly by the classical two-component stopped-flow method. In sequential stopped-flow experiments, the target reaction is chemically quenched using NaI solution and the concentration of each reactant and product is monitored as a function of time by utilizing the principles of kinetic discrimination. Thus, in contrast to earlier studies, not only the formation of one of the products but the decay of the reactants was also directly followed. This approach provides a firm basis for postulating a detailed mechanism for the interpretation of the experimental results under a variety of conditions. The intimate details of the reaction are explored by simultaneously fitting 78 kinetic traces, i.e., the concentration vs. time profiles of ClO2-, HOCl, and ClO2, to an 11-step kinetic model. The most important reaction steps were identified, and it was shown that two reactive intermediates have a pivotal role in the mechanism. While chlorate ion predominantly forms via the reaction of Cl2O, chlorine dioxide is exclusively produced in reaction steps involving Cl2O2. This study leads to clear conclusions on how to control the stoichiometry of the reaction and achieve optimum conditions to produce chlorine dioxide and to reduce the formation of the toxic chlorate ion in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Angyal
- ELKH-DE Mechanisms of Complex Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - István Fábián
- ELKH-DE Mechanisms of Complex Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Mária Szabó
- ELKH-DE Mechanisms of Complex Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
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12
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Jütte M, Abdighahroudi MS, Waldminghaus T, Lackner S, V Lutze H. Bacterial inactivation processes in water disinfection - mechanistic aspects of primary and secondary oxidants - A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 231:119626. [PMID: 36709565 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Water disinfection during drinking water production is one of the most important processes to ensure safe drinking water, which is gaining even more importance due to the increasing impact of climate change. With specific reaction partners, chemical oxidants can form secondary oxidants, which can cause additional damage to bacteria. Cases in point are chlorine dioxide which forms free available chlorine (e.g., in the reaction with phenol) and ozone which can form hydroxyl radicals (e.g., during the reaction with natural organic matter). The present work reviews the complex interplay of all these reactive species which can occur in disinfection processes and their potential to affect disinfection processes. A quantitative overview of their disinfection strength based on inactivation kinetics and typical exposures is provided. By unifying the current data for different oxidants it was observable that cultivated wild strains (e.g., from wastewater treatment plants) are in general more resistant towards chemical oxidants compared to lab-cultivated strains from the same bacterium. Furthermore, it could be shown that for selective strains chlorine dioxide is the strongest disinfectant (highest maximum inactivation), however as a broadband disinfectant ozone showed the highest strength (highest average inactivation). Details in inactivation mechanisms regarding possible target structures and reaction mechanisms are provided. Thereby the formation of secondary oxidants and their role in inactivation of pathogens is decently discussed. Eventually, possible defense responses of bacteria and additional effects which can occur in vivo are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mischa Jütte
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of environmental analytics and pollutants, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mohammad Sajjad Abdighahroudi
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of environmental analytics and pollutants, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Torsten Waldminghaus
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Centre for synthetic biology, Chair of molecular microbiology, Schnittspahnstraße 12, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Susanne Lackner
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of water and environmental biotechnology, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Holger V Lutze
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of environmental analytics and pollutants, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, D-45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
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13
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Su R, Li N, Liu Z, Song X, Liu W, Gao B, Zhou W, Yue Q, Li Q. Revealing the Generation of High-Valent Cobalt Species and Chlorine Dioxide in the Co 3O 4-Activated Chlorite Process: Insight into the Proton Enhancement Effect. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1882-1893. [PMID: 36607701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A Co3O4-activated chlorite (Co3O4/chlorite) process was developed to enable the simultaneous generation of high-valent cobalt species [Co(IV)] and ClO2 for efficient oxidation of organic contaminants. The formation of Co(IV) in the Co3O4/chlorite process was demonstrated through phenylmethyl sulfoxide (PMSO) probe and 18O-isotope-labeling tests. Both experiments and theoretical calculations revealed that chlorite activation involved oxygen atom transfer (OAT) during Co(IV) formation and proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) in the Co(IV)-mediated ClO2 generation. Protons not only promoted the generation of Co(IV) and ClO2 by lowering the energy barrier but also strengthened the resistance of the Co3O4/chlorite process to coexisting anions, which we termed a proton enhancement effect. Although both Co(IV) and ClO2 exhibited direct oxidation of contaminants, their contributions varied with pH changes. When pH increased from 3 to 5, the deprotonation of contaminants facilitated the electrophilic attack of ClO2, while as pH increased from 5 to 8, Co(IV) gradually became the main contributor to contaminant degradation owing to its higher stability than ClO2. Moreover, ClO2- was transformed into nontoxic Cl- rather than ClO3- after the reaction, thus greatly reducing possible environmental risks. This work described a Co(IV)-involved chlorite activation process for efficient removal of organic contaminants, and a proton enhancement mechanism was revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidian Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong266237, P. R. China
| | - Nan Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong266237, P. R. China
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong266237, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong266237, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong266237, P. R. China
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Peking University, Beijing100871, P. R. China
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong266237, P. R. China
| | - Weizhi Zhou
- School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong250100, P. R. China
| | - Qinyan Yue
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong266237, P. R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong266237, P. R. China
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14
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Li J, Song Y, Jiang J, Yang T, Cao Y. Oxidative treatment of NOM by selective oxidants in drinking water treatment and its impact on DBP formation in postchlorination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159908. [PMID: 36336058 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM), as a ubiquitous component in aqueous environments, has raised continuous scientific concerns due to its role as an organic precursor to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the subsequent chlorination process. Selective oxidants, including ozone (O3), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), permanganate (Mn(VII)), and ferrate (Fe(VI)) are widely used in the preoxidation stage in drinking water treatment. The selective reactivity of those oxidants toward NOM is expected to alternate NOM properties and consequently DBP formation in postchlorination. Despite extensive studies on the interactions of NOM with selective oxidants, there is currently a lack of an overview of this area. To fill this gap, this study presents the current knowledge of the modification of NOM properties by selective oxidants and its impact on DBP formation in postchlorination. The NOM property changes in three aspects, including bulk property (e.g., total organic carbon, ultraviolet absorbance), fractional constituent (e.g., molecular size, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity), and elemental composition (e.g., functional group) by the four selective oxidants (i.e., O3, ClO2, Mn(VII), and Fe(VI)) were discussed. Thereafter, the impacts of alteration of NOM properties by those selective oxidants on DBP formation in the subsequent chlorination were summarized, wherein the key influencing factors were discussed. Finally, the future perspectives in this area were forwarded, which highlighted the significance of process optimization, the attention to the less studied but more toxic DBPs, and the need for the identification of unknown DBPs. This review presented a state-of-the-art knowledge pool of the fate of NOM in oxidation and chlorination processes, promoted our understanding of the relationship between NOM properties and DBP formation, and identified further research needs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhu Hai 519087, China.
