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Shekunov EV, Efimova SS, Kever LV, Ishmanov TF, Ostroumova OS. Lipid Selectivity of Membrane Action of the Fragments of Fusion Peptides of Marburg and Ebola Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9901. [PMID: 39337389 PMCID: PMC11432738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25189901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The life cycle of Ebola and Marburg viruses includes a step of the virion envelope fusion with the cell membrane. Here, we analyzed whether the fusion of liposome membranes under the action of fragments of fusion peptides of Ebola and Marburg viruses depends on the composition of lipid vesicles. A fluorescence assay and electron microscopy were used to quantify the fusogenic activity of the virus fusion peptides and to identify the lipid determinants affecting membrane merging. Differential scanning calorimetry of lipid phase transitions revealed alterations in the physical properties of the lipid matrix produced by virus fusion peptides. Additionally, we found that plant polyphenols, quercetin, and myricetin inhibited vesicle fusion induced by the Marburg virus fusion peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor V Shekunov
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana S Efimova
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lyudmila V Kever
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tagir F Ishmanov
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga S Ostroumova
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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2
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Muzammil K, Sabah Ghnim Z, Saeed Gataa I, Fawzi Al-Hussainy A, Ali Soud N, Adil M, Ali Shallan M, Yasamineh S. NRF2-mediated regulation of lipid pathways in viral infection. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 97:101279. [PMID: 38772081 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The first line of defense against viral infection of the host cell is the cellular lipid membrane, which is also a crucial first site of contact for viruses. Lipids may sometimes be used as viral receptors by viruses. For effective infection, viruses significantly depend on lipid rafts during the majority of the viral life cycle. It has been discovered that different viruses employ different lipid raft modification methods for attachment, internalization, membrane fusion, genome replication, assembly, and release. To preserve cellular homeostasis, cells have potent antioxidant, detoxifying, and cytoprotective capabilities. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), widely expressed in many tissues and cell types, is one crucial component controlling electrophilic and oxidative stress (OS). NRF2 has recently been given novel tasks, including controlling inflammation and antiviral interferon (IFN) responses. The activation of NRF2 has two effects: it may both promote and prevent the development of viral diseases. NRF2 may also alter the host's metabolism and innate immunity during viral infection. However, its primary function in viral infections is to regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS). In several research, the impact of NRF2 on lipid metabolism has been examined. NRF2 is also involved in the control of lipids during viral infection. We evaluated NRF2's function in controlling viral and lipid infections in this research. We also looked at how lipids function in viral infections. Finally, we investigated the role of NRF2 in lipid modulation during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khursheed Muzammil
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushait Campus, King Khalid University, Abha, 62561, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Nashat Ali Soud
- Collage of Dentist, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, 64001, Iraq
| | | | | | - Saman Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
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3
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Du H, Yin H, Qin Y, Min Y, Deng Q, Tan J, Li G, Li N, Zhu C, Xu Y. Subcellular Nanobionic Liposome with High Zeta Potential Enhances Intravesical Adhesion and Drug Delivery. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3583-3596. [PMID: 38252681 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The administration of drugs resident to counteract fluid washout has received considerable attention. However, the fabrication of a biocompatible system with adequate adhesion and tissue penetration capability remains challenging. This study presents a cell membrane-inspired carrier at the subcellular scale that facilitates interfacial adhesion and tissue penetration to improve drug delivery efficiency. Both chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) and oleic acid (OA) modified membranes exhibit a high affinity for interacting with the negatively charged glycosaminoglycan layer, demonstrating that the zeta potential of the carrier is the key to determining spontaneous penetration and accumulation within the bladder tissue. In vivo modeling has shown that a high surface charge significantly improves the retention of the drug carrier in the presence of urine washout. Possibly due to charge distribution, electric field gradients, and lipid membrane softening, the high positive surface charge enabled the carriers to penetrate the urinary bladder barrier and/or enter the cell interior. Overall, this study represents a practical and effective delivery strategy for tissue binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Du
- Department of Anatomy, Engineering Research Center for Organ Intelligent Biological Manufacturing of Chongqing, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Engineering Research Center of Tissue and Organ Regeneration and Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Haiyan Yin
- Department of Anatomy, Engineering Research Center for Organ Intelligent Biological Manufacturing of Chongqing, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Engineering Research Center of Tissue and Organ Regeneration and Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yinhua Qin
- Department of Anatomy, Engineering Research Center for Organ Intelligent Biological Manufacturing of Chongqing, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Engineering Research Center of Tissue and Organ Regeneration and Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuanhong Min
- Department of Anatomy, Engineering Research Center for Organ Intelligent Biological Manufacturing of Chongqing, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Engineering Research Center of Tissue and Organ Regeneration and Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qin Deng
- Analytical and Testing Center of Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Ju Tan
- Department of Anatomy, Engineering Research Center for Organ Intelligent Biological Manufacturing of Chongqing, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Engineering Research Center of Tissue and Organ Regeneration and Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Anatomy, Engineering Research Center for Organ Intelligent Biological Manufacturing of Chongqing, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Engineering Research Center of Tissue and Organ Regeneration and Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Urology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Chuhong Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Engineering Research Center for Organ Intelligent Biological Manufacturing of Chongqing, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Engineering Research Center of Tissue and Organ Regeneration and Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China
- Burn and Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Youqian Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Engineering Research Center for Organ Intelligent Biological Manufacturing of Chongqing, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Engineering Research Center of Tissue and Organ Regeneration and Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China
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4
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Pyne S, Pyne P, Mitra RK. The explicit role of interfacial hydration during polyethylene glycol induced lipid fusion: a THz spectroscopic investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31326-31334. [PMID: 37960951 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04868c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
While the phenomenon of excipient mediated membrane fusion has been studied widely, the inherent role of interfacial hydration involved in the process has mostly remained unaddressed. Here we report the experimental validation of the fact that PEG-induced membrane fusion is associated with the dehydration of the membrane(s). We explore the explicit hydration behavior at three different lipids (DOPC, POPC and DPPC) membranes with different aliphatic tails as they undergo fusogenic transition in the presence of PEG of average molecular weight of 4000 using THz-FTIR spectroscopy in the frequency window of 1.5-13.5 THz. Dynamic light scattering and electron microscopic measurements confirm the formation of different intermediate steps of the liposomes during the fusion process: bilayer aggregation, destabilization and finally lipid fusion. We observe that membrane hydration follows a systematic trend with the lipid specificity as the fusion process sets in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Pyne
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India.
| | - Partha Pyne
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India.
| | - Rajib Kumar Mitra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India.
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5
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Kočar E, Katz S, Pušnik Ž, Bogovič P, Turel G, Skubic C, Režen T, Strle F, Martins dos Santos VA, Mraz M, Moškon M, Rozman D. COVID-19 and cholesterol biosynthesis: Towards innovative decision support systems. iScience 2023; 26:107799. [PMID: 37720097 PMCID: PMC10502404 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
With COVID-19 becoming endemic, there is a continuing need to find biomarkers characterizing the disease and aiding in patient stratification. We studied the relation between COVID-19 and cholesterol biosynthesis by comparing 10 intermediates of cholesterol biosynthesis during the hospitalization of 164 patients (admission, disease deterioration, discharge) admitted to the University Medical Center of Ljubljana. The concentrations of zymosterol, 24-dehydrolathosterol, desmosterol, and zymostenol were significantly altered in COVID-19 patients. We further developed a predictive model for disease severity based on clinical parameters alone and their combination with a subset of sterols. Our machine learning models applying 8 clinical parameters predicted disease severity with excellent accuracy (AUC = 0.96), showing substantial improvement over current clinical risk scores. After including sterols, model performance remained better than COVID-GRAM. This is the first study to examine cholesterol biosynthesis during COVID-19 and shows that a subset of cholesterol-related sterols is associated with the severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kočar
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sonja Katz
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Markelstraße 38, 12163 Berlin, Germany
- Biomanufacturing and Digital Twins Group, Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Žiga Pušnik
- Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Bogovič
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Japljeva ulica 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gabriele Turel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Japljeva ulica 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cene Skubic
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadeja Režen
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Franc Strle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Japljeva ulica 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vitor A.P. Martins dos Santos
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Markelstraße 38, 12163 Berlin, Germany
- Biomanufacturing and Digital Twins Group, Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Miha Mraz
- Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Moškon
- Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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6
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Mishra S, Chakraborty H. Phosphatidylethanolamine and Cholesterol Promote Hemifusion Formation: A Tug of War between Membrane Interfacial Order and Intrinsic Negative Curvature of Lipids. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:7721-7729. [PMID: 37644708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is an important process for the survival of eukaryotes. The shape of lipids plays an important role in fusion by stabilizing nonlamellar fusion intermediates. Lipids with intrinsic positive curvature such as lysophosphatidylcholine and others inhibit hemifusion formation, whereas lipids having intrinsic negative curvature, e.g., phosphatidylethanolamine and cholesterol (CH), are known to promote hemifusion formation. In this work, we have measured the effect of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) and CH on the depth-dependent organization, dynamics, and fusion of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine membranes. Both DOPE and CH promote hemifusion formation despite their ability to order the interfacial and acyl chain region of the membrane and block water percolation at these regions. Generally, membrane ordering and inhibition of water percolation at the acyl chain region are detrimental to membrane fusion. This clearly emphasizes the importance of intrinsic negative curvature of lipids in membrane fusion. Interestingly, DOPE and CH show differential effects on the rate of hemifusion formation, which might be owing to their ability to induce order at the interfacial region and intrinsic negative curvature. Overall, our result is significant in understanding the role of lipidic shape in membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smruti Mishra
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla 768 019, Odisha, India
| | - Hirak Chakraborty
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla 768 019, Odisha, India
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7
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Niort K, Dancourt J, Boedec E, Al Amir Dache Z, Lavieu G, Tareste D. Cholesterol and Ceramide Facilitate Membrane Fusion Mediated by the Fusion Peptide of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:32729-32739. [PMID: 37720777 PMCID: PMC10500581 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells is mediated by the Spike (S) protein of the viral envelope. The S protein is composed of two subunits: S1 that induces binding to the host cell via its interaction with the ACE2 receptor of the cell surface and S2 that triggers fusion between viral and cellular membranes. Fusion by S2 depends on its heptad repeat domains that bring membranes close together and its fusion peptide (FP) that interacts with and perturbs the membrane structure to trigger fusion. Recent studies have suggested that cholesterol and ceramide lipids from the cell surface may facilitate SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells, but their exact mode of action remains unknown. We have used a combination of in vitro liposome-liposome and in situ cell-cell fusion assays to study the lipid determinants of S-mediated membrane fusion. Our findings reveal that both cholesterol and ceramide lipids facilitate fusion, suggesting that targeting these lipids could be effective against SARS-CoV-2. As a proof of concept, we examined the effect of chlorpromazine (CPZ), an antipsychotic drug known to perturb membrane structure. Our results show that CPZ effectively inhibits S-mediated membrane fusion, thereby potentially impeding SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Niort
- Université
Paris Cité, Inserm UMR-S 1266, Institute of Psychiatry and
Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), Paris 75014, France
| | - Julia Dancourt
- Université
Paris Cité, Inserm U 1316, CNRS UMR 7057, Laboratoire Matières
et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), Paris 75006, France
| | - Erwan Boedec
- Université
Paris Cité, Inserm UMR-S 1266, Institute of Psychiatry and
Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), Paris 75014, France
| | - Zahra Al Amir Dache
- Université
Paris Cité, Inserm U 1316, CNRS UMR 7057, Laboratoire Matières
et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), Paris 75006, France
| | - Grégory Lavieu
- Université
Paris Cité, Inserm U 1316, CNRS UMR 7057, Laboratoire Matières
et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), Paris 75006, France
| | - David Tareste
- Université
Paris Cité, Inserm UMR-S 1266, Institute of Psychiatry and
Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), Paris 75014, France
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8
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Meher G, Bhattacharjya S, Chakraborty H. Membrane cholesterol regulates the oligomerization and fusogenicity of SARS-CoV fusion peptide: implications in viral entry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7815-7824. [PMID: 36857640 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04741a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
N-terminal residues (770-788) of the S2 glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) have been recognized as a potential fusion peptide that can be involved in the entry of the virus into the host cell. Membrane composition plays an important role in lipid-peptide interaction and the oligomeric status of the peptide. SARS-CoV fusion peptide (S2 fusion peptide) is known to undergo cholesterol-dependent oligomerization in the membrane; however, its significance in membrane fusion is still speculative. This study aimed to investigate the oligomerization of SARS-CoV fusion peptide in a membrane containing phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol, with varying concentrations of cholesterol, and to evaluate peptide-induced membrane fusion to correlate the importance of peptide oligomerization with membrane fusion. Peptide-induced modulation of membrane organization and dynamics was explored by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic measurements using depth-dependent probes. The results clearly demonstrated the induction of S2 fusion peptide oligomerization by membrane cholesterol and the higher efficiency of the oligomer in promoting membrane fusion compared to its monomeric counterpart. Cholesterol-dependent peptide oligomerization and membrane fusion are important aspects of viral infection since the cholesterol level can change with age as well as with the onset of various pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Meher
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, 768 019, India.
