1
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Chen P, Wang Q, Shao M, Liu R. Significantly underestimated traffic-related ammonia emissions in Chinese megacities: Evidence from satellite observations during COVID-19 lockdowns. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142497. [PMID: 38825248 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) plays an important role in the formation of atmospheric particulate matter, but the contribution of traffic-related emissions remains unclear, particularly in megacities with a large number of vehicles. Taking the opportunity of the stringent COVID-19 lockdowns implemented in Beijing and Shanghai in 2022, this study aims to estimate the traffic-related NH3 emissions in these two megacities based on satellite observations. Differences between urban and suburban areas during the lockdown and non-lockdown periods are compared. It was found that despite different dominating sources, the overall NH3 concentrations in urban and suburban areas were at a similar level, and the lockdown resulted in a more prominent decrease in urban areas, where traffic activities were most heavily affected. The traffic-related contribution to the total emission was estimated to be ∼30% in megacities, and ∼40% in urban areas, which are about 2-10 times higher than that in previous studies. The findings indicate that the traffic-related NH3 emissions have been significantly underestimated in previous studies and may play a more critical role in the formation of air pollution in megacities, especially in winter, when agricultural emissions are relatively low. This study highlights the importance of traffic-related NH3 emissions in Chinese megacities and the need to reassess the emissions and their impacts on air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Min Shao
- School of the Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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2
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Driscoll C, Milford JB, Henze DK, Bell MD. Atmospheric reduced nitrogen: Sources, transformations, effects, and management. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2024; 74:362-415. [PMID: 38819428 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2024.2342765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Human activities have increased atmospheric emissions and deposition of oxidized and reduced forms of nitrogen, but emission control programs have largely focused on oxidized nitrogen. As a result, in many regions of the world emissions of oxidized nitrogen are decreasing while emissions of reduced nitrogen are increasing. Emissions of reduced nitrogen largely originate from livestock waste and fertilizer application, with contributions from transportation sources in urban areas. Observations suggest a discrepancy between trends in emissions and deposition of reduced nitrogen in the U.S., likely due to an underestimate in emissions. In the atmosphere, ammonia reacts with oxides of sulfur and nitrogen to form fine particulate matter that impairs health and visibility and affects climate forcings. Recent reductions in emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides have limited partitioning with ammonia, decreasing long-range transport. Continuing research is needed to improve understanding of how shifting emissions alter formation of secondary particulates and patterns of transport and deposition of reactive nitrogen. Satellite remote sensing has potential for monitoring atmospheric concentrations and emissions of ammonia, but there remains a need to maintain and strengthen ground-based measurements and continue development of chemical transport models. Elevated nitrogen deposition has decreased plant and soil microbial biodiversity and altered the biogeochemical function of terrestrial, freshwater, and coastal ecosystems. Further study is needed on differential effects of oxidized versus reduced nitrogen and pathways and timescales of ecosystem recovery from elevated nitrogen deposition. Decreases in deposition of reduced nitrogen could alleviate exceedances of critical loads for terrestrial and freshwater indicators in many U.S. areas. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency should consider using critical loads as a basis for setting standards to protect public welfare and ecosystems. The U.S. and other countries might look to European experience for approaches to control emissions of reduced nitrogen from agricultural and transportation sectors.Implications: In this Critical Review we synthesize research on effects, air emissions, environmental transformations, and management of reduced forms of nitrogen. Emissions of reduced nitrogen affect human health, the structure and function of ecosystems, and climatic forcings. While emissions of oxidized forms of nitrogen are regulated in the U.S., controls on reduced forms are largely absent. Decreases in emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides coupled with increases in ammonia are shifting the gas-particle partitioning of ammonia and decreasing long-range atmospheric transport of reduced nitrogen. Effort is needed to understand, monitor, and manage emissions of reduced nitrogen in a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Driscoll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jana B Milford
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Daven K Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael D Bell
- Ecologist, National Park Service - Air Resources Division, Boulder, CO, USA
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3
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Dai W, Wang S, Zhang S, Zhu J, Gu C, Sun Z, Xue R, Zhou B. A new portable open-path instrument for ambient NH 3 and on-road emission measurements. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:606-614. [PMID: 37923469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased attentions to vehicle emission of NH3 have been paid since it is generally regarded as an important source in urban areas. Here, we developed a movable instrument based on Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) principle for detecting on-road NH3, which can avoid the losses in the sampling process attributed to the non-sampling methods. For this mobile DOAS, the temporal resolution, detection limit and relative error for NH3 were 1 min, 2.29 ppbv and 4.57% ± 2.44%, respectively. By employed to the on-road measurements along the arterial highway in Shanghai, the spatial distributions of NH3 and NO were obtained, and their dependence of traffic and road conditions were studied. The slopes of linear regression between NH3 and NO were 0.40, 0.02 and 0.07 on the Middle Ring Road, Outer Ring Road and Chongming Island Ring Road. It indicates that light gasoline vehicles (LGVs) were found to be the main contributor to NH3 emissions, while heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDVs) mainly emitted NO. Based on the measured NH3 in the tunnel, the mileage-based NH3 emission factor per vehicle was estimated to be 17.9 ± 6.3 mg/km. The reported open-path instrument can be broadly used in on-road pollutant monitoring or vehicle emissions, and the measurements can reveal the real situation of emission characteristics, even find the abnormal operations of vehicle catalyst system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China.