| | - Yang Song
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying Cao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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15
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Yuan Y, Jia H, Xu D, Wang J. Novel method in emerging environmental contaminants detection: Fiber optic sensors based on microfluidic chips. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159563. [PMID: 36265627 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, human industrial practices and certain activities have caused the widespread spread of emerging contaminants throughout the environmental matrix, even in trace amounts, which constitute a serious threat to human health and environmental ecology, and have therefore attracted the attention of research scholars. Different traditional techniques are used to monitor water pollutants, However, they still have some disadvantages such as high costs, ecological problems and treatment times, and require technicians and researchers to operate them effectively. There is therefore an urgent need to develop simple, inexpensive and highly sensitive methods to sense and detect these toxic environmental contaminants. Optical fiber microfluidic coupled sensors offer different advantages over other detection technologies, allowing manipulation of light through controlled microfluidics, precise detection results and good stability, and have therefore become a logical device for screening and identifying environmental contaminants. This paper reviews the application of fiber optic microfluidic sensors in emerging environmental contaminant detection, focusing on the characteristics of different emerging contaminant types, different types of fiber optic microfluidic sensors, methodological principles of detection, and specific emerging contaminant detection applications. The optical detection methods in fiber optic microfluidic chips and their respective advantages and disadvantages are analyzed in the discussion. The applications of fiber optic biochemical sensors in microfluidic chips, especially for the detection of emerging contaminants in the aqueous environment, such as personal care products, endocrine disruptors, and perfluorinated compounds, are reviewed. Finally, the prospects of fiber optic microfluidic coupled sensors in environmental detection and related fields are foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - DanYu Xu
- Tianjin Academy of Eco-enviromental Sciences, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; Cangzhou Institute of Tiangong University, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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16
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Chlorine Dioxide: Friend or Foe for Cell Biomolecules? A Chemical Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415660. [PMID: 36555303 PMCID: PMC9779649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines the role of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) on inorganic compounds and cell biomolecules. As a disinfectant also present in drinking water, ClO2 helps to destroy bacteria, viruses, and some parasites. The Environmental Protection Agency EPA regulates the maximum concentration of chlorine dioxide in drinking water to be no more than 0.8 ppm. In any case, human consumption must be strictly regulated since, given its highly reactive nature, it can react with and oxidize many of the inorganic compounds found in natural waters. Simultaneously, chlorine dioxide reacts with natural organic matter in water, including humic and fulvic acids, forming oxidized organic compounds such as aldehydes and carboxylic acids, and rapidly oxidizes phenolic compounds, amines, amino acids, peptides, and proteins, as well as the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH, responsible for electron and proton exchange and energy production in all cells. The influence of ClO2 on biomolecules is derived from its interference with redox processes, modifying the electrochemical balances in mitochondrial and cell membranes. This discourages its use on an individual basis and without specialized monitoring by health professionals.
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17
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Song W, Li J, Zhang X, Fu C, Wang Z, Wang Z. Algae-containing raw water treatment and by-products control based on ClO 2 preoxidation-assisted coagulation/precipitation process. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3837-3851. [PMID: 34713368 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication has become a great concern in recent years with the algae blooms in source water resulting in a serious threat posing to the safety of drinking water. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has been served as an alternative oxidant for preoxidation or disinfection during drinking water treatment process due to its high oxidation efficiency and low risk of organic by-products formation. However, the generation of inorganic by-products including chlorite (ClO2-) and chlorate (ClO3-) has become a potential problem when applied in drinking water treatment. In this study, ClO2 preoxidation-assisted coagulation/precipitation process was applied to improve the raw water quality, especially algae, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (CODMn), and UV254, and explore the formation mechanisms of inorganic by-products. It was found that the polymeric aluminum chloride (PAC) and ClO2 have shown the best raw water treatment performance with the optimal dosage of 10 mg/L and 0.8 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, the initial pH also has exhibited a notable influence on pollutants treatment and by-products generation. Due to the adverse influence of algae and natural organic matters (NOM) and the generation of by-products, it was significant to investigate their inhibition effect on the water quality and the production of ClO2- and ClO3- in the ClO2 preoxidation-assisted coagulation/precipitation process. Moreover, it was applicable of this process to apply for the algae-containing raw water (calculated as Chl.a lower than 50 μg/L) treatment with the ClO2 dosage of less than 0.8 mg/L to achieve optimum treatment performance and minimum by-products generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Caixia Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Zhihong Wang
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoyue Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
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18
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He H, Xu H, Li L, Yang X, Fu Q, Yang X, Zhang W, Wang D. Molecular transformation of dissolved organic matter and the formation of disinfection byproducts in full-scale surface water treatment processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156547. [PMID: 35688238 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matters (DOM) have important effects on the performance of surface water treatment processes and may convert into disinfection by-products (DBPs) during disinfection. In this work, the transformation of DOM and the chlorinated DBPs (Cl-DBPs) formation in two different full-scale surface water treatment processes (process 1: prechlorination-coagulation-precipitation-filtration; process 2: coagulation-precipitation-post-disinfection-filtration) were comparatively investigated at molecular scale. The results showed that coagulation preferentially removed unsaturated (H/C < 1.0 and DBE > 17) and oxidized (O/C > 0.5) compounds containing more carboxyl groups. Therefore, prechlorination produced more Cl-DBPs with H/C < 1.0 and O/C > 0.5 than post-disinfection. However, the algal in the influent produced many reduced molecules (O/C < 0.5) without prechlorination, and these compounds were more reactive with disinfectants. Sand filtration was ineffective in DOM removal, while microorganisms in the filter produced high molecular weight (MW) substances that were involved in the Cl-DBPs formation, causing the generation of higher MW Cl-DBPs under post-disinfection. Furthermore, the CHO molecules with high O atom number and the CHON molecules containing one N atom were the main Cl-DBPs precursors in both surface water treatment processes. In consideration of the putative Cl-DBPs precursors and their reaction pathways, the precursors with higher unsaturation degree and aromaticity were prone to produce Cl-DBPs through addition reactions, while that with higher saturation degree tended to form Cl-DBPs through substitution reactions. These findings are useful to optimize the treatment processes to ensure the safety of water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Yangtze River Delta Branch, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lanfeng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Yangtze River Delta Branch, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinglong Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyin Yang
- Yangtze River Delta Branch, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Yangtze River Delta Branch, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang university, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
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19