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjya
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Hirak Chakraborty
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, 768 019, India. .,Centre of Excellence in Natural Products and Therapeutics, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, 768 019, India
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9
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Baier CJ, Barrantes FJ. Role of cholesterol-recognition motifs in the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 222:113090. [PMID: 36563415 PMCID: PMC9743692 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The presence of linear amino acid motifs with the capacity to recognize the neutral lipid cholesterol, known as Cholesterol Recognition/interaction Amino acid Consensus sequence (CRAC), and its inverse or mirror image, CARC, has recently been reported in the primary sequence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike S homotrimeric glycoprotein. These motifs also occur in the two other pathogenic coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, and Middle-East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), most conspicuously in the transmembrane domain, the fusion peptide, the amino-terminal domain, and the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Here we analyze the presence of cholesterol-recognition motifs in these key regions of the spike glycoprotein in the pathogenic CoVs. We disclose the inherent pathophysiological implications of the cholesterol motifs in the virus-host cell interactions and variant infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Javier Baier
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), San Juan 670, B8000ICN Bahía Blanca, Argentina,Correspondence to: INBIOSUR-CONICET-UNS, DBByF, San Juan 670, B8000ICN Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco J. Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, BIOMED UCA-CONICET, 1600 Av. A. Moreau de Justo, C1107AAZ Buenos Aires, Argentina,Correspondence to: BIOMED UCA-CONICET, Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, C1107AFF Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Ferreira AR, Ferreira M, Nunes C, Reis S, Teixeira C, Gomes P, Gameiro P. The Unusual Aggregation and Fusion Activity of the Antimicrobial Peptide W-BP100 in Anionic Vesicles. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:138. [PMID: 36837642 PMCID: PMC9966869 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) offer a promising strategy to counteract bacterial resistance, mostly due to their membrane-targeting activity. W-BP100 is a potent broad-spectrum cecropin-melittin CAMP bearing a single N-terminal Trp, which was previously found to improve its antibacterial activity. W-BP100 has high affinity toward anionic membranes, inducing membrane saturation at low peptide-to-lipid (P/L) ratios and membrane permeabilization, with the unique property of promoting the aggregation of anionic vesicles only at specific P/L ratios. Herein, we aimed to investigate this unusual behavior of W-BP100 by studying its aggregation and fusion properties with negatively-charged large (LUVs) or giant (GUVs) unilamellar vesicles using biophysical tools. Circular dichroism (CD) showed that W-BP100 adopted an α-helical conformation in anionic LUVs, neutralizing its surface charge at the aggregation P/L ratio. Its fusion activity, assessed by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, occurred mainly at the membrane saturation/aggregation P/L ratio. Confocal microscopy studies confirmed that W-BP100 displays aggregation and detergent-like effects at a critical P/L ratio, above which it induces the formation of new lipid aggregates. Our data suggest that W-BP100 promotes the aggregation and fusion of anionic vesicles at specific P/L ratios, being able to reshape the morphology of GUVs into new lipid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE (Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde—Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE (Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde—Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Teixeira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE (Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde—Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE (Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde—Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gameiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE (Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde—Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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11
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Doole FT, Gupta S, Kumarage T, Ashkar R, Brown MF. Biophysics of Membrane Stiffening by Cholesterol and Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:61-85. [PMID: 36988877 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell membranes regulate a wide range of phenomena that are implicated in key cellular functions. Cholesterol, a critical component of eukaryotic cell membranes, is responsible for cellular organization, membrane elasticity, and other critical physicochemical parameters. Besides cholesterol, other lipid components such as phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) are found in minor concentrations in cell membranes yet can also play a major regulatory role in various cell functions. In this chapter, we describe how solid-state deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (2H NMR) spectroscopy together with neutron spin-echo (NSE) spectroscopy can inform synergetic changes to lipid molecular packing due to cholesterol and PIP2 that modulate the bending rigidity of lipid membranes. Fundamental structure-property relations of molecular self-assembly are illuminated and point toward a length and time-scale dependence of cell membrane mechanics, with significant implications for biological activity and membrane lipid-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathima T Doole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sudipta Gupta
- Department of Physics and Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Teshani Kumarage
- Department of Physics and Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rana Ashkar
- Department of Physics and Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Michael F Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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12
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Lipid composition dependent binding of apolipoprotein E signal peptide: Importance of membrane cholesterol in protein trafficking. Biophys Chem 2022; 291:106907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Shen H, Wu Z. Effect of Disulfide Bridge on the Binding of SARS-CoV-2 Fusion Peptide to Cell Membrane: A Coarse-Grained Study. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:36762-36775. [PMID: 36278087 PMCID: PMC9583636 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the parameterization of the CAVS coarse-grained (CG) force field for 20 amino acids, and our CG simulations show that the CAVS force field could accurately predict the amino acid tendency of the secondary structure. Then, we used the CAVS force field to investigate the binding of a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus fusion peptide (SARS-CoV-2 FP) to a phospholipid bilayer: a long FP (FP-L) containing 40 amino acids and a short FP (FP-S) containing 26 amino acids. Our CAVS CG simulations displayed that the binding affinity of the FP-L to the bilayer is higher than that of the FP-S. We found that the FP-L interacted more strongly with membrane cholesterol than the FP-S, which should be attributed to the stable helical structure of the FP-L at the C-terminus. In addition, we discovered that the FP-S had one major and two minor membrane-bound states, in agreement with previous all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) studies. However, we found that both the C-terminal and N-terminal amino acid residues of the FP-L can strongly interact with the bilayer membrane. Furthermore, we found that the disulfide bond formed between Cys840 and Cys851 stabilized the helices of the FP-L at the C-terminus, enhancing the interaction between the FP-L and the bilayer membrane. Our work indicates that the stable helical structure is crucial for binding the SARS-CoV-2 FP to cell membranes. In particular, the helical stability of FP should have a significant influence on the FP-membrane binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hujun Shen
- Guizhou
Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Nano-Material Science, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- Department
of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, Guizhou Vocational Technology College of Electronics & Information, Kaili 556000, China
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14
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Doole FT, Kumarage T, Ashkar R, Brown MF. Cholesterol Stiffening of Lipid Membranes. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:385-405. [PMID: 36219221 PMCID: PMC9552730 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biomembrane order, dynamics, and other essential physicochemical parameters are controlled by cholesterol, a major component of mammalian cell membranes. Although cholesterol is well known to exhibit a condensing effect on fluid lipid membranes, the extent of stiffening that occurs with different degrees of lipid acyl chain unsaturation remains an enigma. In this review, we show that cholesterol locally increases the bending rigidity of both unsaturated and saturated lipid membranes, suggesting there may be a length-scale dependence of the bending modulus. We review our published data that address the origin of the mechanical effects of cholesterol on unsaturated and polyunsaturated lipid membranes and their role in biomembrane functions. Through a combination of solid-state deuterium NMR spectroscopy and neutron spin-echo spectroscopy, we show that changes in molecular packing cause the universal effects of cholesterol on the membrane bending rigidity. Our findings have broad implications for the role of cholesterol in lipid–protein interactions as well as raft-like mixtures, drug delivery applications, and the effects of antimicrobial peptides on lipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathima T Doole
- Deaprtment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85712, USA
| | - Teshani Kumarage
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.,Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Rana Ashkar
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA. .,Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Michael F Brown
- Deaprtment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85712, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85712, USA.