| | - Sanbao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chuanqi Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhibin Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ruibin Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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4
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Thakrar SK, Johnson JA, Polasky S. Land-Use Decisions Have Substantial Air Quality Health Effects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:381-390. [PMID: 38101325 PMCID: PMC10785758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how best to use limited land without compromising food security, health, and beneficial ecosystem functions is a critical challenge of our time. Ecosystem service assessments increasingly inform land-use decisions but seldom include the effects of land use on air quality, the largest environmental health risk. Here, we estimate and value the air quality health effects of potential land-use policies and projected trends in the United States, alongside carbon sequestration and economic returns to land, until 2051. We show that air quality health effects are of first-order importance in land-use decisions, often larger in value than carbon sequestration and economic returns combined. When air quality is properly accounted for, policies that appeared beneficial are shown to be detrimental and vice versa. Land-use-driven air quality impacts are largely from agricultural emissions and biogenic forest emissions, although incentives for reduced deforestation remain beneficial overall. Without evaluating air quality, we are unable to determine whether land-use decisions make us better or worse off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumil K. Thakrar
- Department
of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota; St Paul, Minnesota 55108-1038, United
States
- The
Natural Capital Project, University of Minnesota; St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-1038, United
States
| | - Justin A. Johnson
- Department
of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota; St Paul, Minnesota 55108-1038, United
States
- The
Natural Capital Project, University of Minnesota; St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-1038, United
States
| | - Stephen Polasky
- Department
of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota; St Paul, Minnesota 55108-1038, United
States
- The
Natural Capital Project, University of Minnesota; St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-1038, United
States
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5
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Yang S, Wang M, Wang W, Zhang X, Han Q, Wang H, Xiong Q, Zhang C, Wang M. Establishing an emission inventory for ammonia, a key driver of haze formation in the southern North China plain during the COVID-19 pandemic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166857. [PMID: 37678532 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the significant reduction in atmospheric pollutant levels during the COVID-19 lockdown, the presence of haze in the North China Plain remained a frequent occurrence owing to the enhanced formation of secondary inorganic aerosols under ammonia-rich conditions. Quantifying the increase or decrease in atmospheric ammonia (NH3) emissions is a key step in exploring the causes of the COVID-19 haze. Historic activity levels of anthropogenic NH3 emissions were collected through various yearbooks and studies, an anthropogenic NH3 emission inventory for Henan Province for 2020 was established, and the variations in NH3 emissions from different sources between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 years were investigated. The validity of the NH3 emission inventory was further evaluated through comparison with previous studies and uncertainty analysis from Monte Carlo simulations. Results showed that the total NH3 emissions gradually increased from north-west to south-east, totalling 751.80 kt in 2020. Compared to the non-COVID-19 year of 2019, the total NH3 emissions were reduced by approximately 4 %, with traffic sources, waste disposal and biomass burning serving as the sources with the top three largest reductions, approximately 33 %, 9.97 % and 6.19 %, respectively. Emissions from humans and fuel combustion slightly increased. Meanwhile, livestock waste emissions decreased by only 3.72 %, and other agricultural emissions experienced insignificant change. Non-agricultural sources were more severely influenced by the COVID-19 lockdown than agricultural sources; nevertheless, agricultural activities contributed 84.35 % of the total NH3 emissions in 2020. These results show that haze treatment should be focused on reducing NH3, particularly controlling agricultural NH3 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shili Yang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Mingya Wang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Wenju Wang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Xuechun Zhang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Qiao Han
- Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 550081 Guiyang, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Jincheng Ecological Environment Bureau, Jincheng 048000, China
| | - Qinqing Xiong
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Mingshi Wang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China.
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6
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Burns A, Chandler G, Dunham KJ, Carlton AG. Data Gap: Air Quality Networks Miss Air Pollution from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20718-20725. [PMID: 38032082 PMCID: PMC10720380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In the U.S., the agricultural sector is the largest controllable source of several air pollutants, including ammonia (NH3), which is a key precursor to PM2.5 formation. Livestock waste is the dominant contributor to ammonia emissions. In contrast to most controllable air pollutants, satellite records show ammonia mixing ratios are rising. The number of confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) that generate considerable livestock waste is also increasing. Spatial and temporal trends in USDA-reported animal numbers normalized by county area at medium and large CAFOs provide plausible explanations for patterns in satellite-derived NH3 over the contiguous U.S. (CONUS). The correlation between summertime ammonia derived from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and CAFO animal unit density in 2017 is positive and significant (r = 0.642; p ≈ 0). The temporal changes from 2002 to 2017 in animal unit density and NH3 derived from NASA's Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) are spatially similar. Trends and ambient concentrations of PM2.5 mass in agricultural regions are difficult to assess relative to those of urban population centers given the sparseness of rural monitors in regulatory surface networks. Results suggest that in agricultural areas where ammonia concentrations and animal density are highest, air quality improvement lags behind the national average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa
M. Burns
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Gabriel Chandler
- Department
of Mathematics and Statistics, Pomona College, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Kira J. Dunham
- Food
and Water Watch, Washington, District of Columbia 20036, United States
| | - Annmarie G. Carlton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
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7
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Wei J, Li Z, Chen X, Li C, Sun Y, Wang J, Lyapustin A, Brasseur GP, Jiang M, Sun L, Wang T, Jung CH, Qiu B, Fang C, Liu X, Hao J, Wang Y, Zhan M, Song X, Liu Y. Separating Daily 1 km PM 2.5 Inorganic Chemical Composition in China since 2000 via Deep Learning Integrating Ground, Satellite, and Model Data. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18282-18295. [PMID: 37114869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) chemical composition has strong and diverse impacts on the planetary environment, climate, and health. These effects are still not well understood due to limited surface observations and uncertainties in chemical model simulations. We developed a four-dimensional spatiotemporal deep forest (4D-STDF) model to estimate daily PM2.5 chemical composition at a spatial resolution of 1 km in China since 2000 by integrating measurements of PM2.5 species from a high-density observation network, satellite PM2.5 retrievals, atmospheric reanalyses, and model simulations. Cross-validation results illustrate the reliability of sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), and chloride (Cl-) estimates, with high coefficients of determination (CV-R2) with ground-based observations of 0.74, 0.75, 0.71, and 0.66, and average root-mean-square errors (RMSE) of 6.0, 6.6, 4.3, and 2.3 μg/m3, respectively. The three components of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs) account for 21% (SO42-), 20% (NO3-), and 14% (NH4+) of the total PM2.5 mass in eastern China; we observed significant reductions in the mass of inorganic components by 40-43% between 2013 and 2020, slowing down since 2018. Comparatively, the ratio of SIA to PM2.5 increased by 7% across eastern China except in Beijing and nearby areas, accelerating in recent years. SO42- has been the dominant SIA component in eastern China, although it was surpassed by NO3- in some areas, e.g., Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region since 2016. SIA, accounting for nearly half (∼46%) of the PM2.5 mass, drove the explosive formation of winter haze episodes in the North China Plain. A sharp decline in SIA concentrations and an increase in SIA-to-PM2.5 ratios during the COVID-19 lockdown were also revealed, reflecting the enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity and formation of secondary particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Zhanqing Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chi Li
