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Crawford CJ, Schultz-Johansen M, Luong P, Vidal-Melgosa S, Hehemann JH, Seeberger PH. Automated Synthesis of Algal Fucoidan Oligosaccharides. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18320-18330. [PMID: 38916244 PMCID: PMC11240576 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide found in algae, plays a central role in marine carbon sequestration and exhibits a wide array of bioactivities. However, the molecular diversity and structural complexity of fucoidan hinder precise structure-function studies. To address this, we present an automated method for generating well-defined linear and branched α-fucan oligosaccharides. Our syntheses include oligosaccharides with up to 20 cis-glycosidic linkages, diverse branching patterns, and 11 sulfate monoesters. In this study, we demonstrate the utility of these oligosaccharides by (i) characterizing two endo-acting fucoidan glycoside hydrolases (GH107), (ii) utilizing them as standards for NMR studies to confirm suggested structures of algal fucoidans, and (iii) developing a fucoidan microarray. This microarray enabled the screening of the molecular specificity of four monoclonal antibodies (mAb) targeting fucoidan. It was found that mAb BAM4 has cross-reactivity to β-glucans, while mAb BAM2 has reactivity to fucoidans with 4-O-sulfate esters. Knowledge of the mAb BAM2 epitope specificity provided evidence that a globally abundant marine diatom, Thalassiosira weissflogii, synthesizes a fucoidan with structural homology to those found in brown algae. Automated glycan assembly provides access to fucoidan oligosaccharides. These oligosaccharides provide the basis for molecular level investigations into fucoidan's roles in medicine and carbon sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Crawford
- Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mikkel Schultz-Johansen
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Phuong Luong
- Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvia Vidal-Melgosa
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Chittum JE, Thompson A, Desai UR. Glycosaminoglycan microarrays for studying glycosaminoglycan-protein systems. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 335:122106. [PMID: 38616080 PMCID: PMC11032185 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
More than 3000 proteins are now known to bind to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Yet, GAG-protein systems are rather poorly understood in terms of selectivity of recognition, molecular mechanism of action, and translational promise. High-throughput screening (HTS) technologies are critically needed for studying GAG biology and developing GAG-based therapeutics. Microarrays, developed within the past two decades, have now improved to the point of being the preferred tool in the HTS of biomolecules. GAG microarrays, in which GAG sequences are immobilized on slides, while similar to other microarrays, have their own sets of challenges and considerations. GAG microarrays are rapidly becoming the first choice in studying GAG-protein systems. Here, we review different modalities and applications of GAG microarrays presented to date. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of this technology, explain covalent and non-covalent immobilization strategies using different chemically reactive groups, and present various assay formats for qualitative and quantitative interpretations, including selectivity screening, binding affinity studies, competitive binding studies etc. We also highlight recent advances in implementing this technology, cataloging of data, and project its future promise. Overall, the technology of GAG microarray exhibits enormous potential of evolving into more than a mere screening tool for studying GAG - protein systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Chittum
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America
| | - Ally Thompson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America.
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3
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Garcia-Seyda N, Song S, Seveau de Noray V, David-Broglio L, Matti C, Artinger M, Dupuy F, Biarnes-Pelicot M, Valignat MP, Legler DF, Bajénoff M, Theodoly O. Naive T lymphocytes chemotax long distance to CCL21 but not to a source of bioactive S1P. iScience 2023; 26:107695. [PMID: 37822497 PMCID: PMC10562802 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Naive T lymphocytes traffic through the organism in search for antigen, alternating between blood and secondary lymphoid organs. Lymphocyte homing to lymph nodes relies on CCL21 chemokine sensing by CCR7 receptors, while exit into efferent lymphatics relies on sphingolipid S1P sensing by S1PR1 receptors. While both molecules are claimed chemotactic, a quantitative analysis of naive T lymphocyte migration along defined gradients is missing. Here, we used a reductionist approach to study the real-time single-cell response of naive T lymphocytes to CCL21 and serum rich in bioactive S1P. Using microfluidic and micropatterning ad hoc tools, we show that CCL21 triggers stable polarization and long-range chemotaxis of cells, whereas S1P-rich serum triggers a transient polarization only and no significant displacement, potentially representing a brief transmigration step through exit portals. Our in vitro data thus suggest that naive T lymphocyte chemotax long distances to CCL21 but not toward a source of bioactive S1P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Garcia-Seyda
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Solene Song
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, CIML, Marseille, France
| | | | - Luc David-Broglio
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France
| | - Christoph Matti
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Unterseestrasse 47, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Marc Artinger
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Unterseestrasse 47, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florian Dupuy
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France
| | - Martine Biarnes-Pelicot
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Valignat
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel F. Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Unterseestrasse 47, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Bajénoff
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Theodoly
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France
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Wang L, Sorum AW, Huang BS, Kern MK, Su G, Pawar N, Huang X, Liu J, Pohl NLB, Hsieh-Wilson LC. Efficient platform for synthesizing comprehensive heparan sulfate oligosaccharide libraries for decoding glycosaminoglycan-protein interactions. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1108-1117. [PMID: 37349377 PMCID: PMC10979459 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are abundant, ubiquitous carbohydrates in biology, yet their structural complexity has limited an understanding of their biological roles and structure-function relationships. Synthetic access to large collections of well defined, structurally diverse GAG oligosaccharides would provide critical insights into this important class of biomolecules and represent a major advance in glycoscience. Here we report a new platform for synthesizing large heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharide libraries displaying comprehensive arrays of sulfation patterns. Library synthesis is made possible by improving the overall synthetic efficiency through universal building blocks derived from natural heparin and a traceless fluorous tagging method for rapid purification with minimal manual manipulation. Using this approach, we generated a complete library of 64 HS oligosaccharides displaying all possible 2-O-, 6-O- and N-sulfation sequences in the tetrasaccharide GlcN-IdoA-GlcN-IdoA. These diverse structures provide an unprecedented view into the sulfation code of GAGs and identify sequences for modulating the activities of important growth factors and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Alexander W Sorum
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Bo-Shun Huang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mallory K Kern
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Guowei Su
- Glycan Therapeutics Corp, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Nitin Pawar
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Linda C Hsieh-Wilson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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5
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Parween F, Singh SP, Zhang HH, Kathuria N, Otaizo-Carrasquero FA, Shamsaddini A, Gardina PJ, Ganesan S, Kabat J, Lorenzi HA, Myers TG, Farber JM. Chemokine positioning determines mutually exclusive roles for their receptors in extravasation of pathogenic human T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.25.525561. [PMID: 36789428 PMCID: PMC9928044 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.25.525561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory T cells co-express multiple chemokine receptors, but the distinct functions of individual receptors on these cells are largely unknown. Human Th17 cells uniformly express the chemokine receptor CCR6, and we discovered that the subgroup of CD4+CCR6+ cells that co-express CCR2 possess a pathogenic Th17 signature, can produce inflammatory cytokines independent of TCR activation, and are unusually efficient at transendothelial migration (TEM). The ligand for CCR6, CCL20, was capable of binding to activated endothelial cells (ECs) and inducing firm arrest of CCR6+CCR2+ cells under conditions of flow - but CCR6 could not mediate TEM. By contrast, CCL2 and other ligands for CCR2, despite being secreted from both luminal and basal sides of ECs, failed to bind to the EC surfaces - and CCR2 could not mediate arrest. Nonetheless, CCR2 was required for TEM. To understand if CCR2's inability to mediate arrest was due solely to an absence of EC-bound ligands, we generated a CCL2-CXCL9 chimeric chemokine that could bind to the EC surface. Although display of CCL2 on the ECs did indeed lead to CCR2-mediated arrest of CCR6+CCR2+ cells, activating CCR2 with surface-bound CCL2 blocked TEM. We conclude that mediating arrest and TEM are mutually exclusive activities of chemokine receptors and/or their ligands that depend, respectively, on chemokines that bind to the EC luminal surfaces versus non-binding chemokines that form transendothelial gradients under conditions of flow. Our findings provide fundamental insights into mechanisms of lymphocyte extravasation and may lead to novel strategies to block or enhance their migration into tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhat Parween
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Satya P. Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Hongwei H Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Nausheen Kathuria
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Francisco A. Otaizo-Carrasquero
- Research Technologies Branch, Genomic Technologies, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Amirhossein Shamsaddini
- Research Technologies Branch, Genomic Technologies, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul J. Gardina
- Research Technologies Branch, Genomic Technologies, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Research Technologies Branch, Biological Imaging, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Research Technologies Branch, Biological Imaging, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Hernan A. Lorenzi
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Timothy G. Myers
- Research Technologies Branch, Genomic Technologies, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua M. Farber
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
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6
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Katra P, Hennings V, Nilsson J, Engström G, Engelbertsen D, Bengtsson E, Björkbacka H. Plasma levels of CCL21, but not CCL19, independently predict future coronary events in a prospective population-based cohort. Atherosclerosis 2023; 366:1-7. [PMID: 36652748 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The homeostatic chemokines CCL21 and CCL19 have been explored as biomarkers in cardiovascular disease prediction in patients with established cardiovascular disease, but associations between these chemokines and first-time coronary event incidence have not been investigated before. Here, we explored associations between CCL21 or CCL19 and first-time incident coronary events in the general population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort with two decades of follow-up. METHODS CCL21 and CCL19 levels in plasma were analysed with ELISA and proximity extension assay and associations with disease incidence were explored with conditional logistic regression in a nested case-control cohort (CCL21; n = 676) and with Cox regression in a population-based cohort (CCL19; n = 4636). RESULTS High CCL21 levels in plasma were associated with incident first-time coronary events independently of traditional risk factors (odds ratio of 2.64 with 95% confidence interval 1.62-4.31, p < 0.001, comparing the highest versus the lowest tertile of CCL21), whereas CCL19 was not. CCL19 was, however, associated with incident heart failure, as well as increased all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality independently of age and sex. CONCLUSIONS Even though CCL21 and CCL19 both signal through CCR7, these chemokines may not be interchangeable as disease predictors and CCL21 could be used for prediction of future coronary events in individuals without any previous coronary heart disease history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Katra