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15
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Membrane cholesterol modulates the dynamics and depth of penetration of κ-casein. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Kowalska K, Sabatowska Z, Forycka J, Młynarska E, Franczyk B, Rysz J. The Influence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Lipid Metabolism—The Potential Use of Lipid-Lowering Agents in COVID-19 Management. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092320. [PMID: 36140421 PMCID: PMC9496398 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have indicated lipid metabolism alterations during COVID-19 infection, specifically a decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations and an increase in triglyceride (TG) levels during the infection. However, a decline in triglycerides can also be observed in critical cases. A direct correlation can be observed between a decrease in serum cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C and TGs, and the severity of the disease; these laboratory findings can serve as potential markers for patient outcomes. The transmission of coronavirus increases proportionally with rising levels of cholesterol in the cell membrane. This is due to the fact that cholesterol increases the number of viral entry spots and the concentration of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, crucial for viral penetration. Studies have found that lower HDL-C levels correspond with a higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and infections in general, while higher HDL-C levels were related to a lower risk of developing them. However, extremely high HDL-C levels in serum increase the risk of infectious diseases and is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events. Low HDL-C levels are already accepted as a marker for risk stratification in critical illnesses, and higher HDL-C levels prior to the infection is associated with a lower risk of death in older patients. The correlation between LDL-C levels and disease severity is still unclear. However, TG levels were significantly higher in non-surviving severe patients compared to those that survived; therefore, elevated TG-C levels in COVID-19 patients may be considered an indicator of uncontrolled inflammation and an increased risk of death.
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17
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Duan Y, Gong K, Xu S, Zhang F, Meng X, Han J. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in health and diseases: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:265. [PMID: 35918332 PMCID: PMC9344793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed cholesterol homeostasis plays critical roles in the development of multiple diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, particularly the CVD in which the accumulation of lipids (mainly the cholesteryl esters) within macrophage/foam cells underneath the endothelial layer drives the formation of atherosclerotic lesions eventually. More and more studies have shown that lowering cholesterol level, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, protects cardiovascular system and prevents cardiovascular events effectively. Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis is determined by cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake, efflux, transport, storage, utilization, and/or excretion. All the processes should be precisely controlled by the multiple regulatory pathways. Based on the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, many interventions have been developed to lower cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake or enhancing cholesterol utilization and excretion. Herein, we summarize the historical review and research events, the current understandings of the molecular pathways playing key roles in regulating cholesterol homeostasis, and the cholesterol-lowering interventions in clinics or in preclinical studies as well as new cholesterol-lowering targets and their clinical advances. More importantly, we review and discuss the benefits of those interventions for the treatment of multiple diseases including atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis and virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Duan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xianshe Meng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China. .,College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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18
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Dai J, Wang H, Liao Y, Tan L, Sun Y, Song C, Liu W, Ding C, Luo T, Qiu X. Non-Targeted Metabolomic Analysis of Chicken Kidneys in Response to Coronavirus IBV Infection Under Stress Induced by Dexamethasone. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:945865. [PMID: 35909955 PMCID: PMC9335950 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.945865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress in poultry can lead to changes in body metabolism and immunity, which can increase susceptibility to infectious diseases. However, knowledge regarding chicken responses to viral infection under stress is limited. Dexamethasone (Dex) is a synthetic glucocorticoid similar to that secreted by animals under stress conditions, and has been widely used to induce stress in chickens. Herein, we established a stress model in 7-day-old chickens injected with Dex to elucidate the effects of stress on IBV replication in the kidneys. The metabolic changes, immune status and growth of the chickens under stress conditions were comprehensively evaluated. Furthermore, the metabolic profile, weight gain, viral load, serum cholesterol levels, cytokines and peripheral blood lymphocyte ratio were compared in chickens treated with Dex and infected with IBV. An LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics method was used to examine differentially enriched metabolites in the kidneys. A total of 113 metabolites whose abundance was altered after Dex treatment were identified, most of which were lipids and lipid-like molecules. The principal metabolic alterations in chicken kidneys caused by IBV infection included fatty acid, valine, leucine and isoleucine metabolism. Dex treatment before and after IBV infection mainly affected the host’s tryptophan, phenylalanine, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. In addition, Dex led to up-regulation of serum cholesterol levels and renal viral load in chickens, and to the inhibition of weight gain, peripheral blood lymphocytes and IL-6 production. We also confirmed that the exogenous cholesterol in DF-1 cells promoted the replication of IBV. However, whether the increase in viral load in kidney tissue is associated with the up-regulation of cholesterol levels induced by Dex must be demonstrated in future experiments. In conclusion, chick growth and immune function were significantly inhibited by Dex. Host cholesterol metabolism and the response to IBV infection are regulated by Dex. This study provides valuable insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms in poultry stress, and should support further research on the intrinsic link between cholesterol metabolism and IBV replication under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tingrong Luo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Xusheng Qiu, ; Tingrong Luo,
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xusheng Qiu, ; Tingrong Luo,
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19
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Shen H, Wu Z, Chen L. Different Binding Modes of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 Fusion Peptides to Cell Membranes: The Influence of Peptide Helix Length. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4261-4271. [PMID: 35658454 PMCID: PMC9195569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the amino acid sequences of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 fusion peptides (FPs) are highly conserved, the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins show that the helix length of SARS-CoV-1 FP is longer than that of SARS-CoV-2 FP. In this work, we simulated the membrane-binding models of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 FPs and compared the binding modes of the FPs with the POPC/POPE/cholesterol bilayer membrane. Our simulation results show that the SARS-CoV-2 FP binds to the bilayer membrane more effectively than the SARS-CoV-1 FP. It is seen that the short N-terminal helix of SARS-CoV-2 FP is more favorable to insert into the target membrane than the long N-terminal helix of SARS-CoV-1 FP. Meanwhile, the potential of mean force calculations showed that the SARS-CoV-2 FP would prefer only one binding mode (N-terminal binding), whereas the SARS-CoV-1 FP has two favorable membrane-binding modes (C-terminal and N-terminal binding modes). Moreover, in the case of SARS-CoV-1 FP binding to the target membrane, the transition between the two binding modes is relatively fast. Finally, we discovered that the membrane-binding mode would influence the helix length of SARS-CoV-1 FP, while the helix length of SARS-CoV-2 FP could be stably maintained in the membrane-bound configurations. This work suggests that the short helix might endow the FP with high membrane-anchoring strength. In particular, the membrane-penetrating residues (Phe, Ile, and Leu) of short α-helix interact with the cell membrane more strongly than those of long α-helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hujun Shen
- Guizhou
Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Nano-Material Science, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- Department
of Computer Science, Guizhou Vocational
Technology College of Electronics & Information, Kaili 556000, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Guizhou
Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Nano-Material Science, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, China
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20
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Dai J, Wang H, Liao Y, Tan L, Sun Y, Song C, Liu W, Qiu X, Ding C. Coronavirus Infection and Cholesterol Metabolism. Front Immunol 2022; 13:791267. [PMID: 35529872 PMCID: PMC9069556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.791267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Host cholesterol metabolism remodeling is significantly associated with the spread of human pathogenic coronaviruses, suggesting virus-host relationships could be affected by cholesterol-modifying drugs. Cholesterol has an important role in coronavirus entry, membrane fusion, and pathological syncytia formation, therefore cholesterol metabolic mechanisms may be promising drug targets for coronavirus infections. Moreover, cholesterol and its metabolizing enzymes or corresponding natural products exert antiviral effects which are closely associated with individual viral steps during coronavirus replication. Furthermore, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections are associated with clinically significant low cholesterol levels, suggesting cholesterol could function as a potential marker for monitoring viral infection status. Therefore, weaponizing cholesterol dysregulation against viral infection could be an effective antiviral strategy. In this review, we comprehensively review the literature to clarify how coronaviruses exploit host cholesterol metabolism to accommodate viral replication requirements and interfere with host immune responses. We also focus on targeting cholesterol homeostasis to interfere with critical steps during coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Experimental Animal Center, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xusheng Qiu, ; Chan Ding,
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xusheng Qiu, ; Chan Ding,
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21
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Wilk-Sledziewska K, Sielatycki PJ, Uscinska N, Bujno E, Rosolowski M, Kakareko K, Sledziewski R, Rydzewska-Rosolowska A, Hryszko T, Zbroch E. The Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors on the Course of COVID-19. J Clin Med 2022; 11:2250. [PMID: 35456343 PMCID: PMC9026388 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11082250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of our review is to indicate and discuss the impact of cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, diabetes, lipid profile, hypertension and smoking on the course and mortality of COVID-19 infection. BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is spreading around the world and becoming a major public health crisis. All coronaviruses are known to affect the cardiovascular system. There is a strong correlation between cardiovascular risk factors and severe clinical complications, including death in COVID-19 patients. All the above-mentioned risk factors are widespread and constitute a significant worldwide health problem. Some of them are modifiable and the awareness of their connection with the COVID-19 progress may have a crucial impact on the current and possible upcoming infection. DATA COLLECTION We searched for research papers describing the impact of selected cardiovascular risk factors on the course, severity, complications and mortality of COVID-19 infection form PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Using terms, for example: "COVID-19 cardiovascular disease mortality", "COVID-19 hypertension/diabetes mellitus/obesity/dyslipidemia", "cardiovascular risk factors COVID-19 mortality" and other related terms listed in each subtitle. The publications were selected according to the time of their publications between January 2020 and December 2021. From the PubMed database we obtain 1552 results. Further studies were sought by manually searching reference lists of the relevant articles. Relevant articles were selected based on their title, abstract or full text. Articles were excluded if they were clearly related to another subject matter or were not published in English. The types of articles are mainly randomized controlled trial and systematic review. An additional criterion used by researchers was co-morbidities and age of patients in study groups. From a review of the publications, 105 of them were selected for this work with all subheadings included. Findings and Results: The intention of this review was to summarize current knowledge about comorbidities and development of COVID-19 infection. We tried to focus on the course and mortality of the abovementioned virus disease in patients with concomitant CV risk factors. Unfortunately, we were unable to assess the quality of data in screened papers and studies we choose because of the heterogenicity of the groups. The conducted studies had different endpoints and included different groups of patients in terms of nationality, age, race and clinical status. We decide to divide the main subjects of the research into separately described subtitles such as obesity, lipid profile, hypertension, diabetes, smoking. We believe that the studies we included and gathered are very interesting and show modern and present-day clinical data and approaches to COVID-19 infection in specific divisions of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wilk-Sledziewska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland; (K.W.-S.); (P.J.S.); (N.U.); (E.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Piotr Jan Sielatycki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland; (K.W.-S.); (P.J.S.); (N.U.); (E.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Natalia Uscinska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland; (K.W.-S.); (P.J.S.); (N.U.); (E.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Elżbieta Bujno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland; (K.W.-S.); (P.J.S.); (N.U.); (E.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Mariusz Rosolowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland; (K.W.-S.); (P.J.S.); (N.U.); (E.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Katarzyna Kakareko
- 2nd Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (K.K.); (A.R.-R.); (T.H.)
| | - Rafal Sledziewski
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Alicja Rydzewska-Rosolowska
- 2nd Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (K.K.); (A.R.-R.); (T.H.)
| | - Tomasz Hryszko
- 2nd Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (K.K.); (A.R.-R.); (T.H.)
| | - Edyta Zbroch
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland; (K.W.-S.); (P.J.S.); (N.U.); (E.B.); (M.R.)