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Wang J, Kim J, Ashley DC, Sharma VK, Huang CH. Peracetic Acid Enhances Micropollutant Degradation by Ferrate(VI) through Promotion of Electron Transfer Efficiency. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11683-11693. [PMID: 35880779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ferrate(VI) and peracetic acid (PAA) are two oxidants of growing importance in water treatment. Recently, our group found that simultaneous application of ferrate(VI) and PAA led to much faster degradation of micropollutants compared to that by a single oxidant, and this paper systematically evaluated the underlying mechanisms. First, we used benzoic acid and methyl phenyl sulfoxide as probe compounds and concluded that Fe(IV)/Fe(V) was the main reactive species, while organic radicals [CH3C(O)O•/CH3C(O)OO•] had negligible contribution. Second, we removed the coexistent hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in PAA stock solution with free chlorine and, to our surprise, found the second-order reaction rate constant between ferrate(VI) and PAA to be only about 1.44 ± 0.12 M-1s-1 while that of H2O2 was as high as (2.01 ± 0.12) × 101 M-1s-1 at pH 9.0. Finally, further experiments on ferrate(VI)-bisulfite and ferrate(VI)-2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic)acid systems confirmed that PAA was not an activator for ferrate(VI). Rather, PAA could enhance the oxidation capacity of Fe(IV)/Fe(V), making their oxidation outcompete self-decay. This study, for the first time, reveals the ability of PAA to promote electron transfer efficiency between high-valent metals and organic contaminants and confirms the benefits of co-application of ferrate(VI) and PAA for alkaline wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyue Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Juhee Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Daniel C Ashley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, United States
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Department of Environment and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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20
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Abdighahroudi MS, Mutke XAM, Jütte M, Klein K, Schmidt TC, Lutze HV. Reaction of Chlorine Dioxide with Saturated Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles and Comparison with the Micropollutant Behavior in a Real Water Matrix. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11589-11601. [PMID: 35929822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a very selective oxidant that reacts with electron-rich moieties such as activated amines and thus can degrade specific N-containing micropollutants. N-containing heterocycles (NCHs) are among the most frequent moieties of pharmaceuticals. In this study, the reactions of ClO2 with ritalinic acid and cetirizine, two abundant micropollutants, and model compounds representing their NCH moiety were investigated. The pH-dependent apparent reaction rates of all NCHs with ClO2 were measured and modeled. This model showed that neutral amines are the most important species having reaction rates between 800 and 3200 M-1 s-1, while cationic amines are not reactive. Ritalinic acid, cetirizine, and their representative model compounds showed a high stoichiometric ratio of ≈5 moles ClO2 consumption per degraded ritalinic acid and ≈4 moles ClO2 consumption per degraded cetirizine, respectively. Investigation of chlorine-containing byproducts of ClO2 showed that all investigated NCHs mostly react by electron transfer and form above 80% chlorite. The reactions of the model compounds were well comparable with cetirizine and ritalinic acid, indicating that the model compounds indeed represented the reaction centers of cetirizine and ritalinic acid. Using the calculated apparent reaction rate constants, micropollutant degradation during ClO2 treatment of surface water was predicted for ritalinic acid and cetirizine with -8 to -15% and 13 to -22% error, respectively. The results indicate that in ClO2-based treatment, piperidine-containing micropollutants such as ritalinic acid can be considered not degradable, while piperazine-containing compounds such as cetirizine can be moderately degraded. This shows that NCH model compounds could be used to predict micropollutant degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sajjad Abdighahroudi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
- Institute IWAR, Chair of environmental analytics and pollutants, Technical University of Darmstadt, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Xenia A M Mutke
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Mischa Jütte
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
- Institute IWAR, Chair of environmental analytics and pollutants, Technical University of Darmstadt, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Katharina Klein
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, D-45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Holger V Lutze
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
- Institute IWAR, Chair of environmental analytics and pollutants, Technical University of Darmstadt, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, D-45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
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21
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Xu MY, Lin YL, Zhang TY, Hu CY, Tang YL, Deng J, Xu B. Chlorine dioxide-based oxidation processes for water purification:A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129195. [PMID: 35739725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has emerged as a broad-spectrum, safe, and effective disinfectant due to its high oxidation efficiency and reduced formation of organochlorinated by-products during application. This article provides an updated overview of ClO2-based oxidation processes used in water treatment. A systematic review of scientific information and experimental data on ClO2-based water purification procedures is presented. Concerning ClO2-based oxidation derivative problems, the pros and cons of ClO2-based combined processes are assessed and disinfection by-product (DBP) control approaches are proposed. The kinetic and mechanistic data on ClO2 reactivity towards micropollutants are discussed. ClO2 selectively reacts with electron-rich moieties (anilines, phenols, olefins, and amines) and eliminates certain inorganic ions and microorganisms with high efficiency. The formation of chlorite and chlorate during the oxidation process is a crucial concern when utilizing ClO2. Future applications include the combination of ClO2 with ferrous ions, activated carbon, ozone, UV, visible light, or persulfate processes. The combined process can reduce by-product generation while still ensuring ClO2 sterilization and disinfection. Overall, this research could provide useful information and new insights into the application of ClO2-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Yu-Lin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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22
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Li J, Cassol GS, Zhao J, Sato Y, Jing B, Zhang Y, Shang C, Yang X, Ao Z, Chen G, Yin R. Superfast degradation of micropollutants in water by reactive species generated from the reaction between chlorine dioxide and sulfite. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118886. [PMID: 35917667 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is used as an oxidant or disinfectant in (waste)water treatment, whereas sulfite is a prevalent reducing agent to quench the excess ClO2. This study demonstrated that seven micropollutants with structural diversity could be rapidly degraded in the reaction between ClO2 and sulfite under environmentally relevant conditions in synthetic and real drinking water. For example, carbamazepine, which is recalcitrant to standalone ClO2 or sulfite, was degraded by 55%-80% in 10 s in the ClO2/sulfite process at 30-µM ClO2 and 30-µM sulfite concentrations within a pH range of 6.0-11.0. Results from experiments and a kinetic model supported that chlorine monoxide (ClO·) and sulfate radicals (SO4·-) were generated in the ClO2/sulfite process, while hydroxyl radical generation was insignificant. Apart from radicals, dichlorine trioxide (Cl2O3) was generated and largely contributed to micropollutant degradation, supported by experimental results using stopped-flow spectrometry and quantum chemical calculations. The impacts of pH, sulfite dosage, and water matrix components (chloride, bicarbonate, and natural organic matter) on micropollutant abatement in the ClO2/sulfite process were evaluated and discussed. When treating the real potable water, the concentrations of organic (five regulated disinfection byproducts) and inorganic byproducts (chlorite and chlorate) formed in the ClO2/sulfite process were all below the drinking water standards. This study disclosed fundamental knowledge advancements relevant to the reaction mechanisms between ClO2 and sulfite, and highlighed a novel process to abate micropollutants in water and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999066, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University at Zhu Hai, Zhu Hai, Hong Kong 519087, China
| | - Gabriela Scheibel Cassol
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999066, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999066, China
| | - Yugo Sato
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999066, China
| | - Binghua Jing
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999066, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University at Zhu Hai, Zhu Hai, Hong Kong 519087, China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999066, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999066, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Hong Kong 510275, China
| | - Zhimin Ao
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University at Zhu Hai, Zhu Hai, Hong Kong 519087, China
| | - Guanghao Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999066, China
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999066, China.