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, SE-202 13, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Viktoria Hennings
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, SE-202 13, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, SE-202 13, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, SE-202 13, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Daniel Engelbertsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, SE-202 13, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, SE-202 13, Malmö, Sweden; Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06, Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, SE-202 13, Malmö, Sweden
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7
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Abstract
Through their specific interactions with proteins, cellular glycans play key roles in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. One of the main goals of research in the areas of glycobiology and glycomedicine is to understand glycan-protein interactions at the molecular level. Over the past two decades, glycan microarrays have become powerful tools for the rapid evaluation of interactions between glycans and proteins. In this review, we briefly describe methods used for the preparation of glycan probes and the construction of glycan microarrays. Next, we highlight applications of glycan microarrays to rapid profiling of glycan-binding patterns of plant, animal and pathogenic lectins, as well as other proteins. Finally, we discuss other important uses of glycan microarrays, including the rapid analysis of substrate specificities of carbohydrate-active enzymes, the quantitative determination of glycan-protein interactions, discovering high-affinity or selective ligands for lectins, and identifying functional glycans within cells. We anticipate that this review will encourage researchers to employ glycan microarrays in diverse glycan-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Young Hyun
- Department of Drug Discovery, Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Injae Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Quast T, Zölzer K, Guu D, Alvarez L, Küsters C, Kiermaier E, Kaupp UB, Kolanus W. A Stable Chemokine Gradient Controls Directional Persistence of Migrating Dendritic Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:943041. [PMID: 36016652 PMCID: PMC9395945 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.943041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Navigation of dendritic cells (DCs) from the site of infection to lymphoid organs is guided by concentration gradients of CCR7 ligands. How cells interpret chemokine gradients and how they couple directional sensing to polarization and persistent chemotaxis has remained largely elusive. Previous experimental systems were limited in the ability to control fast de novo formation of the final gradient slope, long-lasting stability of the gradient and to expose cells to dynamic stimulation. Here, we used a combination of microfluidics and quantitative in vitro live cell imaging to elucidate the chemotactic sensing strategy of DCs. The microfluidic approach allows us to generate soluble gradients with high spatio-temporal precision and to analyze actin dynamics, cell polarization, and persistent directional migration in both static and dynamic environments. We demonstrate that directional persistence of DC migration requires steady-state characteristics of the soluble gradient instead of temporally rising CCL19 concentration, implying that spatial sensing mechanisms control chemotaxis of DCs. Kymograph analysis of actin dynamics revealed that the presence of the CCL19 gradient is essential to stabilize leading edge protrusions in DCs and to determine directionality, since both cytoskeletal polarization and persistent chemotaxis are abrogated in the range of seconds when steady-state gradients are perturbed. In contrast to Dictyostelium amoeba, DCs are unable to decode oscillatory stimulation of soluble chemokine traveling waves into a directional response toward the wave source. These findings are consistent with the notion that DCs do not employ adaptive temporal sensing strategies that discriminate temporally increasing and decreasing chemoattractant concentrations in our setting. Taken together, in our experimental system DCs do not depend on increasing absolute chemokine concentration over time to induce persistent migration and do not integrate oscillatory stimulation. The observed capability of DCs to migrate with high directional persistence in stable gradients but not when subjected to periodic temporal cues, identifies spatial sensing as a key requirement for persistent chemotaxis of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Quast
- Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karolin Zölzer
- Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Donald Guu
- Molecular Sensory Systems, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior—Caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Molecular Sensory Systems, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior—Caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carsten Küsters
- Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Kiermaier
- Immune and Tumor Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - U. Benjamin Kaupp
- Molecular Sensory Systems, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior—Caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Waldemar Kolanus
- Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Waldemar Kolanus,
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9
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Wolf EW, Howard ZP, Duan L, Tam H, Xu Y, Cyster JG. GPR174 signals via G αs to control a CD86-containing gene expression program in B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201794119. [PMID: 35639700 PMCID: PMC9191659 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201794119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR174 is abundantly expressed in B and T lymphocytes and has a role in restraining T cell responses, but the function of GPR174 in B cells is less clear. Here we report that upon in vitro culture B cells undergo a spontaneous GPR174-dependent activation process that is associated with marked changes in gene expression, including up-regulation of Cd86, Nr4a1, Ccr7, and phosphodiesterases. B cells lacking Gαs show a block in induction of the GPR174-dependent program. Spontaneous up-regulation of CD86 in cultured B cells is dependent on protein kinase A. Both GPR174- and Gαs-deficient B cells show enhanced survival in culture. In vivo, GPR174 contributes to NUR77 expression in follicular B cells and is needed for establishing a marginal zone compartment of normal size. Treatment of mice with lysophosphatidylserine (lysoPS), a GPR174 ligand, is sufficient to promote CD86 up-regulation by follicular B cells. These findings demonstrate that GPR174 can signal via Gαs to modulate B cell gene expression and show this can occur in vivo in response to lysoPS. Additionally, the findings illuminate a pathway that might be targeted to improve systems for the in vitro study of B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise W. Wolf
- HHMI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Zachary P. Howard
- HHMI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Lihui Duan
- HHMI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Hanson Tam
- HHMI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Ying Xu
- HHMI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jason G. Cyster
- HHMI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
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10
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Kollis PM, Ebert LM, Toubia J, Bastow CR, Ormsby RJ, Poonnoose SI, Lenin S, Tea MN, Pitson SM, Gomez GA, Brown MP, Gargett T. Characterising Distinct Migratory Profiles of Infiltrating T-Cell Subsets in Human Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:850226. [PMID: 35464424 PMCID: PMC9019231 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.850226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive form of primary brain cancer, with no improvements in the 5-year survival rate of 4.6% over the past three decades. T-cell-based immunotherapies such as immune-checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy have prolonged the survival of patients with other cancers and have undergone early-phase clinical evaluation in glioblastoma patients. However, a major challenge for T-cell-based immunotherapy of glioblastoma and other solid cancers is T-cell infiltration into tumours. This process is mediated by chemokine-chemokine receptor and integrin-adhesion molecule interactions, yet the specific nature of the molecules that may facilitate T-cell homing into glioblastoma are unknown. Here, we have characterised chemokine receptor and integrin expression profiles of endogenous glioblastoma-infiltrating T cells, and the chemokine expression profile of glioblastoma-associated cells, by single-cell RNA-sequencing. Subsequently, chemokine receptors and integrins were validated at the protein level to reveal enrichment of receptors CCR2, CCR5, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR6, CD49a, and CD49d in glioblastoma-infiltrating T-cell populations relative to T cells in matched patient peripheral blood. Complementary chemokine ligand expression was then validated in glioblastoma biopsies and glioblastoma-derived primary cell cultures. Together, enriched expression of homing receptor-ligand pairs identified in this study implicate a potential role in mediating T-cell infiltration into glioblastoma. Importantly, our data characterising the migratory receptors on endogenous tumour-infiltrating T cells could be exploited to enhance the tumour-homing properties of future T-cell immunotherapies for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris M Kollis
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lisa M Ebert
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - John Toubia
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation (ACRF) Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cameron R Bastow
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Molecular Life Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Ormsby
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Santosh I Poonnoose
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sakthi Lenin
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Melinda N Tea
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Guillermo A Gomez
- Tissue Architecture and Organ Function Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael P Brown
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tessa Gargett
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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11
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Friess MC, Kritikos I, Schineis P, Medina-Sanchez JD, Gkountidi AO, Vallone A, Sigmund EC, Schwitter C, Vranova M, Matti C, Arasa J, Saygili Demir C, Bovay E, Proulx ST, Tomura M, Rot A, Legler DF, Petrova TV, Halin C. Mechanosensitive ACKR4 scavenges CCR7 chemokines to facilitate T cell de-adhesion and passive transport by flow in inflamed afferent lymphatics. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110334. [PMID: 35108538 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell migration via afferent lymphatics to draining lymph nodes (dLNs) depends on expression of CCR7 in T cells and CCL21 in the lymphatic vasculature. Once T cells have entered lymphatic capillaries, they slowly migrate into contracting collecting vessels. Here, lymph flow picks up, inducing T cell detachment and rapid transport to the dLNs. We find that the atypical chemokine receptor 4 (ACKR4), which binds and internalizes CCL19 and CCL21, is induced by lymph flow in endothelial cells lining lymphatic collectors, enabling them to scavenge these chemokines. In the absence of ACKR4, migration of T cells to dLNs in TPA-induced inflammation is significantly reduced. While entry into capillaries is not impaired, T cells accumulate in the ACKR4-deficient dermal collecting vessel segments. Overall, our findings identify an ACKR4-mediated mechanism by which lymphatic collectors facilitate the detachment of lymph-borne T cells in inflammation and their transition from crawling to free-flow toward the dLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona C Friess
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Kritikos
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Schineis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Angela Vallone