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22
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Joardar A, Pattnaik GP, Chakraborty H. Mechanism of Membrane Fusion: Interplay of Lipid and Peptide. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:211-224. [PMID: 35435451 PMCID: PMC9014786 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is an essential process for the survival of eukaryotes and the entry of enveloped viruses into host cells. A proper understanding of the mechanism of membrane fusion would provide us a handle to manipulate several biological pathways, and design efficient vaccines against emerging and re-emerging viral infections. Although fusion proteins take the central stage in catalyzing the process, role of lipid composition is also of paramount importance. Lipid composition modulates membrane organization and dynamics and impacts the lipid–protein (peptide) interaction. Moreover, the intrinsic curvature of lipids has strong impact on the formation of stalk and hemifusion diaphragm. Detection of transiently stable intermediates remains the bottleneck in the understanding of fusion mechanism. In order to circumvent this challenge, analytical methods can be employed to determine the kinetic parameters from ensemble average measurements of observables, such as lipid mixing, content mixing, and content leakage. The current review aims to present an analytical method that would aid our understanding of the fusion mechanism, provides a better insight into the role of lipid shape, and discusses the interplay of lipid and peptide in membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Joardar
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, 768019, India
| | | | - Hirak Chakraborty
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, 768019, India.
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23
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Liu HY, Gu H, Qu H, Bao W, Li Y, Cai D. Aberrant Cholesterol Metabolic Genes Regulation in a Negative Feedback Loop Induced by an Alphacoronavirus. Front Nutr 2022; 9:870680. [PMID: 35369058 PMCID: PMC8973467 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.870680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an alphacoronavirus that causes acute inflammation and severe diarrhea in newborn piglets with a high mortality rate. Given that cholesterol is required for coronavirus infection in vitro, the role of endogenous cholesterol metabolism in regulating coronavirus infection and the mechanism behind it ought to be elucidated. In this study, we found that the levels of cholesterol and bile acids were both elevated in the livers of PEDV-infected piglets compared to those of the control group. Consistently, in the livers of PEDV-infected piglets, the expression of key genes involved in cholesterol metabolism was significantly increased. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that the cholesterol homeostasis pathway was among the most enriched pathways in the livers of PEDV-infected piglets. Unexpectedly, the expression of key genes in the cholesterol metabolic pathway was downregulated at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level, but upregulated at the protein level. While the primary transcriptional factors (TFs) of cholesterol metabolism, including SREBP2 and FXR, were upregulated at both mRNA and protein levels in response to PEDV infection. Further Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Quantitative Real-time PCR (ChIP-qPCR) analysis demonstrated that the binding of these TFs to the locus of key genes in the cholesterol metabolic pathway was remarkably inhibited by PEDV infection. It was also observed that the occupancies of histone H3K27ac and H3K4me1, at the locus of the cholesterol metabolic genes HMGCR and HMGCS1, in the livers of PEDV-infected piglets, were suppressed. Together, the PEDV triggers an aberrant regulation of cholesterol metabolic genes via epigenetic inhibition of SREBP2/FXR-mediated transcription, which provides a novel antiviral target against PEDV and other coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haotian Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huan Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yanhua Li
| | - Demin Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Demin Cai
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24
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Butnariu AB, Look A, Grillo M, Tabish TA, McGarvey MJ, Pranjol MZI. SARS-CoV-2-host cell surface interactions and potential antiviral therapies. Interface Focus 2022; 12:20200081. [PMID: 34956606 PMCID: PMC8662392 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2020.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we reveal the latest developments at the interface between SARS-CoV-2 and the host cell surface. In particular, we evaluate the current and potential mechanisms of binding, fusion and the conformational changes of the spike (S) protein to host cell surface receptors, especially the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. For instance, upon the initial attachment, the receptor binding domain of the S protein forms primarily hydrogen bonds with the protease domain of ACE2 resulting in conformational changes within the secondary structure. These surface interactions are of paramount importance and have been therapeutically exploited for antiviral design, such as monoclonal antibodies. Additionally, we provide an insight into novel therapies that target viral non-structural proteins, such as viral RNA polymerase. An example of which is remdesivir which has now been approved for use in COVID-19 patients by the US Food and Drug Administration. Establishing further understanding of the molecular details at the cell surface will undoubtably aid the development of more efficacious and selectively targeted therapies to reduce the burden of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Look
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Marta Grillo
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Tanveer A. Tabish
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J. McGarvey
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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25
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Nieto-Garai JA, Contreras FX, Arboleya A, Lorizate M. Role of Protein-Lipid Interactions in Viral Entry. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2101264. [PMID: 35119227 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202101264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The viral entry consists of several sequential events that ensure the attachment of the virus to the host cell and the introduction of its genetic material for the continuation of the replication cycle. Both cellular and viral lipids have gained a wider focus in recent years in the field of viral entry, as they are found to play key roles in different steps of the process. The specific role is summarized that lipids and lipid membrane nanostructures play in viral attachment, fusion, and immune evasion and how they can be targeted with antiviral therapies. Finally, some of the limitations of techniques commonly used for protein-lipid interactions studies are discussed, and new emerging tools are reviewed that can be applied to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ander Nieto-Garai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
| | - Francesc-Xabier Contreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Aroa Arboleya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia/Biofisika Bizkaia Fundazioa (FBB), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
| | - Maier Lorizate
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
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26
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Sardar A, Dewangan N, Panda B, Bhowmick D, Tarafdar PK. Lipid and Lipidation in Membrane Fusion. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:691-703. [PMID: 36102950 PMCID: PMC9472184 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Membrane fusion plays a lead role in the transport of vesicles, neurotransmission, mitochondrial dynamics, and viral infection. There are fusion proteins that catalyze and regulate the fusion. Interestingly, various types of fusion proteins are present in nature and they possess diverse mechanisms of action. We have highlighted the importance of the functional domains of intracellular heterotypic fusion, homotypic endoplasmic reticulum (ER), homotypic mitochondrial, and type-I viral fusion. During intracellular heterotypic fusion, the SNAREs and four-helix bundle formation are prevalent. Type-I viral fusion is controlled by the membrane destabilizing properties of fusion peptide and six-helix bundle formation. The ER/mitochondrial homotypic fusion is controlled by GTPase activity and the membrane destabilization properties of the amphipathic helix(s). Although the mechanism of action of these fusion proteins is diverse, they have some similarities. In all cases, the lipid composition of the membrane greatly affects membrane fusion. Next, examples of lipidation of the fusion proteins were discussed. We suggest that the fatty acyl hydrophobic tail not only acts as an anchor but may also modulate the energetics of membrane fusion intermediates. Lipidation is also important to design more effective peptide-based fusion inhibitors. Together, we have shown that membrane lipid composition and lipidation are important to modulate membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Sardar
- grid.417960.d0000 0004 0614 7855Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Nikesh Dewangan
- grid.417960.d0000 0004 0614 7855Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Bishvanwesha Panda
- grid.417960.d0000 0004 0614 7855Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Debosmita Bhowmick
- grid.417960.d0000 0004 0614 7855Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Pradip K. Tarafdar
- grid.417960.d0000 0004 0614 7855Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246 India
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27
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Joardar A, Pattnaik GP, Chakraborty H. Effect of Phosphatidylethanolamine and Oleic Acid on Membrane Fusion: Phosphatidylethanolamine Circumvents the Classical Stalk Model. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13192-13202. [PMID: 34839659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is one of the most important processes for the survival of eukaryotic cells and entry of enveloped viruses to the host cells. Lipid composition plays a crucial role in the process by modulating the organization and dynamics of the membrane, as well as the structure and conformation of membrane proteins. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), a lipid molecule with intrinsic negative curvature, promotes membrane fusion by stabilizing the non-lamellar intermediate structures in the fusion process. Conversely, oleic acid (OA), with intrinsic positive curvature, inhibits membrane fusion. The current study aimed to investigate polyethylene glycol-mediated lipid mixing, content mixing, content leakage, and depth-dependent membrane organization and dynamics, using arrays of steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence techniques, to determine the causative role of PE and OA in membrane fusion. The results demonstrated that the presence of 30 mol % PE in the membrane promotes membrane fusion through a mechanism that circumvents the classical stalk model. On the contrary, membranes containing OA showed reduced rate and extent of fusion, despite following the same mechanism. Collectively, our findings in terms of membrane organization and dynamics indicated a plausible role of PE and OA in membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Joardar
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha 768 019, India
| | | | - Hirak Chakraborty
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha 768 019, India
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28
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Sharifi Y, Payab M, Mohammadi-Vajari E, Aghili SMM, Sharifi F, Mehrdad N, Kashani E, Shadman Z, Larijani B, Ebrahimpur M. Association between cardiometabolic risk factors and COVID-19 susceptibility, severity and mortality: a review. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:1743-1765. [PMID: 34222055 PMCID: PMC8233632 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, which began spreading from China Wuhan and gradually spreaded to most countries, led to the announcement by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, as a new pandemic. The most important point presented by the World Health Organization about this disease is to better understand the risk factors that exacerbate the course of the disease and worsen its prognosis. Due to the high majority of cardio metabolic risk factors like obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia among the population over 60 years old and higher, these cardio metabolic risk factors along with the age of these people could worsen the prognosis of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) and its mortality. In this study, we aimed to review the articles from the beginning of the pandemic on the impression of cardio metabolic risk factors on COVID-19 and the effectiveness of COVID-19 on how to manage these diseases. All the factors studied in this article, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and obesity exacerbate the course of Covid-19 disease by different mechanisms, and the inflammatory process caused by coronavirus can also create a vicious cycle in controlling these diseases for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Sharifi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Yaas Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 US
| | - Moloud Payab
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Mohammadi-Vajari
- Student of Medicine, School of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Seyed Morsal Mosallami Aghili
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Sharifi
- Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Mehrdad
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nursing Care Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Kashani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran
| | - Zhaleh Shadman
- Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahbube Ebrahimpur
- Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Patients with COVID-19: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Mortality. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8120162. [PMID: 34940517 PMCID: PMC8708678 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8120162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent meta-analysis studies have reported that metabolic comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity, dyslipidaemia and hypertension are associated with higher risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and mortality in patients with COVID-19. This meta-analysis aims to investigate the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components with SARS and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the several databases up until 1 September 2021. Primary observational longitudinal studies published in peer review journals were selected. Two independent reviewers performed title and abstract screening, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results: The random effects meta-analysis showed that MetS was significantly associated with SARS with a pooled OR (95% CI) of 3.21 (2.88–3.58) and mortality with a pooled OR (95% CI) of 2.32 (1.16–4.63). According to SARS, the pooled OR for MetS was 2.19 (1.71–2.67), p < 0.001; significantly higher than the hypertension component. With regard to mortality, although the pooled OR for MetS was greater than for its individual components, no significant differences were observed. Conclusions: this meta-analysis of cohort studies, showed that MetS is better associated to SARS and mortality in COVID-19 patients than its individual components.