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Iowa Technology Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Alexei Lyapustin
- Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Guy Pierre Brasseur
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80307, United States
| | - Mengjiao Jiang
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Lin Sun
- College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chang Hoon Jung
- Department of Health Management, Kyungin Women's University, Incheon 21041, Korea
| | - Bing Qiu
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Cuilan Fang
- Jiulongpo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400039, China
| | - Xuhui Liu
- Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan 030015, China
| | - Jinrui Hao
- Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan 030015, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150010, China
| | - Ming Zhan
- Pudong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200120, China
| | | | - Yuewei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
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8
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Kang J, Wang J, Heal MR, Goulding K, de Vries W, Zhao Y, Feng S, Zhang X, Gu B, Niu X, Zhang H, Liu X, Cui Z, Zhang F, Xu W. Ammonia mitigation campaign with smallholder farmers improves air quality while ensuring high cereal production. NATURE FOOD 2023; 4:751-761. [PMID: 37653045 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-023-00833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Reducing cropland ammonia (NH3) emissions while improving air quality and food supply is a challenge, particularly in China where there are millions of smallholder farmers. We tested the effectiveness of a tailored nitrogen (N) management strategy applied to wheat-maize cropping systems in 'demonstration squares' across Quzhou County in the North China Plain. The N-management techniques included optimal N rates, deep fertilizer placement and application of urease inhibitors, implemented through cooperation between government, researchers, businesses and smallholders. Compared with conventional local smallholder practice, our NH3 mitigation campaign reduced NH3 volatilization from wheat and maize by 49% and 39%, and increased N-use efficiency by 28% and 40% and farmers' profitability by 25% and 19%, respectively, with no detriment to crop yields. County-wide atmospheric NH3 and fine particulate matter (with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm) concentrations decreased by 40% and 8%, respectively. County-wide net benefits were estimated at US$7.0 million. Our demonstration-square approach shows that cropland NH3 mitigation and improved air quality and farm profitability can be achieved simultaneously by coordinated actions at the county level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mathew R Heal
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keith Goulding
- Sustainable Soils and Crops, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Wim de Vries
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yuanhong Zhao
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Sijie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuming Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baojing Gu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhenling Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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9
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Zheng G, Su H, Cheng Y. Role of Carbon Dioxide, Ammonia, and Organic Acids in Buffering Atmospheric Acidity: The Distinct Contribution in Clouds and Aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:12571-12582. [PMID: 37599651 PMCID: PMC10469486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Acidity is one central parameter in atmospheric multiphase reactions, influencing aerosol formation and its effects on climate, health, and ecosystems. Weak acids and bases, mainly CO2, NH3, and organic acids, are long considered to play a role in regulating atmospheric acidity. However, unlike strong acids and bases, their importance and influencing mechanisms in a given aerosol or cloud droplet system remain to be clarified. Here, we investigate this issue with new insights provided by recent advances in the field, in particular, the multiphase buffer theory. We show that, in general, aerosol acidity is primarily buffered by NH3, with a negligible contribution from CO2 and a potential contribution from organic acids under certain conditions. For fogs, clouds, and rains, CO2, organic acids, and NH3 may all provide certain buffering under higher pH levels (pH > ∼4). Despite the 104to 107 lower abundance of NH3 and organic weak acids, their buffering effect can still be comparable to that of CO2. This is because the cloud pH is at the very far end of the CO2 multiphase buffering range. This Perspective highlights the need for more comprehensive field observations under different conditions and further studies in the interactions among organic acids, acidity, and cloud chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Zheng
- Minerva
Research Group, Max Planck Institute for
Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hang Su
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric
Physics, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Minerva
Research Group, Max Planck Institute for
Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
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10
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Guo Y, Tan H, Zhang L, Liu G, Zhou M, Vira J, Hess PG, Liu X, Paulot F, Liu X. Global food loss and waste embodies unrecognized harms to air quality and biodiversity hotspots. NATURE FOOD 2023; 4:686-698. [PMID: 37550539 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-023-00810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Global food loss and waste (FLW) undermines the resilience and sustainability of food systems and is closely tied to the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals on climate, resource use and food security. Here we reveal strong yet under-discussed interconnections between FLW and two other Sustainable Development Goals of Human Health and Life on Land via the nitrogen cycle. We find that eliminating global FLW in 2015 would have reduced anthropogenic NH3 emissions associated with food production by 11.4 Tg (16%), decreased local PM2.5 concentrations by up to 5 μg m-3 and PM2.5-related years of life lost by 1.5 million years, and mitigated nitrogen critical load exceedances in global biodiversity hotspots by up to 19%. Halving FLW in 2030 will reduce years of life lost by 0.5-0.8 million years and nitrogen deposition by 4.7-6.0 Tg N per year (4%) (range for socioeconomic pathways). Complementary to near-term NH3 mitigation potential via technological measures, our study emphasizes incentivizing FLW reduction efforts from air quality and ecosystem health perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Guo
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Haiyue Tan
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- CNOOC Research Institute Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Mi Zhou
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Julius Vira
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter G Hess
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Xueying Liu
- Graduate Division of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Fabien Paulot
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Xuejun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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11
