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Yang L, Nickmilder P, Verhoogt H, Hoeks T, Leclère P. Probing Viscoelastic Properties and Interfaces in High-Density Polyethylene Vitrimers at the Nanoscale Using Dynamic Mode Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:38501-38510. [PMID: 38993000 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Vitrimers are a new class of heterogeneous polymers that combine the best features of thermosets with those of thermoplastics. The introduction of cross-links strongly changes the viscoelastic behavior of vitrimer materials. However, the characterization and understanding of the nanostructures and interfaces in vitrimers resulting from dynamic cross-linking formation remain a major challenge. Here, using dynamic modes of atomic force microscopy (AFM), namely intermodulation AFM (ImAFM) and AFM-based dynamic mechanical analysis (AFM-nDMA), local viscoelastic properties and interfaces at the nanoscale length of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) vitrimer materials are reported. ImAFM imaging in combination with the k-means clustering algorithm clearly reveals two distinct phases in the vitrimer system with highly different viscoelastic properties. AFM-nDMA further provides quantitative nanoviscoelastic properties at the nanoscale to confirm that there is a cross-linking-rich aggregation area forming a nanosize network structure in the cross-linking-poor matrix phase. The cross-linking-rich region shows a similar elastic modulus but much higher adhesion force measured by AFM compared to the cross-linking-poor HDPE matrix. Furthermore, the frequency influence on the local viscoelastic properties of HDPE vitrimer at the nanoscale was initially screened. The observed HDPE vitrimer nanostructures and viscoelastic properties at the nanoscale also provide explanations on the observed bulk HDPE vitrimer crystallinity decrease and dimensional stability increase compared to HDPE. Therefore, probing the viscoelastic properties and interfaces of HDPE vitrimer provides important insights into understanding of the correlations between the vitrimer nanostructure and the bulk mechanical and rheological behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanti Yang
- Analytical Science Europe, Corporate T&I, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1, Bergen op Zoom 4612 PX, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Nickmilder
- Laboratory for Physics of Nanomaterials and Energy (LPNE), Research Institute in Materials Science and Engineering, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons B-7000, Belgium
| | - Henk Verhoogt
- High Performance Materials, Corporate T&I, SABIC, Geleen 6167 RD, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Hoeks
- Corporate T&I, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1, Bergen op Zoom 4612 PX, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Leclère
- Laboratory for Physics of Nanomaterials and Energy (LPNE), Research Institute in Materials Science and Engineering, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons B-7000, Belgium
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2
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Lei Z, Chen H, Huang S, Wayment LJ, Xu Q, Zhang W. New Advances in Covalent Network Polymers via Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7829-7906. [PMID: 38829268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Covalent network polymers, as materials composed of atoms interconnected by covalent bonds in a continuous network, are known for their thermal and chemical stability. Over the past two decades, these materials have undergone significant transformations, gaining properties such as malleability, environmental responsiveness, recyclability, crystallinity, and customizable porosity, enabled by the development and integration of dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC). In this review, we explore the innovative realm of covalent network polymers by focusing on the recent advances achieved through the application of DCvC. We start by examining the history and fundamental principles of DCvC, detailing its inception and core concepts and noting its key role in reversible covalent bond formation. Then the reprocessability of covalent network polymers enabled by DCvC is thoroughly discussed, starting from the significant milestones that marked the evolution of these polymers and progressing to their current trends and applications. The influence of DCvC on the crystallinity of covalent network polymers is then reviewed, covering their bond diversity, synthesis techniques, and functionalities. In the concluding section, we address the current challenges faced in the field of covalent network polymers and speculates on potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hongxuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Shaofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Lacey J Wayment
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Qiucheng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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3
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Jadhav T, Dhokale B, Saeed ZM, Hadjichristidis N, Mohamed S. Dynamic Covalent Chemistry of Enamine-Ones: Exploring Tunable Reactivity in Vitrimeric Polymers and Covalent Organic Frameworks. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400356. [PMID: 38842466 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) has revolutionized the field of polymer science by offering new opportunities for the synthesis, processability, and recyclability of polymers as well as in the development of new materials with interesting properties such as vitrimers and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Many DCC linkages have been explored for this purpose, but recently, enamine-ones have proven to be promising dynamic linkages because of their facile reversible transamination reactions under thermodynamic control. Their high stability, stimuli-responsive properties, and tunable kinetics make them promising dynamic cross-linkers in network polymers. Given the rapid developments in the field in recent years, this review provides a critical and up-to-date overview of recent developments in enamine-one chemistry, including factors that control their dynamics. The focus of the review will be on the utility of enamine-ones in designing a variety of processable and self-healable polymers with important applications in vitrimers and recyclable closed-loop polymers. The use of enamine-one linkages in crystalline polymers, known as COFs and their applications are also summarized. Finally, we provide an outlook for future developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaksen Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, Green Chemistry & Materials Modelling Laboratory, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, Abu Dhabi, 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Catalysis and Separations, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, Abu Dhabi, 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bhausaheb Dhokale
- Department of Chemistry, Green Chemistry & Materials Modelling Laboratory, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, Abu Dhabi, 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States of America
| | - Zeinab M Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Green Chemistry & Materials Modelling Laboratory, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, Abu Dhabi, 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Catalysis and Separations, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, Abu Dhabi, 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Chemistry Program, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharmarke Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Green Chemistry & Materials Modelling Laboratory, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, Abu Dhabi, 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Catalysis and Separations, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, Abu Dhabi, 127788, United Arab Emirates
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4
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Van Lijsebetten F, Maes S, Winne JM, Du Prez FE. Thermoswitchable catalysis to inhibit and promote plastic flow in vitrimers. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7061-7071. [PMID: 38756803 PMCID: PMC11095380 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00417e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Acid-base catalysis is a common strategy to induce covalent bond exchanges in dynamic polymer networks. Strong acids or strong bases can promote rapid network rearrangements, and are simultaneously preferred catalysts for chemical reactions where maximum efficiency at the lowest possible temperature is aimed for. However, within the context of dynamic polymer networks, the incorporation of highly active catalysts can negatively affect the longer term application potential. Network dynamicity can diminish through catalyst ageing or quenching and highly active catalysts may prematurely activate bond exchanges, leading to dimensional instability and thus low creep resistance of the polymer networks. Herein, we present several examples where we explicitly explored weak acids (carboxylic acids) as catalysts for dynamic bond exchanges, using vinylogous urethanes (VU) as a well-understood protic acid catalysed vitrimer chemistry. Surprisingly, we have found that the sought-after long-term stability offered by a weak acid does not necessarily bring lower activity at high temperature. In fact, the weak acids show a remarkable thermoswitchable catalytic behaviour, going from an inactive hydrogen bonded state to an active state where the polymer matrix is protonated, with a profound impact on the network reactivity and rheology. Carboxylic acids with different electronic or steric environments show clear reactivity trends and their fine-tuning resulted in the most thermally responsive VU vitrimers studied to date. Our findings point out that catalyst choice and design for vitrimers is only poorly informed by catalyst performance in more traditional chemical reactions (in solvent), and that a more tailored catalyst design holds great promise for the field of vitrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Van Lijsebetten
