Green Analytical Methodologies

In-vivo pharmacokinetic study of ibrutinib-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers in rat plasma by sensitive spectrofluorimetric method using harmonized approach of quality by design and white analytical chemistry

Ibrutinib, an antineoplastic agent tackling chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, and Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia, falls under the category of BCS class II drugs, characterized by a puzzling combination of low solubility and high permeability. Its oral bioavailability remains a perplexing challenge, merely reaching 2.9 % due to formidable first-pass metabolism hurdles. In a bid to surmount this obstacle, researchers embarked on a journey to develop ibrutinib-loaded NLCs (Nanostructured Lipid Carriers) using a methodology steeped in complexity: a Design of Experiments (DoE)-based hot melted ultrasonication approach. Despite a plethora of methods for analyzing ibrutinib in various matrices, the absence of a spectrofluorimetric method for assessing it in rat plasma added to the enigma. Thus emerged a spectrofluorimetric method, embodying principles of white analytical chemistry and analytical quality by design, employing a Placket-Burman design for initial method exploration and a central composite design for subsequent refinement. This method underwent rigorous validation in accordance with ICH guidelines, paving the way for its application in scrutinizing the in-vivo pharmacokinetics of ibrutinib-loaded NLCs, juxtaposed against commercially available formulations. Surprisingly, the optimized NLCs exhibited a striking 1.82-fold boost in oral bioavailability, shedding light on their potential efficacy. The environmental impact of this method was scrutinized using analytical greenness tools, affirming its eco-friendly attributes. In essence, the culmination of these efforts has not only propelled advancements in drug bioavailability but also heralded the dawn of a streamlined and environmentally conscious analytical paradigm.

Evaluation of the on-off fluorescence method for facile measurement of vilazodone in pharmaceutical dosage form; Application to content uniformity testing and greenness evaluation

Vilazodone is a recently approved antidepressant medicine used for treating major depressive disorder. A simple, extremely sensitive, accurate and green spectrofluorimetric method was constructed for its determination through formation of ion-pair complex with erythrosine B. The formation of ion-pair complex lowers the dye's native fluorescence emission measured at 552 nm (λ ex = 530 nm). In terms of analysis, the system's parameters for producing the vilazodone-erythrosine B complex have been optimized. The reaction was carried out in Teorell-Stenhagen buffering solution (pH 4.6). The fluorescence emission intensity of the dye decreased linearly in the range of 20 - 600 ng mL-1 and the correlation coefficient was 0.9999. The quantitation and detection limit values were 18.5 and 6.1 ng mL-1, respectively. The proposed strategy has been validated according to the ICH criteria. The proposed technique was thoroughly employed for evaluating vilazodone in raw material and pharmaceutical tablet dosage form. Furthermore, it was also successfully used for content uniformity testing. Lastly, using four advanced tools namely the Eco-Scale, the National Environmental Method Index (NEMI), the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), and the Analytical Greenness metric approach (AGREE), the greenness of the established technique was evaluated.

Facile green spectrophotometric approaches for the determination of three natural edible antioxidant polyphenols in different matrices

The combination of Curcumin (CRN), resveratrol (RSV), and quercetin (QRN) has significant antioxidant effects and is found to be more effective than a single polyphenol. Spectrophotometric methods are considered one of the most common analytical techniques for the determination of the drugs due to their sensitivity, rapidness, low cost, and reproducibility. Therefore, the presence of new, and simple methods for the determination of such compounds will be highly valuable, specially in the presence of spectral overlap. In this research, five different facile spectrophotometric methods were investigated for the simultaneous determination of that ternary mixture for the first time, including zero order (I), first derivative (II), ratio difference double divisor (III), first derivative ratio spectra (IV), and mean centering (V) methods. The designed approaches were linear over the concentration ranges of (1.0-10.0), (0.5-8.0), and (1.0-14.0) μg/mL, respectively for curcumin, resveratrol, and quercetin. The different methods were then validated as stated by the International Council of Harmonization. The accuracy and precision have been evaluated by statistical analysis including student t-test, variance ratio F-test, and ANOVA. Moreover, the greenness and whiteness of the proposed methods were assessed to ensure the adherence to the greenness characters.

Smart Chemometric-Assisted Spectrophotometric Approaches for Simultaneous Quantification of Tertiary Combination Recommended for COVID-19 Supportive Treatments With Their Greenness Assessment

BACKGROUND

There is an increasing interest of the scientific community in developing innovative methodologies for their analysis needs within a green analytical chemistry framework. UV spectrophotometry is one of the most promising eco-friendly methods, which is integrated with advanced chemometric tools to enhance the selectivity of the analysis of complex mixtures with severe overlapped signals.

OBJECTIVE

Simultaneous determination of a triple-combination of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (PSE), carbinoxamine maleate (CRX), and paracetamol (PAR) using an artificial intelligence system and multivariate calibration methods. This combination has been recently recommended for COVID-19 home-treated patients as part of a symptomatic treatment.

METHODS

Namely, the suggested models are artificial neural networks, partial least-squares, and principal component regression. The proposed algorithms were optimized and developed with the aid of a five-level, three-factor experimental design.

RESULTS

The investigated methods were applied over the concentration range of 100-180 μg/mL, 18-16 μg/mL, and 4-12 μg/mL for PSE, CRX, and PAR, respectively. The models' validation results demonstrated excellent recoveries (around 98 to 102%), signaling the approaches' outstanding resolution capacity for the cited compounds in the presence of common excipients. The outcomes of the studied methods were statistically compared to the official approaches, and no significant difference was found.

CONCLUSIONS

The suggested models were efficiently employed to determine the selected drugs in their combined tablets without any initial separation steps. The impact of these methods on the environment was evaluated via greenness tools: namely, the National Environmental Method Index, Raynie and Driver's green assessment method, Analytical Eco-Scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index, and Analytical Greenness Metric.

HIGHLIGHTS

Green chemometric quality assessment of PSE, CRX, and PAR in their pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The established approaches are innovative, sustainable, smart, fast, selective, and cost-effective. These models are potential green nominees for routine analysis of the investigated mixture in quality control laboratories.

Whiteness and greenness assessments of a sensitive HPLC method with fluorimetric detection for dapagliflozin quantitation in human plasma: Application to a healthy human volunteer

The evident ecological impact of human actions, like air pollution, global warming, and ozone depletion, underscores the need for environmentally friendly approaches across various domains, including analytical chemistry. This study aimed to establish a validated, eco-friendly, and sustainable approach utilizing a fluorescence detector coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for quantifying the antihyperglycemic agent dapagliflozin (DAPA), in human plasma. This method employed a C18 Microsorb MV (4.5 × 250 mm, 5 μm [particle size]) column at 40°C, with 40:60% v/v isocratic elution of acetonitrile and (0.1%) orthophosphoric acid as the mobile phase at 1 mL/min flow rate. DAPA and the internal standard demonstrated their greatest response by performing excitation at 225 nm (λex) and recording chromatograms at an emission wavelength (λem) equal to 305 nm. The presented approach demonstrated high linearity between 50 and 2000 ng/mL and full adherence to the guidelines of the US Food and Drug Administration regarding the validation of bioanalytical methods. The described technique was effectively used for quantification of DAPA in human plasma samples from a healthy male participant who received a tablet of 10 mg DAPA. Analytical Eco-Scale, Analytical GREEnness metric, and the recently created ChlorTox Scale were utilized for greenness assessment. Additionally, the "Red, Green, and Blue 12" model was used in whiteness evaluation.

A sustainable RP-HPLC method for concurrent estimation of capecitabine and celecoxib in liposomal formulation: Greenness and whiteness appraisal

Liposomes have been reported for combination therapy due to their ability to carry both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs together. The current investigation aims to develop a novel, eco-friendly, and sustainable reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous quantification of capecitabine and celecoxib co-encapsulated in liposomes. The method reported herein uses a C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm2, 5 μm) and a mobile phase consisting of water, and acetonitrile/methanol in a ratio of 60:40, containing 0.1% formic acid in both the phases. The flow rate is maintained at 1 mL/min, with an injection volume of 10 μL in the gradient mode. Detection is set at λmax = 240 nm for capecitabine and 252 nm for celecoxib. The developed liposomes are mono-disperse with a surface potential of -6.93 mV. The average size of the liposomes is 142 nm. The percentage entrapment efficiency for capecitabine is 52.39 ± 0.94%, and for celecoxib, it is 77.13 ± 0.74%. The Analytical Greenness Metric of 0.61 and Analytical Eco-Scale Score of 75 signify the greenness of the developed method. Also, the Red-Green-Blue model shows excellent whiteness, with a score of 83.2. Thus, the developed method offers a reliable, accurate, precise, buffer-free, and environment-friendly RP-HPLC approach for the simultaneous analysis of capecitabine and celecoxib co-encapsulated in liposomes.

Novel Green Chromatographic Approaches for Estimation of a Triple Common Cold Pharmaceutical Combination

Nowadays, there is a strong interest in the scientific community in developing innovative methodologies within a green analytical chemistry framework. Herein, we introduce the first chromatographic approaches for the concurrent estimation of paracetamol (PAR), carbinoxamine (CRX), and pseudoephedrine (PSE) intended to relieve COVID-19 and common cold symptoms. The first method was thin layer chromatography (TLC) densitometry, which depends on the separation of the studied medications on TLC silica gel plates using ethyl acetate: methanol: ammonia (7.0: 3.0: 0.2, by volume) as the developing system, and were scanned at 208.0 nm. The data were linear in the ranges of 1-25 μg/band for PAR, 1-25 μg/band for PSE and 0.1-5 μg/band for CRX. The second method was reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separation on a Kromasil C18 column using a mixture of 0.01 M phosphate buffer containing 0.1% triethylamine (pH 3.5) adjusted with orthophosphoric acid and ethanol at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min in a gradient program. The separated peaks were detected at 215.0 nm over a concentration range of 10-250 μg/mL for PAR, 5-35 μg/mL for PSE, and 0.5-25 μg/mL for CRX. Both approaches were validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Finally, the impact of these methods on the environment was evaluated by many tools.