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Wei Y, Wang S, Jiang N, Zhang R, Hao Q. Comparative multi-model study of PM 2.5 acidity trend changes in ammonia-rich regions in winter: Based on a new ammonia concentration assessment method. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131970. [PMID: 37399728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Air quality in ammonia-rich regions such as Zhengzhou is improving year by year, however, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution is serious in winter. Aerosol acidity (pH) affects every aspect of the surrounding particle composition and environment. Thermodynamic models of gaseous and particulate composition datasets can provide pH estimates. Nevertheless, for ammonia-rich regions in the presence of prolonged NH3 deficiency, the thermodynamic model is limited in calculating pH by using only datasets composed of the particulate phase. In this study, an NH3 concentration calculation method was established via SPSS-coupled multiple linear regression to simulate the trend of NH3 concentration over a long period of time and to assess the long-term pH value in ammonia-rich regions. The reliability of this method was verified using multiple models. The range of NH3 concentration change from 2013 to 2020 was found to be 4.3-68.6 μg·m-3, and the range of pH change was 4.5-6.0. The pH sensitivity analysis indicated that decreasing aerosol precursor concentrations and variations in temperature and relative humidity were the driving factors for aerosol pH changes. Therefore, policies to reduce NH3 emissions are becoming increasingly necessary. This study provides a feasibility analysis for reducing PM2.5, thus achieving standards in ammonia-rich regions, including Zhengzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wei
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuodi Wang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Low Carbon Technologies of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Low Carbon Technologies of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qi Hao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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12
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Yu J, Ding W, Jaishi L, Lin C, Boylan R, Dixit CC, Lamsal BS, He W, Tsow F, Tan S, Zhou Y, Xian X. Diffusion-modulated colorimetric sensor for continuous gas detection. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2023; 23:11404-11411. [PMID: 38093905 PMCID: PMC10715802 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2023.3268537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Due to their high sensitivity and selectivity, low cost, and good compatibility for sensor array integration, colorimetric gas sensors are widely used in hazardous gas detection, food freshness assessment, and gaseous biomarker identification. However, colorimetric gas sensors are usually designed for one-time discrete measurement because the sensing materials are entirely exposed to analytes during the sensing process. The fast consumption of sensing materials limits colorimetric sensors' applications in continuous analytes monitoring, increases the operation complexity and brings challenges for calibration. In this work, we reported a novel sensor design to prolong the lifetime of colorimetric gas sensors by engineering the gas diffusion process to preserve the sensing materials. We compared two geometries for gas diffusion control in a sensing matrix through simulation and experiment on an ammonia sensing platform. We found that the 2-dimensional gas diffusion geometry enabled a better sensor performance, including more stable and higher sensitivity and a more linear response to ammonia concentration compared to 1-dimensional gas diffusion geometry. We also demonstrated the usability of this diffusion-modulated colorimetric sensor for continuous environmental ammonia monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
| | - Laxmi Jaishi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
| | - Chenwen Lin
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85281, USA
| | - Rachel Boylan
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85281, USA
| | | | - Buddhi Sagar Lamsal
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
| | - Wei He
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
| | - Francis Tsow
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85281, USA
| | - Songxin Tan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
| | - Xiaojun Xian
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
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13
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Cox LA. Re-assessing human mortality risks attributed to PM2.5-mediated effects of agricultural ammonia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 223:115311. [PMID: 36731597 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
How can and should epidemiologists and risk assessors assemble and present evidence for causation of mortality or morbidities by identified agents such as fine particulate matter or other air pollutants? As a motivating example, some scientists have warned recently that ammonia from the production of meat significantly increases human mortality rates in exposed populations by increasing the ambient concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in air. We reexamine the support for such conclusions, including quantitative calculations that attribute deaths to PM2.5 air pollution by applying associational results such as relative risks, odds ratios, or slope coefficients from regression models to predict the effects on mortality or morbidity of reducing PM2.5 exposures. Taking an outside perspective from the field of causal artificial intelligence (CAI), we conclude that these attribution calculations are methodologically unsound. They produce unreliable conclusions because they ignore an essential distinction between differences in outcomes observed at different levels of exposure and changes in outcomes caused by changing exposure. We find that multiple studies that have examined associations between changes over time in particulate exposure and mortality risk instead of differences in exposures and corresponding mortality risks have found no clear evidence that observed changes in exposure help to predict or explain subsequent changes in mortality risks. We conclude that there is no sound theoretical or empirical reason to believe that reducing ammonia emissions from farms has reduced or would reduce human mortality risks. More generally, applying CAI principles and methods can potentially improve current widespread practices of unsound causal inferences and policy-relevant causal claims that are made without the benefit of formal causal analysis in air pollution health effects research and in other areas of applied epidemiology and public health risk assessment.
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14
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Miao T, Wang B, Cai A, Ren T, Wan Y, Meng Y, Li Y. Large differences in ammonia emission factors between greenhouse and open-field systems under different practices across Chinese vegetable cultivation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158339. [PMID: 36041610 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Estimating ammonia (NH3) emission factors (EFs) for vegetable production can support assessment of potential atmospheric pollution risk and provide information for mitigating NH3 volatilization. The EFs in greenhouse and open-field systems under different fertilization, irrigation regimes, vegetable types and soil properties in both greenhouse and open-field vegetable production systems in China are poorly understood. An integrated analysis was performed, including 282 field measurements of NH3 volatilization from 54 field studies, to quantify ammonia EFs under different management practices and soil properties. The results showed that the mean ammonia EF across all measurements was 4.2 % (3.6 %-4.8 %). The EFs of greenhouse and open-field systems were 2.0 % (1.5 %-2.5 %) and 6.3 % (5.4 %-7.2 %), respectively. There was a power function relationship between nitrogen application rate and ammonia EF in greenhouses. No relationship was identified between nitrogen application rate and ammonia EF in the open-field system. The EFs of organic fertilizers were lower than those of both chemical fertilizers and the combination of chemical and organic fertilizers. EFs of leafy vegetables, cabbages, solanaceous vegetables and melons were 2.7 %, 2.9 %, 1.4 % and 1.4 % in the greenhouse system, and 5.2 %, 5.7 %, 7.6 % and 9.7 % in the open-field system, respectively. The EFs of the greenhouse production system increased with increasing soil organic matter. Boosted regression tree analysis showed that N application rate, pH and soil organic matter were the main driving factors of EFs in the greenhouse system. Vegetable type, pH and soil organic matter were the main driving factors in the open-field system. In this study, the EFs were evaluated and distinguished across greenhouse and open-field systems, and the results provided accurate EFs under different management practices and soil properties for vegetable production in both greenhouse and open-field systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Miao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Andong Cai
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tianjing Ren
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunfan Wan
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yao Meng
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu'e Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China.