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena C Sigmund
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Corina Schwitter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Vranova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Matti
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Jorge Arasa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cansaran Saygili Demir
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Esther Bovay
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Steven T Proulx
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Antal Rot
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University London, London, UK; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland; Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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12
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Bennett A, Hull J, Jolinon N, Tordo J, Moss K, Binns E, Mietzsch M, Hagemann C, Linden RM, Serio A, Chipman P, Sousa D, Broecker F, Seeberger P, Henckaerts E, McKenna R, Agbandje-McKenna M. Comparative structural, biophysical, and receptor binding study of true type and wild type AAV2. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107795. [PMID: 34509611 PMCID: PMC9918372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are utilized as gene transfer vectors in the treatment of monogenic disorders. A variant, rationally engineered based on natural AAV2 isolates, designated AAV-True Type (AAV-TT), is highly neurotropic compared to wild type AAV2 in vivo, and vectors based on it, are currently being evaluated for central nervous system applications. AAV-TT differs from AAV2 by 14 amino acids, including R585S and R588T, two residues previously shown to be essential for heparan sulfate binding of AAV2. The capsid structures of AAV-TT and AAV2 visualized by cryo-electron microscopy at 3.4 and 3.0 Å resolution, respectively, highlighted structural perturbations at specific amino acid differences. Differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) performed at different pH conditions demonstrated that the melting temperature (Tm) of AAV2 was consistently ∼5 °C lower than AAV-TT, but both showed maximal stability at pH 5.5, corresponding to the pH in the late endosome, proposed as required for VP1u externalization to facilitate endosomal escape. Reintroduction of arginines at positions 585 and 588 in AAV-TT caused a reduction in Tm, demonstrating that the lack of basic amino acids at these positions are associated with capsid stability. These results provide structural and thermal annotation of AAV2/AAV-TT residue differences, that account for divergent cell binding, transduction, antigenic reactivity, and transduction of permissive tissues between the two viruses. Specifically, these data indicate that AAV-TT may not utilize a glycan receptor mediated pathway to enter cells and may have lower antigenic properties as compared to AAV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonette Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Joshua Hull
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Nelly Jolinon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Katie Moss
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Enswert Binns
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mario Mietzsch
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Cathleen Hagemann
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE19RT, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Andrea Serio
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE19RT, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Paul Chipman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Duncan Sousa
- Biological Science Imaging Resource, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, 89 Chieftan Way Rm 119, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Felix Broecker
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Seeberger
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Els Henckaerts
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Laboratory of Viral Cell Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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13
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Collado-Diaz V, Medina-Sanchez JD, Gkountidi AO, Halin C. Imaging leukocyte migration through afferent lymphatics. Immunol Rev 2021; 306:43-57. [PMID: 34708414 PMCID: PMC9298274 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Afferent lymphatics mediate the transport of antigen and leukocytes, especially of dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells, from peripheral tissues to draining lymph nodes (dLNs). As such they play important roles in the induction and regulation of adaptive immunity. Over the past 15 years, great advances in our understanding of leukocyte trafficking through afferent lymphatics have been made through time‐lapse imaging studies performed in tissue explants and in vivo, allowing to visualize this process with cellular resolution. Intravital imaging has revealed that intralymphatic leukocytes continue to actively migrate once they have entered into lymphatic capillaries, as a consequence of the low flow conditions present in this compartment. In fact, leukocytes spend considerable time migrating, patrolling and interacting with the lymphatic endothelium or with other intralymphatic leukocytes within lymphatic capillaries. Cells typically only start to detach once they arrive in downstream‐located collecting vessels, where vessel contractions contribute to enhanced lymph flow. In this review, we will introduce the biology of afferent lymphatic vessels and report on the presumed significance of DC and T cell migration via this route. We will specifically highlight how time‐lapse imaging has contributed to the current model of lymphatic trafficking and the emerging notion that ‐ besides transport – lymphatic capillaries exert additional roles in immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Jørgensen AS, Brandum EP, Mikkelsen JM, Orfin KA, Boilesen DR, Egerod KL, Moussouras NA, Vilhardt F, Kalinski P, Basse P, Chen YH, Yang Z, Dwinell MB, Volkman BF, Veldkamp CT, Holst PJ, Lahl K, Goth CK, Rosenkilde MM, Hjortø GM. The C-terminal peptide of CCL21 drastically augments CCL21 activity through the dendritic cell lymph node homing receptor CCR7 by interaction with the receptor N-terminus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6963-6978. [PMID: 34586443 PMCID: PMC8558179 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 signal via their common receptor CCR7. CCL21 is the main lymph node homing chemokine, but a weak chemo-attractant compared to CCL19. Here we show that the 41-amino acid positively charged peptide, released through C-terminal cleavage of CCL21, C21TP, boosts the immune cell recruiting activity of CCL21 by up to 25-fold and the signaling activity via CCR7 by ~ 100-fold. Such boosting is unprecedented. Despite the presence of multiple basic glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding motifs, C21TP boosting of CCL21 signaling does not involve interference with GAG mediated cell-surface retention. Instead, boosting is directly dependent on O-glycosylations in the CCR7 N-terminus. As dictated by the two-step binding model, the initial chemokine binding involves interaction of the chemokine fold with the receptor N-terminus, followed by insertion of the chemokine N-terminus deep into the receptor binding pocket. Our data suggest that apart from a role in initial chemokine binding, the receptor N-terminus also partakes in a gating mechanism, which could give rise to a reduced ligand activity, presumably through affecting the ligand positioning. Based on experiments that support a direct interaction of C21TP with the glycosylated CCR7 N-terminus, we propose that electrostatic interactions between the positively charged peptide and sialylated O-glycans in CCR7 N-terminus may create a more accessible version of the receptor and thus guide chemokine docking to generate a more favorable chemokine-receptor interaction, giving rise to the peptide boosting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Sissel Jørgensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Room 18.5.32., 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emma Probst Brandum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Room 18.5.32., 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Malthe Mikkelsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Room 18.5.32., 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaudia A Orfin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte Rahbæk Boilesen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Lihme Egerod
- Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natasha A Moussouras
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Frederik Vilhardt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Per Basse
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yen-Hsi Chen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhang Yang
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael B Dwinell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Peter Johannes Holst
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katharina Lahl
- Immunology Section, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Knak Goth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Room 18.5.32., 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Room 18.5.32., 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gertrud Malene Hjortø
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Room 18.5.32., 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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15
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Structure and Immune Function of Afferent Lymphatics and Their Mechanistic Contribution to Dendritic Cell and T Cell Trafficking. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051269. [PMID: 34065513 PMCID: PMC8161367 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Afferent lymphatic vessels (LVs) mediate the transport of antigen and leukocytes to draining lymph nodes (dLNs), thereby serving as immunologic communication highways between peripheral tissues and LNs. The main cell types migrating via this route are antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) and antigen-experienced T cells. While DC migration is important for maintenance of tolerance and for induction of protective immunity, T cell migration through afferent LVs contributes to immune surveillance. In recent years, great progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms of lymphatic migration. Specifically, time-lapse imaging has revealed that, upon entry into capillaries, both DCs and T cells are not simply flushed away with the lymph flow, but actively crawl and patrol and even interact with each other in this compartment. Detachment and passive transport to the dLN only takes place once the cells have reached the downstream, contracting collecting vessel segments. In this review, we describe how the anatomy of the lymphatic network supports leukocyte trafficking and provide updated knowledge regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for lymphatic migration of DCs and T cells. In addition, we discuss the relevance of DC and T cell migration through afferent LVs and its presumed implications on immunity.
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16
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A Versatile Toolkit for Semi-Automated Production of Fluorescent Chemokines to Study CCR7 Expression and Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084158. [PMID: 33923834 PMCID: PMC8072677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines guide leukocyte migration in different contexts, including homeostasis, immune surveillance and immunity. The chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 control lymphocyte and dendritic cell migration and homing to lymphoid organs. Thereby they orchestrate adaptive immunity in a chemokine receptor CCR7-dependent manner. Likewise, cancer cells that upregulate CCR7 expression are attracted by these chemokines and metastasize to lymphoid organs. In-depth investigation of CCR7 expression and chemokine-mediated signaling is pivotal to understand their role in health and disease. Appropriate fluorescent probes to track these events are increasingly in demand. Here, we present an approach to cost-effectively produce and fluorescently label CCL19 and CCL21 in a semi-automated process. We established a versatile protocol for the production of recombinant chemokines harboring a small C-terminal S6-tag for efficient and site-specific enzymatic labelling with an inorganic fluorescent dye of choice. We demonstrate that the fluorescently labeled chemokines CCL19-S6Dy649P1 and CCL21-S6Dy649P1 retain their full biological function as assessed by their abilities to mobilize intracellular calcium, to recruit β-arrestin to engaged receptors and to attract CCR7-expressing leukocytes. Moreover, we show that CCL19-S6Dy649P1 serves as powerful reagent to monitor CCR7 internalization by time-lapse confocal video microscopy and to stain CCR7-positive primary human and mouse T cell sub-populations.