Current green capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography methods for analysis of pharmaceutical and biomedical samples (2019-2023) - A review

Separation analytical methods, including liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE), in combination with an appropriate detection technique, are dominant and powerful approaches preferred in the analysis of pharmaceutical and biomedical samples. Recent trends in analytical methods are focused on activities that push them to the field of greenness and sustainability. New approaches based on the implementation of greener solvents, non-hazardous chemicals, and reagents have grown exponentially. Similarly, recent trends are pushed in to the strategies based on miniaturization, reduction of wastes, avoiding derivatization procedures, or reduction of energy consumption. However, the real greenness of the analytical method can be evaluated only according to an objective and sufficient metric offering complex results taking into account all twelve rules of green analytical chemistry (SIGNIFICANCE mnemonic system). This review provides an extensive overview of papers published in the area of development of green LC and CE methods in the field of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis over the last 5 years (2019-2023). The main focus is situated on the metrics used for greenness evaluation of the methods applied for the determination of bioactive agents. It critically evaluates and compares the demands of the real applicability of the methods in quality control and clinical environment with the requirements of the green analytical chemistry (GAC). Greenness and practicality of the summarized methods are re-evaluated or newly evaluated with the use of the dominant metrics tools, i.e., Analytical GREEnness (AGREE), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), and Sample Preparation Metric of Sustainability (SPMS). Moreover, general conclusions and future perspectives of the greening procedures and greenness evaluation metrics systems are presented. This paper should provide comprehensive information to analytical chemists, biochemists, and it can also represent a valuable source of information for clinicians, biomedical or quality control laboratories interested in development of analytical methods based on greenness, practicality, and sustainability.

Eco-friendly hydrotropic spectrophotometric analysis of ranolazine hydrochloride

Simple and eco-friendly biodegradable hydrotropes-assisted spectrophotometric experiments have been designed and validated to quantify ranolazine hydrochloride (RAN.HCl) in extended-release tablets. The citric acid and sodium citrate are employed as hydrotropes, serving as promising alternatives to polar organic solvents. The development of rapid and specific spectrophotometric experiments aimed at enhancing the spectral absorption of RAN.HCl. The spectrophotometric experiments are D0 and D0 AUC, in which the highest peak absorbance was observed at 270.50 nm, with an AUC ranging from 265.00 to 275.50 nm. Moreover, spectral analysis of D1 and D2 were conducted with peak amplitudes recorded at 280.00 nm and 274.40 nm, respectively. The AUC in the wavelength ranges 275.00-287.00 nm for D1, and 265.00-279.50 nm for D2 were implemented to quantify RAN.HCl confirms no interference from the common additives incorporated into the marketed preparation. The optimized experiments disclosed a linear relationship in the 0.02-0.16 mg/mL concentration range. The accuracy was performed at 50-150 %, revealing an overall average recovery of 100.02 %. The lowest limits of RAN.HCl that could be accurately detected and quantified were 0.0016 and 0.0049, 0.0018 and 0.0055, 0.0058 and 0.0176, 0.0024 and 0.0075, 0.0074 and 0.0224, 0.0021 and 0.0064 mg/mL, respectively, across these investigations. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between the outcomes of the present investigation and those documented in literature reports, based on the t- and F-values at p = 0.05, which were below the theoretical values of 2.2622, 2.3646, 6.26, and 19.20, respectively.

Greenness assessment of analytical methods for determination of cannabinoids in oils using NEMI, Analytical Eco-Scale, AGREE and GAPI

The cannabis plant is being increasingly researched due to its numerous therapeutic properties leading to the need for analytical techniques to assess substances present in extracts of the cannabis plant in carrier oils, such as medium chain triglycerides (MCT) oil. Awareness of the environmental impact of activities related to analysis led to the development of greenness assessment metrics. This study aimed to assess the environmental impact of analytical techniques applied in the analysis of cannabinoids in oil using Green Analytical Chemistry metrics. The first phase of the study consisted of a systematic literature review to identify high performance liquid chromatography and ultra high performance liquid chromatographic methods of analysis for cannabinoids in oil. In the second phase, the identified methods were assessed using the National Environmental Method Index (NEMI), Analytical Eco-scale, Analytical Greenness Calculator (AGREE) and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI). Out of 124 identified studies, 8 were considered for the comparative analysis. The identified analytical methods consisted of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using high resolution MS (n = 1), DAD (n = 2), UV (n = 1), UV and MS (n = 2) and MS/MS (n = 2) as detectors. When the analytical methods were assessed using the Analytical Eco-Scale, 7 out of 8 methods achieved a score ranging between 50 and 73, categorising them as acceptable green methods of analysis. One method achieved a total score of 80, categorising the method as an excellent green analysis. The application of Green Analytical Chemistry and respective metrics during the development of analytical methods contributes towards a reduction in the environmental footprint which results from related activities.

Investigation of green synchronous spectrofluorimetric approach for facile sensitive estimation of two co-administered anti-cancer drugs; curcumin and doxorubicin in their laboratory-prepared mixtures, human plasma, and urine

Recently, phytochemicals play an important role in cancer management. Curcumin (CUR), a natural phytochemical, has been co-administered with widespread chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin (DOX) due to its excellent antitumor activity and the ability to lower the adverse reactions and drug resistance cells associated with DOX use. The present study aims to determine DOX and CUR utilizing a label-free, selective, sensitive, and precise synchronous spectrofluorimetric method. The obvious overlap between the emission spectra of DOX and CUR prevents simultaneous estimation of both analytes by conventional spectrofluorimetry. To solve such a problem, synchronous spectrofluorimetric measurements were recorded at Δλ = 20 nm, utilizing ethanol as a diluting solvent. Curcumin was recorded at 442.5 nm, whereas DOX was estimated at 571.5 nm, each at the zero-crossing point of the other one. The developed method exhibited linearity over a concentration range of 0.04-0.40 μg/mL for CUR and 0.05-0.50 μg/mL for DOX, respectively. The values of limit of detection (LOD) were 0.009 and 0.012 µg/mL, while the values of limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.028 and 0.037 µg/mL for CUR and DOX, respectively. The adopted approach was carefully validated according to the guidelines of ICH Q2R1. The method was utilized to estimate CUR and DOX in laboratory-prepared mixtures and human biological matrices. It showed a high percentage of recoveries with minimal RSD values. Additionally, three different tools were utilized to evaluate the greenness of the proposed approach.

Evaluation of analytical greenness metric for an eco-friendly method developed through the integration of green chemistry and quality-by-design for the simultaneous determination of Nebivolol hydrochloride, Telmisartan, Valsartan, and Amlodipine besylate

In recent years, the field of analytical chemistry has witnessed a notable shift towards the adoption of greener chromatographic methods, aiming to minimize the environmental impact. An effective strategy involves substituting conventional harmful organic solvents with environmentally friendly alternatives, reducing the use of hazardous chemicals that contribute to environmental concerns. However, separating drug substances without the use of buffers and organic solvents presence is a big challenge. To overcome this challenge, a combination of quality-by-design (QbD) and green analytical chemistry (GAC) was employed in this study for method development. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was successfully developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Nebivolol hydrochloride, Telmisartan, Valsartan, and Amlodipine besylate. The method utilized a mobile phase composed of a mixture of 0.1 % formic acid in water (pH: 2.5) and ethanol. A regular octadecyl silica (ODS) column was employed, and UV detection at 220 nm was utilized. The method exhibited linearity within the concentration range of 25-75 μg/mL for Telmisartan and 150-450 μg/mL for Nebivolol Hydrochloride, Valsartan, and Amlodipine besylate and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.999 for all the analytes. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were determined as 0.01 and 0.04 μg/mL for Telmisartan, 0.06 and 0.20 μg/mL for Nebivolol Hydrochloride, 0.08 and 0.25 μg/mL for Amlodipine besylate, and 0.14 and 0.46 μg/mL for Valsartan, respectively. The developed method underwent thorough validation, encompassing various parameters such as linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ, robustness, and ruggedness. The mean recovery values were observed to range between 98.86 % and 99.89 %. The accuracy demonstrated was consistently above 98.98 % for both intra-day and inter-day precisions were with the relative standard deviations less than 2 %. To establish its robustness, a quality-by-design-based experimental design (DoE) approach was implemented. Additionally, the method's environmental friendliness was evaluated using the Analytical Greenness metric (AGREE) an analytical eco scale, both confirming its alignment with sustainable practices and reduced ecological impact. The sustainability of the solvent used in the current study was evaluated by Green Solvents Selecting Tool (GSST) Further, the developed method greenness was evaluated with the green analytical tools such as Analytical method greenness score (AMGS) and using the recently released White Analytical Chemistry (WAC) using RGB assessment tool. By employing this greener approach to chromatography method, this study contributes to the ongoing efforts in analytical chemistry to promote sustainable practices and minimize the environmental footprint of analytical methods.