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23
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Huo ZY, Winter LR, Wang XX, Du Y, Wu YH, Hübner U, Hu HY, Elimelech M. Synergistic Nanowire-Enhanced Electroporation and Electrochlorination for Highly Efficient Water Disinfection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10925-10934. [PMID: 35820052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conventional water disinfection methods such as chlorination typically involve the generation of harmful disinfection byproducts and intensive chemical consumption. Emerging electroporation disinfection techniques using nanowire-enhanced local electric fields inactivate microbes by damaging their outer structures without byproduct formation or chemical dosing. However, this physical-based method suffers from a limited inactivation efficiency under high water flux due to an insufficient contact time. Herein, we integrate electrochlorination with nanowire-enhanced electroporation to achieve a synergistic flow-through process for efficient water disinfection targeting bacteria and viruses. Electroporation at the cathode induces sub-lethal damages on the microbial outer structures. Subsequently, electrogenerated active chlorine at the anode aggravates these electroporation-induced injuries to the level of lethal damage. This sequential flow-through disinfection system achieves complete disinfection (>6.0-log) under a very high water flux of 2.4 × 104 L/(m2 h) with an applied voltage of 2.0 V. This disinfection efficiency is 8 times faster than that of electroporation alone. Further, the specific energy consumption for the disinfection by this novel process is extremely low (8 × 10-4 kW h/m3). Our results demonstrate a promising method for rapid and energy-efficient water disinfection by coupling electroporation with electrochlorination to meet vital needs for pathogen elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yang Huo
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, PR China
| | - Lea R Winter
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - Xiao-Xiong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - Ye Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Yin-Hu Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
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24
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Rougé V, Lee Y, von Gunten U, Allard S. Kinetic and mechanistic understanding of chlorite oxidation during chlorination: Optimization of ClO 2 pre-oxidation for disinfection byproduct control. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118515. [PMID: 35700645 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) applications to drinking water are limited by the formation of chlorite (ClO2-) which is regulated in many countries. However, when ClO2 is used as a pre-oxidant, ClO2- can be oxidized by chlorine during subsequent disinfection. In this study, a kinetic model for the reaction of chlorine with ClO2- was developed to predict the fate of ClO2- during chlorine disinfection. The reaction of ClO2- with chlorine was found to be highly pH-dependent with formation of ClO3- and ClO2 in ultrapure water. In presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM), 60-70% of the ClO2- was transformed to ClO3- during chlorination, while the in situ regenerated ClO2 was quickly consumed by reaction with DOM. The remaining 30-40% of the ClO2- first reacted to ClO2 which then formed chlorine from the DOM-ClO2 reaction. Since only part of the ClO2- was transformed to ClO3-, the sum of the molar concentrations of oxychlorine species (ClO2- + ClO3-) decreased during chlorination. By kinetic modelling, the ClO2- concentration after 24 h of chlorination was accurately predicted in synthetic waters but was largely overestimated in natural waters, possibly due to a ClO2- decay enhanced by high concentrations of chloride and in situ formed bromine from bromide. Understanding the chlorine-ClO2- reaction mechanism and the corresponding kinetics allows to potentially apply higher ClO2 doses during the pre-oxidation step, thus improving disinfection byproduct mitigation while keeping ClO2-, and if required, ClO3- below the regulatory limits. In addition, ClO2 was demonstrated to efficiently degrade haloacetonitrile precursors, either when used as pre-oxidant or when regenerated in situ during chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Rougé
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia; School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Allard
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
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25
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Cassol GS, Shang C, Li J, Ling L, Yang X, Yin R. Dosing low-level ferrous iron in coagulation enhances the removal of micropollutants, chlorite and chlorate during advanced water treatment. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:119-128. [PMID: 35725064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water utilities are interested in upgrading their treatment facilities to enhance micropollutant removal and byproduct control. Pre-oxidation by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) followed by coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is one of the promising solutions. However, the chlorite (ClO2-) formed from the ClO2 pre-oxidation stage cannot be removed by the conventional coagulation process using aluminum sulfate. ClO2- negatively affects the post-UV/chlorine process due to its strong radical scavenging effect, and it also enhances the formation of chlorate (ClO3-). In this study, dosing micromolar-level ferrous iron (Fe(II)) into aluminum-based coagulants was proposed to eliminate the ClO2- generated from ClO2 pre-oxidation and benefit the post-UV/chlorine process in radical production and ClO3- reduction. Results showed that the addition of 52.1-µmol/L FeSO4 effectively eliminated the ClO2- generated from the pre-oxidation using 1.0 mg/L (14.8 µmol/L) of ClO2. Reduction of ClO2- increased the degradation rate constant of a model micropollutant (carbamazepine) by 55.0% in the post-UV/chlorine process. The enhanced degradation was verified to be attributed to the increased steady-state concentrations of HO· and ClO· by Fe(II) addition. Moreover, Fe(II) addition also decreased the ClO3- formation by 53.8% in the UV/chlorine process and its impact on the formation of chloro-organic byproducts was rather minor. The findings demonstrated a promising strategy to improve the drinking water quality and safety by adding low-level Fe(II) in coagulation in an advanced drinking water treatment train.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Scheibel Cassol
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999066, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999066, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999066, China.
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999066, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999066, China.
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26
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Direct and Activated Chlorine Dioxide Oxidation for Micropollutant Abatement: A Review on Kinetics, Reactive Sites, and Degradation Pathway. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14132028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, ClO2-based oxidation has attracted increasing attention to micropollutant abatement, due to high oxidation potential, low disinfection byproduct (DBPs) formation, and easy technical implementation. However, the kinetics, reactive sites, activation methods, and degradation pathways involved are not fully understood. Therefore, we reviewed current literature on ClO2-based oxidation in micropollutant abatement. In direct ClO2 oxidation, the reactions of micropollutants with ClO2 followed second-order reaction kinetics (kapp = 10−3–106 M−1 s−1 at neutral pH). The kapp depends significantly on the molecular structures of the micropollutant and solution pH. The reactive sites of micropollutants start with certain functional groups with the highest electron densities including piperazine, sulfonyl amido, amino, aniline, pyrazolone, phenol groups, urea group, etc. The one-electron transfer was the dominant micropollutant degradation pathway, followed by indirect oxidation by superoxide anion radical (O2•−) or hydroxyl radical (•OH). In UV-activated ClO2 oxidation, the reactions of micropollutants followed the pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics with the rates of 1.3 × 10−4–12.9 s−1 at pH 7.0. Their degradation pathways include direct ClO2 oxidation, direct UV photolysis, ozonation, •OH-involved reaction, and reactive chlorine species (RCS)-involved reaction. Finally, we identified the research gaps and provided recommendations for further research. Therefore, this review gives a critical evaluation of ClO2-based oxidation in micropollutant abatement, and provides recommendations for further research.