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17
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Cuesta-Mateos C, Brown JR, Terrón F, Muñoz-Calleja C. Of Lymph Nodes and CLL Cells: Deciphering the Role of CCR7 in the Pathogenesis of CLL and Understanding Its Potential as Therapeutic Target. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662866. [PMID: 33841445 PMCID: PMC8024566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymph node (LN) is an essential tissue for achieving effective immune responses but it is also critical in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Within the multitude of signaling pathways aberrantly regulated in CLL the homeostatic axis composed by the chemokine receptor CCR7 and its ligands is the main driver for directing immune cells to home into the LN. In this literature review, we address the roles of CCR7 in the pathophysiology of CLL, and how this chemokine receptor is of critical importance to develop more rational and effective therapies for this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cuesta-Mateos
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria- Instituto de La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.,IMMED S.L., Immunological and Medicinal Products, Madrid, Spain.,Catapult Therapeutics BV, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Jennifer R Brown
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fernando Terrón
- IMMED S.L., Immunological and Medicinal Products, Madrid, Spain.,Catapult Therapeutics BV, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Muñoz-Calleja
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria- Instituto de La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Jain P, Shanthamurthy CD, Leviatan Ben-Arye S, Woods RJ, Kikkeri R, Padler-Karavani V. Discovery of rare sulfated N-unsubstituted glucosamine based heparan sulfate analogs selectively activating chemokines. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3674-3681. [PMID: 33889380 PMCID: PMC8025211 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05862a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving selective inhibition of chemokines with structurally well-defined heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharides can provide important insights into cancer cell migration and metastasis. However, HS is highly heterogeneous in chemical composition, which limits its therapeutic use. Here, we report the rational design and synthesis of N-unsubstituted (NU) and N-acetylated (NA) heparan sulfate tetrasaccharides that selectively inhibit structurally homologous chemokines. HS analogs were produced by divergent synthesis, where fully protected HS tetrasaccharide precursor was subjected to selective deprotection and regioselectively O-sulfated, and O-phosphorylated to obtain 13 novel HS tetrasaccharides. HS microarray and SPR analysis with a wide range of chemokines revealed the structural significance of sulfation patterns and NU domain in chemokine activities for the first time. Particularly, HT-3,6S-NH revealed selective recognition by CCL2 chemokine. Further systematic interrogation of the role of HT-3,6S-NH in cancer demonstrated an effective blockade of CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 interactions, thereby impairing cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, a step towards designing novel drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Jain
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune-411008 , India .
| | - Chethan D Shanthamurthy
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune-411008 , India .
| | - Shani Leviatan Ben-Arye
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology , The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research , The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , 69978 , Israel .
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center , University of Georgia , Athens 30606 , GA , USA
| | - Raghavendra Kikkeri
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune-411008 , India .
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology , The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research , The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , 69978 , Israel .
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19
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Jain P, Shanthamurthy CD, Leviatan Ben-Arye S, Yehuda S, Nandikol SS, Thulasiram HV, Padler-Karavani V, Kikkeri R. Synthetic heparan sulfate ligands for vascular endothelial growth factor to modulate angiogenesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3516-3519. [PMID: 33704312 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00964h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of a potential heparan sulfate (HS) ligand to target several growth factors using 13 unique HS tetrasaccharide ligands. By employing an HS microarray and SPR, we deciphered the crucial structure-binding relationship of these glycans with the growth factors BMP2, VEGF165, HB-EGF, and FGF2. Notably, GlcNHAc(6-O-SO3-)-IdoA(2-O-SO3-) (HT-2,6S-NAc) tetrasaccharide showed strong binding with the VEGF165 growth factor. In vitro vascular endothelial cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis was inhibited in the presence of VEGF165 and HT-2,6S-NAc or HT-6S-NAc, revealing the potential therapeutic role of these synthetic HS ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Jain
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India.
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20
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Shanthamurthy CD, Leviatan Ben-Arye S, Kumar NV, Yehuda S, Amon R, Woods RJ, Padler-Karavani V, Kikkeri R. Heparan Sulfate Mimetics Differentially Affect Homologous Chemokines and Attenuate Cancer Development. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3367-3380. [PMID: 33683903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Achieving selective inhibition of chemokine activity by structurally well-defined heparan sulfate (HS) or HS mimetic molecules can provide important insights into their roles in individual physiological and pathological cellular processes. Here, we report a novel tailor-made HS mimetic, which furnishes an exclusive iduronic acid (IdoA) scaffold with different sulfation patterns and oligosaccharide chain lengths as potential ligands to target chemokines. Notably, highly sulfated-IdoA tetrasaccharide (I-45) exhibited strong binding to CCL2 chemokine thereby blocking CCL2/CCR2-mediated in vitro cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Taken together, IdoA-based HS mimetics offer an alternative HS substrate to generate selective and efficient inhibitors for chemokines and pave the way to a wide range of new therapeutic applications in cancer biology and immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chethan D Shanthamurthy
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Shani Leviatan Ben-Arye
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, the Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | - Sharon Yehuda
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, the Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ron Amon
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, the Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens 306062 Georgia, United States
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, the Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Raghavendra Kikkeri
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
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21
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James KD, Legler DF, Purvanov V, Ohigashi I, Takahama Y, Parnell SM, White AJ, Jenkinson WE, Anderson G. Medullary stromal cells synergize their production and capture of CCL21 for T-cell emigration from neonatal mouse thymus. Blood Adv 2021; 5:99-112. [PMID: 33570638 PMCID: PMC7805325 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The release of newly selected αβT cells from the thymus is key in establishing a functional adaptive immune system. Emigration of the first cohorts of αβT cells produced during the neonatal period is of particular importance, because it initiates formation of the peripheral αβT-cell pool and provides immune protection early in life. Despite this, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of thymus emigration are poorly understood. We examined the involvement of diverse stromal subsets and individual chemokine ligands in this process. First, we demonstrated functional dichotomy in the requirement for CCR7 ligands and identified CCL21, but not CCL19, as an important regulator of neonatal thymus emigration. To explain this ligand-specific requirement, we examined sites of CCL21 production and action and found Ccl21 gene expression and CCL21 protein distribution occurred within anatomically distinct thymic areas. Although Ccl21 transcription was limited to subsets of medullary epithelium, CCL21 protein was captured by mesenchymal stroma consisting of integrin α7+ pericytes and CD34+ adventitial cells at sites of thymic exit. This chemokine compartmentalization involved the heparan sulfate-dependent presentation of CCL21 via its C-terminal extension, explaining the absence of a requirement for CCL19, which lacks this domain and failed to be captured by thymic stroma. Collectively, we identified an important role for CCL21 in neonatal thymus emigration, revealing the importance of this chemokine in initial formation of the peripheral immune system. Moreover, we identified an intrathymic mechanism involving cell-specific production and presentation of CCL21, which demonstrated a functional synergy between thymic epithelial and mesenchymal cells for αβT-cell emigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran D James
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau, University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Izumi Ohigashi
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan; and
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sonia M Parnell
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea J White
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - William E Jenkinson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Anderson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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22
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The G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases (GRKs) in Chemokine Receptor-Mediated Immune Cell Migration: From Molecular Cues to Physiopathology. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010075. [PMID: 33466410 PMCID: PMC7824814 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) have long been known to regulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization, their more recently characterized functions as scaffolds and signalling adapters underscore that this small family of proteins governs a larger array of physiological functions than originally suspected. This review explores how GRKs contribute to the complex signalling networks involved in the migration of immune cells along chemokine gradients sensed by cell surface GPCRs. We outline emerging evidence indicating that the coordinated docking of several GRKs on an active chemokine receptor determines a specific receptor phosphorylation barcode that will translate into distinct signalling and migration outcomes. The guidance cues for neutrophil migration are emphasized based on several alterations affecting GRKs or GPCRs reported to be involved in pathological conditions.