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Departement of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Stephan Maes
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Departement of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Johan M Winne
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Departement of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Departement of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 Ghent 9000 Belgium
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5
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Feng H, Wang S, Lim JYC, Li B, Rusli W, Liu F, Hadjichristidis N, Li Z, Zhu J. Catalyst-Free α-Acetyl Cinnamate/Acetoacetate Exchange to Enable High Creep-Resistant Vitrimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400955. [PMID: 38489506 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Vitrimers represent an emerging class of polymeric materials that combine the desirable characteristics of both thermoplastics and thermosets achieved through the design of dynamic covalent bonds within the polymer networks. However, these materials are prone to creep due to the inherent instability of dynamic covalent bonds. Consequently, there are pressing demands for the development of robust and stable dynamic covalent chemistries. Here, we report a catalyst-free α-acetyl cinnamate/acetoacetate (α-AC/A) exchange reaction to develop vitrimers with remarkable creep resistance. Small-molecule model studies revealed that the α-AC/A exchange occurred at temperatures above 140 °C in bulk, whereas at 120 °C, this reaction was absent. For demonstration in the case of polymers, copolymers derived from common vinyl monomers were crosslinked with terephthalaldehyde to produce α-AC/A vitrimers with tunable thermal and mechanical performance. All resulting α-AC/A vitrimers exhibited high stability, especially in terms of creep resistance at 120 °C, while retaining commendable reprocessability when subjected to high temperatures. This work showcases the α-AC/A exchange reaction as a novel and robust dynamic covalent chemistry capable of imparting both reprocessability and high stability to cross-linked networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sheng Wang
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jason Y C Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Bofan Li
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wendy Rusli
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Feng Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
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6
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Tran HTT, Nisha SS, Radjef R, Nikzad M, Bjekovic R, Fox B. Recyclable and Biobased Vitrimers for Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Composites-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1025. [PMID: 38674946 PMCID: PMC11054932 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Economic and environmental concerns over the accumulation of end-of-life carbon fibre composite waste have led to increased attention to sustainable materials with low environmental impact. Over decades of research, vitrimers, a modern class of covalent adaptable networks, have bridged the gap between thermoplastics and thermosets. With the distinguishing feature of dynamic covalent bonds, vitrimers can be rearranged and reprocessed within their existing network structures in response to external stimuli such as heat or light. This poses a unique solution to repairing damaged composites, extending their service life, and reducing post-consumer waste. However, the synthesis of vitrimers often requires petrochemical consumption, which increases their carbon footprint. Using bio-based materials could be a promising solution to reduce the reliance on petrochemicals and their related pollution. This review compiles the contemporary requirements for bio-based vitrimers regarding their properties, scalability, and recycling features. This article also presents a comprehensive overview of the pathways to produce sustainable bio-based vitrimers and an overview of promising studies showing the potential uses of bio-derived vitrimers on carbon fibre composite productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang T. T. Tran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; (S.S.N.); (R.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Shammi Sultana Nisha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; (S.S.N.); (R.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Racim Radjef
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; (S.S.N.); (R.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Mostafa Nikzad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; (S.S.N.); (R.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Robert Bjekovic
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Ravensburg-Weingarten, 88250 Weingarten, Germany;
| | - Bronwyn Fox
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; (S.S.N.); (R.R.); (M.N.)
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7
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Deng Y, Zhang Q, Feringa BL. Dynamic Chemistry Toolbox for Advanced Sustainable Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308666. [PMID: 38321810 PMCID: PMC11005721 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Developing dynamic chemistry for polymeric materials offers chemical solutions to solve key problems associated with current plastics. Mechanical performance and dynamic function are equally important in material design because the former determines the application scope and the latter enables chemical recycling and hence sustainability. However, it is a long-term challenge to balance the subtle trade-off between mechanical robustness and dynamic properties in a single material. The rise of dynamic chemistry, including supramolecular and dynamic covalent chemistry, provides many opportunities and versatile molecular tools for designing constitutionally dynamic materials that can adapt, repair, and recycle. Facing the growing social need for developing advanced sustainable materials without compromising properties, recent progress showing how the toolbox of dynamic chemistry can be explored to enable high-performance sustainable materials by molecular engineering strategies is discussed here. The state of the art and recent milestones are summarized and discussed, followed by an outlook toward future opportunities and challenges present in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Deng
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research CenterSchool of Chemistry and Technology130 Meilong RoadShanghai200237China
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsFaculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 4Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research CenterSchool of Chemistry and Technology130 Meilong RoadShanghai200237China
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsFaculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 4Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research CenterSchool of Chemistry and Technology130 Meilong RoadShanghai200237China
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsFaculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 4Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
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8
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Liu Y, Wang S, Dong J, Huo P, Zhang D, Han S, Yang J, Jiang Z. External Stimuli-Induced Welding of Dynamic Cross-Linked Polymer Networks. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:621. [PMID: 38475305 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermosets have been crucial in modern engineering for decades, finding applications in various industries. Welding cross-linked components are essential in the processing of thermosets for repairing damaged areas or fabricating complex structures. However, the inherent insolubility and infusibility of thermoset materials, attributed to their three-dimensional network structure, pose challenges to welding development. Incorporating dynamic chemical bonds into highly cross-linked networks bridges the gap between thermosets and thermoplastics presenting a promising avenue for innovative welding techniques. External stimuli, including thermal, light, solvent, pH, electric, and magnetic fields, induce dynamic bonds' breakage and reformation, rendering the cross-linked network malleable. This plasticity facilitates the seamless linkage of two parts to an integral whole, attracting significant attention for potential applications in soft actuators, smart devices, solid batteries, and more. This review provides a comprehensive overview of dynamic bonds employed in welding dynamic cross-linked networks (DCNs). It extensively discusses the classification and fabrication of common epoxy DCNs and acrylate DCNs. Notably, recent advancements in welding processes based on DCNs under external stimuli are detailed, focusing on the welding dynamics among covalent adaptable networks (CANs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jidong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shuaiyuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zaixing Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150040, China