Risk assessment based on spectrophotometric signals used in eco-friendly analytical scenarios for estimation of carvedilol and hydrochlorothiazide in pharmaceutical formulation

Special attention is given to the pharmacological treatment of combined medication of Carvedilol and hydrochlorothiazide which is the most effective and the most beneficial therapy for hypertensive patients with diabetes and various metabolic comorbidities. This work represents spectrophotometric platform scenarios based on factorized spectrum (FS) using interpoint data difference resolution scenarios (IDDRS) coupled with spectrum subtraction method (SS) for the concurrent quantification of carvedilol (CAR) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) when present together in a combination without the need for any initial physical separation steps. This IDD resolution scenario based on manipulating the zero-order spectra (D0) of both drugs in the mixture with various spectral features at different wavelength regions (200-400 nm), region I (220-250 nm), region II (240-300 nm) and region III (270-320 nm) via absorbance resolution (AR) and induced absorbance resolution (IAR) methods coupled with corresponding spectrum subtraction (SS). The calibration curves were established across the linearity ranges of 2.0-12.0 µg/mL at 242.50 nm and 4.0-40.0 µg/mL at 285.5 nm for CAR and 1.0-11.0 µg/mL at 226.10 nm and 2.0-20.0 µg/mL at 270.5 nm for HCT. Moreover, methods' validation was confirmed via ICH guidelines. A Multicenter comparison between sensitivity, specificity in respect resolution sequence were applied using different wavelength regions with various concentration ranges was applied and finally spectral resolution recommendation is issued and cumulative validation score (CVS) is calculated as an indicator in the risk analysis. In quality control laboratories, the studied approaches are applicable for conducting analysis on the mentioned drugs. In addition, the selection of spectrophotometry aligns with the principles of green analytical chemistry, an approach that resonates with the overarching theme of minimizing environmental impact. Via four metric tools named: analytical greenness (AGREE), green analytical procedure index (GAPI), analytical eco-scale, and national environmental method index (NEMI), methods' greenness profile was guaranteed.

AGREEMIP: The Analytical Greenness Assessment Tool for Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Synthesis

Molecular imprinting technology is well established in areas where a high selectivity is required, such as catalysis, sensing, and separations/sample preparation. However, according to the Principles of Green Chemistry, it is evident that the various steps required to obtain molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are far from ideal. In this regard, greener alternatives to the synthesis of MIPs have been proposed in recent years. However, although it is intuitively possible to design new green MIPs, it would be desirable to have a quantitative measure of the environmental impact of the changes introduced for their synthesis. In this regard, this work proposes, for the first time, a metric tool and software (termed AGREEMIP) to assess and compare the greenness of MIP synthesis procedures. AGREEMIP is based on 12 assessment criteria that correspond to the greenness of different reaction mixture constituents, energy requirements, and the details of MIP synthesis procedures. The input data of the 12 criteria are transformed into individual scores on a 0-1 scale that in turn produce an overall score through the calculation of the weighted average. The assessment can be performed using user-friendly open-source software, freely downloadable from mostwiedzy.pl/agreemip. The assessment result is an easily interpretable pictogram and visually appealing, showing the performance in each of the criteria, the criteria weights, and overall performance in terms of greenness. The application of AGREEMIP is presented with selected case studies that show good discrimination power in the greenness assessment of MIP synthesis pathways.

Green micellar UPLC and complementary eco-friendly spectroscopic techniques for simultaneous analysis of anti-COVID drugs: a comprehensive evaluation of greenness, blueness, and whiteness

The development of sustainable analytical methodologies that minimize hazards, waste generation, and energy consumption has become crucial. This study introduces pioneering green‒blue-white approaches for the simultaneous quantification of montelukast sodium (MLK) and fexofenadine hydrochloride (FEX) in combination formulations. The first approach employs an ultra-performance liquid chromatographic method (UPLC) with a green micellar mobile phase of 0.02 M sodium dodecyl sulfate and 10% 1-pentanol (65:35%). The method demonstrated excellent resolution, peak symmetry, and a short analysis time, with retention times of 3.53 min for MLK and 1.67 min for FEX. The MLK and FEX linearities were 1-260 and 1.2-312 μg/mL, respectively. The second approach involves complementary built-in spectroscopic techniques (second derivative, third derivative, and ratio difference methods) using water as a solvent, providing a green, simple, low-cost alternative in laboratories where expensive chromatographic devices may not be readily available. The MLK and FEX linearities were 3-50 and 3-60 μg/mL, respectively. All methods were comprehensively validated and showed satisfactory results. The proposed methods demonstrated excellent linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9990), accuracy (recovery 98.5-101.5%), and precision (RSD ≤ 2%) across wide concentration ranges. A multifaceted evaluation was conducted to assess the environmental sustainability, real-world applicability, and economic viability of the proposed methods in comparison with previously reported techniques. This comprehensive assessment leveraged several state-of-the-art tools, including NEMI, ComplexGAPI, AGREE, ESA, BAGI, and RGB12. The suggested approaches exhibited favorable quadrant profiles in the NEMI and ComplexGAPI assessments, coupled with higher AGREE scores (0.90, 0.86) than reported (0.62, 0.74, 0.75, 0.69, 0.74, 0.74, and 0.75), in addition to higher ESA score (88, 92) than reported (75, 84, 85, 79, 82, 82, and 83), collectively affirming their environmentally friendly credentials. Moreover, we embraced the innovative notions of 'blueness' and 'whiteness' assessment by harnessing the recently formulated BAGI and RGB12 algorithms. The higher BAGI score (90, 82.5) than reported (72.5, 70, 70, 67.5, 67.5, 67.5, and 72.5), confirmed the excellent real-world applicability of the proposed methods, while the notable RGB12 indices (89.8, 88.1) than reported (67.8, 72.8, 71.5, 67.1, 73.7, 70.3, and 73.2), validated their cost-effectiveness and overall sustainability, contributing to an eco-friendly future for quality control processes.

Facile Integration of Hanztsch's Switch-Off/On Modeled Fluorogenic Probe for Feasible Tagging and Tracking of the Midodrine Drug in Different Matrices; First Evaluation of the Method's Greenness, Whiteness, Blueness, Quantum Yield, and Tablets' Content Homogeneity

The proposed investigation follows a certain methodology to guarantee that the procedure employed is sustainable and green. It is noteworthy to mention that various tools have been implemented as potential indicators of environmental sustainability (greenness and whiteness). From a novelty viewpoint, a new tool, BAGI, for the method's blueness evaluation was applied to the planned method and showed a high applicability score. Fortunately, the WAC concept, which combines ecological and functional variables using the Green/Red/Blue design (RBG 12 tool), identifies the established analytical approach as white. In the planned study, a new, green, simple, nano-trace-sensitive, original fluorimetric methodology was established to analyze and assess midodrine hydrochloride content in different matrices. Midodrine's primary amine moiety reacts with Diacetylmethane/Oxymethylene reagent in an acetate buffer, which leads to generating a fluorescent dihydrolutidine derivative (Hantzsch-named reaction). Consequently, the signal strength of this compound was quantified at 487 nm, with an excitation wavelength of 426 nm. This analysis indicated that the technique exhibited linearity within the range of 0.05 to 1.1 µg mL-1 concentrations, accompanied by remarkably good sensitivity values (LOD and LOQ). The methodology employed in this examination was subjected to validation following the rules recognized by ICH. From the perspective of pharmacy and chemistry, the method presented in this study was successfully employed to analyze commercially available tablets, oral drops, and human fluids. The outcomes obtained demonstrated satisfactory recovery rates without any interference from excipients. Following the USP recommendations, the intended technique was finally implemented to explore the content homogeneity evaluation.

Green method by National Environmental Methods Index and Eco-Scale Assessment for evaluation of gatifloxacin-based product by HPLC

The literature reveals gaps in the availability of green analytical methods for assessing products containing gatifloxacin (GFX), a fluoroquinolone. Presently, method development is supported by tools such as the National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI) and Eco-Scale Assessment (ESA), which offer objective insights into the environmental friendliness of analytical procedures. The objective of this work was to develop and validate a green method by the NEMI and ESA to quantify GFX in eye drops using HPLC. The method utilized a C8 column (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 μm), with a mobile phase of purified water containing 2% acetic acid and ethanol (70:30, v/v). The injection volume was 10 μL and the flow rate was 0.7 mL/min in isocratic mode at 25°C, with detection performed at 292 nm. The method demonstrated linearity in the range of 2-20 μg/mL, and precision at intra-day (relative standard deviation [RSD] 1.44%), inter-day (RSD 3.45%), and inter-analyst (RSD 2.04%) levels. It was selective regarding the adjuvants of the final product (eye drops) and under forced degradation conditions. The method was accurate (recovery 101.07%) and robust. The retention time for GFX was approximately 3.5 min. The greenness of the method, as evaluated by the NEMI, showed four green quadrants, and by ESA, it achieved a score of 88.

Extraction, Identification, and Quantification of Polyphenols from the Theobroma cacao L. Fruit: Yield vs. Environmental Friendliness

The cacao fruit is a rich source of polyphenols, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, which possess significant health benefits. The accurate identification and quantification of these bioactive compounds extracted from different parts of the cacao fruit, such as pods, beans, nibs, and cacao shells, require specific treatment conditions and analytical techniques. This review presents a comprehensive comparison of extraction processes and analytical techniques used to identify and quantify polyphenols from various parts of the cacao fruit. Additionally, it highlights the environmental impact of these methods, exploring the challenges and opportunities in selecting and utilizing extraction, analytical, and impact assessment techniques, while considering polyphenols' yield. The review aims to provide a thorough overview of the current knowledge that can guide future decisions for those seeking to obtain polyphenols from different parts of the cacao fruit.