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30
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Avilar CTDA, Andrade ÍMA, Nascimento CDSD, Viana LVM, Amaral TLM, Prado PRD. Nursing care for bed bath in patients with COVID-19: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm 2021; 75Suppl 1:e20200704. [PMID: 34816965 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to identify the main nursing care procedures for performing bed bath in patients with COVID-19. METHOD an integrative literature review. Five stages were followed for this research: research question elaboration (identification of the problem), search of studies in literature, study assessment, data analysis, and presentation of review. To search for primary studies, the VHL and SciELO databases were selected. RESULTS initially, 55 publications were found. After reading and analyzing the abstracts, the sample consisted of 15 studies. CONCLUSION patients with the new coronavirus have specific care to perform a bed bath, oral, intimate and skin hygiene. It is important that professionals use adequate personal protective equipment, perform humanized care, continuously observing patients' vital signs to avoid occurrence of adverse events, promoting patient safety.
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31
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Rodal Canales FJ, Pérez-Campos Mayoral L, Hernández-Huerta MT, Sánchez Navarro LM, Matias-Cervantes CA, Martínez Cruz M, Cruz Parada E, Zenteno E, Ramos-Martínez EG, Pérez-Campos Mayoral E, Romero Díaz C, Pérez-Campos E. Interaction of Spike protein and lipid membrane of SARS-CoV-2 with Ursodeoxycholic acid, an in-silico analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22288. [PMID: 34782703 PMCID: PMC8593036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous repositioned drugs have been sought to decrease the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is known that among its physicochemical properties, Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) has a reduction in surface tension and cholesterol solubilization, it has also been used to treat cholesterol gallstones and viral hepatitis. In this study, molecular docking was performed with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and UDCA. In order to confirm this interaction, we used Molecular Dynamics (MD) in “SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein-UDCA”. Using another system, we also simulated MD with six UDCA residues around the Spike protein at random, naming this “SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein-6UDCA”. Finally, we evaluated the possible interaction between UDCA and different types of membranes, considering the possible membrane conformation of SARS-CoV-2, this was named “SARS-CoV-2 membrane-UDCA”. In the “SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein-UDCA”, we found that UDCA exhibits affinity towards the central region of the Spike protein structure of − 386.35 kcal/mol, in a region with 3 alpha helices, which comprises residues from K986 to C1032 of each monomer. MD confirmed that UDCA remains attached and occasionally forms hydrogen bonds with residues R995 and T998. In the presence of UDCA, we observed that the distances between residues atoms OG1 and CG2 of T998 in the monomers A, B, and C in the prefusion state do not change and remain at 5.93 ± 0.62 and 7.78 ± 0.51 Å, respectively, compared to the post-fusion state. Next, in “SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein-6UDCA”, the three UDCA showed affinity towards different regions of the Spike protein, but only one of them remained bound to the region between the region's heptad repeat 1 and heptad repeat 2 (HR1 and HR2) for 375 ps of the trajectory. The RMSD of monomer C was the smallest of the three monomers with a value of 2.89 ± 0.32, likewise, the smallest RMSF was also of the monomer C (2.25 ± 056). In addition, in the simulation of “SARS-CoV-2 membrane-UDCA”, UDCA had a higher affinity toward the virion-like membrane; where three of the four residues remained attached once they were close (5 Å, to the centre of mass) to the membrane by 30 ns. However, only one of them remained attached to the plasma-like membrane and this was in a cluster of cholesterol molecules. We have shown that UDCA interacts in two distinct regions of Spike protein sequences. In addition, UDCA tends to stay bound to the membrane, which could potentially reduce the internalization of SARS-CoV-2 in the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Rodal Canales
- Research Centre Faculty of Medicine UNAM-UABJO, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Autonomous University "Benito Juárez" of Oaxaca, 68020, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Laura Pérez-Campos Mayoral
- Research Centre Faculty of Medicine UNAM-UABJO, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Autonomous University "Benito Juárez" of Oaxaca, 68020, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Manuel Sánchez Navarro
- Research Centre Faculty of Medicine UNAM-UABJO, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Autonomous University "Benito Juárez" of Oaxaca, 68020, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | | | - Eli Cruz Parada
- National Technology of Mexico/IT Oaxaca, 68030, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Eduardo Pérez-Campos Mayoral
- Research Centre Faculty of Medicine UNAM-UABJO, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Autonomous University "Benito Juárez" of Oaxaca, 68020, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Carlos Romero Díaz
- Research Centre Faculty of Medicine UNAM-UABJO, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Autonomous University "Benito Juárez" of Oaxaca, 68020, Oaxaca, Mexico.
| | - Eduardo Pérez-Campos
- National Technology of Mexico/IT Oaxaca, 68030, Oaxaca, Mexico. .,Clinical Pathology Laboratory, "Eduardo Pérez Ortega", 68000, Oaxaca, Mexico.
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32
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Gupta M, Weaver DF. Axonal plasma membrane-mediated toxicity of cholesterol in Alzheimer's disease: A microsecond molecular dynamics study. Biophys Chem 2021; 281:106718. [PMID: 34808480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is increasingly being recognized as an immune-mediated disease of brain. Since physiological brain health and brain immune function is dependent upon homeostatic neuronal membrane structure and function, alterations in membrane lipid biochemistry may predispose to disease. Brain is rich in cholesterol, and cholesterol metabolism dysfunction is a known risk factor for AD. Employing extensive microsecond all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated the properties of model neuronal membranes as a function of cholesterol concentration; phospholipid and phospholipid/cholesterol bilayers were also simulated to compare against available experimental data. Increased cholesterol concentrations compact and stiffen the lipid membrane, reducing permeability while modulating local water densities in the peri-membranous environment. Conversely, lower cholesterol mole fraction yields membranes with increased molecular disorder, enhanced fluidity, higher molecular tilting, and augmented interdigitation between bilayer leaflet lipids. Our findings provide a molecular insight on effect of cholesterol composition on various biochemical processes occurring at neuronal axon plasma membrane. These calculations also endeavor to establish a membrane-based link between cholesterol as an AD risk factor and possible AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Gupta
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 0S8, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M55 3H6, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 2C4, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3M2, Canada.