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27
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MacKeown H, von Gunten U, Criquet J. Iodide sources in the aquatic environment and its fate during oxidative water treatment - A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118417. [PMID: 35452971 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is a naturally-occurring halogen in natural waters generally present in concentrations between 0.5 and 100 µg L-1. During oxidative drinking water treatment, iodine-containing disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) can be formed. The formation of I-DBPs was mostly associated to taste and odor issues in the produced tap water but has become a potential health problem more recently due to the generally more toxic character of I-DBPs compared to their chlorinated and brominated analogues. This paper is a systematic and critical review on the reactivity of iodide and on the most common intermediate reactive iodine species HOI. The first step of oxidation of I- to HOI is rapid for most oxidants (apparent second-order rate constant, kapp > 103 M-1s-1 at pH 7). The reactivity of hypoiodous acid with inorganic and organic compounds appears to be intermediate between chlorine and bromine. The life times of HOI during oxidative treatment determines the extent of the formation of I-DBPs. Based on this assessment, chloramine, chlorine dioxide and permanganate are of the highest concern when treating iodide-containing waters. The conditions for the formation of iodo-organic compounds are also critically reviewed. From an evaluation of I-DBPs in more than 650 drinking waters, it can be concluded that one third show low levels of I-THMs (<1 µg L-1), and 18% exhibit concentrations > 10 µg L-1. The most frequently detected I-THM is CHCl2I followed by CHBrClI. More polar I-DBPs, iodoacetic acid in particular, have been reviewed as well. Finally, the transformation of iodide to iodate, a safe iodine-derived end-product, has been proposed to mitigate the formation of I-DBPs in drinking water processes. For this purpose a pre-oxidation step with either ozone or ferrate(VI) to completely oxidize iodide to iodate is an efficient process. Activated carbon has also been shown to be efficient in reducing I-DBPs during drinking water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry MacKeown
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratory of Advanced Spectroscopy for Interactions, Reactivity and Environment, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, Duebendorf 8600, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Justine Criquet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratory of Advanced Spectroscopy for Interactions, Reactivity and Environment, Lille F-59000, France.
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28
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Guo Y, Xu J, Bai X, Lin Y, Zhou W, Li J. Free chlorine formation in the process of the chlorine dioxide oxidation of aliphatic amines. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118399. [PMID: 35427831 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is commonly used as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine because it has a high bactericidal effect and may produce limited concentrations of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). However, previous studies have reported that free available chlorine (FAC) was produced when ClO2 reacted with some compounds, such as phenol, leading to the formation of halogenated DBPs. In this study aliphatic amines was found to react rapidly with ClO2 to form significant amount of FAC and its related DBPs. This study investigated the formation of FAC when ClO2 reacts with six model aliphatic amines (including primary amines, secondary amines and tertiary amines). FAC was formed immediately as ClO2 was added to the precursor solution. The maximum yield of FAC even reached 45% (based on consumed ClO2) when ClO2 reacted with 20 μM methylamine at a dose of 10 μM, which is close to a realistic maximum dose (about 0.8 mg/L) in the U.S.. The reactivity of amines to result FAC follows the sequence tertiary amines < secondary amines < primary amines. It was verified that the addition of aliphatic amines may enhance the formation of FAC during ClO2 oxidation in actual water samples. Organic chloramines and other chlorinated DBPs, such as cyanogen chloride, were detected when ClO2 was used as the sole oxidant of real water samples. This study demonstrated that chlorine-related byproducts may also be formed in the presence of organic amines during ClO2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu No.2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu No.2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xueling Bai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu No.2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu No.2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu No.2, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu No.2, Beijing 100193, China.
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29
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Li T, Shang C, Xiang Y, Yin R, Pan Y, Fan M, Yang X. ClO 2 pre-oxidation changes dissolved organic matter at the molecular level and reduces chloro-organic byproducts and toxicity of water treated by the UV/chlorine process. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118341. [PMID: 35367942 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The formation of undesirable chloro-organic byproducts is of great concern in the UV/chlorine process. In this study, chlorine dioxide (ClO2) pre-oxidation was applied to control the formation of chloro-organic byproducts and the toxicity in UV/chlorine-treated water. The molecular-level changes in dissolved organic matter (DOM) were tracked by using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) and ClO2 pre-oxidation was found to preferentially react with DOM moieties with high aromaticity level and with a carbon number of > 18, producing compounds with a higher degree of oxidation and lower aromaticity. The ClO2-treated DOM was found to be less susceptible to attack by radicals and free chlorine in the UV/chlorine process compared to the raw DOM. ClO2 pre-oxidation resulted in a significant decrease in the number of unknown chloro-organic byproducts (i.e., -17%) and the total intensity of organic chlorine detected by FT-ICR-MS (i.e., -31%). The molecular characteristics, such as O/C, aromaticity index, and the average number of chlorine atoms, of these unknown chloro-organic byproducts generated in the scenarios with and without ClO2 pre-oxidation were also different. Additionally, ClO2 pre-oxidation reduced the genotoxicity (SOS/umu test) and cytotoxicity (Hep G2 cytotoxicity assay) of UV/chlorine-treated water by 26% and 20%, respectively. The findings in this study highlight the merits of ClO2 pre-oxidation for controlling chloro-organic byproducts and reducing the toxicity of water treated by the UV/chlorine process in actual practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengge Fan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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30
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Houska J, Salhi E, Walpen N, von Gunten U. Oxidant-reactive carbonous moieties in dissolved organic matter: Selective quantification by oxidative titration using chlorine dioxide and ozone. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117790. [PMID: 34740166 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The application of oxidants for disinfection or micropollutant abatement during drinking water and wastewater treatment is accompanied by oxidation of matrix components such as dissolved organic matter (DOM). To improve predictions of the efficiency of oxidation processes and the formation of oxidation products, methods to determine concentrations of oxidant-reactive phenolic, olefinic or amine-type DOM moieties are critical. Here, a novel selective oxidative titration approach is presented, which is based on reaction kinetics of oxidation reactions towards certain DOM moieties. Phenolic moieties were determined by oxidative titration with ClO2 and O3 for five DOM isolates and two secondary wastewater effluent samples. The determined concentrations of phenolic moieties correlated with the electron-donating capacity (EDC) and the formation of inorganic ClO2-byproducts (HOCl, ClO2-, ClO3-). ClO2-byproduct yields from phenol and DOM isolates and changes due to the application of molecular tagging for phenols revealed a better understanding of oxidant-reactive structures within DOM. Overall, oxidative titrations with ClO2 and O3 provide a novel and promising tool to quantify oxidant-reactive moieties in complex mixtures such as DOM and can be expanded to other matrices or oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Houska
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Salhi
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Walpen
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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31