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15
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Wyer KE, Kelleghan DB, Blanes-Vidal V, Schauberger G, Curran TP. Ammonia emissions from agriculture and their contribution to fine particulate matter: A review of implications for human health. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 323:116285. [PMID: 36261990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) released from agriculture is contributing significantly to acidification and atmospheric NH3 may have on human health is much less readily available. The potential direct impact of NH3 on the health of the general public is under-represented in scientific literature, though there have been several studies which indicate that NH3 has a direct effect on the respiratory health of those who handle livestock. These health impacts can include a reduced lung function, irritation to the throat and eyes, and increased coughing and phlegm expulsion. More recent studies have indicated that agricultural NH3 may directly influence the early on-set of asthma in young children. In addition to the potential direct impact of ammonia, it is also a substantial contributor to the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) fraction (namely the US and Europe); where it accounts for the formation of 30% and 50% of all PM2.5 respectively. PM2.5 has the ability to penetrate deep into the lungs and cause long term illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Hence, PM2.5 causes economic losses which equate to billions of dollars (US) to the global economy annually. Both premature deaths associated with the health impacts from PM2.5 and economic losses could be mitigated with a reduction in NH3 emissions resulting from agriculture. As agriculture contributes to more than 81% of all global NH3 emissions, it is imperative that food production does not come at a cost to the world's ability to breathe; where reductions in NH3 emissions can be easier to achieve than other associated pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Wyer
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - David B Kelleghan
- Teagasc, Environment, Soils and Land-Use Department, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Y35 TC97, Ireland
| | - Victoria Blanes-Vidal
- Applied AI and Data Science (AID), Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Günther Schauberger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, A-1210 Wien, Veterinärplatz 1, Austria
| | - Thomas P Curran
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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16
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Egyir M, Luyima D, Park SJ, Lee KS, Oh TK. Volatilisations of ammonia from the soils amended with modified and nitrogen-enriched biochars. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155453. [PMID: 35469865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biochar's capacity to abate NH3 emissions from fertilised agricultural soils may be enhanced through both modifications and formulation of slow-release biochar-based N fertilisers but there is a dearth of data in this area. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) were used to modify biochars which are denoted as BSAD, BHPO and BKOH, respectively. Nitrogen (N) enrichment was performed using urea and ammonium nitrate and the enriched biochars are denoted as BUR and BAN, respectively. The biochars were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The ammonia abatement potentials of both the modified and N-enriched biochars were assessed in the incubation experiments which lasted for 30 days. Urea was used as a control while non-modified biochar (PrBC) was included for comparison. Compared to the control, PrBC, BKOH, BHPO, BSAD, BUR and BAN attenuated gaseous NH3 emissions by 57.62%, 63.06%, 73.23% and 74.85%, 79.93% and 82.88%, respectively. Biochar modifications increased the content of oxygen containing surface groups especially carboxyl and sulphoxide in the case of BSAD as depicted from the instrumental analysis data, which most probably increased the sorption of NH3 and its transformation to nitrates thus, resulting in a higher NH3 abatement capacity than that of PrBC. XPS data indicated that N-enrichment resulted in reactions of N with the surface groups of biochar which slowed its release, concomitantly lowering NH3 volatilisation better than even the modified biochars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Egyir
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Deogratius Luyima
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Park
- Department of Soil and Fertilisers, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyo Suk Lee
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; Institute of Agricultural Sciences Research, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taek-Keun Oh
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Methodological Framework to Select Evaluation Criteria for Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis of Road Transportation Fuels and Vehicles. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15145267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies applying Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to evaluate Road Transportation Fuels and Vehicles (RTFV) rely on a wide variety of evaluation criteria and appear to lack a structured and consistent way of criteria selection. This leads to non-transparent and not easily comparable evaluation results. To address this issue, a methodological framework is developed to systematically identify and select relevant MCDA-evaluation criteria for the assessment of RTFV. The methodological framework is based on Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis (LCSA) and considers environmental, economic, and social criteria that are complemented with a technical pillar. The scope of the analysis is further enlarged by considering positive and negative externalities. The first part of the framework follows the LCSA approach and requires the analyst to clearly define the context of the analysis. The second part is to decompose the problem by developing criteria categories along the relevant life cycle for each of the evaluation dimensions. This decomposition process helps decision makers to easily identify and select relevant criteria with clear added value within the context of the analysis. In an exemplary application, the developed methodological framework is used to identify relevant criteria for the evaluation of RTFV alternatives for an island aiming at energy self-sufficiency.
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18
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Zheng G, Su H, Cheng Y. Revisiting the Key Driving Processes of the Decadal Trend of Aerosol Acidity in the U.S. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2022; 2:346-353. [PMID: 37101965 PMCID: PMC10125332 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acidity is one essential parameter in determining the aqueous phase physical and chemical processes in the atmosphere and strongly influences the climate, ecological, and health effects of aerosols. Traditionally, aerosol acidity is thought to increase with emissions of atmospheric acidic substances (SO2, NOx, etc.) and decrease with that of alkaline ones (NH3, dust, etc.). However, decade-long observations in southeastern U.S. seem to disagree with this hypothesis: while the emissions of NH3 versus SO2 enhanced by over three times, the predicted aerosol acidity is stable, and the observed particle-phase ammonium-to-sulfate ratio is even decreasing. Here, we investigated into this issue with the recently proposed multiphase buffer theory. We show that historically, there is a transition in the dominant drivers of aerosol acidity in this region. Under the ammonia-poor conditions before ∼2008, the acidity is governed by HSO4 -/SO4 2- buffering and the water self-buffering effect. Under the ammonia-rich conditions after ∼2008, aerosol acidity is mainly buffered by NH4 +/NH3. Buffering from the organic acids is negligible in the investigated period. In addition, the observed decrease in ammonium-to-sulfate ratio is due to the increased importance of non-volatile cations, especially after ∼2014. We predict that until ∼2050, the aerosols will remain in the ammonia-buffered regime, and the nitrate will remain largely (>98%) in the gas phase in southeastern U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Zheng
- Minerva Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Hang Su
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Minerva Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
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19
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Seasonal Aerosol Acidity, Liquid Water Content and Their Impact on Fine Urban Aerosol in SE Canada. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13071012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the drivers of aerosol pH and their impact on the inorganic fraction and mass of aerosol in the S.E. Canadian urban environments of Hamilton and Toronto, Ontario. We find that inter-seasonal pH variability is mostly driven by temperature changes, which cause variations of up to one pH unit. Wintertime acidity is reduced, compared to summertime values. Because of this, the response of aerosol to precursors fundamentally changes between seasons, with a strong sensitivity of aerosol mass to levels of HNO3 in the wintertime. Liquid water content (LWC) fundamentally influences the aerosol sensitivity to NH3 and HNO3 levels. In the summertime, organic aerosol is mostly responsible for the LWC at Toronto, and ammonium sulfate for Hamilton; in the winter, LWC was mostly associated with ammonium nitrate at both sites. The combination of pH and LWC in the two sites also affects N dry deposition flux; NO3− fluxes were comparable between the two sites, but NH3 deposition flux at Toronto is almost twice what was seen in Hamilton; from November to March N deposition flux slows down leading to an accumulation of N as NO3− in the particle phase and an increase in PM2.5 levels. Given the higher aerosol pH in Toronto, aerosol masses at this site are more sensitive to the emission of HNO3 precursors compared to Hamilton. For both sites, NOx emissions should be better regulated to improve air quality during winter; this is specifically important for the Toronto site as it is thermodynamically more sensitive to the emissions of HNO3 precursors.