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33
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Liu KN, Boxer SG. Single-virus content-mixing assay reveals cholesterol-enhanced influenza membrane fusion efficiency. Biophys J 2021; 120:4832-4841. [PMID: 34536389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To infect a cell, enveloped viruses must first undergo membrane fusion, which proceeds through a hemifusion intermediate, followed by the formation of a fusion pore through which the viral genome is transferred to a target cell. Single-virus fusion studies to elucidate the dynamics of content mixing typically require extensive fluorescent labeling of viral contents. The labeling process must be optimized depending on the virus identity and strain and can potentially be perturbative to viral fusion behavior. Here, we introduce a single-virus assay in which content-labeled vesicles are bound to unlabeled influenza A virus (IAV) to eliminate the problematic step of content-labeling virions. We use fluorescence microscopy to observe individual, pH-triggered content mixing and content-loss events between IAV and target vesicles of varying cholesterol compositions. We show that target membrane cholesterol increases the efficiency of IAV content mixing and decreases the fraction of content-mixing events that result in content loss. These results are consistent with previous findings that cholesterol stabilizes pore formation in IAV entry and limits leakage after pore formation. We also show that content loss due to hemagglutinin fusion peptide engagement with the target membrane is independent of composition. This approach is a promising strategy for studying the single-virus content-mixing kinetics of other enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Steven G Boxer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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34
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Basso LGM, Zeraik AE, Felizatti AP, Costa-Filho AJ. Membranotropic and biological activities of the membrane fusion peptides from SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein: The importance of the complete internal fusion peptide domain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183697. [PMID: 34274319 PMCID: PMC8280623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fusion peptides (FP) are prominent hydrophobic segments of viral fusion proteins that play critical roles in viral entry. FPs interact with and insert into the host lipid membranes, triggering conformational changes in the viral protein that leads to the viral-cell fusion. Multiple membrane-active domains from the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) spike protein have been reported to act as the functional fusion peptide such as the peptide sequence located between the S1/S2 and S2' cleavage sites (FP1), the S2'-adjacent fusion peptide domain (FP2), and the internal FP sequence (cIFP). Using a combined biophysical approach, we demonstrated that the α-helical coiled-coil-forming internal cIFP displayed the highest membrane fusion and permeabilizing activities along with membrane ordering effect in phosphatidylcholine (PC)/phosphatidylglycerol (PG) unilamellar vesicles compared to the other two N-proximal fusion peptide counterparts. While the FP1 sequence displayed intermediate membranotropic activities, the well-conserved FP2 peptide was substantially less effective in promoting fusion, leakage, and membrane ordering in PC/PG model membranes. Furthermore, Ca2+ did not enhance the FP2-induced lipid mixing activity in PC/phosphatidylserine/cholesterol lipid membranes, despite its strong erythrocyte membrane perturbation. Nonetheless, we found that the three putative SARS-CoV membrane-active fusion peptide sequences here studied altered the physical properties of model and erythrocyte membranes to different extents. The importance of the distinct membranotropic and biological activities of all SARS-CoV fusion peptide domains and the pronounced effect of the internal fusion peptide sequence to the whole spike-mediated membrane fusion process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Guilherme Mansor Basso
- Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Eliza Zeraik
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil; Grupo de Biofísica e Biologia Estrutural "Sérgio Mascarenhas", Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, Centro, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Felizatti
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, Monjolinho, 13565905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Grupo de Biofísica e Biologia Estrutural "Sérgio Mascarenhas", Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, Centro, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio José Costa-Filho
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Zhao D, Chen M, Shi K, Ma M, Huang Y, Shen J. A long short-term memory-fully connected (LSTM-FC) neural network for predicting the incidence of bronchopneumonia in children. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:56892-56905. [PMID: 34076817 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bronchopneumonia is the most common infectious disease in children, and it seriously endangers children's health. In this paper, a deep neural network combining long short-term memory (LSTM) layers and fully connected layers was proposed to predict the prevalence of bronchopneumonia in children in Chengdu based on environmental factors and previous prevalence rates. The mean square error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and Pearson correlation coefficient (R) were used to detect the performance of the deep learning model. The values of MSE, MAE, and R in the test dataset are 0.0051, 0.053, and 0.846, respectively. The results show that the proposed model can accurately predict the prevalence of bronchopneumonia in children. We also compared the proposed model with three other models, namely, a fully connected (FC) layer neural network, a random forest model, and a support vector machine. The results show that the proposed model achieves better performance than the three other models by capturing time series and mitigating the lag effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhe Zhao
- Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Remote Sensing Big Data Application, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210046, China
| | - Kaifang Shi
- Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Remote Sensing Big Data Application, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Mingguo Ma
- Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Remote Sensing Big Data Application, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Remote Sensing Big Data Application, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jingwei Shen
- Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Remote Sensing Big Data Application, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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36
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Nahalka J. Theoretical Analysis of S, M and N Structural Proteins by the Protein-RNA Recognition Code Leads to Genes/proteins that Are Relevant to the SARS-CoV-2 Life Cycle and Pathogenesis. Front Genet 2021; 12:763995. [PMID: 34659373 PMCID: PMC8511677 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.763995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this conceptual review, based on the protein-RNA recognition code, some theoretical sequences were detected in the spike (S), membrane (M) and capsid (N) proteins that may post-transcriptionally regulate the host genes/proteins in immune homeostasis, pulmonary epithelial tissue homeostasis, and lipid homeostasis. According to the review of literature, the spectrum of identified genes/proteins shows that the virus promotes IL1α/β-IL1R1 signaling (type 1 immunity) and immunity defense against helminths and venoms (type 2 immunity). In the alteration of homeostasis in the pulmonary epithelial tissue, the virus blocks the function of cilia and the molecular programs that are involved in wound healing (EMT and MET). Additionally, the protein-RNA recognition method described here identifies compatible sequences in the S1A-domain for the post-transcriptional promotion of PIKFYVE, which is one of the critical factors for SARS-CoV-2 entry to the host cell, and for the post-transcriptional repression of xylulokinase XYLB. A decrease in XYLB product (Xu5P) in plasma was proposed as one of the potential metabolomics biomarkers of COVID-19. In summary, the protein-RNA recognition code leads to protein genes relevant to the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Nahalka
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for White-green Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
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Gopi P, Anju TR, Pillai VS, Veettil M. SARS-Coronavirus 2, A Metabolic Reprogrammer: A Review in the Context of the Possible Therapeutic Strategies. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:770-781. [PMID: 34533443 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210917113842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 is advancing at a staggering pace to devastate the health care system and foster the concerns over public health. In contrast to the past outbreaks, coronaviruses aren't clinging themselves as a strict respiratory virus. Rather, becoming a multifaceted virus, it affects multiple organs by interrupting a number of metabolic pathways leading to significant rates of morbidity and mortality. Following infection they rigorously reprogram multiple metabolic pathways of glucose, lipid, protein, nucleic acid and their metabolites to extract adequate energy and carbon skeletons required for their existence and further molecular constructions inside a host cell. Although the mechanism of these alterations are yet to be known, the impact of these reprogramming is reflected in the hyper inflammatory responses, so called cytokine storm and the hindrance of host immune defence system. The metabolic reprogramming during SARS-CoV-2 infection needs to be considered while devising therapeutic strategies to combat the disease and its further complication. The inhibitors of cholesterol and phospholipids synthesis and cell membrane lipid raft of the host cell can, to a great extent, control the viral load and further infection. Depletion of energy source by inhibiting the activation of glycolytic and hexoseamine biosynthetic pathway can also augment the antiviral therapy. The cross talk between these pathways also necessitates the inhibition of amino acid catabolism and tryptophan metabolism. A combinatorial strategy which can address the cross talks between the metabolic pathways might be more effective than a single approach and the infection stage and timing of therapy will also influence the effectiveness of the antiviral approach. We herein focus on the different metabolic alterations during the course of virus infection that help to exploit the cellular machinery and devise a therapeutic strategy which promotes resistance to viral infection and can augment body's antivirulence mechanisms. This review may cast the light into the possibilities of targeting altered metabolic pathways to defend virus infection in a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Gopi
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin 682022, Kerala, India
| | - T R Anju
- Department of Biotechnology, Newman College, Thodupuzha 685585, Kerala, India
| | - Vinod Soman Pillai
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin 682022, Kerala, India
| | - Mohanan Veettil
- Institute of Advanced Virology, Thonnakkal, Thiruvananthapuram 695317, Kerala, India
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38
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Zinellu A, Paliogiannis P, Fois AG, Solidoro P, Carru C, Mangoni AA. Cholesterol and Triglyceride Concentrations, COVID-19 Severity, and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis With Meta-Regression. Front Public Health 2021; 9:705916. [PMID: 34490188 PMCID: PMC8417431 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.705916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid profile alterations have been observed in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in relation to disease severity and mortality. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression of studies reporting total, HDL, and LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We searched PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus, between January 2020 and January 2021, for studies describing lipid concentrations, COVID-19 severity, and survival status (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021253401). Twenty-two studies in 10,122 COVID-19 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled results showed that hospitalized patients with severe disease or non-survivor status had significantly lower total cholesterol (standardized mean difference, SMD = −0.29, 95% CI −0.41 to −0.16, p < 0.001), LDL-cholesterol (SMD = −0.30, 95% CI −0.41 to −0.18, p < 0.001), and HDL-cholesterol (SMD = −0.44, 95% CI −0.62 to −0.26, p < 0.001), but not triglyceride (SMD = 0.04, 95% CI −0.10 to −0.19, p = 0.57), concentrations compared to patients with milder disease or survivor status during follow up. Between-study heterogeneity was large-to-extreme. In sensitivity analysis, the effect size of different lipid fractions was not affected when each study was in turn removed. The Begg's and Egger's t-tests did not show evidence of publication bias, except for studies investigating LDL-cholesterol. In meta-regression, significant associations were observed between the SMD of LDL-cholesterol and age and hypertension, and between the SMD of triglycerides and study endpoint and aspartate aminotransferase. In our systematic review and meta-analysis, lower total, HDL, and LDL-cholesterol, but not triglyceride, concentrations were significantly associated with COVID-19 severity and mortality. Cholesterol concentrations might be useful, in combination with other clinical and demographic variables, for risk stratification and monitoring in this group. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021253401.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Panagiotis Paliogiannis
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Quality Control Unit, University Hospital of Sassari (Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari), Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro G Fois
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Solidoro
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, AOU Città Della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy.,Medical Sciences Department, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Quality Control Unit, University Hospital of Sassari (Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari), Sassari, Italy
| | - Arduino A Mangoni
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Wang J, Maschietto F, Guberman-Pfeffer MJ, Reiss K, Allen B, Xiong Y, Lolis E, Batista VS. Computational insights into the membrane fusion mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 at the cellular level. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:5019-5028. [PMID: 34540146 PMCID: PMC8442599 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane fusion mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 offers an attractive target for the development of small molecule antiviral inhibitors. Fusion involves an initial binding of the crown-like trimeric spike glycoproteins of SARS-CoV-2 to the receptor angiotensin II-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the permissive host cellular membrane and a prefusion to post-fusion conversion of the spike trimer. During this conversion, the fusion peptides of the spike trimer are inserted into the host membrane to bring together the host and viral membranes for membrane fusion in highly choreographic events. However, geometric constraints due to interactions with the membranes remain poorly understood. In this study, we build structural models of super-complexes of spike trimer/ACE2 dimers based on the molecular structures of the ACE2/neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT heterodimer. We determine the conformational constraints due to the membrane geometry on the enzymatic activity of ACE2 and on the viral fusion process. Furthermore, we find that binding three ACE2 dimers per spike trimer is essential to open the central pore as necessary for triggering productive membrane fusion through an elongation of the central stalk. The reported findings thus provide valuable insights for targeting the membrane fusion mechanism for drug design at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Wang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, United States
| | - Federica Maschietto
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511-8499, United States
| | | | - Krystle Reiss
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511-8499, United States
| | - Brandon Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511-8499, United States
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, United States
| | - Elias Lolis
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, United States
| | - Victor S. Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511-8499, United States
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40
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Aparisi Á, Iglesias-Echeverría C, Ybarra-Falcón C, Cusácovich I, Uribarri A, García-Gómez M, Ladrón R, Fuertes R, Candela J, Tobar J, Hinojosa W, Dueñas C, González R, Nogales L, Calvo D, Carrasco-Moraleja M, San Román JA, Amat-Santos IJ, Andaluz-Ojeda D. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are associated with poor clinical outcomes in COVID-19. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:2619-2627. [PMID: 34353699 PMCID: PMC8259049 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the sole causative agent of coronavirus infectious disease-19 (COVID-19). METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a retrospective single-center study of consecutively admitted patients between March 1st and May 15th, 2020, with a definitive diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The primary end-point was to evaluate the association of lipid markers with 30-days all-cause mortality in COVID-19. A total of 654 patients were enrolled, with an estimated 30-day mortality of 22.8% (149 patients). Non-survivors had lower total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels during the entire course of the disease. Both showed a significant inverse correlation with inflammatory markers and a positive correlation with lymphocyte count. In a multivariate analysis, LDL-c ≤ 69 mg/dl (hazard ratio [HR] 1.94; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-3.31), C-reactive protein >88 mg/dl (HR 2.44; 95% CI, 1.41-4.23) and lymphopenia <1000 (HR 2.68; 95% CI, 1.91-3.78) at admission were independently associated with 30-day mortality. This association was maintained 7 days after admission. Survivors presented with complete normalization of their lipid profiles on short-term follow-up. CONCLUSION Hypolipidemia in SARS-CoV-2 infection may be secondary to an immune-inflammatory response, with complete recovery in survivors. Low LDL-c serum levels are independently associated with higher 30-day mortality in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Aparisi
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | - Iván Cusácovich
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Aitor Uribarri
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mario García-Gómez
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raquel Ladrón
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raúl Fuertes
- Medicine School, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jordi Candela
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier Tobar
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Williams Hinojosa
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carlos Dueñas
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Roberto González
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Leonor Nogales
- Intensive Care Unit Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Dolores Calvo
- Clinical Analysis Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - J Alberto San Román
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; CIBERCV, Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ignacio J Amat-Santos
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; CIBERCV, Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - David Andaluz-Ojeda
- Intensive Care Unit Department, Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, Madrid, Spain.