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23
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Hsu HP, Chen YT, Chen YY, Lin CY, Chen PY, Liao SY, Lim CCY, Yamaguchi Y, Hsu CL, Dzhagalov IL. Heparan sulfate is essential for thymus growth. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100419. [PMID: 33600795 PMCID: PMC7974028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus organogenesis and T cell development are coordinated by various soluble and cell-bound molecules. Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans can interact with and immobilize many soluble mediators, creating fields or gradients of secreted ligands. While the role of HS in the development of many organs has been studied extensively, little is known about its function in the thymus. Here, we examined the distribution of HS in the thymus and the effect of its absence on thymus organogenesis and T cell development. We found that HS was expressed most abundantly on the thymic fibroblasts and at lower levels on endothelial, epithelial, and hematopoietic cells. To study the function of HS in the thymus, we eliminated most of HS in this organ by genetically disrupting the glycosyltransferase Ext1 that is essential for its synthesis. The absence of HS greatly reduced the size of the thymus in fetal thymic organ cultures and in vivo, in mice, and decreased the production of T cells. However, no specific blocks in T cell development were observed. Wild-type thymic fibroblasts were able to physically bind the homeostatic chemokines CCL19, CCL21, and CXCL12 ex vivo. However, this binding was abolished upon HS degradation, disrupting the CCL19/CCL21 chemokine gradients and causing impaired migration of dendritic cells in thymic slices. Thus, our results show that HS plays an essential role in the development and growth of the thymus and in regulating interstitial cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Po Hsu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Tzu Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ying Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Lin
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shio-Yi Liao
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu Yamaguchi
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chia-Lin Hsu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ivan L Dzhagalov
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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24
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Sun L, Chopra P, Boons GJ. Modular Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides Having N-Acetyl and N-Sulfate Moieties. J Org Chem 2020; 85:16082-16098. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Sun
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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25
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Horton M, Su G, Yi L, Wang Z, Xu Y, Pagadala V, Zhang F, Zaharoff DA, Pearce K, Linhardt RJ, Liu J. Construction of heparan sulfate microarray for investigating the binding of specific saccharide sequences to proteins. Glycobiology 2020; 31:188-199. [PMID: 32681173 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a heterogeneous, extracellular glycan that interacts with proteins and other molecules affecting many biological processes. The specific binding motifs of HS interactions are of interest, but have not been extensively characterized. Glycan microarrays are valuable tools that can be used to probe the interactions between glycans and their ligands while relying on relatively small amounts of samples. Recently, chemoenzymatic synthesis of HS has been employed to produce specific HS structures that can otherwise be difficult to produce. In this study, a microarray of diverse chemoenzymatically synthesized HS structures was developed and HS interactions were characterized. Fluorescently labeled antithrombin III (AT) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) were screened against 95 different HS structures under three different printing concentrations to confirm the utility of this microarray. Specific sulfation patterns were found to be important for binding to these proteins and results are consistent with previous specificity studies. Furthermore, the binding affinities (KD,surf) of AT and FGF2 to multiple HS structures were determined using a microarray technique and is consistent with previous reports. Lastly, the 95-compound HS microarray was used to determine the distinct binding profiles for interleukin 12 and platelet factor 4. This technique is ideal for rapid expansion and will be pivotal to the high-throughput characterization of biologically important structure/function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Horton
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Guowei Su
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lin Yi
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhangjie Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - David A Zaharoff
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill & North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ken Pearce
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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26
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Yang W, Eken Y, Zhang J, Cole LE, Ramadan S, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Liu J, Wilson AK, Huang X. Chemical synthesis of human syndecan-4 glycopeptide bearing O-, N-sulfation and multiple aspartic acids for probing impacts of the glycan chain and the core peptide on biological functions. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6393-6404. [PMID: 34094105 PMCID: PMC8159385 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are a family of complex glycoproteins with glycosaminoglycan chains such as heparan sulfate (HS) attached to the core protein backbone. Due to the high structural heterogeneity of HS in nature, it is challenging to decipher the respective roles of the HS chain and the core protein on proteoglycan functions. While the sulfation patterns of HS dictate many activities, the core protein can potentially impact HS functions. In order to decipher this, homogeneous proteoglycan glycopeptides are needed. Herein, we report the first successful synthesis of proteoglycan glycopeptides bearing multiple aspartic acids in the core peptide and O- and N-sulfations in the glycan chain, as exemplified by the syndecan-4 glycopeptides. To overcome the high acid sensitivities of sulfates and base sensitivities of the glycopeptide during synthesis, a new synthetic approach has been developed to produce a sulfated glycan chain on a peptide sequence prone to the formation of aspartimide side products. The availability of the structurally well-defined synthetic glycopeptide enabled the investigation of their biological functions including cytokine, growth factor binding and heparanase inhibition. Interestingly, the glycopeptide exhibited context dependent enhancement or decrease of biological activities compared to the peptide or the glycan alone. The results presented herein suggest that besides varying the sulfation patterns of HS, linking the HS chain to core proteins as in proteoglycans may be an additional approach to modulate biological functions of HS in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 South Shaw Lane East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Yigitcan Eken
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 South Shaw Lane East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Jicheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 South Shaw Lane East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Logan Emerson Cole
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 South Shaw Lane East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Sherif Ramadan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 South Shaw Lane East Lansing MI 48824 USA.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University Benha Qaliobiya 13518 Egypt
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Zeren Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 South Shaw Lane East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Angela K Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 South Shaw Lane East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 South Shaw Lane East Lansing MI 48824 USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA
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27
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Crijns H, Vanheule V, Proost P. Targeting Chemokine-Glycosaminoglycan Interactions to Inhibit Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:483. [PMID: 32296423 PMCID: PMC7138053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte migration into tissues depends on the activity of chemokines that form concentration gradients to guide leukocytes to a specific site. Interaction of chemokines with their specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on leukocytes induces leukocyte adhesion to the endothelial cells, followed by extravasation of the leukocytes and subsequent directed migration along the chemotactic gradient. Interaction of chemokines with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is crucial for extravasation in vivo. Chemokines need to interact with GAGs on endothelial cells and in the extracellular matrix in tissues in order to be presented on the endothelium of blood vessels and to create a concentration gradient. Local chemokine retention establishes a chemokine gradient and prevents diffusion and degradation. During the last two decades, research aiming at reducing chemokine activity mainly focused on the identification of inhibitors of the interaction between chemokines and their cognate GPCRs. This approach only resulted in limited success. However, an alternative strategy, targeting chemokine-GAG interactions, may be a promising approach to inhibit chemokine activity and inflammation. On this line, proteins derived from viruses and parasites that bind chemokines or GAGs may have the potential to interfere with chemokine-GAG interactions. Alternatively, chemokine mimetics, including truncated chemokines and mutant chemokines, can compete with chemokines for binding to GAGs. Such truncated or mutated chemokines are characterized by a strong binding affinity for GAGs and abrogated binding to their chemokine receptors. Finally, Spiegelmers that mask the GAG-binding site on chemokines, thereby preventing chemokine-GAG interactions, were developed. In this review, the importance of GAGs for chemokine activity in vivo and strategies that could be employed to target chemokine-GAG interactions will be discussed in the context of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Crijns
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Vanheule
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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28
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The Challenge of Modulating Heparan Sulfate Turnover by Multitarget Heparin Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020390. [PMID: 31963505 PMCID: PMC7024324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review comes as a part of the special issue "Emerging frontiers in GAGs and mimetics". Our interest is in the manipulation of heparan sulfate (HS) turnover by employing HS mimetics/heparin derivatives that exert pleiotropic effects and are interesting for interfering at multiple levels with pathways in which HS is implicated. Due to the important role of heparanase in HS post-biosynthetic modification and catabolism, we focus on the possibility to target heparanase, at both extracellular and intracellular levels, a strategy that can be applied to many conditions, from inflammation to cancer and neurodegeneration.
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29
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Eckert N, Permanyer M, Yu K, Werth K, Förster R. Chemokines and other mediators in the development and functional organization of lymph nodes. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:62-83. [PMID: 30977201 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes (LNs) are the main inductive sites for adaptive immune responses. Lymphocytes are constantly entering LNs, scanning the environment for their cognate antigen and get replenished by incoming cells after a certain period of time. As only a minor percentage of lymphocytes recognizes cognate antigen, this mechanism of permanent recirculation ensures fast and effective immune responses when necessary. Thus, homing, positioning, and activation as well as egress require precise regulation within LNs. In this review we discuss the mediators, including chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and others that are involved in the formation of the LN anlage and subsequent functional organization of LNs. We highlight very recent findings in the fields of LN development, steady-state migration in LNs, and the intranodal processes during an adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Eckert
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Permanyer
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Werth
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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30
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Jeanneret RA, Dalton CE, Gardiner JM. Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate- and Dermatan Sulfate-Related Oligosaccharides via Iterative Chemoselective Glycosylation Exploiting Conformationally Disarmed [2.2.2] l-Iduronic Lactone Thioglycosides. J Org Chem 2019; 84:15063-15078. [PMID: 31674785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) are l-iduronic acid containing glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) which are implicated in a number of biological processes and conditions including cancer and viral infection. Chemical synthesis of HS and DS is required to generate structurally defined oligosaccharides for a biological study. Herein, we present a new synthetic approach to HS and DS oligosaccharides using chemoselective glycosylation which relies on a disarmed [2.2.2] l-ido lactone motif. The strategy provides a general approach for iterative-reducing end chain extension, using only shelf-stable thioglycoside building blocks, exploiting a conformational switch to control reactivity, and thus requires no anomeric manipulation steps between glycosylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Jeanneret