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Li K, Tran NV, Pan Y, Wang S, Jin Z, Chen G, Li S, Zheng J, Loh XJ, Li Z. Next-Generation Vitrimers Design through Theoretical Understanding and Computational Simulations. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2302816. [PMID: 38058273 PMCID: PMC10837359 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitrimers are an innovative class of polymers that boast a remarkable fusion of mechanical and dynamic features, complemented by the added benefit of end-of-life recyclability. This extraordinary blend of properties makes them highly attractive for a variety of applications, such as the automotive sector, soft robotics, and the aerospace industry. At their core, vitrimer materials consist of crosslinked covalent networks that have the ability to dynamically reorganize in response to external factors, including temperature changes, pressure variations, or shifts in pH levels. In this review, the aim is to delve into the latest advancements in the theoretical understanding and computational design of vitrimers. The review begins by offering an overview of the fundamental principles that underlie the behavior of these materials, encompassing their structures, dynamic behavior, and reaction mechanisms. Subsequently, recent progress in the computational design of vitrimers is explored, with a focus on the employment of molecular dynamics (MD)/Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Last, the existing challenges and prospective directions for this field are critically analyzed, emphasizing the necessity for additional theoretical and computational advancements, coupled with experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nam Van Tran
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuqing Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sheng Wang
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zhicheng Jin
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, The Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Guoliang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shuzhou Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Zheng
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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10
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Korotkov R, Shutov V, Orlov A, Bornosuz N, Kulemza D, Onuchin D, Shcherbina A, Gorbunova I, Sirotin I. The Kinetic Study of the Influence of Common Modifiers on the Curing Process of Epoxy Vitrimers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:392. [PMID: 38337281 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
An analysis of the influence of common modifiers on the kinetics of the curing process of epoxy-anhydride vitrimers was carried out. As common modifiers to enhance the "vitrimeric" nature of the material, zinc acetylacetonate as a transesterification catalyst and glycerol as a modifier of hydroxyl group content were chosen. The curing process of all obtained compositions was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) followed by the application of the isoconversional approach. It was shown that additives significantly affect the curing process. The resulting cured polymers were shown to be chemically recyclable by dissolution in the mixture of ethylene glycol and N-methylpirrolidone in a volume ratio of nine to one. The introduction of both zinc acethylacetonate and glycerol to the neat formulation led to a decrease in the dissolution time by 85.7% (from 35 h for the neat epoxy-anhydride formulation to 5 h for the modified formulation). In order to show the opportunity of the secondary use of recyclates, the mixtures based on the basic composition containing 10 wt. % of secondary polymers were also studied. The introduction of a recycled material to neat composition led to the same curing behavior as glycerol-containing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Korotkov
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Vyacheslav Shutov
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Orlov
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Bornosuz
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Kulemza
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Onuchin
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Shcherbina
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Gorbunova
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Sirotin
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Zhu Y, Li W, He Z, Zhang K, Nie X, Fu R, Chen J. Catalyst-Free Cardanol-Based Epoxy Vitrimers for Self-Healing, Shape Memory, and Recyclable Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:307. [PMID: 38337195 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bio-based vitrimers present a promising solution to the issues associated with non-renewable and non-recyclable attributes of traditional thermosetting resins, showcasing extensive potential for diverse applications. However, their broader adoption has been hindered by the requirement for catalyst inclusion during the synthesis process. In this study, a cardanol-based curing agent with poly-hydroxy and tertiary amine structures was prepared by a clean synthetic method under the theory of click chemistry. The reaction of a cardanol-based curing agent with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A formed catalyst-free, self-healing, and recyclable bio-based vitrimers. The poly-hydroxy and tertiary amine structures in the vitrimers promoted the curing of epoxy-carboxylic acid in the cross-linked network and served as internal catalysts of dynamic transesterification. In the absence of catalysts, the vitrimers network can achieve topological network rearrangement through dynamic transesterification, exhibiting excellent reprocessing performance. Moreover, the vitrimers exhibited faster stress relaxation (1500 s at 180 °C), lower activation energy (92.29 kJ·mol-1) and the tensile strength of the recycled material reached almost 100% of the original sample. This work offers a new method for preparing cardanol-based epoxy vitrimers that be used to make coatings, hydrogels, biomaterials, adhesives, and commodity plastics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zhouyu He
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xiaoan Nie
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Renli Fu
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
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12
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Habets T, Seychal G, Caliari M, Raquez JM, Sardon H, Grignard B, Detrembleur C. Covalent Adaptable Networks through Dynamic N, S-Acetal Chemistry: Toward Recyclable CO 2-Based Thermosets. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25450-25462. [PMID: 37942776 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Finding new chemistry platforms for easily recyclable polymers has become a key challenge to face environmental concerns and the growing plastics demand. Here, we report a dynamic chemistry between CO2-sourced alkylidene oxazolidones and thiols, delivering circular non-isocyanate polyurethane networks embedding N,S-acetal bonds. The production of oxazolidone monomers from CO2 is facile and scalable starting from cheap reagents. Their copolymerization with a polythiol occurs under mild conditions in the presence of a catalytic amount of acid to furnish polymer networks. The polymer structure is easily tuned by virtue of monomer design, translating into a wide panel of mechanical properties similar to commodity plastics, ranging from PDMS-like elastomers [with Young's modulus (E) of 2.9 MPa and elongation at break (εbreak) of 159%] to polystyrene-like rigid plastics (with E = 2400 MPa, εbreak = 3%). The highly dissociative nature of the N,S-acetal bonds is demonstrated and exploited to offer three different recycling scenarios to the thermosets: (1) mechanical recycling by compression molding, extrusion, or injection molding─with multiple recycling (at least 10 times) without any material property deterioration, (2) chemical recycling through depolymerization, followed by repolymerization, also applicable to composites, and (3) upcycling of two different oxazolidone-based thermosets into a single one with distinct properties. This work highlights a new facile and scalable chemical platform for designing highly dynamic polymer networks containing elusive oxazolidone motifs. The versatility of this chemistry shows great potential for the preparation of materials (including composites) of tuneable structures and properties, with multiple end-of-life scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Habets