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41
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Tang Y, Hu L, Liu Y, Zhou B, Qin X, Ye J, Shen M, Wu Z, Zhang P. Possible mechanisms of cholesterol elevation aggravating COVID-19. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3533-3543. [PMID: 34522180 PMCID: PMC8436106 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.62021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance: Despite the availability of a vaccine against the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), humans will have to live with this virus and the after-effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection for a long time. Cholesterol plays an important role in the infection and prognosis of SARS-CoV-2, and the study of its mechanism is of great significance not only for the treatment of COVID-19 but also for research on generic antiviral drugs. Observations: Cholesterol promotes the development of atherosclerosis by activating NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), and the resulting inflammatory environment indirectly contributes to COVID-19 infection and subsequent deterioration. In in vitro studies, membrane cholesterol increased the number of viral entry sites on the host cell membrane and the number of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the membrane fusion site. Previous studies have shown that the fusion protein of the virus interacts with cholesterol, and the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 also requires cholesterol to enter the host cells. Cholesterol in blood interacts with the spike protein to promote the entry of spike cells, wherein the scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) plays an important role. Because of the cardiovascular protective effects of lipid-lowering therapy and the additional anti-inflammatory effects of lipid-lowering drugs, it is currently recommended to continue lipid-lowering therapy for patients with COVID-19, but the safety of extremely low LDL-C is questionable. Conclusions and Relevance: Cholesterol can indirectly increase the susceptibility of patients to SARS-CoV-2 and increase the risk of death from COVID-19, which are mediated by NLRP3 and atherosclerotic plaques, respectively. Cholesterol present in the host cell membrane, virus, and blood may also directly participate in the virus cell entry process, but the specific mechanism still needs further study. Patients with COVID-19 are recommended to continue lipid-lowering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 235 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University/The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 6, Chenggui Road, East District, Zhongshan, 528403, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Longtai Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 235 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 6, Chenggui Road, East District, Zhongshan, 528403, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 235 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University/The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 6, Chenggui Road, East District, Zhongshan, 528403, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bangyi Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 235 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University/The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 6, Chenggui Road, East District, Zhongshan, 528403, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohuan Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 235 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University/The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 6, Chenggui Road, East District, Zhongshan, 528403, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jujian Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 235 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University/The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 6, Chenggui Road, East District, Zhongshan, 528403, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Maoze Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Raoping County People's Hospital, 161 Caichang Street, Huanggang Town, Chaozhou, 515700, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Boai Hospital of Zhongshan, Southern Medical University, No. 6, Chenggui Road, East District, Zhongshan, 528403, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peidong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 235 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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42
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Molina-Mora JA, Cordero-Laurent E, Godínez A, Calderón-Osorno M, Brenes H, Soto-Garita C, Pérez-Corrales C, Drexler JF, Moreira-Soto A, Corrales-Aguilar E, Duarte-Martínez F. SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance in Costa Rica: Evidence of a divergent population and an increased detection of a spike T1117I mutation. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 92:104872. [PMID: 33905892 PMCID: PMC8065237 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genome sequencing is a key strategy in the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Latin America is the hardest-hit region of the world, accumulating almost 20% of COVID-19 cases worldwide. In Costa Rica, from the first detected case on March 6th to December 31st almost 170,000 cases have been reported. We analyzed the genomic variability during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Costa Rica using 185 sequences, 52 from the first months of the pandemic, and 133 from the current wave. Three GISAID clades (G, GH, and GR) and three PANGOLIN lineages (B.1, B.1.1, and B.1.291) were predominant, suggesting multiple re-introductions from other regions. The whole-genome variant calling analysis identified a total of 283 distinct nucleotide variants, following a power-law distribution with 190 single nucleotide mutations in a single sequence, and only 16 mutations were found in >5% sequences. These mutations were distributed through the whole genome. The prevalence of worldwide-found variant D614G in the Spike (98.9% in Costa Rica), ORF8 L84S (1.1%) is similar to what is found elsewhere. Interestingly, the frequency of mutation T1117I in the Spike has increased during the current pandemic wave beginning in May 2020 in Costa Rica, reaching 29.2% detection in the full genome analyses in November 2020. This variant has been observed in less than 1% of the GISAID reported sequences worldwide in 2020. Structural modeling of the Spike protein with the T1117I mutation suggests a potential effect on the viral oligomerization needed for cell infection, but no differences with other genomes on transmissibility, severity nor vaccine effectiveness are predicted. In conclusion, genome analyses of the SARS-CoV-2 sequences over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica suggest the introduction of lineages from other countries and the detection of mutations in line with other studies, but pointing out the local increase in the detection of Spike-T1117I variant. The genomic features of this virus need to be monitored and studied in further analyses as part of the surveillance program during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Arturo Molina-Mora
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET) & Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica.
| | - Estela Cordero-Laurent
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica.
| | - Adriana Godínez
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica.
| | - Melany Calderón-Osorno
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica.
| | - Hebleen Brenes
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica.
| | - Claudio Soto-Garita
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica.
| | - Cristian Pérez-Corrales
- Hospital Nacional De Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS), Costa Rica
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andres Moreira-Soto
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET) & Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica.
| | - Francisco Duarte-Martínez
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica.
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Pattnaik GP, Chakraborty H. Cholesterol: A key player in membrane fusion that modulates the efficacy of fusion inhibitor peptides. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 117:133-155. [PMID: 34420578 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of cholesterol with the neighboring lipids modulates several physical properties of the membrane. Mostly, it affects membrane fluidity, membrane permeability, lateral diffusion of lipids, bilayer thickness, and water penetration into the lipid bilayer. Due to the smaller head group to hydrophobic cross-sectional area of the tail, cholesterol induces intrinsic negative curvature to the membrane. The interaction of cholesterol with sphingolipids forms lipid rafts; generates phase separation in the membrane. The cholesterol-dependent modifications of membrane physical properties modulate viral infections by affecting the fusion between viral and host cell membranes. Cholesterol demonstrates a strong impact on the structure, depth of penetration, conformation, and organization of fusion peptides in membrane milieu. Further, cholesterol has been implicated to modify the fusion inhibitory efficiency of peptide-based membrane fusion inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hirak Chakraborty
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Burla, Odisha, India; Centre of Excellence in Natural Products and Therapeutics, Sambalpur University, Burla, Odisha, India.
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Orlowski S, Mourad JJ, Gallo A, Bruckert E. Coronaviruses, cholesterol and statins: Involvement and application for Covid-19. Biochimie 2021; 189:51-64. [PMID: 34153377 PMCID: PMC8213520 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The infectious power of coronaviruses is dependent on cholesterol present in the membranes of their target cells. Indeed, the virus enters the infected cell either by fusion or by endocytosis, in both cases involving cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains. These membrane domains can be disorganized in-vitro by various cholesterol-altering agents, including statins that inhibit cell cholesterol biosynthesis. As a consequence, numerous cell physiology processes, such as signaling cascades, can be compromised. Also, some examples of anti-bacterial and anti-viral effects of statins have been observed for infectious agents known to be cholesterol dependent. In-vivo, besides their widely-reported hypocholesterolemic effect, statins display various pleiotropic effects mediated, at least partially, by perturbation of membrane microdomains as a consequence of the alteration of endogenous cholesterol synthesis. It should thus be worth considering a high, but clinically well-tolerated, dose of statin to treat Covid-19 patients, in the early phase of infection, to inhibit virus entry into the target cells, in order to control the viral charge and hence avoid severe clinical complications. Based on its efficacy and favorable biodisposition, an option would be considering Atorvastatin, but randomized controlled clinical trials are required to test this hypothesis. This new therapeutic proposal takes benefit from being a drug repurposing, applied to a widely-used drug presenting a high efficiency-to-toxicity ratio. Additionally, this therapeutic strategy avoids any risk of drug resistance by viral mutation since it is host-targeted. Noteworthy, the same pharmacological approach could also be proposed to address different animal coronavirus endemic infections that are responsible for heavy economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Orlowski
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS UMR 9198, and CEA / DRF / Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric-Joliot / SB2SM, and Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-Jacques Mourad
- Department of Internal Medicine and ESH Excellence Centre, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France.
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Department of Endocrinology and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Eric Bruckert
- Department of Endocrinology and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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45
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Correa Y, Waldie S, Thépaut M, Micciulla S, Moulin M, Fieschi F, Pichler H, Trevor Forsyth V, Haertlein M, Cárdenas M. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein removes lipids from model membranes and interferes with the capacity of high density lipoprotein to exchange lipids. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 602:732-739. [PMID: 34157514 PMCID: PMC8195693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol has been shown to affect the extent of coronavirus binding and fusion to cellular membranes. The severity of Covid-19 infection is also known to be correlated with lipid disorders. Furthermore, the levels of both serum cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) decrease with Covid-19 severity, with normal levels resuming once the infection has passed. Here we demonstrate that the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein interferes with the function of lipoproteins, and that this is dependent on cholesterol. In particular, the ability of HDL to exchange lipids from model cellular membranes is altered when co-incubated with the spike protein. Additionally, the S protein removes lipids and cholesterol from model membranes. We propose that the S protein affects HDL function by removing lipids from it and remodelling its composition/structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubexi Correa
- Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces and Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sarah Waldie
- Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces and Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden; Life Sciences Group, Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble F-38042, France; Partnership for Structural Biology, Grenoble F-38042, France
| | - Michel Thépaut
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, 71 avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Samantha Micciulla
- Large Scale Structures, Institut Laue Langevin (ILL), Grenoble F-38042, France
| | - Martine Moulin
- Life Sciences Group, Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble F-38042, France; Partnership for Structural Biology, Grenoble F-38042, France
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Partnership for Structural Biology, Grenoble F-38042, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, 71 avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Harald Pichler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; Graz University of Technology, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - V Trevor Forsyth
- Life Sciences Group, Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble F-38042, France; Partnership for Structural Biology, Grenoble F-38042, France; Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Michael Haertlein
- Life Sciences Group, Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble F-38042, France; Partnership for Structural Biology, Grenoble F-38042, France.
| | - Marité Cárdenas
- Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces and Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden.