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester M1 7DN , U.K
| | - Charlotte E Dalton
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester M1 7DN , U.K
| | - John M Gardiner
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester M1 7DN , U.K
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31
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Yan Y, Chen R, Wang X, Hu K, Huang L, Lu M, Hu Q. CCL19 and CCR7 Expression, Signaling Pathways, and Adjuvant Functions in Viral Infection and Prevention. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:212. [PMID: 31632965 PMCID: PMC6781769 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) is a critical regulator of the induction of T cell activation, immune tolerance, and inflammatory responses during continuous immune surveillance, homeostasis, and development. Migration of CC-chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7)-expressing cells to secondary lymphoid organs is a crucial step in the onset of adaptive immunity, which is initiated by a complex interaction between CCR7 and its cognate ligands. Recent advances in knowledge regarding the response of the CCL19-CCR7 axis to viral infections have elucidated the complex network of interplay among the invading virus, target cells and host immune responses. Viruses use various strategies to evade or delay the cytokine response, gaining additional time to replicate in the host. In this review, we summarize the impacts of CCL19 and CCR7 expression on the regulation of viral pathogenesis with an emphasis on the corresponding signaling pathways and adjuvant mechanisms. We present and discuss the expression, signaling adaptor proteins and effects of CCL19 and CCR7 as these molecules differentially impact different viral infections and viral life cycles in host homeostatic strategies. The underlying mechanisms discussed in this review may assist in the design of novel agents to modulate chemokine activity for viral prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The International Joint Research Laboratory for Infection and Immunity (China-Germany), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Renfang Chen
- The International Joint Research Laboratory for Infection and Immunity (China-Germany), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Hepatology Institute of Wuxi, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- The International Joint Research Laboratory for Infection and Immunity (China-Germany), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Hepatology Institute of Wuxi, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- The International Joint Research Laboratory for Infection and Immunity (China-Germany), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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32
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Collins LE, Troeberg L. Heparan sulfate as a regulator of inflammation and immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:81-92. [PMID: 30376187 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru0618-246r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is found on the surface of most cell types, as well as in basement membranes and extracellular matrices. Its strong anionic properties and highly variable structure enable this glycosaminoglycan to provide binding sites for numerous protein ligands, including many soluble mediators of the immune system, and may promote or inhibit their activity. The formation of ligand binding sites on heparan sulfate (HS) occurs in a tissue- and context-specific fashion through the action of several families of enzymes, most of which have multiple isoforms with subtly different specificities. Changes in the expression levels of these biosynthetic enzymes occur in response to inflammatory stimuli, resulting in structurally different HS and acquisition or loss of binding sites for immune mediators. In this review, we discuss the multiple roles for HS in regulating immune responses, and the evidence for inflammation-associated changes to HS structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Collins
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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33
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Schineis P, Runge P, Halin C. Cellular traffic through afferent lymphatic vessels. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 112:31-41. [PMID: 30092362 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system has long been known to serve as a highway for migrating leukocytes from peripheral tissue to draining lymph nodes (dLNs) and back to circulation, thereby contributing to the induction of adaptive immunity and immunesurveillance. Lymphatic vessels (LVs) present in peripheral tissues upstream of a first dLN are generally referred to as afferent LVs. In contrast to migration through blood vessels (BVs), the detailed molecular and cellular requirements of cellular traffic through afferent LVs have only recently started to be unraveled. Progress in our ability to track the migration of lymph-borne cell populations, in combination with cutting-edge imaging technologies, nowadays allows the investigation and visualization of lymphatic migration of endogenous leukocytes, both at the population and at the single-cell level. These studies have revealed that leukocyte trafficking through afferent LVs generally follows a step-wise migration pattern, relying on the active interplay of numerous molecules. In this review, we will summarize and discuss current knowledge of cellular traffic through afferent LVs. We will first outline how the structure of the afferent LV network supports leukocyte migration and highlight important molecules involved in the migration of dendritic cells (DCs), T cells and neutrophils, i.e. the most prominent cell types trafficking through afferent LVs. Additionally, we will describe how tumor cells hijack the lymphatic system for their dissemination to draining LNs. Finally, we will summarize and discuss our current understanding of the functional significance as well as the therapeutic implications of cell traffic through afferent LVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Runge
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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34
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Monneau YR, Luo L, Sankaranarayanan NV, Nagarajan B, Vivès RR, Baleux F, Desai UR, Arenzana-Seidedos F, Lortat-Jacob H. Solution structure of CXCL13 and heparan sulfate binding show that GAG binding site and cellular signalling rely on distinct domains. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170133. [PMID: 29070611 PMCID: PMC5666081 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines promote directional cell migration through binding to G-protein-coupled receptors, and as such are involved in a large array of developmental, homeostatic and pathological processes. They also interact with heparan sulfate (HS), the functional consequences of which depend on the respective location of the receptor- and the HS-binding sites, a detail that remains elusive for most chemokines. Here, to set up a biochemical framework to investigate how HS can regulate CXCL13 activity, we solved the solution structure of CXCL13. We showed that it comprises an unusually long and disordered C-terminal domain, appended to a classical chemokine-like structure. Using three independent experimental approaches, we found that it displays a unique association mode to HS, involving two clusters located in the α-helix and the C-terminal domain. Computational approaches were used to analyse the HS sequences preferentially recognized by the protein and gain atomic-level understanding of the CXCL13 dimerization induced upon HS binding. Starting with four sets of 254 HS tetrasaccharides, we identified 25 sequences that bind to CXCL13 monomer, among which a single one bound to CXCL13 dimer with high consistency. Importantly, we found that CXCL13 can be functionally presented to its receptor in a HS-bound form, suggesting that it can promote adhesion-dependent cell migration. Consistently, we designed CXCL13 mutations that preclude interaction with HS without affecting CXCR5-dependent cell signalling, opening the possibility to unambiguously demonstrate the role of HS in the biological function of this chemokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoan R Monneau
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lingjie Luo
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1108, Paris, France
| | - Nehru Viji Sankaranarayanan
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Balaji Nagarajan
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Romain R Vivès
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Françoise Baleux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, UMR CNRS 3523, Paris, France
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Xu D, Arnold K, Liu J. Using structurally defined oligosaccharides to understand the interactions between proteins and heparan sulfate. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 50:155-161. [PMID: 29684759 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is widely present on the animal cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. HS achieves its biological functions by interacting with proteins to change proteins' conformation, oligomerization state and cellular location. The challenging question to study HS is how to dissect the relationship between the structures of HS and the biological activities. In the past several years, crucial techniques have been developed to overcome this challenge. A novel chemoenzymatic method to synthesize structurally defined HS oligosaccharides has offered a key access to this class of sulfated carbohydrate molecules. Recent rapid progress of HS microarray technology allows screening of the interaction of a target protein with a large number of HS oligosaccharides. The improved availability of HS oligosaccharides and HS microarray analysis will undoubtedly accelerate the investigation of the contribution of the specific sulfated carbohydrate structures of HS in a wide range of biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Xu
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
| | - Katelyn Arnold
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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36
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Endothelial heparan sulfate deficiency reduces inflammation and fibrosis in murine diabetic nephropathy. J Transl Med 2018; 98:427-438. [PMID: 29330473 PMCID: PMC6247417 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-017-0015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a vital role in the development of diabetic nephropathy, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms are only partially understood. Our previous studies demonstrated that, during acute inflammation, endothelial heparan sulfate (HS) contributes to the adhesion and transendothelial migration of leukocytes into perivascular tissues by direct interaction with L-selectin and the presentation of bound chemokines. In the current study, we aimed to assess the role of endothelial HS on chronic renal inflammation and fibrosis in a diabetic nephropathy mouse model. To reduce sulfation of HS specifically in the endothelium, we generated Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre + mice in which N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (Ndst1), the gene that initiates HS sulfation modifications in HS biosynthesis, was expressly ablated in endothelium. To induce diabetes, age-matched male Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre - (wild type) and Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre + mice on a C57Bl/6J background were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg) on five consecutive days (N = 10-11/group). Urine and plasma were collected. Four weeks after diabetes induction the animals were sacrificed and kidneys were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. Compared to healthy controls, diabetic Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre - mice showed increased glomerular macrophage infiltration, mannose binding lectin complement deposition and glomerulosclerosis, whereas these pathological reactions were prevented significantly in the diabetic Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre + animals (all three p < 0.01). In addition, the expression of the podocyte damage marker desmin was significantly higher in the Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre - group compared to the Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre + animals (p < 0.001), although both groups had comparable numbers of podocytes. In the cortical tubulo-interstitium, similar analyses show decreased interstitial macrophage accumulation in the diabetic Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre + animals compared to the diabetic Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre - mice (p < 0.05). Diabetic Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre + animals also showed reduced interstitial fibrosis as evidenced by reduced density of αSMA-positive myofibroblasts (p < 0.01), diminished collagen III deposition (p < 0.001) and reduced mRNA expression of collagen I (p < 0.001) and fibronectin (p < 0.001). Our studies indicate a pivotal role of endothelial HS in the development of renal inflammation and fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy in mice. These results suggest that HS is a possible target for therapy in diabetic nephropathy.