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Guillem Seychal
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 7, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marco Caliari
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 7, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 7, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Bruno Grignard
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
- FRITCO2T Platform, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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13
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Kassem H, Imbernon L, Stricker L, Jonckheere L, Du Prez FE. Reprocessable Polyurethane Foams Using Acetoacetyl-Formed Amides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37917002 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Like any other thermosetting material, polyurethane foams (PUFs) contain permanent cross-links that hinder their reprocessability and make their recyclability a tedious and environmentally unfriendly process. Herein, we introduce acetoacetyl-formed amides, formed by the reaction of isocyanates with acetoacetate groups, as dynamic units in the backbone of PUFs. By extensive variation of the foam composition, optimum parameters have been found to produce malleable foams above temperatures of 130 °C, without the requirement of any solvent during the foaming process. The PU cross-linked material can be compression-molded at least three times, giving rise to PU elastomers and thus maintaining a cross-linked network structure. Characterization of the original foams shows comparable properties to standard PUFs, for example, having a density of 32 kg/m3, while they show similar chemical and thermal properties upon reprocessing to strong PU elastomers, exhibiting Tg ranging from -42 to -48 °C. This research provides a straightforward method to produce thermally reprocessable PUFs as a promising pathway to address the recycling issues of end-of-life foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Kassem
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Recticel NV, Damstraat 2, Industriezone 7, 9230 Wetteren, Belgium
| | - Lucie Imbernon
- Recticel NV, Damstraat 2, Industriezone 7, 9230 Wetteren, Belgium
| | - Lucas Stricker
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Jonckheere
- Recticel NV, Damstraat 2, Industriezone 7, 9230 Wetteren, Belgium
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Abbasoglu T, Ciardi D, Tournilhac F, Irusta L, Sardon H. Exploiting the Use of the Decarboxylative S-Alkylation Reaction to Produce Self-Blowing, Recyclable Polycarbonate Foams. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308339. [PMID: 37599264 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric foams are widely used in many industrial applications due to their light weight and superior thermal, mechanical, and optical properties. Currently, increasing research efforts is being directed towards the development of greener foam formulations that circumvent the use of isocyanates/blowing agents that are commonly used in the production of foam materials. Here, a straightforward, one-pot method is presented to prepare self-blown polycarbonate (PC) foams by exploiting the (decarboxylative) S-alkylation reaction for in situ generation of the blowing agent (CO2 ). The concomitant formation of a reactive alcohol intermediate promotes a cascade ring-opening polymerization of the cyclic carbonates to yield a cross-linked polymer network. It is shown that these hydroxyl-functionalized polycarbonate-based foams can be easily recycled into films through thermal compression molding. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that complete hydrolytic degradation of the foams is possible, thus offering the potential for zero-waste materials. This straightforward and versatile process broadens the scope of isocyanate-free, self-foaming materials, opening a new pathway for next-generation environmentally friendly foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansu Abbasoglu
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Diego Ciardi
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry,and Materials, CNRS, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Francois Tournilhac
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry,and Materials, CNRS, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Lourdes Irusta
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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15
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Meyersohn M, Haque FM, Hillmyer MA. Dynamic Aliphatic Polyester Elastomers Crosslinked with Aliphatic Dianhydrides. ACS POLYMERS AU 2023; 3:365-375. [PMID: 37841953 PMCID: PMC10571103 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Chemically crosslinked elastomers are a class of polymeric materials with properties that render them useful as adhesives, sealants, and in other engineering applications. Poly(γ-methyl-ε-caprolactone) (PγMCL) is a hydrolytically degradable and compostable aliphatic polyester that can be biosourced and exhibits competitive mechanical properties to traditional elastomers when chemically crosslinked. A typical limitation of chemically crosslinked elastomers is that they cannot be reprocessed; however, the incorporation of dynamic covalent bonds can allow for bonds to reversibly break and reform under an external stimulus, usually heat. In this work, we study the dynamic behavior and mechanical properties of PγMCL elastomers synthesized from aliphatic dianhydride crosslinkers. The crosslinked elastomers in this work were synthesized using the commercially available crosslinkers, 1,2,4,5-cyclohexanetetracarboxylic dianhydride, and 1,2,3,4-cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydride and three-arm hydroxy-telechelic PγMCL star polymers. Stress relaxation experiments on the crosslinked networks showed an Arrhenius dependence of viscosity with temperature with an activation energy of 118 ± 8 kJ/mol, which agrees well with the activation energy of transesterification exchange chemistry obtained from small molecule model studies. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and rheological experiments confirmed the dynamic nature of the networks and provided insight into the mechanism of exchange (i.e., associative or dissociative). Tensile testing showed that these materials can exhibit high strains at break and low Young's moduli, characteristic of soft and strong elastomers. By controlling the exchange chemistry and understanding the effect of macromolecular structure on mechanical properties, we prepared the high-performance elastomers that can be potentially reprocessed at moderately elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne
S. Meyersohn
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Farihah M. Haque
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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16
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Miravalle E, Bracco P, Brunella V, Barolo C, Zanetti M. Improving Sustainability through Covalent Adaptable Networks in the Recycling of Polyurethane Plastics. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3780. [PMID: 37765634 PMCID: PMC10537520 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The global plastic waste problem has created an urgent need for the development of more sustainable materials and recycling processes. Polyurethane (PU) plastics, which represent 5.5% of globally produced plastics, are particularly challenging to recycle owing to their crosslinked structure. Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) based on dynamic covalent bonds have emerged as a promising solution for recycling PU waste. CANs enable the production of thermoset polymers that can be recycled using methods that are traditionally reserved for thermoplastic polymers. Reprocessing using hot-pressing techniques, in particular, proved to be more suited for the class of polyurethanes, allowing for the efficient recycling of PU materials. This Review paper explores the potential of CANs for improving the sustainability of PU recycling processes by examining different types of PU-CANs, bond types, and fillers that can be used to optimise the recycling efficiency. The paper concludes that further research is needed to develop more cost-effective and industrial-friendly techniques for recycling PU-CANs, as they can significantly contribute to sustainable development by creating recyclable thermoset polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Miravalle
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (P.B.); (V.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Pierangiola Bracco
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (P.B.); (V.B.); (C.B.)
- INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Brunella
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (P.B.); (V.B.); (C.B.)
- INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Barolo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (P.B.); (V.B.); (C.B.)
- INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin, Italy
- ICxT Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via Lungo Dora Siena 100, 10153 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Zanetti
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (P.B.); (V.B.); (C.B.)
- INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin, Italy
- ICxT Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via Lungo Dora Siena 100, 10153 Turin, Italy
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17
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Veloso-Fernández A, Ruiz-Rubio L, Yugueros I, Moreno-Benítez MI, Laza JM, Vilas-Vilela JL. Improving the Recyclability of an Epoxy Resin through the Addition of New Biobased Vitrimer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3737. [PMID: 37765591 PMCID: PMC10537514 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the use of thermoset epoxy resins (ER) has spread to countless applications due to their mechanical properties, heat resistance and stability. However, these ERs are neither biodegradable nor recyclable due to their permanent crosslinked networks and usually, they are synthesized from fossil and toxic precursors. Therefore, reducing its consumption is of vital importance to the environment. On the one hand, the solution to the recyclability problems of epoxy resins can be achieved through the use of vitrimers, which have thermoset properties and can be recycled as thermoplastic materials. On the other hand, vitrimers can be made from natural sources, reducing their toxicity. In this work, a sustainable epoxy vitrimer has been efficiently synthesized, VESOV, by curing epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) with a new vanillin-derived Schiff base (VSB) dynamic hardener, aliphatic diamine (1,4-butanediamine, BDA) and using 1,2-dimethylimidazole (DMI) as an accelerator. Likewise, using the same synthesized VSB agent, a commercial epoxy resin has also been cured and characterized as ESO. Finally, different percentages (30, 50 and 70 wt%) of the same ER have been included in the formulation of VESOV, demonstrating that only including 30 wt% of ER in the formulation is able to improve the thermo-mechanical properties, maintaining the VESOV's inherent reprocessability or recyclability. In short, this is the first approach to achieve a new material that can be postulated in the future as a replacement for current commercial epoxy resins, although it still requires a minimum percentage of RE in the formulation, it makes it possible to recycle the material while maintaining good mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Veloso-Fernández
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - Leire Ruiz-Rubio
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Imanol Yugueros
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - M. Isabel Moreno-Benítez
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - José Manuel Laza
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - José Luis Vilas-Vilela
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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18
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Houck H, McConnell KA, Klingler CJ, Koenig AL, Himka GK, Larsen MB. Postpolymerization Modification by Nucleophilic Addition to Styrenic Carbodiimides. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1112-1117. [PMID: 37485980 PMCID: PMC10433525 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Carbodiimides are electrophilic functional groups that react with select nucleophiles under mild conditions. However, their potential as platforms for postpolymerization modification has been relatively underexplored. We describe the synthesis and radical polymerization of a styrenic carbodiimide which undergoes rapid nucleophilic addition with primary and secondary alkyl amines under ambient conditions, even in the presence of other protic nucleophiles. The monomer is amenable to both free and controlled radical (co)polymerization, and we further demonstrate the utility of this approach by preparing covalent adaptable networks through guanylation of the styrenic carbodiimide with difunctional amines. These materials exhibit a variation in relaxation times according to both the guanidine structure and concentration, providing a facile means for tuning dynamic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Conner J. Klingler
- Department of Chemistry, Western
Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Adelle L. Koenig
- Department of Chemistry, Western
Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Grace K. Himka
- Department of Chemistry, Western
Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Michael B. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, Western
Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
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19
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Kim W, Kim YM, Song S, Kim E, Kim DG, Jung YC, Yu WR, Na W, Choi YS. Manufacture of antibacterial carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) using imine-based epoxy vitrimer for medical application. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16945. [PMID: 37332980 PMCID: PMC10272483 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
An antibacterial carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) was manufactured based on a vitrimer containing imine groups. A liquid curing agent was prepared to include an imine group in the matrix, and was synthesized without a simple mixing reaction and any purification process. The vitrimer used as the matrix for CFRP was prepared by reacting a commercial epoxy with a synthesized curing agent. The structural and thermal properties of the vitrimer were determined by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, the temperature-dependent behavior of the vitrimer was characterized by stress relaxation, reshaping, and shape memory experiments. The mechanical properties of composites fabricated using vitrimer were fully analyzed by tensile, flexural, short-beam strength, and Izod impact tests and had mechanical properties similar to reference material. Moreover, both the vitrimer and the vitrimer composites showed excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coil due to the imine group inside the vitrimer. Therefore, vitrimer composites have potential for applications requiring antimicrobial properties, such as medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonbin Kim
- Composites Materials Application Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk, 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Composites Materials Application Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk, 55324, Republic of Korea
- Department of Material Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - SeungHyeon Song
- Composites Materials Application Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk, 55324, Republic of Korea
- Functional Soft Materials Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering Jeonbuk National University, Beakje-dearo 567, Deokjin-gu, 54896, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Kim
- Composites Materials Application Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk, 55324, Republic of Korea
- Department of Material Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Kim
- Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chae Jung
- Composites Materials Application Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk, 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Ryeol Yu
- Department of Material Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - WonJin Na
- Composites Materials Application Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk, 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Choi
- Composites Materials Application Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk, 55324, Republic of Korea
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20
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Yue L, Su YL, Li M, Yu L, Montgomery SM, Sun X, Finn MG, Gutekunst WR, Ramprasad R, Qi HJ. One-Pot Synthesis of Depolymerizable δ-Lactone Based Vitrimers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2300954. [PMID: 37060583 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A depolymerizable vitrimer that allows both reprocessability and monomer recovery by a simple and scalable one-pot two-step synthesis of vitrimers from cyclic lactones is reported. Biobased δ-valerolactone with alkyl substituents (δ-lactone) has low ceiling temperature; thus, their ring-opening-polymerized aliphatic polyesters are capable of depolymerizing back to monomers. In this work, the amorphous poly(δ-lactone) is solidified into an elastomer (i.e., δ-lactone vitrimer) by a vinyl ether cross-linker with dynamic acetal linkages, giving the merits of reprocessing and healing. Thermolysis of the bulk δ-lactone vitrimer at 200 °C can recover 85-90 wt% of the material, allowing reuse without losing value and achieving a successful closed-loop life cycle. It further demonstrates that the new vitrimer has excellent properties, with the potential to serve as a biobased and sustainable replacement of conventional soft elastomers for various applications such as lenses, mold materials, soft robots, and microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yue
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Yong-Liang Su
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Mingzhe Li
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Luxia Yu
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - S Macrae Montgomery
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Xiaohao Sun
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - M G Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Will R Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Rampi Ramprasad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - H Jerry Qi
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Rewable Bioproduct Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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21
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Chen H, Hu Y, Luo C, Lei Z, Huang S, Wu J, Jin Y, Yu K, Zhang W. Spiroborate-Linked Ionic Covalent Adaptable Networks with Rapid Reprocessability and Closed-Loop Recyclability. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9112-9117. [PMID: 37058550 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) represent a novel class of polymeric materials crosslinked by dynamic covalent bonds. Since their first discovery, CANs have attracted great attention due to their high mechanical strength and stability like conventional thermosets under service conditions and easy reprocessability like thermoplastics under certain external stimuli. Here, we report the first example of ionic covalent adaptable networks (ICANs), a type of crosslinked ionomers, consisting of negatively charged backbone structures. More specifically, two ICANs with different backbone compositions were prepared through spiroborate chemistry. Given the dynamic nature of the spiroborate linkages, the resulting ionomer thermosets display rapid reprocessability and closed-loop recyclability under mild conditions. The materials mechanically broken into smaller pieces can be reprocessed into coherent solids at 120 °C within only 1 min with nearly 100% recovery of the mechanical properties. Upon treating the ICANs with dilute hydrochloric acid at room temperature, the valuable monomers can be easily chemically recycled in almost quantitative yield. This work demonstrates the great potential of spiroborate bonds as a novel dynamic ionic linkage for development of new reprocessable and recyclable ionomer thermosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yiming Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Chaoqian Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Zepeng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Shaofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yinghua Jin
- RockyTech, Ltd., Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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22
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Al-Ithawi WKA, Khasanov AF, Kovalev IS, Nikonov IL, Platonov VA, Kopchuk DS, Santra S, Zyryanov GV, Ranu BC. TM-Free and TM-Catalyzed Mechanosynthesis of Functional Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:1853. [PMID: 37112002 PMCID: PMC10142995 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemically induced methods are commonly used for the depolymerization of polymers, including plastic and agricultural wastes. So far, these methods have rarely been used for polymer synthesis. Compared to conventional polymerization in solutions, mechanochemical polymerization offers numerous advantages such as less or no solvent consumption, the accessibility of novel structures, the inclusion of co-polymers and post-modified polymers, and, most importantly, the avoidance of problems posed by low monomer/oligomer solubility and fast precipitation during polymerization. Consequently, the development of new functional polymers and materials, including those based on mechanochemically synthesized polymers, has drawn much interest, particularly from the perspective of green chemistry. In this review, we tried to highlight the most representative examples of transition-metal (TM)-free and TM-catalyzed mechanosynthesis of some functional polymers, such as semiconductive polymers, porous polymeric materials, sensory materials, materials for photovoltaics, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahab K. A. Al-Ithawi
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Energy and Renewable Energies Technology Center, University of Technology—Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Albert F. Khasanov
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Igor S. Kovalev
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Igor L. Nikonov
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Division), 22/20 S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya St., 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Vadim A. Platonov
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry S. Kopchuk
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Division), 22/20 S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya St., 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sougata Santra
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Division), 22/20 S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya St., 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Brindaban C. Ranu
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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23
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Maity PR, Upadhyay C, Sinha ASK, Ojha U. Closed-loop recyclable and biodegradable thioester-based covalent adaptable networks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:4225-4228. [PMID: 36940094 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00181d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Closed-loop recyclable and biodegradable aliphatic covalent adaptable networks (CANs) based on dynamic β-CO thioester linkages that exhibit a service temperature beyond 100 °C are reported. These CANs possessing tensile strength and modulus values of up to 0.3 and 3 MPa, respectively, effectively undergo stress relaxation above 100 °C. The samples exhibit creep resistance ability and low hysteresis loss, and are repeatedly reprocessable at 120 °C. These CANs are depolymerizable to monomers under mild conditions and lose notable mechanical strength (92.4%) and weight (76.5%) within ∼35 days under natural biodegradation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pralay Ranjan Maity
- Department of Sciences & Humanities, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Uttar Pradesh 229304, India.