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Kong Q, Fan M, Yin R, Zhang X, Lei Y, Shang C, Yang X. Micropollutant abatement and byproduct formation during the co-exposure of chlorine dioxide (ClO 2) and UVC radiation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126424. [PMID: 34174627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis of ClO2 by UVC radiation occurs in several drinking water treatment scenarios (e.g., pre-oxidation by ClO2 with post-UVC disinfection or a multi-barrier disinfection system comprising ClO2 and UVC disinfection in sequence). However, whether micropollutants are degraded and undesired byproducts are formed during the co-exposure of ClO2 and UVC radiation remain unclear. This study demonstrated that four micropollutants (trimethoprim, iopromide, caffeine, and ciprofloxacin) were degraded by 14.4-100.0% during the co-exposure of ClO2 and UVC radiation in the synthetic drinking water under the environmentally relevant conditions (UV dose of 207 mJ cm-2, ClO2 dose of 1.35 mg L-1, and pH of 7.0). Trimethoprim and iopromide were predominantly degraded by ClO2 oxidation and direct UVC photolysis, respectively. Caffeine and ciprofloxacin were predominantly degraded by the radicals (HO• and Cl•) and the in-situ formed free chlorine from ClO2 photolysis, respectively. The yields of total organic chlorine (12.5 µg L-1 from 1.0 mg C L-1 of NOM) and chlorate (0.14 mg L-1 From 1.35 mg L-1 of ClO2) during the co-exposure were low. However, the yield of chlorite was high (0.76 mg L-1 from 1.35 mg L-1 of ClO2), which requires attention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Kong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mengge Fan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Xinran Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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32
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Wang P, Bu L, Wu Y, Ma W, Zhu S, Zhou S. Mechanistic insight into the degradation of ibuprofen in UV/H 2O 2 process via a combined experimental and DFT study. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 267:128883. [PMID: 33183784 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the degradation kinetic and transformation mechanism of ibuprofen (IBP) in UV/H2O2 process from both experimental and theoretical aspects. Impacts of H2O2 dosage, solution pH, quenching agent, and concentration of nitrite (NO2-) on IBP degradation in UV/H2O2 process were evaluated. Both experimental results and theoretical calculations indicated that •OH played an important role in the degradation of IBP and its transformation products. The second-order rate constants of •OH and •NO2 with IBP were calculated as 3.93 × 109 M-1 s-1 and 5.59 × 10-3 M-1 s-1, based on the transition state theory, which explained the phenomenon that addition of NO2- inhibited IBP degradation. Further, according to the results of ultra-high-resolution mass and density functional theory calculations, mechanisms of a detailed degradation pathway for IBP were clarified. Namely, the detailed mechanistic formation pathways for hydroxylated and keto-based products were proposed. Then, possible active sites of the keto-based products, as well as the corresponding subsequent products were predicted by Condensed Fukui Function. Our study can broaden the knowledge of the reactions of emerging contaminants with •OH, and provide theoretical foundation for the optimization of UV/H2O2 process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Eficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Eficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Yangtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Eficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Wangchi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Eficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Shumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Eficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Eficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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Han J, Zhang X, Li W, Jiang J. Low chlorine impurity might be beneficial in chlorine dioxide disinfection. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116520. [PMID: 33091806 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a prevalently used disinfectant alternative to chlorine, due to its effectiveness in pathogen inactivation and low yields of organic halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). However, during ClO2 generation, chlorine is inevitably introduced into the obtained ClO2 solution as an "impurity", which could compromise the merits of ClO2 disinfection. In this study, drinking water disinfection with ClO2 containing 0‒25% chlorine impurity (i.e., at Cl2 to ClO2 mass ratios of 0‒25%) was simulated, and the effect of chlorine impurity on the DBP formation and developmental toxicity of the finished water was evaluated. With increasing the chlorine impurity in ClO2, the chlorite level kept decreasing and the chlorate level gradually increased; meanwhile, an unexpected trend from decline to rise was observed for the total organic halogenated DBPs, with the minimum level appearing at 5% chlorine impurity. To unravel the mechanisms for the variations of organic halogenated DBPs with chlorine impurity, a quantitative kinetic model was developed to simulate the formation of chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated DBPs in the ClO2-disinfected drinking water. The modeling results indicated that reactions involving iodide accounted for the decrease of organic halogenated DBPs at a relatively low chlorine impurity level. In accordance with DBP formation, ClO2 with 5% chlorine impurity generated less toxic drinking water than pure ClO2, while significantly higher developmental toxicity was induced until the chlorine impurity reached 25%. For E. coli inactivation, the presence of chlorine impurity enhanced the disinfection efficiency due to a synergistic effect of ClO2 and chlorine. Therefore, disinfection practices with ClO2 containing low chlorine impurity (e.g., <10%) might be favored (i.e., there is no need to eliminate low chlorine impurity in the ClO2 solution), while those containing high chlorine impurity should be concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Wanxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Rougé V, von Gunten U, Allard S. Efficiency of pre-oxidation of natural organic matter for the mitigation of disinfection byproducts: Electron donating capacity and UV absorbance as surrogate parameters. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 187:116418. [PMID: 33011567 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pre-oxidation is often used before disinfection with chlorine to decrease the reactivity of the water matrix and mitigate the formation of regulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). This study provides insights on the impact of oxidative pre-treatment with chlorine dioxide (ClO2), ozone (O3), ferrate (Fe(VI)) and permanganate (Mn(VII)) on Suwannee River Natural Organic Matter (SRNOM) properties characterized by the UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) and the electron donating capacity (EDC). Changes in NOM reactivity and abatement of DBP precursors are also assessed. The impact of pre-oxidants (based on molar concentration) on UV254 abatement ranked in the order O3 > Mn(VII) > Fe(VI)/ClO2, while the efficiency of pre-oxidation on EDC abatement followed the order Mn(VII) > ClO2 > Fe(VI) > O3 and two phases were observed. At low specific ClO2, Fe(VI) and Mn(VII) doses corresponding to < 50% EDC abatement, a limited relative abatement of UV254 compared to the EDC was observed (~ 8% EDC abatement per 1% UV254 abatement). This suggests the oxidation of phenolic-type moieties to quinone-type moieties which absorb UV254 and don't contribute to EDC. At higher oxidant doses (> 50% EDC abatement), a similar abatement of EDC and UV254 (~ 0.9-1.2% EDC abatement per 1% UV254 abatement) suggested aromatic ring cleavage. In comparison to the other oxidants, O3 abated the relative UV254 more effectively, due to a more efficient cleavage of aromatic rings. For a pre-oxidation with Mn(VII), ClO2 and Fe(VI), similar correlations between the EDC abatement and the chlorine demand or the adsorbable organic halide (AOX) formation were obtained. In contrast, O3 pre-treatment led to a lower chlorine demand and AOX formation for equivalent EDC abatement. For all oxidants, trihalomethane formation was poorly correlated with both EDC and UV254. The EDC abatement was found to be a pre-oxidant-independent surrogate for haloacetonitrile formation. These results emphasize the benefits of combining EDC and UV254 measurement to understand and monitor oxidant-induced changes of NOM and assessing DBP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Rougé
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, 6845 Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environment Systems (D-USYS), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich.
| | - Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, 6845 Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Lin X, Xu J, Keller AA, He L, Gu Y, Zheng W, Sun D, Lu Z, Huang J, Huang X, Li G. Occurrence and risk assessment of emerging contaminants in a water reclamation and ecological reuse project. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140977. [PMID: 32755786 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Water reclamation and ecological reuse is gradually becoming a popular solution to address the high pollutant loads and insufficient ecological flow of many urban rivers. However, emerging contaminants in water reuse system and associated human health and ecological risks need to be assessed. This study determined the occurrence and human health and ecological risk assessments of 35 emerging contaminants during one year, including 5 types of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), 5 pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), 7 endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and 18 disinfection by-products (DBPs), in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and receiving rivers, as well as an unimpacted river for comparison. Results showed that most of PPCPs and EDCs, especially antibiotics, triclosan, estrogens and bisphenol A, occurred frequently at relatively high concentrations, and they were removed from 20.5% to 88.7% with a mean of 58.9% via WWTP. The highest potential noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks in different reuse scenarios were assessed using maximal detected concentrations, all below the acceptable risk limits, with the highest total combined risk value of 9.21 × 10-9 and 9.98 × 10-7, respectively. Ecological risk assessment was conducted using risk quotient (RQ) method and indicated that several PPCPs, EDCs and haloacetonitriles (HANs) pose high risk (RQ > 1) to aquatic ecology in the rivers, with the highest RQ up to 83.8. The study suggested that ecological risks need to be urgently addressed by updating and optimizing the process in WWTPs to strengthen the removal efficiencies of emerging contaminants. The study can serve as a reference for safer water reuse in the future, while further studies could be conducted on the health risk of specific groups of people, exposure parameters in water reuse, as well as more emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Jingcheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Arturo A Keller
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Li He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yunhui Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Danyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhibo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Juwen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiangfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guangming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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Shao KL, Ye ZX, Huang H, Yang X. ClO 2 pre-oxidation impacts the formation and nitrogen origins of dichloroacetonitrile and dichloroacetamide during subsequent chloramination. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 186:116313. [PMID: 32841932 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) can be used as a pre-oxidant when chloramination is performed in water treatment plants. However, the effects of ClO2 pre-oxidation on the formation of nitrogenous disinfection by-products, such as dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), during chloramination are not well understood. In this study, the effects of ClO2 pre-oxidation on the formation of DCAN and DCAcAm during chloramination of 28 model compounds and seven real water samples were investigated. The sources of nitrogen for DCAN and DCAcAm formation were investigated using 15N-labeled monochloramine. ClO2 pre-oxidation affected DCAN and DCAcAm formation during chloramination of model compounds in different ways. ClO2 pre-oxidation increased unlabeled and 15N-labeled DCAN and DCAcAm formation during chloramination of six amino acids and peptides and five indoles and tertiary amines. ClO2 pre-oxidation decreased DCAN formation but increased DCAcAm formation during chloramination of three hydroxybenzamide compounds, but had the opposite effects for four tetracyclines. ClO2 pre-oxidation generally decreased DCAN and DCAcAm formation during chloramination of the phenolic compounds that are precursors not containing nitrogen. 2-Aminoacetophenone, formamid-trans-muconic acid, and unsaturated ketones were found to be transformation products of ClO2 oxidation of 3-methylindole, salicylamide, and resorcinol, respectively. Possible DCAN and DCAcAm formation pathways during chloramination after ClO2 oxidation were identified. For most of the water samples, ClO2 pre-oxidation decreased the amounts of DCAN and DCAcAm formed during chloramination by 36%-70% and 11%-59%, respectively. This may have been caused by ClO2 oxidation destroying phenolic precursors and macromolecular proteins rather than amino acids in the water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Li Shao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Xi Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Huang Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Abdighahroudi MS, Schmidt TC, Lutze HV. Determination of free chlorine based on ion chromatography-application of glycine as a selective scavenger. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7713-7722. [PMID: 32944811 PMCID: PMC7550385 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02885-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Free available chlorine (FAC) is the most widely used chemical for disinfection and in secondary disinfection; a minimum chlorine residual must be present in the distribution system. FAC can also be formed as an impurity in ClO2 production as well as a secondary oxidant in the ClO2 application, which has to be monitored. In this study, a new method is developed based on the reaction of FAC with glycine in which the amine group selectively scavenges FAC and the N-chloroglycine formed can be measured by ion chromatography with conductivity detector (IC-CD). Utilizing IC for N-chloroglycine measurement allows this method to be incorporated into routine monitoring of drinking water anions. For improving the sensitivity, IC was coupled with post-column reaction and UV detection (IC-PCR-UV), which was based on iodide oxidation by N-chloroglycine resulting in triiodide. The method performance was quantified by comparison of the results with the N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) method due to the unavailability of an N-chloroglycine standard. The N-chloroglycine method showed limits of quantification (LOQ) of 24 μg L-1 Cl2 and 13 μg L-1 Cl2 for IC-CD and IC-PCR-UV, respectively. These values were lower than those of DPD achieved in this research and in ultrapure water. Measurement of FAC in the drinking water matrix showed comparable robustness and sensitivity with statistically equivalent concentration that translated to recoveries of 102% for IC-CD and 105% for IC-PCR-UV. Repeatability and reproducibility performance were enhanced in the order of DPD, IC-CD, and IC-PCR-UV. Measurement of intrinsic FAC in the ClO2 application revealed that the N-chloroglycine method performed considerably better in such a system where different oxidant species (ClO2, FAC, chlorite, etc.) were present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sajjad Abdighahroudi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute IWAR, Chair of Environmental Analytics and Pollutants, Technical University of Darmstadt, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.,IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Holger V Lutze
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany. .,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute IWAR, Chair of Environmental Analytics and Pollutants, Technical University of Darmstadt, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany. .,IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany. .,Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
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38
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Pergal MV, Kodranov ID, Dojčinović B, Avdin VV, Stanković DM, Petković BB, Manojlović DD. Evaluation of azamethiphos and dimethoate degradation using chlorine dioxide during water treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:27147-27160. [PMID: 32399889 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) degradation of the organophosphorus pesticides azamethiphos (AZA) and dimethoate (DM) (10 mg/L) in deionized water and in Sava River water was investigated for the first time. Pesticide degradation was studied in terms of ClO2 level (5 and 10 mg/L), degradation duration (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h), pH (3.00, 7.00, and 9.00), and under light/dark conditions in deionized water. Degradation was monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography. Gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass detector was used to identify degradation products of pesticides. Total organic carbon was measured to determine the extent of mineralization after pesticide degradation. Real river water was used under recommended conditions to study the influence of organic matter on pesticide degradation. High degradation efficiency (88-100% for AZA and 85-98% for DM) was achieved in deionized water under various conditions, proving the flexibility of ClO2 degradation for the examined organophosphorus pesticides. In Sava River water, however, extended treatment duration achieved lower degradation efficiency, so ClO2 oxidized both the pesticides and dissolved organic matter in parallel. After degradation, AZA produced four identified products (6-chlorooxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one; O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate; 6-chloro-3-(hydroxymethyl)oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one; O,O-dimethyl S-hydrogen phosphorothioate) and DM produced three (O,O-dimethyl S-(2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl) phosphorothioate; e.g., omethoate; S-(2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl) O,O-dihydrogen phosphorothioate; O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate). Simple pesticide degradation mechanisms were deduced. Daphnia magna toxicity tests showed degradation products were less toxic than parent compounds. These results contribute to our understanding of the multiple influences that organophosphorus pesticides and their degradation products have on environmental ecosystems and to improving pesticide removal processes from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija V Pergal