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20
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Shang B, Zhou T, Tao X, Chen Y. Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Biofilters for Composting Exhaust Ammonia Removal. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:918365. [PMID: 35782506 PMCID: PMC9240628 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.918365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emissions of odorous compounds, such as ammonia (NH3), from composting have negative agronomic and environmental impacts. A biofilter is widely used for NH3 removal, with one of its potential detrimental by-products being nitrous oxide (N2O), which is a higher warming potential greenhouse gas (GHG). The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of empty bed retention time (EBRT) on GHG emissions from biofilters for removing NH3 from composting. Composting experimental trials lasted 6 weeks, and composting materials were mixtures of dead pigs and manure. Three groups of biofilters with 1.2 m-height, 0.3 m-inner diameter, and 1.0 m media depth were conducted with EBRT of 30, 60, and 100s, respectively. Each treatment was performed in triplicate, and the gas was monitored using the dynamic emission vessel method. The Spearman’s correlation analysis showed a significantly positive correlation between inlet concentrations (ICs) of NH3 and increased N2O concentrations: ρ = 0.707, 0.762, and 0.607 with p ≤ 0.0001 for biofilters with EBRT of 30, 60, and 100s, respectively. The fraction of NH3-N denitrified into N2O-N in biofilters with EBRT of 60 and 100s was higher than that with EBRT of 30s. The total global warming potential (GWP) increased by 126%, 162%, and 144% for biofilters with EBRT of 30, 60, and 100s, respectively. These results indicated that biofilters with longer EBRT will lead to higher GWP production. Future research on odorous mitigation for composting with biofilters should focus more on greenhouse gas emissions.
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21
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Zheng M, Wang Y, Yuan L, Chen N, Kong S. Ambient observations indicating an increasing effectiveness of ammonia control in wintertime PM 2.5 reduction in Central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153708. [PMID: 35182649 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia emission reduction is increasingly being considered one of the control measures to mitigate wintertime fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution. Three wintertime observations from 2012 to 2018 in Wuhan, China, were analyzed to examine the effectiveness of ammonia control in wintertime PM2.5 reduction based on the critical total ammonia concentration (CTAC, i.e., the inflection point of effective ammonia control for PM2.5 mass reduction based on the asymmetric response of PM2.5 to ammonia control). The CTAC gradually approached 0% (immediate effectiveness), with values of -26% in 2012, -23% in 2015, and -9% in 2018. At the observed ambient conditions, there were significant positive correlations of the CTAC with sulfate and total nitrate changes, in contrast to the negative correlation of the CTAC with total ammonia change. An approximately 10% total ammonia reduction could offset the decline in CTAC attributed to a 30-40% sulfate or 20-30% total nitrate reduction in Wuhan. This study indicates that the combined control of SO2 + NOx (NO+NO2) remains the preferred way to reduce inorganic particles in Central China at present, despite a tendency of the ambient chemical state moving towards effective ammonia control. However, as the CTAC approaches 0%, the effectiveness of ammonia and NOx reduction measures targeting wintertime PM2.5 can greatly exceed that observed during the 2012-2018 period in Central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zheng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China; School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Lianxin Yuan
- Hubei Environment Monitoring Center, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Hubei Environment Monitoring Center, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China.
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22
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Linhares FG, Torres-Cordido KAA, Sthel MS, da Silva MG, Mota L. Monitoring of ammonia concentrations from coir-husk litter of Brazilian poultry house using diode laser photoacoustic spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:431. [PMID: 35562543 PMCID: PMC9106568 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH[Formula: see text]) from manure is a concern in raising broiler due to possible damages to production and the environment. Brazil is the main exporter of chicken meat in the world and is also responsible for large waste of poultry litter. The country, likewise, figures as top 5 producers of green coconut, which results in considerable volumes of waste, since 80%-85% of the fruit is unusable. This work analyzes the ammonia concentration profile of two bedding substrates for raising broiler, to know, coir-husk fiber and a commonly used pine wood shavings in a Brazilian climate. A differential home-made photoacoustic cell combined with a diode laser was employed for sensing ammonia at trace levels. Such combination confers selectivity as well as lower limits of detection to the system. The chemical compositions pH, N, C, Ca, Mg, P[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] and K[Formula: see text]O were also determined, in addition to the moisture, dry matter and mineral content of substrates and litters. NH[Formula: see text] concentrations varied from (0.9 ± 0.3) ppmv to (19 ± 3) ppmv and from (2.1 ± 0.5) ppmv to (21 ± 3) ppmv for the coir-husk fiber and wood shavings substrates, respectively. Results showed the feasibility of using coconut fiber as poultry litter in regions where this material is a common waste. Moreover, as NH[Formula: see text] concentrations were lower for coconut fiber bedding compared to shavings, this coir-husk fiber is a potential residue to guarantee the environmental sustainability by Brazilian poultry farming. Coir-husk fibers presented significantly higher amounts of P and K in comparison to pine wood. NH[Formula: see text] profiles revealed that coir-husk fiber emitted lower quantities than wood shavings. Besides, a delay on the NH[Formula: see text] emission pattern was clearly seen when the coconut waste was the bedding material. Such a tendency was confirmed by the logistic model. Our findings, in turn, make the coir-husk an environmentally friendly alternative low-cost product for poultry litter as well as its potential use as natural fertilizer. The later deserves attention since there is a need to accurately assess the emissions of methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide during the composting process. In Brazil, the waste generated by the high production of green coconut is an environmental liability. The cost of poultry production has been high, reducing the profit of producers, who seek to make production cheaper. Measuring NH[Formula: see text] from poultry activity in Brazil, a tropical country, aims to control management and reduce production losses, since NH[Formula: see text] is a harmful gas to birds. The measurement of NH[Formula: see text] concentrations at trace levels from raising broilers by photoacoustic diode laser spectroscopy, to the best of our knowledge, has been reported for the very first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Gomes Linhares
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000. Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Karoll Andrea Alfonso Torres-Cordido
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Laboratório de Zootecnia, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000. Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Silva Sthel
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000. Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gomes da Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000. Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Mota
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000. Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