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46
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Stasi A, Franzin R, Fiorentino M, Squiccimarro E, Castellano G, Gesualdo L. Multifaced Roles of HDL in Sepsis and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Renal Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5980. [PMID: 34205975 PMCID: PMC8197836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are a class of blood particles, principally involved in mediating reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissue to liver. Omics approaches have identified crucial mediators in the HDL proteomic and lipidomic profile, which are involved in distinct pleiotropic functions. Besides their role as cholesterol transporter, HDLs display anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-thrombotic, and anti-infection properties. Experimental and clinical studies have unveiled significant changes in both HDL serum amount and composition that lead to dysregulated host immune response and endothelial dysfunction in the course of sepsis. Most SARS-Coronavirus-2-infected patients admitted to the intensive care unit showed common features of sepsis disease, such as the overwhelmed systemic inflammatory response and the alterations in serum lipid profile. Despite relevant advances, episodes of mild to moderate acute kidney injury (AKI), occurring during systemic inflammatory diseases, are associated with long-term complications, and high risk of mortality. The multi-faceted relationship of kidney dysfunction with dyslipidemia and inflammation encourages to deepen the clarification of the mechanisms connecting these elements. This review analyzes the multifaced roles of HDL in inflammatory diseases, the renal involvement in lipid metabolism, and the novel potential HDL-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Stasi
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Rossana Franzin
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Marco Fiorentino
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Enrico Squiccimarro
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplant (DETO), University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
- Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Department, Heart & Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.F.); (M.F.)
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Totomoch-Serra A, Ibarra-Miramon CB, Manterola C. Persistent Hiccups as Main COVID-19 Symptom. Am J Med Sci 2021; 361:799-800. [PMID: 33563571 PMCID: PMC7832614 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Concepcion B Ibarra-Miramon
- Department of Assesment and Treatment, Centro Nacional Modelo de Atención, Investigación Capacitación para la Rehabilitación e Integración Educativa "Gaby Brimmer," Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carlos Manterola
- PhD Program in Medical Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera (UFRO), Temuco, Chile; Center of Morphological and Surgical Studies (CEMyQ), Universidad de La Frontera (UFRO), Temuco, Chile
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48
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Pérez-Torres I, Guarner-Lans V, Soria-Castro E, Manzano-Pech L, Palacios-Chavarría A, Valdez-Vázquez RR, Domínguez-Cherit JG, Herrera-Bello H, Castillejos-Suastegui H, Moreno-Castañeda L, Alanís-Estrada G, Hernández F, González-Marcos O, Márquez-Velasco R, Soto ME. Alteration in the Lipid Profile and the Desaturases Activity in Patients With Severe Pneumonia by SARS-CoV-2. Front Physiol 2021; 12:667024. [PMID: 34045976 PMCID: PMC8144632 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.667024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidnapping of the lipid metabolism of the host's cells by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) allows the virus to transform the cells into optimal machines for its assembly and replication. Here we evaluated changes in the fatty acid (FA) profile and the participation of the activity of the desaturases, in plasma of patients with severe pneumonia by SARS-CoV-2. We found that SARS-CoV-2 alters the FA metabolism in the cells of the host. Changes are characterized by variations in the desaturases that lead to a decrease in total fatty acid (TFA), phospholipids (PL) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). These alterations include a decrease in palmitic and stearic acids (p ≤ 0.009) which could be used for the formation of the viral membranes and for the reparation of the host's own membrane. There is also an increase in oleic acid (OA; p = 0.001) which could modulate the inflammatory process, the cytokine release, apoptosis, necrosis, oxidative stress (OS). An increase in linoleic acid (LA) in TFA (p = 0.03) and a decreased in PL (p = 0.001) was also present. They result from damage of the internal mitochondrial membrane. The arachidonic acid (AA) percentage was elevated (p = 0.02) in the TFA and this can be participated in the inflammatory process. EPA was decreased (p = 0.001) and this may decrease of pro-resolving mediators with increase in the inflammatory process. The total of NEFAs (p = 0.03), PL (p = 0.001), cholesterol, HDL and LDL were decreased, and triglycerides were increased in plasma of the COVID-19 patients. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 alters the FA metabolism, the changes are characterized by alterations in the desaturases that lead to variations in the TFA, PL, and NEFAs profiles. These changes may favor the replication of the virus but, at the same time, they are part of the defense system provided by the host cell metabolism in its eagerness to repair damage caused by the virus to cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Pérez-Torres
- Departament of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Verónica Guarner-Lans
- Departament of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Soria-Castro
- Departament of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Linaloe Manzano-Pech
- Departament of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrián Palacios-Chavarría
- Critical Care Unit of the Temporal COVID-19 Unit, Citibanamex Center, Mexico City, Mexico
- American British Cowdray Medical Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Ricardo Valdez-Vázquez
- Critical Care Unit of the Temporal COVID-19 Unit, Citibanamex Center, Mexico City, Mexico
- American British Cowdray Medical Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose Guillermo Domínguez-Cherit
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Tecnológico de Monterrey EMCS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hector Herrera-Bello
- Critical Care Unit of the Temporal COVID-19 Unit, Citibanamex Center, Mexico City, Mexico
- American British Cowdray Medical Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Humberto Castillejos-Suastegui
- Critical Care Unit of the Temporal COVID-19 Unit, Citibanamex Center, Mexico City, Mexico
- American British Cowdray Medical Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lidia Moreno-Castañeda
- Critical Care Unit of the Temporal COVID-19 Unit, Citibanamex Center, Mexico City, Mexico
- American British Cowdray Medical Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Alanís-Estrada
- Critical Care Unit of the Temporal COVID-19 Unit, Citibanamex Center, Mexico City, Mexico
- American British Cowdray Medical Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fabián Hernández
- Critical Care Unit of the Temporal COVID-19 Unit, Citibanamex Center, Mexico City, Mexico
- American British Cowdray Medical Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Omar González-Marcos
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Tecnológico de Monterrey EMCS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Márquez-Velasco
- Departament of Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Elena Soto
- American British Cowdray Medical Center, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departament of Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
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49
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Discerning perturbed assembly of lipids in a model membrane in presence of violacein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183647. [PMID: 33989532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Violacein is a naturally found pigment that is used by some gram negative bacteria to defend themselves from various gram positive bacteria. As a result, this molecule has caught attention for its potential biomedical applications and has already shown promising outcomes as an antiviral, an antibacterial, and an anti-tumor agent. Understanding the interaction of this molecule with a cellular membrane is an essential step to extend its use in the pharmaceutical paradigm. Here, the interaction of violacein with a lipid monolayer formed at the air-water interface is found to depend on electrostatic nature of lipids. In presence of violacein, the two dimensional (2D) pressure-area isotherms of lipids have exhibited changes in their phase transition pressure and in-plane elasticity. To gain insights into the out-of-plane structural organization of lipids in a membrane, X-ray reflectivity (XRR) study on a solid supported lipid monolayer on a hydrophilic substrate has been performed. It has revealed that the increase in membrane thickness is more pronounced in the zwitterionic and positively charged lipids compared to the negatively charged one. Further, the lipid molecules are observed to decrease their tilt angle made with the normal of lipid membrane along with an alteration in their in-plane ordering. This has been quantified by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) experiments on the multilayer membrane formed in an environment with controlled humidity. The structural reorganization of lipid molecules in presence of violacein can be utilized to provide a detailed mechanism of the interaction of this molecule with cellular membrane.
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Oz M, Lorke DE, Kabbani N. A comprehensive guide to the pharmacologic regulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 221:107750. [PMID: 33275999 PMCID: PMC7854082 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic has prompted scientists to address an urgent need for defining mechanisms of disease pathology and treatment. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for COVID-19, employs angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its primary target for cell surface attachment and likely entry into the host cell. Thus, understanding factors that may regulate the expression and function of ACE2 in the healthy and diseased body is critical for clinical intervention. Over 66% of all adults in the United States are currently using a prescription drug and while earlier findings have focused on possible upregulation of ACE2 expression through the use of renin angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, mounting evidence suggests that various other widely administered drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemias, coagulation disorders, and pulmonary disease may also present a varied risk for COVID-19. Specifically, we summarize mechanisms on how heparin, statins, steroids and phytochemicals, besides their established therapeutic effects, may also interfere with SARS-CoV-2 viral entry into cells. We also describe evidence on the effect of several vitamins, phytochemicals, and naturally occurring compounds on ACE2 expression and activity in various tissues and disease models. This comprehensive review aims to provide a timely compendium on the potential impact of commonly prescribed drugs and pharmacologically active compounds on COVID-19 pathology and risk through regulation of ACE2 and RAS signaling.
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Key Words
- adam17, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17
- ace, angiotensin i converting enzyme
- ace-inh., angiotensin i converting enzyme inhibitor
- ampk, amp-activated protein kinase
- ang-ii, angiotensin ii
- arb, angiotensin ii type 1-receptor blocker
- ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- at1-r, angiotensin ii type 1-receptor
- βarb, β-adrenergic receptor blockers
- bk, bradykinin
- ccb, calcium channel blockers
- ch25h, cholesterol-25-hydroxylase
- copd, chronic obstructive lung disease
- cox, cyclooxygenase
- covid-19, coronavirus disease-2019
- dabk, [des-arg9]-bradykinin
- erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- 25hc, 25-hydroxycholesterol
- hs, heparan sulfate
- hspg, heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- ibd, inflammatory bowel disease
- map, mitogen-activated protein
- mers, middle east respiratory syndrome
- mrb, mineralocorticoid receptor blocker
- nos, nitric oxide synthase
- nsaid, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug
- ras, renin-angiotensin system
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- sh, spontaneously hypertensive
- s protein, spike protein
- sirt1, sirtuin 1
- t2dm, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- tcm, traditional chinese medicine
- tmprss2, transmembrane protease, serine 2
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- ufh, unfractionated heparin
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Oz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Dietrich Ernst Lorke
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadine Kabbani
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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