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Moore JE, Brook BS, Nibbs RJB. Chemokine Transport Dynamics and Emerging Recognition of Their Role in Immune Function. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 5:90-95. [PMID: 30320240 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte migration is critically important during all protective and pathological immune and inflammatory responses. Chemokines play fundamental roles in this process, and chemokine concentration gradients stimulate the directional migration of leukocytes. The formation and regulation of these gradients is poorly understood. These are complex processes that depend on the specific properties of each chemokine and interactions between physical, biological and biochemical processes, including production, diffusion, advection, scavenging, post-translational modification, and extracellular matrix (ECM) binding. While some of these mechanisms have been investigated in isolation or limited combinations, more integrative research is required to provide a quantitative knowledge base that explains how chemokine gradients are established and maintained, and how cells respond to, and modify, these gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines Building, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Bindi S Brook
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J B Nibbs
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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Yang J, Hsieh PH, Liu X, Zhou W, Zhang X, Zhao J, Xu Y, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Liu J. Construction and characterisation of a heparan sulphate heptasaccharide microarray. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:1743-1746. [PMID: 28106177 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A targeted heptasaccharide library was synthesised to prepare a heparan sulphate (HS) microarray. The array was probed with two glycan-binding proteins, HS 3-O-sulphotransferase 1 and antithrombin, demonstrating the binding selectivity between HS and proteins. The HS microarray technique will accelerate the understanding of the structure and function relationships of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Yang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. and College of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Po-Hung Hsieh
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Wen Zhou
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. and School of Chinese Medical Material, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Jørgensen AS, Rosenkilde MM, Hjortø GM. Biased signaling of G protein-coupled receptors - From a chemokine receptor CCR7 perspective. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 258:4-14. [PMID: 28694053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) and their associated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) work in a concerted manner to govern immune cell positioning in time and space. Promiscuity of both ligands and receptors, but also biased signaling within the chemokine system, adds to the complexity of how the cell-based immune system is controlled. Bias comes in three forms; ligand-, receptor- and tissue-bias. Biased signaling is increasingly being recognized as playing an important role in contributing to the fine-tuned coordination of immune cell chemotaxis. In the current review we discuss the recent findings related to ligand- and tissue-biased signaling of CCR7 and summarize what is known about bias at other chemokine receptors. CCR7 is expressed by a subset of T-cells and by mature dendritic cells (DCs). Together with its two endogenous ligands CCL19 and CCL21, of which the carboxy terminal tail of CCL21 displays an extraordinarily strong glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding, CCR7 plays a central role in coordinating the meeting between mature antigen presenting DCs and naïve T-cells which normally takes place in the lymph nodes (LNs). This process is a prerequisite for the initiation of an antigen-specific T-cell mediated immune response. Thus CCR7 and its ligands are key players in initiating cell-based immune responses. CCL19 and CCL21 display differential interaction- and docking-modes for CCR7 leading to stabilization of different CCR7 conformations and hereby preferential activation of distinct intracellular signaling pathways (i.e. ligand bias). In general CCL19 seems to generate a strong temporal signal, whereas CCL21 generates a weaker, but more persistent signal. Tissue differential expression of these two ligands, and the generation of a third ligand "tailless-CCL21", through DC specific protease activity (tissue bias), orchestrates DC and T-cell LN homing and priming, with each ligand serving overlapping, but also distinct roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Sissel Jørgensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gertrud M Hjortø
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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40
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Jayanthi S, Gundampati RK, Kumar TKS. Simple and Efficient Purification of Recombinant Proteins Using the Heparin-Binding Affinity Tag. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PROTEIN SCIENCE 2017; 90:6.16.1-6.16.13. [PMID: 29091276 PMCID: PMC5710805 DOI: 10.1002/cpps.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heparin, a member of the glycosaminoglycan family, is known to interact with more than 400 different types of proteins. For the past few decades, significant progress has been made to understand the molecular details involved in heparin-protein interactions. Based on the structural knowledge available from the FGF1-heparin interaction studies, we have designed a novel heparin-binding peptide (HBP) affinity tag that can be used for the simple, efficient, and cost-effective purification of recombinant proteins of interest. HBP-tagged fusion proteins can be purified by heparin Sepharose affinity chromatography using a simple sodium chloride gradient to elute the bound fusion protein. In addition, owing to the high density of positive charges on the HBP tag, recombinant target proteins are preferably expressed in their soluble forms. The purification of HBP-fusion proteins can also be achieved in the presence of chemical denaturants, including urea. Additionally, polyclonal antibodies raised against the affinity tag can be used to detect HBP-fused target proteins with high sensitivity. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Jayanthi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Ravi Kumar Gundampati
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
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41
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Averbeck M, Kuhn S, Bühligen J, Götte M, Simon JC, Polte T. Syndecan-1 regulates dendritic cell migration in cutaneous hypersensitivity to haptens. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:1060-1067. [PMID: 28453867 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In human dendritic cells (DCs), we previously demonstrated in vitro that syndecan-1 (SDC1) is downregulated during maturation correlating with enhanced motility. We investigated the effects of SDC1 on DC migration in vivo during TNCB(2,4,6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene)-induced cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction (CHS) in mice. We show that DC in SDC1-deficient mice migrated faster and at a higher rate to lymph nodes draining the hapten-painted skin. Adoptive transfer of SDC1-deficient hapten- and fluorochrome-labelled DC into wild-type (WT) mice led to increased and faster migration of DC to paracortical lymph nodes, and to a stronger CHS compared to WT DC. In SDC1-/- mice, CCR7 remains longer on the DC surface within the first 15-minutes maturation (after LPS-induced maturation). In addition, a time-dependent upregulation of CCL2, CCL3, VCAM1 and talin was found during maturation in SDC1-/- DC. However, no difference in T-cell-stimulating capacity of SDC1-deficient DC was found compared to WT DC. Mechanistically, SDC1-deficient DC showed enhanced migration towards CCL21 and CCL19. This may result from functional overexpression of CCR7 in SDC1-/- DC. Increased and accelerated migration of otherwise functionally intact SDC1-deficient DC leads to an exacerbated CHS. Based on our results, we conclude that SDC1 on DC negatively regulates DC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Averbeck
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kuhn
- Department of Environmental Immunology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Bühligen
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan C Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Polte
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Environmental Immunology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Leipzig, Germany
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42
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Yang J, Chi L. Characterization of structural motifs for interactions between glycosaminoglycans and proteins. Carbohydr Res 2017; 452:54-63. [PMID: 29065343 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a family of linear and anionic polysaccharides that play essential roles in many biological and physiological processes. Interactions between GAGs and proteins regulate function in many proteins and are related to many human diseases and disorders. The structural motifs and mechanisms for interactions between GAGs and proteins are not fully understood. Specific bindings, including minor but unique sequences sporadically distributed along the GAG chains or variably sulfated domains interspersed by undersulfated regions, may be specifically recognized by defined domains of a variety of proteins. Understanding the molecular basis of these interactions will provide a template for developing novel glycotherapeutic agents. The present article reviews recent methodologies and progress on the characterization of structural motifs in both GAGs and proteins involved in GAG-protein interactions. The analytical approaches are categorized into three groups: affinity-based methods; molecular docking, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography; and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques. The advantages and limitations of each category of methods are discussed and are based on examples of using these techniques to investigate binding between GAGs and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Yang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lianli Chi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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Heparin Mimetics: Their Therapeutic Potential. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10040078. [PMID: 28974047 PMCID: PMC5748635 DOI: 10.3390/ph10040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin mimetics are synthetic and semi-synthetic compounds that are highly sulfated, structurally distinct analogues of glycosaminoglycans. These mimetics are often rationally designed to increase potency and binding selectivity towards specific proteins involved in disease manifestations. Some of the major therapeutic arenas towards which heparin mimetics are targeted include: coagulation and thrombosis, cancers, and inflammatory diseases. Although Fondaparinux, a rationally designed heparin mimetic, is now approved for prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism, the search for novel anticoagulant heparin mimetics with increased affinity and fewer side effects remains a subject of research. However, increasingly, research is focusing on the non-anticoagulant activities of these molecules. Heparin mimetics have potential as anti-cancer agents due to their ability to: (1) inhibit heparanase, an endoglycosidase which facilitates the spread of tumor cells; and (2) inhibit angiogenesis by binding to growth factors. The heparin mimetic, PI-88 is in clinical trials for post-surgical hepatocellular carcinoma and advanced melanoma. The anti-inflammatory properties of heparin mimetics have primarily been attributed to their ability to interact with: complement system proteins, selectins and chemokines; each of which function differently to facilitate inflammation. The efficacy of low/non-anticoagulant heparin mimetics in animal models of different inflammatory diseases has been demonstrated. These findings, plus clinical data that indicates heparin has anti-inflammatory activity, will raise the momentum for developing heparin mimetics as a new class of therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases.
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Jafarnejad M, Zawieja DC, Brook BS, Nibbs RJB, Moore JE. A Novel Computational Model Predicts Key Regulators of Chemokine Gradient Formation in Lymph Nodes and Site-Specific Roles for CCL19 and ACKR4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2291-2304. [PMID: 28807994 PMCID: PMC5602158 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR7 drives leukocyte migration into and within lymph nodes (LNs). It is activated by chemokines CCL19 and CCL21, which are scavenged by the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR4. CCR7-dependent navigation is determined by the distribution of extracellular CCL19 and CCL21, which form concentration gradients at specific microanatomical locations. The mechanisms underpinning the establishment and regulation of these gradients are poorly understood. In this article, we have incorporated multiple biochemical processes describing the CCL19–CCL21–CCR7–ACKR4 network into our model of LN fluid flow to establish a computational model to investigate intranodal chemokine gradients. Importantly, the model recapitulates CCL21 gradients observed experimentally in B cell follicles and interfollicular regions, building confidence in its ability to accurately predict intranodal chemokine distribution. Parameter variation analysis indicates that the directionality of these gradients is robust, but their magnitude is sensitive to these key parameters: chemokine production, diffusivity, matrix binding site availability, and CCR7 abundance. The model indicates that lymph flow shapes intranodal CCL21 gradients, and that CCL19 is functionally important at the boundary between B cell follicles and the T cell area. It also predicts that ACKR4 in LNs prevents CCL19/CCL21 accumulation in efferent lymph, but does not control intranodal gradients. Instead, it attributes the disrupted interfollicular CCL21 gradients observed in Ackr4-deficient LNs to ACKR4 loss upstream. Our novel approach has therefore generated new testable hypotheses and alternative interpretations of experimental data. Moreover, it acts as a framework to investigate gradients at other locations, including those that cannot be visualized experimentally or involve other chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jafarnejad
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - David C Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Bindi S Brook
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Robert J B Nibbs
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - James E Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom;
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45
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Glycosaminoglycan Interactions with Chemokines Add Complexity to a Complex System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10030070. [PMID: 28792472 PMCID: PMC5620614 DOI: 10.3390/ph10030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines have two types of interactions that function cooperatively to control cell migration. Chemokine receptors on migrating cells integrate signals initiated upon chemokine binding to promote cell movement. Interactions with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) localize chemokines on and near cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix to provide direction to the cell movement. The matrix of interacting chemokine–receptor partners has been known for some time, precise signaling and trafficking properties of many chemokine–receptor pairs have been characterized, and recent structural information has revealed atomic level detail on chemokine–receptor recognition and activation. However, precise knowledge of the interactions of chemokines with GAGs has lagged far behind such that a single paradigm of GAG presentation on surfaces is generally applied to all chemokines. This review summarizes accumulating evidence which suggests that there is a great deal of diversity and specificity in these interactions, that GAG interactions help fine-tune the function of chemokines, and that GAGs have other roles in chemokine biology beyond localization and surface presentation. This suggests that chemokine–GAG interactions add complexity to the already complex functions of the receptors and ligands.