Novel RP-HPLC-DAD approach for simultaneous determination of chlorphenoxamine hydrochloride and caffeine with their related substances

Ensuring the quality control of active pharmaceutical ingredients is crucial for drug products being introduced into the market. Even for established drugs, it is necessary to maintain a cutting-edge impurity control system. To analyze caffeine and chlorphenoxamine hydrochloride in their binary mixture, as well as theophylline and chlorphenoxamine N-oxide as related substances, a reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography combined with a diode array detector system was created. The chromatographic separation was conducted using a C18 X-select Waters® column. The mobile phase consisted of 20.0 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate modified to pH 3 with o-phosphoric acid and methanol. A gradient elution program was adopted at a flow rate of 1.3 mL/min and detected at a wavelength of 222 nm. The present methodology demonstrates a concentration ranging from 2-60, 1-80, 0.5-20 to 0.4-20 µg/mL for chlorphenoxamine hydrochloride, caffeine, chlorphenoxamine N-Oxide and theophylline, respectively. Chlorphenoxamine N-Oxide, being an impurity of chlorphenoxamine was prepared by refluxing intact drug with 5% H2O2 for 24 h at 100 °C. One of the objectives of the analytical community is to promote the adoption of green analysis methods, which involve the development of environmentally friendly techniques. The levels of greenness and whiteness were evaluated using four specific tools: Eco-Scale System, GAPI, AGREE, and RGB tool. Furthermore, we have evaluated the greenness of the analytical method presented and compared its performance and greenness to that of the approach described in the literature. In this study, results from CPX and CAF analysis were compared to those obtained in a previous study. The result shows that there is no notable variation in precision and accuracy. The proposed method was validated in accordance with the requirements of ICH.

Recent Advances in the Determination of Major and Trace Elements in Plants Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

Interest in measuring major and trace elements in plants has increased in recent years because of growing concerns about the elements' contribution to daily intakes or the health risks posed by ingesting vegetables contaminated by potentially toxic elements. The recent advances in using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to measure major and trace elements in plant samples are reviewed in the present work. The sample preparation before instrumental determination and the main advantages and limitations of ICP-OES are described. New trends in element extraction in liquid solutions using fewer toxic solvents and microextractions are observed in recently published literature. Even though ICP-OES is a well-established and routine technique, recent innovations to increase its performance have been found. Validated methods are needed to ensure the obtaining of reliable results. Much research has focused on assessing principal figures of merit, such as limits of detection, quantification, selectivity, working ranges, precision in terms of repeatability and reproducibility, and accuracy through spiked samples or certified reference materials analysis. According to the published literature, the ICP-OES technique, 50 years after the release of the first commercially available equipment, remains a powerful and highly recommended tool for element determination on a wide range of concentrations.

A green reaction-based turn-off fluorescence sensor for determination of copper ions: DFT calculations, quenching mechanism, green chemistry metrics, and application in environmental samples

When Cu(II) reacts with ascorbic acid (AA) to form Cu(I), Cu(I) can combine with eosin Y (EY) to form ionic associations, resulting in significant fluorescence quenching of the EY. Based on the turn-off of fluorescence in the chemosensor EY, a green reaction is proposed herein for the detection of Cu(II). The novel detection method for Cu(II) demonstrates simplicity, high sensitivity, and excellent selectivity, rendering it suitable for analyzing environmental samples. A static fluorescence quenching mechanism is validated through the Stern-Volmer relationship, and the thermodynamic parameters of the reaction are explored using a van 't Hoff plot. The reaction mechanism is investigated via fluorescence spectra, absorption spectra, and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. The probe's green nature is confirmed by applying four green analytical chemistry metrics.

Optimizing ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Canthium horridum blume leaves utilizing polyols: A study on skin-related activities

The focus on reducing organic solvent usage, owing to their negative environmental and health impacts, is driving a search for innovative green alternative solvents in academia and industry. Canthium horridum Blume (CH) exhibits many therapeutic activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy. The objective of this study is to evaluate the optimal solvent concentration using a simplex-lattice design with an aqueous-polyols mixture and to optimize the parameters for extracting bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities from ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of CH leaves through central composite design (CCD) in response surface methodology (RSM). This study examines the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activities, comparison of different extraction conditions, identification of bioactive compounds, cell cytotoxicity, cellular antioxidant activity, and melanin content reduction efficacy of the extracts. According to the findings from the simplex-lattice model, the ideal solvent composition consisted of 32.57%w/w butylene glycol, 32.92%w/w glycerine, and 34.51%w/w water. Furthermore, based on the response model, optimal extraction conditions were identified as a 15-min extraction time and a solvent-to-sample ratio of 32.94:1. In comparison to alternative extraction methods, ultrasonic-assisted extraction using the aqueous-glycerine-butylene glycol (GB-UAE) extract resulted in notably elevated TPC and antioxidant responses (p < 0.05). Major antioxidant bioactive compounds included 4-(Butoxymethyl) phenol, 3-O-Caffeoyl-4-O-methylquinic acid, Quercetin 3-(2G-glucosylrutinoside), 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid and other bioactive compounds. The GB-UAE extract revealed greater cell viability than UAE using ethanol (EtOH-UAE) extract in both cytotoxicity and cellular antioxidant assays at the same concentration. Additionally, it exhibited comparable melanin content reduction efficacy at a higher concentration compared to that of EtOH-UAE extract. The researcher anticipates that the current study will advance the utilization of an aqueous-polyols system for extracting bioactive compounds extending beyond CH leaves. Although the potential applications of CH leaves in cosmetics and pharmaceutical formulations have been identified, further comprehensive mechanistic and clinical studies are required to fully understand their effects.

Integration of a facile sustainable resonance Rayleigh scattering switchable-based system for feasible determination of centrophenoxine, a nootropic and antioxidant agent; application to crude materials and dosage forms

The proposed research adheres to a certain methodology to ensure that the technique used for analyzing the centrophenoxine drug is sustainable and green. It is important to highlight that several tools that have been recently developed were utilized as potential indicators of environmental sustainability and applicability. The present research presents a novel and entirely innovative method utilizing ultrasensitive spectrofluorimetry for the detection of centrophenoxine (CPX) drug. The employed methodology in this study involved the utilization of one-step, one-pot, and direct spectrofluorimetric technique, which was found to be both efficient and environmentally sustainable in the validation and assessment of the drug. Simply, when CPX and erythrosine B reagent were combined in an acidic environment, the highly resonance Rayleigh scattering product was immediately produced. The sensitivity limits were observed to be within the range of 15-47 ng mL-1, whereas the linearity was assessed to be in the range of 50-2000 ng mL-1. The optimal settings for all modifiable parameters of the system were ascertained through an analysis of centrophenoxine-erythrosine B complexes. Moreover, the system demonstrated compliance with International Council for Harmonization (ICH) specifications without encountering any issues. The suggested process was then rated on different recent environmental safety measuring metrics to see how good it was for the environment. Fortunately, the WAC standards that combine ecological and functional elements utilizing the Green/Red/Blue (RGB 12) design also acclaimed the current analytical technique as a white one. Additionally, a new applicability evaluation tool (BAGI) was employed to estimate the practicability of the planned method in the analytical chemistry field.

Simultaneous measurement of duloxetine hydrochloride and avanafil at dual-wavelength using novel ecologically friendly TLC-densitometric method: application to synthetic mixture and spiked human plasma with evaluation of greenness and blueness

The simultaneous assay of duloxetine hydrochloride (DLX) and avanafil (AVN) in their pure forms, synthetic mixtures, and spiked human plasma was achieved using a novel, eco-friendly, sensitive, and specific HPTLC methodology that have been established and validated. Measuring the levels of co-administered antidepressants and sexual stimulants in biological fluids is an important step for individuals with depression and sexual problems. Separation was performed successfully using pre-coated silica gel 60-F254 as a stationary phase and a mobile phase composed of methanol, acetone, and 33% ammonia (8:2:0.05, v/v/v). Compact bands were produced by the optimized mobile phase that was chosen for development (Rf values were 0.23 and 0.75 for DLX and AVN, individually) after dual-wavelength detection for DLX and AVN at 232 and 253 nm, respectively. The results of polynomial regression analysis were exceptional (r = 0.9999 for both medicines) over concentration ranges of 5-800 and 10-800ng/spot for DLX and AVN, respectively. The quantitation limits were 4.69 and 9.53 ng/spot (0.31 and 0.94 µg/mL), whereas the detection limits were 1.55 and 3.15 ng/spot (0.63 and 1.91 µg/mL), for DLX and AVN, respectively. The International Council for Harmonization (ICH) criteria served as the basis for validating the established approach. Moreover, the proposed technique was evaluated in terms of greenness using four contemporary ecological metrics: The Analytical Greenness software (AGREE), the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Eco-Scale, and the National Environmental Method Index (NEMI). Additionally, the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), a newly developed tool for evaluating the practicality (blueness) of procedures, was taken into consideration when evaluating the sustainability levels of the established approach.