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Masselot P, Sera F, Schneider R, Kan H, Lavigne É, Stafoggia M, Tobias A, Chen H, Burnett RT, Schwartz J, Zanobetti A, Bell ML, Chen BY, Guo YLL, Ragettli MS, Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Åström C, Forsberg B, Íñiguez C, Garland RM, Scovronick N, Madureira J, Nunes B, De la Valencia Cruz C, Diaz MH, Honda Y, Hashizume M, Ng CFC, Samoli E, Katsouyanni K, Schneider A, Breitner S, Ryti NR, Jaakkola JJ, Maasikmets M, Orru H, Guo Y, Ortega NV, Correa PM, Tong S, Gasparrini A. Differential Mortality Risks Associated With PM2.5 Components: A Multi-Country, Multi-City Study. Epidemiology 2022; 33:167-175. [PMID: 34907973 PMCID: PMC7612311 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and mortality widely differs between as well as within countries. Differences in PM2.5 composition can play a role in modifying the effect estimates, but there is little evidence about which components have higher impacts on mortality. METHODS We applied a 2-stage analysis on data collected from 210 locations in 16 countries. In the first stage, we estimated location-specific relative risks (RR) for mortality associated with daily total PM2.5 through time series regression analysis. We then pooled these estimates in a meta-regression model that included city-specific logratio-transformed proportions of seven PM2.5 components as well as meta-predictors derived from city-specific socio-economic and environmental indicators. RESULTS We found associations between RR and several PM2.5 components. Increasing the ammonium (NH4+) proportion from 1% to 22%, while keeping a relative average proportion of other components, increased the RR from 1.0063 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.0030, 1.0097) to 1.0102 (95% CI = 1.0070, 1.0135). Conversely, an increase in nitrate (NO3-) from 1% to 71% resulted in a reduced RR, from 1.0100 (95% CI = 1.0067, 1.0133) to 1.0037 (95% CI = 0.9998, 1.0077). Differences in composition explained a substantial part of the heterogeneity in PM2.5 risk. CONCLUSIONS These findings contribute to the identification of more hazardous emission sources. Further work is needed to understand the health impacts of PM2.5 components and sources given the overlapping sources and correlations among many components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Masselot
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Francesco Sera
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications “G. Parenti”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rochelle Schneider
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast, Reading, UK
| | - Haidong Kan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Éric Lavigne
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service/ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelio Tobias
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonella Zanobetti
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Bing-Yu Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Liang Leon Guo
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | | | - Ana Maria Vicedo-Cabrera
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christofer Åström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Bertil Forsberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Carmen Íñiguez
- Department of Statistics and Computational Research. Universitat de València, València, Spain
- Ciberesp, Madrid. Spain
| | - Rebecca M. Garland
- Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
- Department of Geography, Geo-informatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Noah Scovronick
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health. Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Joana Madureira
- Department of Environmental Health, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit – Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Baltazar Nunes
- Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - César De la Valencia Cruz
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Magali Hurtado Diaz
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hashizume
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chris Fook Cheng Ng
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Evangelia Samoli
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Klea Katsouyanni
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
- School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Schneider
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Breitner
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- IBE-Chair of Epidemiology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Niilo R.I. Ryti
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouni J.K. Jaakkola
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Hans Orru
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yuming Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Shilu Tong
- Shanghai Children’s Medical Centre, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health and Institute of Environment and Human Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Antonio Gasparrini
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Centre for Statistical Methodology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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Pollack IB, McCabe ME, Caulton DR, Fischer EV. Enhancements in Ammonia and Methane from Agricultural Sources in the Northeastern Colorado Front Range Using Observations from a Small Research Aircraft. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2236-2247. [PMID: 35076215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying ammonia (NH3) to methane (CH4) enhancement ratios from agricultural sources is important for understanding air pollution and nitrogen deposition. The northeastern Colorado Front Range is home to concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) that produce large emissions of NH3 and CH4. Isolating enhancements of NH3 and CH4 in this region due to agriculture is complicated because CAFOs are often located within regions of oil and natural gas (O&NG) extraction that are a major source of CH4 and other alkanes. Here, we utilize a small research aircraft to collect in situ 1 Hz measurements of gas-phase NH3, CH4, and ethane (C2H6) downwind of CAFOs during three flights conducted in November 2019. Enhancements in NH3 and CH4 are distinguishable up to 10 km downwind of CAFOs with the most concentrated portions of the plumes typically below 0.25 km AGL. We demonstrate that NH3 and C2H6 can be jointly used to separate near-source enhancements in CH4 from agriculture and O&NG. Molar enhancement ratios of NH3 to CH4 are quantified for individual CAFOs in this region, and they range from 0.8 to 2.7 ppbv ppbv-1. A multivariate regression model produces enhancement ratios and quantitative regional source contributions that are consistent with prior studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana B Pollack
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Megan E McCabe
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Dana R Caulton
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Emily V Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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25
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Clemente Á, Yubero E, Nicolás JF, Caballero S, Crespo J, Galindo N. Changes in the concentration and composition of urban aerosols during the COVID-19 lockdown. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111788. [PMID: 34339692 PMCID: PMC8654612 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the impact of COVID-19 restrictive measures on the mass concentrations of PM1 and PM10, and their chemical components (water-soluble ions, organic and elemental carbon, and major and trace metals) at an urban site in the western Mediterranean. The evolution of gaseous pollutants (NOx, O3 and some volatile organic compounds) was also analyzed. The concentrations measured during the lockdown in 2020 were compared to those obtained during the same period over the preceding five years. The average decrease in the levels of NOx and traffic-related volatile organic compounds was higher than 50 %, while O3 concentrations did not exhibit significant variations during the study period. Our results show that temporal variations in PM1 and PM10 concentrations were strongly affected by the frequency of Saharan dust events. When these episodes were excluded from the analysis period, a 35 % decrease in PM1 and PM10 levels was observed. Traffic restrictions during the lockdown led to important reductions in the concentrations of elemental carbon and metals derived from road dust (e.g. Ca and Fe) and break wear (e.g. Cu). Regarding secondary inorganic aerosols, nitrate showed the largest reductions as a consequence of the drop in local emissions of NOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Clemente
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Eduardo Yubero
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Jose F Nicolás
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Sandra Caballero
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Javier Crespo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Nuria Galindo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain.