| | - Chandan Upadhyay
- Department of Sciences & Humanities, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Uttar Pradesh 229304, India.
| | - A S K Sinha
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Uttar Pradesh 229304, India
| | - Umaprasana Ojha
- Department of Sciences & Humanities, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Uttar Pradesh 229304, India.
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24
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Trinh TE, Ku K, Yeo H. Reprocessable and Chemically Recyclable Hard Vitrimers Based on Liquid-Crystalline Epoxides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209912. [PMID: 36563334 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in demand for recyclable and reusable thermosets has necessitated the development of materials with chemical structures that exhibit these features. Thus, functional mesogenic epoxide monomers bearing both ester and imine groups that can be vitrimerized and recycled are reported herein. The compounds show mesophase characteristics at 100-200 °C and can be converted into hard epoxides by a common curing reaction. The obtained hard epoxides have high isotropic thermal conductivity (≈0.64 W m-1 K-1 ), which is derived from their highly ordered microstructures. The cured products can be easily reprocessed through imine metathesis and transesterification, and decomposed products can be obtained through imine hydrolysis under acidic or basic conditions and subsequently be re-cured. Surprisingly, recycled materials can be repeatedly reprocessed or chemically decomposed. The reprocessed materials retain the properties of their pristine counterparts, and the recycled products preserve the advantages of the hard thermosets without alteration to any of their unique properties. A dehydration reaction occurs between the residual hydroxyl groups during the re-hardening, which dramatically increases the glass transition temperature by ≈60 °C. These reprocessable and recyclable vitrimers demonstrate the effectiveness and environmental friendliness of the molecular design strategy reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi En Trinh
- Department of Science Education, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyosun Ku
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonuk Yeo
- Department of Chemistry Education & Department of Science Education & Department of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
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25
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Purwanto NS, Chen Y, Wang T, Torkelson JM. Rapidly synthesized, self-blowing, non-isocyanate Polyurethane network foams with reprocessing to bulk networks via hydroxyurethane dynamic chemistry. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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26
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Wang CC, Xie MJ, Zhang R, Cao J, Tang MZ, Xu YX. Improved strength, creep resistance and recyclability of polyisoprene vitrimers by bottom-up construction of inhomogeneous network. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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27
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Kuenstler AS, Bowman CN. Catalytic Control of Crystallization in Dynamic Networks. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:133-139. [PMID: 36634287 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of catalysts with varying nucleophilic strength on thiol-thioester bond exchange dynamics and concomitant crystallization was studied in a model semicrystalline polymer network. It was found that the characteristic time scale of covalent bond exchange, τ, could be tuned over a ∼101-103 s range simply by changing the nucleophilicity of the catalyst. Using isothermal crystallization measurements via differential scanning calorimetry, thermodynamic and kinetic features of crystallization were considered. A depression in melting temperature was observed with increasing bond exchange rate, suggesting a dependence of crystalline organization on network dynamics. Furthermore, a systematic slowing of crystallization kinetics with faster covalent bond exchange rates was observed. Lauritzen-Hoffman analysis showed a near doubling in the barrier for secondary nucleation for dynamic networks, suggesting that that bond exchange slows crystallization by limiting secondary nucleation and further growth. Finally, longitudinal DSC studies reveal a long-term increase in melting temperature for samples held at ambient temperature with bond exchange activated at room temperature, indicating that while bond exchange slows crystallization on short time scales it facilitates isothermal long-term crystal rearrangement and growth on longer time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa S Kuenstler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
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28
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Zhang Z, Lei D, Zhang C, Wang Z, Jin Y, Zhang W, Liu X, Sun J. Strong and Tough Supramolecular Covalent Adaptable Networks with Room-Temperature Closed-Loop Recyclability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208619. [PMID: 36367361 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Development of closed-loop chemically recyclable plastics (CCRPs) that can be widely used in daily life can be a fundamental solution to the global plastic waste crisis. Hence, it is of great significance to develop easy-to-recycle CCRPs that possess superior or comparable material properties to the commodity plastics. Here, a novel dual crosslinked CCRP, namely, supramolecular covalent adaptable networks (supra-CANs), is reported, which not only displays mechanical properties higher than the strong and tough commodity polycarbonate, but also exhibits excellent solvent resistance as thermosets. The supra-CANs are constructed by introducing reversible noncovalent crosslinks into the dynamic covalent polymer networks, resulting in highly stiff and strong thermosets that also exhibit thermoplastic-like ductile and tough behaviors as well as reprocessability and rehealability. In great contrast, the analogs that do not have noncovalent crosslinks (CANs) show elastomeric properties with significantly decreased mechanical strength. Importantly, the developed supra-CANs and CANs can be converted back into the initial monomers in high yields and purity at room temperature, even with additives, which enables the sustainable polymer-monomer-polymer circulation. This work provides new design principles for high-performance chemically recyclable polymers as sustainable substitutes for the conventional plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Dong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Chenxuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Xiaokong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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29
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Hu K, Wang B, Xu X, Su Y, Zhang W, Zhou S, Zhang C, Zhu J, Ma S. Dual-Dynamic Chemistries-Based Fast-Reprocessing and High-Performance Covalent Adaptable Networks. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200726. [PMID: 36250433 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) possess multiple functions including reprocessing (or recyclability), self-healing, welding, shape shifting, 3D printing, etc., due to the network rearrangement from dynamic bonds, and favorable performance from their cross-linked feature, and they are supposed to be as sustainable alternatives to thermosets. However, the thermal and mechanical properties, and stability of CANs are often sacrificed for rapid network rearrangement. In this paper, fast-reprocessing CANs with high performance are facilely constructed by in situ polymerization and dynamic cross-linking of styrene (St), maleic anhydride (MA), and acetal diol (BHAD). The rigid and hydrophobic polymer backbone endow the materials with high glass transition temperatures, mechanical performance, and water resistance. Besides, carboxylic group-catalyzed dual dynamic ester and acetal-based networks exhibit faster stress relaxation and realize extrusion reprocessing. This work provides an ingenious and simple strategy of construction of CANs combining rapid network rearrangement and excellent comprehensive performance, which is beneficial for the application of CANs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Binbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yi Su
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Weiqiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Sican Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Chuanzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Songqi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China.,School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
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30
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A Multifunctional Biomass Zinc Catalyst for Epoxy-Based Vitrimers and Composites. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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31