Design of resonance Rayleigh scattering and spectrofluorimetric methods for the determination of the antihistaminic drug, hydroxyzine, based on its interaction with 2,4,5,7-tetraiodofluorescein: Evaluation of analytical eco-scale and greenness/whiteness algorithms

In this work, two validated approaches were used for estimating hydroxyzine HCl for the first time using resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) and spectrofluorimetric techniques. The suggested approaches relied on forming an association complex between hydroxyzine HCl and 2,4,5,7-tetraiodofluorescein (erythrosin B) reagent in an acidic media. The quenching in the fluorescence intensity of 2,4,5,7-tetraiodofluorescein by hydroxyzine at 551.5 nm (excitation = 527.5 nm) was used for determining the studied drug by the spectrofluorimetric technique. The RRS approach is based on amplifying the RRS spectrum at 348 nm upon the interaction of hydroxyzine HCl with 2,4,5,7-tetraiodofluorescein. The spectrofluorimetric methodology and the RRS methodology produced linear results within ranges of 0.15-1.5 μg ml-1 and 0.1-1.2 μg ml-1, respectively. LOD values for these methods were determined to be 0.047 μg ml-1 and 0.033 μg ml-1, respectively. The content of hydroxyzine HCl in its pharmaceutical tablet was estimated using the developed procedures with acceptable recoveries. Additionally, the application of four greenness and whiteness algorithms shows that they are superior to the previously reported method in terms of sustainability, economics, analytical performance, and practicality.

Determination of copper in rose tea samples using flame atomic absorption spectrometry after emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction

Rose tea infusion has gained popularity worldwide due to its health benefits. However, it is known that tea plants can be contaminated with heavy metals including copper. Hence, an accurate and applicable analytical method namely emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction based deep eutectic solvent - flame atomic absorption spectrometry (ELLME-DES-FAAS) was proposed to determine copper at trace levels in rose tea samples. Under the optimum experimental conditions, analytical figures of merit for the developed method were examined, and dynamic range, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 5.07-246.61 µg/kg (mass-based) with 0.9992 coefficient of determination, 2.50 µg/kg and 8.32 µg/kg, respectively. A matrix matching calibration strategy was employed to boost recovery results, and the acceptable recovery results were recorded between 95.9 % and 118.4 %. According to recovery results, the developed analytical method can be safely employed to determine the concentration of copper in rose tea samples accurately.

AGREE and ESA for Greenness Assessment of a Novel Validated RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Aspirin, Warfarin and Clopidogrel in Rat Plasma: Application to Pharmacokinetic Study of the Possible Interaction between the Three Drugs

The green profile of the developed method is assessed and compared with previously reported methods. Percutaneous coronary intervention is a procedure where a catheter is utilized to place a stent in order to facilitate opening of the blood vessels in the heart. Triple antithrombotic therapy includes oral anticoagulation as warfarin and dual antiplatelet therapy (composed of aspirin and clopidogrel bisulfate). The aim of the current study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of ASP, WAR and CLP and to investigate the possible interaction between the three drugs upon co-administration in rats. A selective and precise RP-HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of ASP, WAR and CLP in rat plasma. Pharmacokinetic study was conducted in rats that received ASP, WAR and CLP as an application of the developed method. From the statistical evaluation of the pharmacokinetic parameters, it was observed that the co-administration of ASP, WAR and CLP significantly increased the ASP and CLP bioavailability in rats. A significant drug-drug interaction was confirmed in the current study. The elevated Cmax of ASP and CLP upon the co-administration of ASP, WAR and CLP may explain the reported bleeding.

A Green HPLC Approach to Florfenicol Analysis in Pig Urine

Florfenicol (FF) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat gastrointestinal and respiratory infections in domestic animals. Considering FF's rapid elimination via urine after drug treatment, its use increases concerns about environmental contamination. The objective of the study was to establish a sustainable chromatographic method for simple analysis of FF in pig urine to investigate the urinary excretion of FF after a single intramuscular administration of 20 mg FF/kg body weight. The urine sample was prepared using a centrifuge and regenerated cellulose filter, and the diluted sample was analyzed. The method was validated in terms of linearity, the limit of detection (0.005 µg/mL) and quantitation (0.016 µg/mL), repeatability and matrix effect (%RSD ranged up to 2.5), accuracy (varied between 98% and 102%), and stability. The concentration-time profile of pig urine samples collected within 48 h post-drug administration showed that 63% of FF's dose was excreted. The developed method and previously published methods used to qualify FF in the urine of animal origin were evaluated by the National Environmental Method Index (NEMI), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical GREENness Metric Approach (AGREE). The greenness profiles of published methods revealed problems with high solvents and energy consumption, while the established method was shown to be more environmentally friendly.

Isoquinoline-based intrinsic fluorescence assessment of erythropoiesis-stimulating agent, Roxadustat (FG-4592), in tablets: applications to content uniformity and human plasma evaluation

In the present study, a first validated and green spectrofluorimetric approach for its assessment and evaluation in different matrices was investigated. After using an excitation wavelength of 345 nm, Roxadustat (ROX) demonstrates a highly native fluorescence at an emission of 410 nm. The influences of experimental factors such as pH, diluting solvents, and different organized media were tested, and the most appropriate solvent choice was ethanol. It was confirmed that there was a linear relationship between the concentration of ROX and the relative fluorescence intensity in the range 60.0-1000.0 ng ml-1, with the limit of detection and limit of quantitation, respectively, being 17.0 and 53.0 ng ml-1. The mean recoveries % [±standard deviation (SD), n = 5] for pharmaceutical preparations were 100.11% ± 2.24%, whereas for plasma samples, they were 100.08 ± 1.08% (±SD, n = 5). The results obtained after the application of four greenness criteria, Analytical Eco-Scale metric, NEMI, GAPI, and AGREE metric, confirmed its eco-friendliness. In addition, the whiteness meter (RGB12) confirmed its level of sustainability. The International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) criteria were used to verify the developed method through the study in both spiked plasma samples and content uniformity evaluation. An appropriate standard for various applications in industry and quality control laboratories was developed.

Greenness assessment of microextraction techniques in therapeutic drug monitoring

Aim: In this study, we evaluated the greenness and whiteness scores for microextraction techniques used in therapeutic drug monitoring. Additionally, the cons and pros of each evaluated method and their impacts on the provided scores are also discussed. Materials & methods: The Analytical Greenness Sample Preparation metric tool and white analytical chemistry principles are used for related published works (2007-2023). Results & conclusion: This study provided valuable insights for developing methods based on microextraction techniques with a balance in greenness and whiteness areas. Some methods based on a specific technique recorded higher scores, making them suitable candidates as green analytical approaches, and some others achieved high scores both in green and white areas with a satisfactory balance between principles.

A novel green spectrofluorimetric method for simultaneous determination of antazoline and tetryzoline in their ophthalmic formulation

A novel spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for determination of antazoline (ANT) and tetryzoline (TET) in their pharmaceutical formulation. A combined application of synchronous spectrofluorimetry and second derivative mathematical treatment was developed. The proposed method depends on reacting the cited drugs with dansyl chloride (DNS-Cl) being a suitable derivatizing agent generating highly fluorescent derivatives measured at emission wavelengths of 703.0 and 642.0 nm after excitation wavelengths of 350.0 and 320.0 nm for ANT and TET, respectively. The joint use of synchronous spectrofluorimetry with second derivative mathematical treatment is for the first time to be developed and optimized in aid of using fluorescence data manager software generating second derivative peak amplitudes at 556.5 nm for ANT and 516.7 nm for TET. Linear responses have been represented over a wide range of concentration (0.5-12.0 μg/mL for ANT and 0.5-10.0 μg/mL for TET). Additionally, statistical comparison of the developed method with the official ones has been carried out where no significant difference was found. Additionally, greenness profile assessment was accomplished by means of four metric tools. Indeed, the method developed is found to be precise, sensitive, and discriminating to assess the cited drugs for regular analysis.

Environmentally benign first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry for the analysis of two binary mixtures containing duloxetine with avanafil or tadalafil in spiked plasma samples

Antidepressants can cause sexual dysfunction side effects, necessitating the co-administration of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. The simultaneous determination of these drugs in biological fluids is critical for therapeutic drug monitoring. For the first time, two binary mixtures containing duloxetine with either avanafil or tadalafil were estimated utilizing simple green spectrofluorimetric methods without the need for a previous separation step. The study was based on first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry in ethanol using a change in wavelength difference (∆λ) of 20 and 25 nm for the first and second combinations, respectively. Duloxetine and avanafil were estimated at 297.7 and 331 nm in their binary mixture, while duloxetine and tadalafil were determined at 290.3 and 297.7 nm, respectively. The linearity was achieved over the ranges of 0.1-1.5 μg mL-1 for both duloxetine and avanafil and 0.01-0.40 μg mL-1 for tadalafil, with limits of detection of 0.013, 0.022, and 0.004 μg mL-1 for duloxetine, avanafil, and tadalafil, respectively. Successful application of the developed approaches was accomplished for the estimation of the two mixtures in dosage forms as well as human plasma with excellent percentage recoveries (96-103.75% in plasma), which supports their suitability for use in quality control laboratories and pharmacokinetic studies. Moreover, the adopted approaches' greenness was evidenced by applying three tools.