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46
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Zong C, Venot A, Li X, Lu W, Xiao W, Wilkes JSL, Salanga CL, Handel TM, Wang L, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Heparan Sulfate Microarray Reveals That Heparan Sulfate-Protein Binding Exhibits Different Ligand Requirements. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:9534-9543. [PMID: 28651046 PMCID: PMC5588662 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HS) are linear sulfated polysaccharides that modulate a wide range of physiological and disease-processes. Variations in HS epimerization and sulfation provide enormous structural diversity, which is believed to underpin protein binding and regulatory properties. The ligand requirements of HS-binding proteins have, however, been defined in only a few cases. We describe here a synthetic methodology that can rapidly provide a library of well-defined HS oligosaccharides. It is based on the use of modular disaccharides to assemble several selectively protected tetrasaccharides that were subjected to selective chemical modifications such as regioselective O- and N-sulfation and selective de-sulfation. A number of the resulting compounds were subjected to enzymatic modifications by 3-O-sulfotransferases-1 (3-OST1) to provide 3-O-sulfated derivatives. The various approaches for diversification allowed one tetrasaccharide to be converted into 12 differently sulfated derivatives. By employing tetrasaccharides with different backbone compositions, a library of 47 HS-oligosaccharides was prepared and the resulting compounds were used to construct a HS microarray. The ligand requirements of a number of HS-binding proteins including fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), and the chemokines CCL2, CCL5, CCL7, CCL13, CXCL8, and CXCL10 were examined using the array. Although all proteins recognized multiple compounds, they exhibited clear differences in structure-binding characteristics. The HS microarray data guided the selection of compounds that could interfere in biological processes such as cell proliferation. Although the library does not cover the entire chemical space of HS-tetrasaccharides, the binding data support a notion that changes in cell surface HS composition can modulate protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Zong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xiuru Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Weigang Lu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Wenyuan Xiao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jo-Setti L. Wilkes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Catherina L. Salanga
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0684, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tracy M. Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0684, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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47
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Sackstein R, Schatton T, Barthel SR. T-lymphocyte homing: an underappreciated yet critical hurdle for successful cancer immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2017; 97:669-697. [PMID: 28346400 PMCID: PMC5446300 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in cancer immunotherapy have offered new hope for patients with metastatic disease. This unfolding success story has been exemplified by a growing arsenal of novel immunotherapeutics, including blocking antibodies targeting immune checkpoint pathways, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cell therapy (ACT). Nonetheless, clinical benefit remains highly variable and patient-specific, in part, because all immunotherapeutic regimens vitally hinge on the capacity of endogenous and/or adoptively transferred T-effector (Teff) cells, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, to home efficiently into tumor target tissue. Thus, defects intrinsic to the multi-step T-cell homing cascade have become an obvious, though significantly underappreciated contributor to immunotherapy resistance. Conspicuous have been low intralesional frequencies of tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes (TILs) below clinically beneficial threshold levels, and peripheral rather than deep lesional TIL infiltration. Therefore, a Teff cell 'homing deficit' may arguably represent a dominant factor responsible for ineffective immunotherapeutic outcomes, as tumors resistant to immune-targeted killing thrive in such permissive, immune-vacuous microenvironments. Fortunately, emerging data is shedding light into the diverse mechanisms of immune escape by which tumors restrict Teff cell trafficking and lesional penetrance. In this review, we scrutinize evolving knowledge on the molecular determinants of Teff cell navigation into tumors. By integrating recently described, though sporadic information of pivotal adhesive and chemokine homing signatures within the tumor microenvironment with better established paradigms of T-cell trafficking under homeostatic or infectious disease scenarios, we seek to refine currently incomplete models of Teff cell entry into tumor tissue. We further summarize how cancers thwart homing to escape immune-mediated destruction and raise awareness of the potential impact of immune checkpoint blockers on Teff cell homing. Finally, we speculate on innovative therapeutic opportunities for augmenting Teff cell homing capabilities to improve immunotherapy-based tumor eradication in cancer patients, with special focus on malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sackstein
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Rm 671, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tobias Schatton
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven R. Barthel
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Correspondence to: Dr. Steven R. Barthel, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Rm. 673B, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115;
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48
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El Ghazal R, Yin X, Johns SC, Swanson L, Macal M, Ghosh P, Zuniga EI, Fuster MM. Glycan Sulfation Modulates Dendritic Cell Biology and Tumor Growth. Neoplasia 2017; 18:294-306. [PMID: 27237321 PMCID: PMC4887599 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer, proteoglycans have been found to play roles in facilitating the actions of growth factors, and effecting matrix invasion and remodeling. However, little is known regarding the genetic and functional importance of glycan chains displayed by proteoglycans on dendritic cells (DCs) in cancer immunity. In lung carcinoma, among other solid tumors, tumor-associated DCs play largely subversive/suppressive roles, promoting tumor growth and progression. Herein, we show that targeting of DC glycan sulfation through mutation in the heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (Ndst1) in mice increased DC maturation and inhibited trafficking of DCs to draining lymph nodes. Lymphatic-driven DC migration and chemokine (CCL21)-dependent activation of a major signaling pathway required for DC migration (as measured by phospho-Akt) were sensitive to Ndst1 mutation in DCs. Lewis lung carcinoma tumors in mice deficient in Ndst1 were reduced in size. Purified CD11c + cells from the tumors, which contain the tumor-infiltrating DC population, showed a similar phenotype in mutant cells. These features were replicated in mice deficient in syndecan-4, the major heparan sulfate proteoglycan expressed on the DC surface: Tumors were growth-impaired in syndecan-4–deficient mice and were characterized by increased infiltration by mature DCs. Tumors on the mutant background also showed greater infiltration by NK cells and NKT cells. These findings indicate the genetic importance of DC heparan sulfate proteoglycans in tumor growth and may guide therapeutic development of novel strategies to target syndecan-4 and heparan sulfate in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland El Ghazal
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA 92161; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Xin Yin
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA 92161; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
| | - Scott C Johns
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA 92161; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Lee Swanson
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Monica Macal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Elina I Zuniga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Mark M Fuster
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA 92161; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.
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49
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Schwarz J, Bierbaum V, Vaahtomeri K, Hauschild R, Brown M, de Vries I, Leithner A, Reversat A, Merrin J, Tarrant T, Bollenbach T, Sixt M. Dendritic Cells Interpret Haptotactic Chemokine Gradients in a Manner Governed by Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Dependent on GRK6. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1314-1325. [PMID: 28457871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Navigation of cells along gradients of guidance cues is a determining step in many developmental and immunological processes. Gradients can either be soluble or immobilized to tissues as demonstrated for the haptotactic migration of dendritic cells (DCs) toward higher concentrations of immobilized chemokine CCL21. To elucidate how gradient characteristics govern cellular response patterns, we here introduce an in vitro system allowing to track migratory responses of DCs to precisely controlled immobilized gradients of CCL21. We find that haptotactic sensing depends on the absolute CCL21 concentration and local steepness of the gradient, consistent with a scenario where DC directionality is governed by the signal-to-noise ratio of CCL21 binding to the receptor CCR7. We find that the conditions for optimal DC guidance are perfectly provided by the CCL21 gradients we measure in vivo. Furthermore, we find that CCR7 signal termination by the G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) is crucial for haptotactic but dispensable for chemotactic CCL21 gradient sensing in vitro and confirm those observations in vivo. These findings suggest that stable, tissue-bound CCL21 gradients as sustainable "roads" ensure optimal guidance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schwarz
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Veronika Bierbaum
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Kari Vaahtomeri
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Translational Cancer Biology Program, Wihuri Research Institute, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Hauschild
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Markus Brown
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Medizinische Universität Wien, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid de Vries
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alexander Leithner
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Anne Reversat
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jack Merrin
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Teresa Tarrant
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Tobias Bollenbach
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Universität zu Köln, Institut für Theoretische Physik, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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50
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Hanske J, Wawrzinek R, Geissner A, Wamhoff EC, Sellrie K, Schmidt H, Seeberger PH, Rademacher C. Calcium-Independent Activation of an Allosteric Network in Langerin by Heparin Oligosaccharides. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1183-1187. [PMID: 28198086 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The C-type lectin receptor Langerin is a glycan-binding protein that serves as an uptake receptor on Langerhans cells and is essential for the formation of Birbeck granules. Whereas most Langerin ligands are recognized by a canonical Ca2+ -dependent binding site, heparins have been proposed to make additional contacts to a secondary, Ca2+ -independent site. Glycan array screening and biomolecular NMR spectroscopy were employed to investigate the molecular mechanism of these interactions. We observed that binding of heparin hexasaccharides to a secondary site did not require the presence of Ca2+ and activated a previously identified intradomain allosteric network of Langerin (thus far only associated with Ca2+ affinity and release). We propose a communication hub between these two binding sites, which sheds new light on modulatory functions of Langerin-heparin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hanske
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robert Wawrzinek
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas Geissner
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eike-Christian Wamhoff
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Sellrie
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Henrik Schmidt
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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