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Huang J, Wang H, Liu W, Huang J, Yang D, Qiu X, Zhao L, Hu F, Feng Y. Solvent-free synthesis of high-performance polyurethane elastomer based on low-molecular-weight alkali lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:1505-1516. [PMID: 36435459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Using cheap and green lignin as a partial substitute for petroleum-based polyols is highly attractive for sustainable development of polyurethane elastomers (LPUes). However, the traditional synthesis process of LPUes inevitably uses toxic solvents that are difficult to remove or carcinogenic. Here, we reported a solvent-free synthesis method to prepare lignin-containing polyurethane elastomers (SF-LPUes) with high strength, high toughness and high elasticity. Most of the hydroxyl groups of lignin reacted with isocyanates to form a strong chemical cross-linking network, while the unreacted ones formed a dynamic hydrogen bond network with polyurethane matrix, contributing to the in-situ formation of lignin nanoparticles to build a nano-micro phase separation structure. Consequently, a dual-crosslinking network structure was formed and endowed SF-LPUes with excellent mechanical properties. Especially, the SF-LPUes prepared from low molecular alkali lignin possessed a tensile strength as high as 38.2 MPa, a maximum elongation at break of 1108 %, and an elastic recovery ratio of up to 98.7 %. Moreover, SF-LPUes showed impressing reprocessing performance and aging resistance. This work provides an industrial application prospect for the synthesis of lignin-containing polyurethane elastomers via a solvent-free synthesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, PR China
| | - Haixu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, PR China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Jinhao Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, PR China
| | - Dongjie Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, PR China
| | - Xueqing Qiu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Waihuan Xi Road 100, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Liang Zhao
- BASF Advanced Chemicals Co. Ltd., 333 Jiangxinsha Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengchao Hu
- BASF Advanced Chemicals Co. Ltd., 333 Jiangxinsha Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuexia Feng
- BASF Advanced Chemicals Co. Ltd., 333 Jiangxinsha Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, China
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32
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Li F, Nguyen GTM, Vancaeyzeele C, Vidal F, Plesse C. Healable Ionoelastomer Designed from Polymeric Ionic Liquid and Vitrimer Chemistry. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:529-541. [PMID: 36686061 PMCID: PMC9844214 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for all-solid flexible, stretchable, and wearable devices has boosted the need for liquid-free and stretchable ionoelastomers. These ionic conducting materials are subjected to repeated deformations during functioning, making them susceptible to damage. Thus, imparting cross-linked materials with healing ability seems particularly promising to improve their durability. Here, a polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) bearing allyl functional groups was synthesized based on the quaternization of N-allylimidazole with a copolymer rubber of poly(epichlorohydrin) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The resulting PIL was then cross-linked with dynamic boronic ester cross-linkers 2,2'-(1,4-Phenylene)-bis[4-mercaptan-1,3,2-dioxaborolane] (BDB) through thiol-ene "click" photoaddition. PEO dangling chains were additionally introduced for acting as free volume enhancers. The properties of the resulting all-solid PIL networks were investigated by tuning dynamic cross-linkers and dangling chain contents. Adjusting the cross-linker and dangling chain quantities yielded soft (0.2 MPa), stretchable (300%), and highly conducting ionoelastomers (1.6 × 10-5 S·cm-1 at 30 °C). The associative exchange reaction between BDB endowed these materials with vitrimer properties such as healing and recyclability. The recycled materials were able to retain their original mechanical properties and ionic conductivity. These healable PIL networks display a great potential for applications requiring solid electrolytes with high ionic conductivity, healing ability, and reprocessability.
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33
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Tao Y, Liang X, Zhang J, Lei IM, Liu J. Polyurethane vitrimers: Chemistry, properties and applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tao
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Xiangyu Liang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shenzhen China
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changsha China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Iek Man Lei
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology University of Macau Macau China
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
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34
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Lee G, Song HY, Choi S, Kim CB, Hyun K, Ahn SK. Harnessing β-Hydroxyl Groups in Poly(β-Amino Esters) toward Robust and Fast Reprocessing Covalent Adaptable Networks. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gyuri Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Yong Song
- Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Subi Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Bin Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-kyun Ahn
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
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35
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Van Lijsebetten F, De Bruycker K, Van Ruymbeke E, Winne JM, Du Prez FE. Characterising different molecular landscapes in dynamic covalent networks. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12865-12875. [PMID: 36519055 PMCID: PMC9645389 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05528g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic covalent networks present a unique opportunity to exert molecular-level control on macroscopic material properties, by linking their thermal behaviour to the thermodynamics and kinetics of the underlying chemistry. Yet, existing methods do not allow for the extraction and analysis of the influence of local differences in chemical reactivity caused by available reactants, catalysts, or additives. In this context, we present a rheological paradigm that allows us to correlate the composition of a reactive polymer segment to a faster or slower rate of network rearrangement. We discovered that a generalised Maxwell model could separate and quantify the dynamic behaviour of each type of reactive segment individually, which was crucial to fully comprehend the mechanics of the final material. More specifically, Eyring and Van 't Hoff analysis were used to relate possible bond catalysis and dissociation to structural changes by combining statistical modelling with rheology measurements. As a result, precise viscosity changes could be measured, allowing for accurate comparison of various dynamic covalent network materials, including vitrimers and dissociative networks. The herein reported method therefore facilitated the successful analysis of virtually any type of rate-enhancing effect and will allow for the design of functional and fast (re)processable materials, as well as improve our ability to predict and engineer their properties for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Van Lijsebetten
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Kevin De Bruycker
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Evelyne Van Ruymbeke
- Bio and Soft Matter, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain Croix du Sud 1 Louvain-la-Neuve 1348 Belgium
| | - Johan M Winne
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 Ghent 9000 Belgium
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36
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Krishna Kumar B, Dickens TJ. Dynamic bond exchangeable thermoset vitrimers in 3D‐printing. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Krishna Kumar
- Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering High‐Performance Materials Institute, FAMU‐FSU College of Engineering Tallahassee Florida USA
| | - Tarik J. Dickens
- Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering High‐Performance Materials Institute, FAMU‐FSU College of Engineering Tallahassee Florida USA
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37
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Synthesis of a transesterification vitrimer activated by fluorine from an α,α-difluoro carboxylic acid and a diepoxy. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Liu YB, Peng LM, Bao RY, Yang MB, Yang W. Vitrimeric Polylactide by Two-step Alcoholysis and Transesterification during Reactive Processing for Enhanced Melt Strength. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:45966-45977. [PMID: 36166428 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Because of its rather low melt strength, polylactide (PLA) has yet to fulfill its promise as advanced biobased and biodegradable foams to replace fossil-based polymer foams. In this work, PLA vitrimers were prepared by two-step reactive processing from commercial PLA thermoplastics, glycerol, and diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) using Zn(II)-catalyzed addition and transesterification chemistry. The transesterification reaction of PLA and glycerol occurs with zinc acetate as the catalyst, and chain scission will take place due to the alcoholysis of the PLA chains by the free hydroxyl groups from the glycerol. Long-chain PLA with hydroxyl groups can be obtained and then cross-linked with MDI. Rheological analysis shows that the formed cross-linked network can significantly improve melt strength and promote strain hardening under extensional flow. PLA vitrimers still maintain the ability of thermoplastic processing via extrusion and compression. The enhanced melt strength and the rearrangement of network topology facilitate the foaming processing. An expansion ratio as large as 49.2-fold and microcellular foam with a uniform cell morphology can be obtained for PLA vitrimers with a gel fraction of 51.8% through a supercritical carbon dioxide foaming technique. This work provides a new way with the scale-up possibility to enhance the melt strength of PLA, and the broadened range of PLA applicability brought by PLA vitrimers is truly valuable in terms of the realization of a sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Li-Mei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