A Novel Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Antazoline and Xylometazoline in their Ophthalmic Formulation; Green Approach and Evaluation

A green developed spectrofluorimetric method has been applied for Antazoline (ANT) and Xylometazoline (XLO) determination in both pharmaceutical formulation and pure form. The developed method is synchronous spectrofluorimetry coupled with the second derivative mathematical tool for the determination of antazoline and xylometazoline in their dosage form. The developed method depends on reacting the cited drugs with dansyl chloride, a suitable derivatizing agent, to generate highly fluorescent derivatives. The products formed were measured at emission wavelengths; 703.0 and 712.0 nm after being excited at wavelengths; 350.0 and 355.0 nm for antazoline and xylometazoline, respectively. Synchronous spectrofluorimetry coupled with second derivative mathematical tool was developed and optimized using fluorescence data manager software generating second derivative peak amplitudes at 556.5 nm for antazoline and 598.0 nm for xylometazoline. Linear responses have been represented over a wide range of concentration 0.5-12.0 µg/mL for antazoline and 0.1-10.0 µg/mL for xylometazoline, correspondingly. Method validation was successfully applied. Additionally, statistical comparison of developed method with official ones has been carried out where no significant difference was found. Evaluation of the method's greenness was proven using several assessment tools. Indeed, the method developed is found to be precise, sensitive, and discriminating to assess the cited drugs for regular analysis.

An Automated Micro Solid-Phase Extraction (μSPE) Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for Cyclophosphamide and Iphosphamide: Biological Monitoring in Antineoplastic Drug (AD) Occupational Exposure

Despite the considerable steps taken in the last decade in the context of antineoplastic drug (AD) handling procedures, their mutagenic effect still poses a threat to healthcare personnel actively involved in compounding and administration units. Biological monitoring procedures usually require large volumes of sample and extraction solvents, or do not provide adequate sensitivity. It is here proposed a fast and automated method to evaluate the urinary levels of cyclophosphamide and iphosphamide, composed of a miniaturized solid phase extraction (µSPE) followed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis. The extraction procedure, developed through design of experiments (DoE) on the ePrep One Workstation, required a total time of 9.5 min per sample, with recoveries of 77-79% and a solvent consumption lower than 1.5 mL per 1 mL of urine sample. Thanks to the UHPLC-MS/MS method, the limits of quantification (LOQ) obtained were lower than 10 pg/mL. The analytical procedure was successfully applied to 23 urine samples from compounding wards of four Italian hospitals, which resulted in contaminations between 27 and 182 pg/mL.

Novel spectrofluorometric approach for assessing vilazodone by blocking photoinduced electron transfer: analytical performance, and greenness-blueness evaluation

In this paper, vilazodone (VLD), a serotonin modulator prescribed for major depressive disorder, was investigated using a rapid, highly sensitive, and eco-friendly spectrofluorometric approach. The native fluorescence of VLD, originating from its indole moiety, exhibited an emission peak at 486 nm upon excitation at 241 nm. However, the presence of a piperazinyl nitrogen atom in the VLD structure, acting as an electron donor, significantly diminished the fluorescence intensity through photoinduced electron transfer (PET) to the indole ring. However, by protonating this nitrogen atom using 0.02 M Teorell-Stenhagen buffer (pH 3.5), inhibition of the PET process effectively blocked electron transfer, restoring the fluorescent properties of the drug. Further, an enhancement in the fluorescence was achieved by employing methanol as the solvent, resulting in a 1.5-fold increase. The combined use of PET blockage and methanol enabled the detection of VLD at levels as low as 0.78 ng mL-1. Calibration analysis demonstrated linearity within the range 5-400 ng mL-1, exhibiting a correlation coefficient of 0.9998 and a limit of quantification of 2.37 ng mL-1. The method obeyed the requirements of International Council on Harmonization (ICH). The proposed approach was applied for the accurate measurement of VLD in pharmaceutical tablets, content uniformity testing based on USP requirements, and determining VLD concentration in spiked human plasma. Moreover, the environmental impact, in addition to practical effectiveness, of the proposed approach was evaluated using different metrics.

AQbD TLC-densitometric method approach along with green fingerprint and whiteness assessment for quantifying two combined antihypertensive agents and their impurities

Preserving the environment, reducing the amount of waste resulting from chemical trials, and reducing the amount of energy consumed have currently become a pivotal global trend. An analytical quality by design (AQbD) based eco-friendly TLC-densitometric method was implemented for quantifying two antihypertensive agents, captopril (CPL) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCZ), along with their impurities; captopril disulphide (CDS), chlorothiazide (CTZ) and salamide (SMD). The analytical target profile (ATP) was first identified, followed by selecting the critical analytical attributes (CAAs), such as retardation factors and resolution between the separated peaks. Critical method parameters (CMPs) that may have a crucial influence on CAAs were identified and emanated through the quality risk assessment phase. A literature survey-based preliminary studies were performed, followed by optimization of the selected CMPs through a custom experimental design to attain the highest resolution with optimum retardation factors. Moreover, method robustness was also tested by testing the design space. Complete separation of the drugs and their impurities was achieved using ethyl acetate: glacial acetic acid (6: 0.6, v/v) as a developing system applied to a 12 cm length TLC plate at room temperature with UV scanning at 215 nm. Calibration graphs were found to be linear in the ranges of (0.70-6.00), (0.10-2.00), (0.20-1.00), (0.07-1.50) and (0.05-1.00) µg/band corresponding to CPL, HCZ, CDS, CTZ, and SMD, respectively. Four different green metric tools were used to evaluate the greenness profile of the proposed method, and results showed that it is greener than the reported HPLC method. Method whiteness assessment was also conducted. Moreover, the method performance was evaluated following the ICH guidelines, and the outcomes fell within the acceptable limits. The developed method could be approved for routine assay of the cited components in their pharmaceutical formulations and bulk powder without interference from the reported impurities. The issue of concern is saving money, especially in developing countries.

Sustainable UV approaches supported by greenness and whiteness assessments for estimating a recently FDA-approved combination for managing urologic disorders: Tukey's test

Erectile dysfunction caused by a urinary tract infection and an enlarged prostate is a common problem among men nowadays. A brand-new FDA-approved combination of finasteride (FNS) and tadalafil (TDF) is currently recommended, particularly for those with prostatic problems in addition to erectile dysfunction. TDF boosts FNS's short-term efficacy in addition to treating erectile dysfunction, one of the sexual adverse effects typically associated with FNS therapy. Accordingly, this research introduces three straightforward spectrophotometric techniques for determining FNS and TDF in their pure and pharmaceutical forms concurrently, in addition to providing a dissolution study for their formulation as per the FDA's directions. FNS and TDF have superimposed UV spectra, making direct concurrent analysis of these medications impossible. To resolve this overlap, we utilized the following UV techniques: the dual-wavelength method, the deconvoluted Fourier method, and the ratio difference method, with linear ranges of (0.50-15) µg/mL for TDF and (5-100) µg/mL for FNS. The LODs ranged from (0.12-0.15) µg/mL and (0.88-1.14) µg/mL, while the LOQs ranged from (0.37-0.46) µg/mL and (2.66-3.45) µg/mL for TDF and FNS, respectively. The proposed techniques were verified as per ICH recommendations and compared statistically to the published approach using three statistical tests. A complete green profile was provided to assess the foregoing techniques' greenness using four metrics, along with the whiteness assessment using the RGB algorithm. The foregoing UV methods have been demonstrated to be sustainable, highly sensitive, specific, and suitable for quality assurance testing.

A Green-and-White Integrative Analytical Strategy Combining Univariate and Chemometric Techniques for Quantifying Recently Approved Multi-Drug Eye Solution and Potentially Cancer-Causing Impurities: Application to the Aqueous Humor

BACKGROUND

Drug impurities are now seen as a major threat to the production of pharmaceuticals around the world and a major part of the global contamination problem, especially when it comes to carcinogenic impurities.

OBJECTIVE

We present the first spectrophotometric strategy based on a combination of univariate and multivariate methods as impurity profiling methods for the estimation of lignocaine (LIG) and fluorescein (FLS) with their carcinogenic impurities: 2,6-xylidine (XYL) and benzene-1,3-diol (BZD).

METHOD

The data processing strategy depends on overcoming unresolved bands by employing five affordable, accurate, selective, and sensitive methods. The methods applied were a direct UV univariate spectrophotometric analysis (D0) and four multivariate chemometric methods, including classical least squares (CLS), principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares (PLS), and genetic algorithm (GA-PLS). FLS analysis (1-16 μg/mL) was performed using the D0 method at 478 nm; then, the application of the ratio subtraction method (RSM) allowed the removal of interference caused by the FLS spectrum. From the resulting ratio spectra, LIG, XYL, and BZD can be efficiently determined by chemometrics. The calibration set was carefully selected at five concentration levels using a partial factorial training design, resulting in 25 mixtures with central levels of 160, 40, and 3 μg/mL for LIG, XYL, and BZD, respectively. Another 13 samples were applied to validate the predictive ability.

RESULTS

The statistical parameters demonstrated exceptional recoveries and smaller prediction errors, confirming the experimental model's predictive power.

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed approach was effectively tested using newly FDA-approved LIG and FLS pharmaceutical preparation and aqueous humor. Additionally, it was effectively assessed for whiteness, greenness, and sustainability using five assessment tools.

HIGHLIGHTS

With its remarkable analytical performance, sustainability, affordability, simplicity, and cost-efficiency, the proposed strategy is an indispensable tool for quality control and in situ analysis in little-equipped laboratories, increasing the proposed approach's surveillance ability.

Green HPLC Method for Simultaneous Analysis of Three Natural Antioxidants by Analytical Quality by Design

BACKGROUND

Glutathione, silybin, and curcumin are well-known potential antioxidants that are recommended as adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment.

OBJECTIVE

Based on the principles of Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) and green analytical chemistry, a simple, robust, and environmentally benign HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of glutathione, silybin, and curcumin in bulk and formulation was performed.