- University of Belgrade - Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| | - Igor D Kodranov
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Biljana Dojčinović
- University of Belgrade - Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Viacheslav V Avdin
- South Ural State University, Lenin prospekt 76, Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454080
| | - Dalibor M Stanković
- The Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, POB 522, Belgrade, 11001, Serbia
| | - Branka B Petković
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Priština, Lole Ribara 29,, Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220, Serbia
| | - Dragan D Manojlović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
- South Ural State University, Lenin prospekt 76, Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454080
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39
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Hu Y, Yang Q, Guo Y, Xu J, Zhou W, Li J, Blatchley ER. Volatile organic chloramines formation during ClO 2 treatment. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 92:256-263. [PMID: 32430128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic chloramines are reported as the disinfection byproducts during chlorination or chloramination. However, ClO2, as an important alternative disinfectant for chlorine, was not considered to produce halogenated amines. In the present work, volatile organic chloramines including (CH3)2NCl and CH3NCl2 were found to be generated during the reaction of ClO2 and the dye pollutants. (CH3)2NCl was the dominant volatile DBP to result from ClO2 treated all four dye pollutants including Methyl Orange, Methyl Red, Methylene Blue and Malachite Green, with molar yields ranging from 2.6% to 38.5% at a ClO2 to precursor (ClO2/P) molar ratio of 10. HOCl was identified and proved to be the reactive species for the formation of (CH3)2NCl, which implied (CH3)2NCl was transformed by a combined oxidation of ClO2 and hypochlorous acid. (CH3)2NCl concentrations in the ppb range were observed when real water samples were treated by ClO2 in the presence of the dye pollutants. The results suggest that these azo dyes are one of the significant precursors for the formation of HOCl during ClO2 treatment and that organic chloramines should be considered in ClO2 disinfection chemistry and water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Hu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ernest R Blatchley
- School of Civil Engineering, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, USA; Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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40
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Chen HW, Xu M, Ma XW, Tong ZH, Liu DF. Isolation and characterization of a chlorate-reducing bacterium Ochrobactrum anthropi XM-1. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120873. [PMID: 31325697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A Gram-negative chlorate-reducing bacterial strain XM-1 was isolated. The 16S rRNA gene sequence identified the isolate as Ochrobactrum anthropi XM-1, which was the first strain of genus Ochrobactrum reported having the ability to reduce chlorate. The optimum growth temperature and pH for strain XM-1 to reduce chlorate was found to be 30 °C and 5.0-7.5, respectively, under anaerobic condition. Strain XM-1 could tolerate high chlorate concentration (200 mM), and utilize a variety of carbohydrates (glucose, L-arabinose, D-fructose, sucrose), glycerin and sodium citrate as electron donors. In addition, oxygen and nitrate could be used as electron acceptors, but perchlorate could not be reduced. Enzyme activities related to chlorate reducing were characterized in cell extracts. Activities of chlorate reductase and chlorite dismutase could be detected in XM-1 cells grown under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, implying the two enzymes were constitutively expressed. This work suggests a high potential of applying Ochrobactrum anthropi XM-1 for remediation of chlorate contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Wen Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Meng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xi-Wen Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Tong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Dong-Feng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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41
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Zhong Y, Gan W, Du Y, Huang H, Wu Q, Xiang Y, Shang C, Yang X. Disinfection byproducts and their toxicity in wastewater effluents treated by the mixing oxidant of ClO 2/Cl 2. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 162:471-481. [PMID: 31302364 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mixing oxidant of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and chlorine (Cl2) often applied in water disinfection. Two secondary wastewater effluents at different ammonium-N levels (0.1 and 1.6 mg N L-1) were treated with the mixing oxidant (ClO2/Cl2) to evaluate the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and the associated cytotoxicity of treated wastewaters. The total chlorine concentrations of ClO2 and Cl2 were maintained at 10 mg L-1 as Cl2 with varied mixing ratios of ClO2 to Cl2. The formation of 37 halogenated DBPs, including nitrogenous, brominated and iodinated analogues, and 2 inorganic DBPs (chlorite and chlorate) was examined. The sum concentrations of the halogenated DBPs were reduced remarkably with decreasing Cl2 percentages, but each individual DBP group had distinct features. The regulated trihalomethanes reduced the most when ClO2 was present in chlorination, but decreasing Cl2 percentage from 70% to 30% was not quite effective to reduce the formation of iodinated trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids and haloacetontriles in low ammonium-N wastewater. The bromine and iodine substitution factors tend to increase with decreasing Cl2 percentages, indicating that destruction of DBP precursors by ClO2 favored bromine and iodine incorporation. Additionally, decreasing Cl2 percentages in the mixing oxidant (ClO2/Cl2) was often accompanied with lower chlorate formation but higher chlorite formation. The toxicity of treated wastewaters was evaluated through two approaches: the calculated cytotoxicity based on the concentrations of detected DBPs and the experimental cytotoxicity using the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The calculated cytotoxicity decreased with decreasing Cl2 percentages, with haloacetonitriles and haloacetaldehydes as predominate contributors. However, the experimental cytotoxicity tests showed that treatment of high ammonium-N wastewater with ClO2/Cl2 exhibited considerable higher (> 3 times) cytotoxicity potency than using single disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wenhui Gan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ye Du
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huang Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Qianyuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - YingYing Xiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Gan W, Huang S, Ge Y, Bond T, Westerhoff P, Zhai J, Yang X. Chlorite formation during ClO 2 oxidation of model compounds having various functional groups and humic substances. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:348-357. [PMID: 31108363 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has been used as an alternative to chlorine in water purification to reduce the formation of halogenated by-products and give superior inactivation of microorganisms. However, the formation of chlorite (ClO2-) is a major consideration in the application of ClO2. In order to improve understanding in ClO2- formation kinetics and mechanisms, this study investigated the reactions of ClO2 with 30 model compounds, 10 humic substances and 2 surface waters. ClO2- yields were found to be dependent on the distribution of functional groups. ClO2 oxidation of amines, di- and tri-hydroxybenzenes at pH 7.0 had ClO2- yields >50%, while oxidation of olefins, thiols and benzoquinones had ClO2- yields <50%. ClO2- yields from humic substances depended on the ClO2 dose, pH and varied with different reaction intervals, which mirrored the behavior of the model compounds. Phenolic moieties served as dominant fast-reacting precursors (during the first 5 min of disinfection). Aromatic precursors (e.g., non-phenolic lignins or benzoquinones) contributed to ClO2- formation over longer reaction time (up to 24 h). The total antioxidant capacity (indication of the amount of electron-donating moieties) determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method was a good indicator of ClO2-reactive precursors in waters, which correlated with the ClO2 demand of waters. Waters bearing high total antioxidant capacity tended to generate more ClO2- at equivalent ClO2 exposure, but the prediction in natural water should be conservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Gan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Sirong Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yuexian Ge
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Tom Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, United States
| | - Jiaxin Zhai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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