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39
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Kölsch JC, Berač CM, Lossada F, Stach OS, Seiffert S, Walther A, Besenius P. Recyclable Vitrimers from Biogenic Poly(itaconate) Elastomers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas C. Kölsch
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian M. Berač
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Francisco Lossada
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver S. Stach
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Seiffert
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pol Besenius
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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40
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Bandegi A, Montemayor M, Manas‐Zloczower I. Vitrimerization of rigid thermoset polyurethane foams: A mechanochemical method to recycle and reprocess thermosets. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Bandegi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Maya Montemayor
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Ica Manas‐Zloczower
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
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41
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Cheng L, Zhao X, Zhao J, Liu S, Yu W. Structure and Dynamics of Associative Exchange Dynamic Polymer Networks. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyang Zhao
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sijun Liu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Yu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
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42
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Feng B, Bai L, Yan X, Liu X, Zheng J. A Robust and Thermally Stable Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Elastomer with Reprocessability Based on Dynamic Silyl Ether Linkages. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingwei Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Lu Bai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Junping Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
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43
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Liu Y, Yu Z, Xu X, Wang B, Feng H, Li P, Zhu J, Ma S. Crystallizable Aliphatic Chains Enhanced Covalent Adaptable Networks: Fast Reprocessing and Improved Performance. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200379. [PMID: 35730398 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) exhibit recyclability such as reprocessing, but it's a challenge to address the contradiction between reprocessing rate and performance. Here we innovatively introduce pendent aliphatic chain anhydride monoesters into epoxy CANs based on transesterification, which efficiently accelerates the reprocessing without sacrificing thermal and mechanical properties. The transesterification rate is raised on account of the flexible aliphatic chain-promoted segment movement and dynamic transfer auto-catalysis. When the carbon number reflecting the length of the pendent chain is 12, the epoxy CAN exhibits the fastest stress relaxation or reprocessing. Computation via molecular dynamics simulation demonstrates that the increased segmental mobility from the pendent aliphatic chains contributes to the enhanced reprocessability. Interestingly, the crystallization of the pendent aliphatic chains maintains or even improves the thermal and mechanical properties. Thus, introducing flexible and crystallizable aliphatic side chain is an innovative and efficient approach to accelerate dynamic reactions and network arrangement while improving performance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Xiwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Binbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongzhi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Pengyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Songqi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
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44
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Miao P, Leng X, Liu J, Song G, He M, Li Y. Regulating the Dynamic Behaviors of Transcarbamoylation-Based Vitrimers via Mono-Variation in Density of Exchangeable Hydroxyl. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuefei Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Guanjun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Maomao He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Qianhui Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Marek W. Urban
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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46
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Hu S, Chen X, Bin Rusayyis MA, Purwanto NS, Torkelson JM. Reprocessable polyhydroxyurethane networks reinforced with reactive polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and exhibiting excellent elevated temperature creep resistance. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Porath L, Huang J, Ramlawi N, Derkaloustian M, Ewoldt RH, Evans CM. Relaxation of Vitrimers with Kinetically Distinct Mixed Dynamic Bonds. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Porath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Junrou Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nabil Ramlawi
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Maryanne Derkaloustian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Randy H. Ewoldt
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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48
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Porath L, Soman B, Jing BB, Evans CM. Vitrimers: Using Dynamic Associative Bonds to Control Viscoelasticity, Assembly, and Functionality in Polymer Networks. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:475-483. [PMID: 35575320 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitrimers have been investigated in the past decade for their promise as recyclable, reprocessable, and self-healing materials. In this Viewpoint, we focus on some of the key open questions that remain regarding how the molecular-scale chemistry impacts macroscopic physical chemistry. The ability to design temperature-dependent complex viscoelastic spectra with independent control of viscosity and modulus based on knowledge of the dynamic bond and polymer chemistry is first discussed. Next, the role of dynamic covalent chemistry on self-assembly is highlighted in the context of crystallization and nanophase separation. Finally, the ability of dynamic bond exchange to manipulate molecular transport and viscoelasticity is discussed in the context of various applications. Future directions leveraging dynamic covalent chemistry to provide insights regarding fundamental polymer physics as well as imparting functionality into polymers are discussed in all three of these highlighted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Porath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Bhaskar Soman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Brian B. Jing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
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49
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Pettazzoni L, Leonelli F, Martinelli A, Migneco LM, Alfano S, Di Luca D, Celio L, Di Lisio V. Transamidation‐based vitrimers from renewable sources. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sara Alfano
- Department of Chemistry Sapienza Università di Roma Rome
| | | | - Lorenzo Celio
- Department of Chemistry Sapienza Università di Roma Rome
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50
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Saed M, Gablier A, Terentjev EM. Exchangeable Liquid Crystalline Elastomers and Their Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4927-4945. [PMID: 33596647 PMCID: PMC8915166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This Review presents and discusses the current state of the art in "exchangeable liquid crystalline elastomers", that is, LCE materials utilizing dynamically cross-linked networks capable of reprocessing, reprogramming, and recycling. The focus here is on the chemistry and the specific reaction mechanisms that enable the dynamic bond exchange, of which there is a variety. We compare and contrast these different chemical mechanisms and the key properties of their resulting elastomers. In the conclusion, we discuss the most promising applications that are enabled by dynamic cross-linking and present a summary table: a library of currently available materials and their main characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohand
O. Saed
- Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Alexandra Gablier
- Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Eugene M. Terentjev
- Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
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