METHOD

Elution was achieved by an Agilent Eclipse XDB C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm id, 3.5 μm) column using a gradient mobile phase composed of ethanol-water pH 6.7 (with 0.1%, v/v orthophosphoric acid) and 1.07 mL/min flow rate with PDA detection at 215 nm. Critical method variables were identified by risk assessment using an Ishikawa diagram, and multivariate optimization of the experimental conditions for the HPLC technique was accomplished by central composite design using design of experiments (DoE) software.

RESULTS

The separation was achieved within 15 min, where the retention time of glutathione, silybin, and curcumin were 3.3, 4.9, and 7.3 min, respectively. The standard curve was linear in the range of 3.75-26.25 µg/mL for glutathione, 62.50-437.50 µg/mL for silybin, and 12.5-87.50 µg/mL for curcumin. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines Q2 (R1), and all the parameters are within specified limits.

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed method is simple, precise, and robust, which can be employed for routine analysis and also concluded to be a greener approach according to AGREE, Green Analytical Procedure Index, and analytical eco-scale tools.

HIGHLIGHTS

The chosen antioxidants were evaluated for the very first time simultaneously using the chromatographic technique in bulk and dosage forms employing green solvents. The peak purity of all three compounds was studied using a PDA detector. Wastage was reduced in terms of time, cost, and solvents by employing AQbD elements and tools. Complete application of environmentally sustainable safe solvents were employed.

HPLC method for the determination of thymoquinone in growth cell medium

BACKGROUND

Preclinical drug testing requires in vitro and in vivo assessments that are vital for studying drug pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Distinct factors that play an important role in drug screening, such as hydrophobicity, solubility of the substance and serum protein binding can be challenging by inducing result inconsistencies. Hence, establishing accurate methods to quantify drug concentrations in cell cultures becomes pivotal for reliable and reproducible results important for in vivo dosing predictions.

OBJECTIVE

This research focuses on developing an optimized analytical approach via high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine thymoquinone (TQ) levels in monolayer cell cultures.

METHODS

The method's validation adheres to the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guideline M10, ensuring its acceptance and applicability. Using an HPLC system with a Diode Array Detector (DAD), the study fine-tuned various parameters to achieve an efficient separation of TQ. Validation covered specificity, sensitivity, matrix effects, linearity, precision, and accuracy, alongside assessing TQ stability in RPMI-1640 medium.

RESULTS

The HPLC method exhibited remarkable TQ specificity, free from interfering peaks at the analyte retention. Sensitivity analysis at the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) revealed 5.68% %CV and 98.37% % mean accuracy. Matrix effect evaluation showcased accuracy within 85-115%. Linearity spanned in the concentration range of 2-10 μM with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9993. Precision and accuracy were aligned with acceptance criteria. The proposed method was found to be greener in terms of usage of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemicals and solvents, corrosive samples, and waste production.

CONCLUSION

The developed HPLC-DAD method emerges as specific, accurate, sensitive, and reliable for TQ determination in cell cultures. It ensures robust TQ quantification, enhancing precise in vitro assessments and dependable dosing predictions for in vivo studies. Further research is advocated to investigate TQ's stability across diverse environmental conditions.

Application of a white and green spectrofluorimetric approach for facile quantification of amlodipine, a hypotensive drug, in batch materials, dosage forms, and biological fluids; content homogeneity testing

The suggested study adheres to a particular protocol to ensure that the process is environmentally friendly and sustainable. It is worth mentioning that several tools have been adopted as prospective measures of the method greenness. Fortunately, the established analytical method is identified as white by the white analytical chemistry (WAC) concept, which uses the red/ green/blue color scheme (RGB 12 tool) to combine ecological and functional factors for the first time in studying of the cited drug. Amlodipine (AMD), a cardiovascular treating agent, belongs to the dihydropyridine class of oral calcium channel-blocking agents. This article presents a novel, simple, green, one-pot-processed, fast, and ultrasensitive fluorimetric approach for monitoring and assessment of AMD using molecular-size-dependent fluorescence augmentation of the light scattering-driven signal of eosin, a biological stain at a wavelength of 415 nm. This enhancement was directly proportional to the size of the produced complex. The linearity range was from 30 to 900 ng mL-1 , with corresponding sensitivity limits (detection and quantitation levels) of 9.2 and 28 ng mL-1 , respectively. The planned approach was also successfully used to track AMD content in bulk, dosage forms, and bio-fluids (human plasma and urine). The developed method's eco-friendliness was established by different eco-rating metric tools.

Simultaneous Determination of Montelukast Sodium and Loratadine by Eco-Friendly Densitometry and Spectrophotometric Methods

Recently, the aim of analytical community is to reduce the usage of hazardous chemicals; so eco-friendly, rapid, selective and cost-effective methods were developed for simultaneous determination of montelukast sodium (MKT) and loratadine (LRT). The first method was based on chromatographic separation performed on precoated silica gel 60 GF254 plates with ethyl acetate-ethanol 9: 1 (v/v) as the mobile phase. The developed plates were scanned and quantified at 260 nm. The method gives linear correlation over concentration ranges of 0.3-3.6 μg/spot and 0.2-4.0 μg/spot for MKT and LRT, respectively. It was also successfully applied to analysis of both drugs in their pharmaceutical preparation and human plasma. The other methods are UV-spectrophotometric methods based on smart spectra manipulating to zero order spectrum of each drug. These methods are named response correlation (RC), a-centering and ratio derivative methods. RC and a-centering methods were dependent on the presence of an isosbestic point between the overlapped spectra of both drugs. While ratio derivative method based on manipulation of the ratio spectra of both drugs. The two drugs obey Beer-Lambert law over the concentration ranges of 3.0-30.0 μg/mL in the three spectrophotometric methods. Moreover, the greenness of the developed methods is assessed using suitable analytical Eco-Scale and Green Analytical Procedure Index.

Environmentally sustainable DRS-FTIR probe assisted by chemometric tools for quality control analysis of cinnarizine and piracetam having diverged concentration ranges: Validation, greenness, and whiteness studies

A novel diffuse reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopic method accompanied by chemometrics was optimized to fulfill the white analytical chemistry and green analytical chemistry principles for the quantification of cinnarizine and piracetam for the first time without any prior separation in their challenging pharmaceutical preparation, which has a pretty substantial difference in the concentration of cinnarizine/piracetam (1:16). Furthermore, the suggested method was used for cinnarizine/piracetam dissolution testing as an effective alternative to traditional methods. For the cinnarizine/piracetam dissolution tests, we used a dissolution vessel with 900 mL of phosphate buffer pH 2.5 at 37 °C ± 0.5 °C, then the sampling was carried out by frequent withdrawal of 20 µl samples from the dissolution vessel at a one-minute interval, over one hour, then representative fourier transform infrared spectra were recorded. To create a partial-least-squares regression model, a fractional factorial design with 5 different levels and 2 factors was used. This led to the creation of 25 mixtures, 15 as a calibration set and 10 as a validation set, with varying concentration ranges: 1-75 and 16-1000 μg/mL for cinnarizine/piracetam, respectively. Upon optimization of the partial-least-squares regression model, in terms of latent variables and spectral region, root mean square error of cross-validation of 0.477 and 0.270, for cinnarizine/piracetam respectively, were obtained. The optimized partial-least-squares regression model was further validated, providing good results in terms of recovery% (around 98 to 102 %), root mean square error of prediction (0.436 and 3.329), relative root mean square error of prediction (1.210 and 1.245), bias-corrected mean square error of prediction (0.059 and 0.081), and limit of detection (0.125 and 2.786) for cinnarizine/piracetam respectively. Ultimately, the developed method was assessed for whiteness, greenness, and sustainability using five assessment tools. the developed method achieved a greener national environmental method index and complementary green analytical procedure index quadrants with higher eco-scale assessment scores (91), analytical greenness metric scores (0.87), and red-greenblue 12 algorithm scores (89.7) than the reported methods, showing high practical and environmental acceptance for quality control of cinnarizine/piracetam.

Three new, UV spectrum filtration protocols for the synchronous quantification of ciprofloxacin HCl and ornidazole in the existence of ciprofloxacin-induced degradation compound

Three new spectrum filtration protocols have been developed and adapted to overcome some difficulties in dealing with highly overlapping triple drug mixtures by proposing new smart mathematical techniques that facilitate the resolution of the ternary mixture and the recovery of a filtrated zero-order spectrum (D0 spectrum) of each component without any overlapping from the accompanying components. The three established spectrophotometric protocols were conducted on the combination of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and ornidazole as a green alternative to the usual chromatographic technique: the first protocol is ratio difference-isosbestic points coupled with ratio difference-areas under the curve (RD-ISO/RD-AUC); the second protocol is ratio difference-isosbestic points coupled with dual-wavelength equation (RD-ISO/DWE); and the third protocol is signal retrieval by zero-crossing point (SRZ). All three developed protocols have the power to recover a filtrated zero-order spectrum of each ornidazole and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride without any involvement from the ciprofloxacin-induced degradation substance through processing their spectral data either in the zero-order spectrum, ratio spectrum, or derivative spectrum. The correctness of the spectral filtration process for each protocol was checked by involving the spectral print recognition index to ensure the drug's purity and freeness from impurities or degradation products. The validation process was performed as per the directions of ICH, which confirmed the effectiveness of the elaborated protocols and their usability as daily analysis methods with a linearity range of (3.5-15 μg/ml) for ciprofloxacin in (RD-ISO/RD-AUC) and (RD-AUC/DWE) protocols and (1.5-15 μg/ml) in (SRZ) protocol; and a linearity range of (3-20 μg/ml) for ornidazole in (RD-ISO/RD-AUC) and (SRZ) protocols and (3-15 μg/ml) in (RD-ISO/DWE) protocol. A statistical comparison and greenness evaluation utilizing NEMI, AGREE, GAPI, and CALIFICAMET-HEXAGON tools were made with the reference approach, confirming no statistical variations and a better greenness profile for the newly established protocols.

An innovative combination of Box-Behnken design and ecofriendly approaches for the simultaneous determination of aspirin, clopidogrel, atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in their fixed-dose combination tablets

Three-levels Box-Behnken design was used in the experimental design approach for the optimization of chromatographic parameters to achieve the optimum resolution and sharp peak shape within a reasonable run time. A method that is sensitive, reliable, and selective was constructed and validated for the simultaneous measurement of a combination therapy that contains blood-thinning and cholesterol-lowering compounds. The four cited drugs namely, aspirin (ASP), clopidogrel (CLP), atorvastatin (ATV) and rosuvastatin (ROS) were estimated in bulk and in pharmaceutical dosage forms in line with International Council for Harmonization guidelines. The separation was done utilizing Kinetex 2.6 C18 column (100 mm, 4.6 mm, 5 m) and RP-HPLC with diode array detector. The separation of the cited drugs and the degradation product of ASP was achieved with mobile phase composed of acetonitrile: KH2PO4 buffer in a gradient mode with pH 3.2 at room temperature. The four drugs were linear over the concentration range (0.05-50 µg/mL). The technique is feasible to be used in quality control laboratories. To picture the green profile of the developed method, four greenness assessment tools were applied. National environmental methods index (NEMI), analytical eco-scale assessment (ESA), green analytical procedure index (GAPI) and analytical greenness metric (AGREE) are the most widely used metrics. They were employed to evaluate the greenness profile of the proposed method and to perform a detailed greenness comparison between the developed method and some of the reported methods for the determination of the investigated drugs. The developed method was found to be relatively green with 0.54 AGREE score.

Green chromatographic methods for determination of co-formulated lidocaine hydrochloride and miconazole nitrate along with an endocrine disruptor preservative and potential impurity

Recently, green analytical chemistry (GAC) is a key issue towards the idea of sustainability, the analytical community is focused on developing analytical methods that incorporate green chemistry principles to minimize adverse impacts on the environment and humans. Herein, we present 2 sustainable, selective, and validated chromatographic methods. Initially, lidocaine hydrochloride (LDC) and miconazole nitrate (MIC) with two preservatives; methyl paraben (MTP) and saccharin sodium (SAC) were chromatographed via TLC-densitometric method which employed ethyl acetate: methanol: formic acid (9:1:0.1, by volume) as the mobile phase with UV detection at 220.0 nm, good correlation was obtained in the range of 0.3-3.0 µg/band for MIC and LDC. Following that, RP-HPLC was successfully applied for separating quinary mixture of LDC, MIC, MTP, SAC along with LDC impurity; dimethyl aniline (DMA) using C18 column, and a gradient green mobile phase composed of methanol and phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) in different ratios with a flow rate 1.5 mL/min and UV detection at 210.0 nm, linearity ranges from 1.00 to 100.00 µg/mL for MIC, 2.00-100.00 µg/mL for LDC and 1.00--20.00 µg/mL for MTP and DMA. No records to date regarding the determination of the two drugs, besides MTP and DMA. The proposed methods were validated according to the ICH guidelines and applied successfully to the analysis of the compounds. The methods' results were statistically compared to those obtained by applying the reported one, indicating no significant difference regarding both accuracy and precision. The methods' greenness profiles have been assessed and compared with those of the reported method using different assessment tools.

Extraction performance of electromembrane extraction and liquid-phase microextraction in prototype equipment

In this comparative study, the performance of liquid-phase microextraction and electromembrane extraction in prototype equipment was evaluated for extraction of ninety basic substances from plasma. Using a commercial EME device based on conductive vials enabled a standardized and comprehensive comparison between the two methods. Extractions were performed from a pH-adjusted donor solution, across an organic liquid membrane immobilized in a porous polypropylene membrane, and into an acidic acceptor solution. In LPME, dodecyl acetate was used as the extraction solvent, while 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether was used for EME with an electric field applied across the system. To assess the extraction performance, extraction recovery plots and extraction time curves were constructed and analyzed. These plots provided insights into the efficiency and effectiveness of LPME and EME, allowing users to make better decisions about the most suitable method for a specific bioanalytical application. Both LPME and EME were effective for substances with 2.0 < log P < 4.0, with EME showing faster extraction kinetics. Small (200 µL) and large vials (600 µL) were compared, showing that smaller vials improved kinetics markedly in both techniques. Carrier-mediated extraction showed improved performance for analytes with log P < 2 in EME, however, with some limitations due to system instability. This is, to our knowledge, the first time LPME was performed in the commercial vial-based equipment. An evaluation of vial-based LPME investigating linearity, precision, accuracy, and matrix effects showed promising results. These findings contribute to a general understanding of the performance differences in vial-based LPME and EME.

Greenness assessment of UPLC/MS/MS method for determination of two antihypertensive agents and their harmful impurities with ADME/TOX profile study

Hypertension is described by the world health organization (WHO) as a serious medical problem that significantly affects the heart, brain and kidneys. It is a major cause of premature death worldwide. The present study aims to quantify the combination of captopril (CPL), hydrochlorothiazide (HCZ) and their harmful impurities; captopril disulphide (CDS), chlorothiaizde (CTZ) and salamide (SMD). In-silico study was conducted for estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters (ADMET) as well as toxicity profile of the proposed impurities. The results showed that the three impurities under investigation had poor permeability to CNS and cannot pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB), reducing the likelihood of causing side effects in the brain. On the other hand, all studied impurities were found to be hepatotoxic. In consequence, a highly sensitive and green ultra-performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC/MS/MS) method was developed and validated for separation of the cited drugs in the presence of their harmful impurities; methanol and 0.1% formic acid (90:10, v/v) mixture was used as a mobile phase, eluted at a constant flow rate of 0.7 mL/min at room temperature. Detection was adopted using a tandem mass spectrometer in a positive mode only for CPL and negative mode for HCZ, CDS, CTZ and SMD. Separation was performed within 1 min. Calibration graphs were found to be linear in the ranges of (50.0-500.0 ng mL-1), (20.0-500.0 ng mL-1), (10.0-250.0 ng mL-1), (5.0-250.0 ng mL-1) and (20.0-400.0 ng mL-1) corresponding to CPL, HCZ, CDS, CTZ and SMD, respectively. Additionally, comparative study of greenness profile was established for the proposed and reported methods using five green metric tools. The proposed method was found to be greener than the reported HPLC method. The developed (UPLC/MS/MS) method was validated according to (ICH) guidelines and it was found to has greater sensitivity, shorter analysis time and lower environmental impact compared to the reported methods.

An eco-friendly ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for quantification of rivaroxaban and ticagrelor in rat plasma: grapefruit interactions

Aim: An eco-friendly ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to study the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban and ticagrelor in rat plasma, utilizing moxifloxacin as an internal standard. The food-drug interaction between grapefruit juice and these drugs was also investigated. Methods: Liquid-liquid extraction was used. A nonporous stationary phase Agilent® Poroshell 120EC C18 column was used with methanol: 0.1% aqueous formic acid (95:5 v/v) as a mobile phase. The detection was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode using positive electrospray ionization. The method's validation was conducted in accordance with US FDA and European Medicines Agency guidelines. Results & conclusion: Grapefruit juice should be ingested with caution in patients treated with antithrombotic medications as it may increase their plasma concentration, inducing bleeding, and requires close clinical monitoring.

Exquisite integration of quality-by-design and green analytical approaches for simultaneous determination of xylometazoline and antazoline in eye drops and rabbit aqueous humor, application to stability study

This work implements a stability indicating HPLC method developed to simultaneously determine xylometazoline (XYLO) and antazoline (ANT) in their binary mixture, rabbit aqueous humor and cited drug's degradates by applying analytical quality-by-design (AQbD) combined with green analytical chemistry (GAC) experiment for the first time. This integration was designed to maximize efficiency and minimize environmental impacts, as well as energy and solvent consumption. Analytical quality-by-design was applied to achieve our aim starting with evaluation of quality risk and scouting analysis, tracked via five parameters chromatographic screening using Placket-Burman design namely: pH, temperature, organic solvent percentage, flow rate, and wavelength detection. Recognizing the critical method parameters was done followed by optimization employing central composite design and Derringer's desirability toward assess optimum conditions that attained best resolution with satisfactory peak symmetry with short run time. Optimal chromatographic separation was attained by means of an XBridge® C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm) column through isocratic elution using a mobile phase consists of phosphate buffer (pH 3.0): ethanol (60:40, by volume) at a 1.6 mL/min flow rate and 230.0 nm UV detection. Linearity acquired over a concentration range of 1.0-100.0 µg/mL and 0.5-100.0 µg/mL for XYLO and ANT, respectively. Furthermore, imperiling cited drugs' stock solutions to stress various conditions and satisfactory peaks of degradation products were obtained indicating that cited drugs are vulnerable to oxidative degradation and basic hydrolysis. Degradates' structures were elucidated using mass spectrometry. Applying various assessment tools; namely: analytical greenness (AGREE), green analytical procedure index (GAPI), analytical eco-scale, and national environmental method index (NEMI), Greenness method's evaluation was applied and proved to be green. In fact, the developed method is established to be perceptive, accurate, and selective to assess cited drugs for routine analysis.