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Isolation and Characterization of Effective Bacteria That Reduce Ammonia Emission from Livestock Manure. Microorganisms 2021; 10:microorganisms10010077. [PMID: 35056525 PMCID: PMC8778969 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonia from livestock manure reacts with chemical components discharged from various emission sources to produce airborne particulate matter. This study aimed to investigate a novel effective microbial agent to suppress ammonia gas emitted from manure. Both isolated L12I and 12III strains, identified as Pediococcus acidilactici (PA), were selected for their superior activity in assays performed with the evaluation criteria such as acid production, ammonia decomposition, and urease inhibition, which are key factors influencing ammonia excretion. The survivability of PA strains was confirmed by an increase in DNA abundance in the manure. PA strains lowered the pH of manure and suppressed the growth of hyper-ammonia-producing bacteria (HAB) possessing urease activity. The L12I and 12III treatment groups showed 23.58% and 38.00% emission reductions, respectively. Especially, the 12III strain was proven to be the more effective strain for reducing ammonia gas emission, with the best ability to reduce pH and inhibit HAB. The strains could have an additive effect in improving the manure quality as a nitrogen fertilizer by preserving the total nitrogen and urea content. These results suggest that PA strains can be used as unprecedented microbial agents to improve manure-derived environmental pollution and improve fertilizer quality.
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27
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Huang X, Zhang J, Zhang W, Tang G, Wang Y. Atmospheric ammonia and its effect on PM 2.5 pollution in urban Chengdu, Sichuan Basin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118195. [PMID: 34555796 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Controlling ammonia (NH3) emissions has been proposed as a strategy to mitigate haze pollution. To explore the role of NH3 in haze pollution in Sichuan Basin, where agricultural activities are intense, hourly in situ data of NH3, as well as nitric acid and secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs) were gathered in Chengdu from April 2017 to March 2018. We found that NH3 had an annual mean concentration of 9.7 ± 3.5 (mean ± standard deviation) μg m-3, and exhibited seasonal variations (spring > summer > autumn and winter) due to changes in emission sources and meteorological conditions (particularly temperature). Chengdu's atmosphere is generally NH3-sufficient, especially in the warm seasons, implying that the formation of SIAs is more sensitive to the availability of nitric acid. However, an NH3 "sufficient-to-deficient" transition was found to occur during winter pollution periods, and the frequency of NH3 deficiency increased with the aggravation of pollution. Under NH3-deficient conditions, the nitrogen oxidation ratio increased linearly with the increase in free NH3, implying that NH3 contributes appreciably to the formation of nitrate and thus to high PM2.5 loadings. No relationships of NH3 with fossil fuel combustion-related pollutants were found. The NH3 emissions from farmland and livestock waste in the suburbs of Chengdu and regional transport from west of Chengdu probably contribute to the occurrence of high PM2.5 loading in winter and spring, respectively. These results suggest that to achieve effective mitigation of PM2.5 in Chengdu, local and regional emission control of NH3 and NOx synergistically would be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Huang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Junke Zhang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Sichuan Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu, 610074, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100011, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100011, China
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28
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NH3 and N2O Real World Emissions Measurement from a CNG Heavy Duty Vehicle Using On-Board Measurement Systems. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112110055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development and utilization of a series of after-treatment devices in modern vehicles has led to an increase in emissions of NH3 and/or N2O with respect to the past. N2O is a long-lived greenhouse gas and an ozone-depleting substance, while NH3 is a precursor of secondary aerosols in the atmosphere. Certain regions, e.g., the EU and the USA, have introduced limits to the emissions of NH3 or N2O for vehicles tested in the laboratory. However, due to the lack of on-board systems that allow for the measurement of these compounds when the regulations were developed, these vehicles’ real-world emissions have not been regulated. This work evaluates on-board systems that could allow measuring real-world emissions of NH3 and N2O from heavy-duty vehicles. In particular, emissions of NH3 or N2O from a Euro VI Step D urban/interurban bus fueled with Compressed Natural Gas were measured using the HORIBA’s OBS-ONE-XL, which is based on a specifically developed technique called Infrared Laser Absorption Modulation, and uses a Quantum Cascade Laser as a light source. They were also measured using the PEMS-LAB, which is a more conventional FTIR-based system. Emissions were measured under real-world driving conditions on the road and in a climatic test cell at different ambient temperatures. For most of the conditions tested, the on-board systems correlated well with a laboratory-grade FTIR used as reference. In addition, a good correlation with R2 > 0.9 was found for the N2O concentrations measured by OBS-ONE-XL and PEMS-LAB during on-road testing.
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Li S, Liu T, Song W, Pei C, Huang Z, Wang Y, Chen Y, Yan J, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Wang X. Emission factors of ammonia for on-road vehicles in urban areas from a tunnel study in south China with laser-absorption based measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 280:116972. [PMID: 33774547 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle emission is an important source of ammonia (NH3) in urban areas. To better address the role of vehicle emission in urban NH3 sources, the emission factor of NH3 (NH3-EF) from vehicles running on roads under real-world conditions (on-road vehicles) needs to update accordingly with the increasingly tightened vehicle emission standards. In this study, laser-absorption based measurements of NH3 were conducted during a six-day campaign in 2019 at a busy urban tunnel with a daily traffic flow of nearly 40,000 vehicles in south China's Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. The NH3-EF was measured to be 16.6 ± 6.3 mg km-1 for the on-road vehicle fleets and 19.0 ± 7.2 mg km-1 for non-electric vehicles, with an NH3 to CO2 ratio of 0.27 ± 0.09 ppbv ppmv-1. Multiple linear regression revealed that the average NH3-EFs for gasoline vehicles (GVs), liquefied petroleum gas vehicles, and heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDVs) were 18.8, 15.6, and 44.2 mg km-1, respectively. While NH3 emissions from GVs were greatly reduced with enhanced performance of engines and catalytic devices to meet stricter emission standards, the application of urea selective catalytic reduction (SCR) in HDVs makes their NH3 emission an emerging concern. Based on results from this study, HDVs may contribute over 11% of the vehicular NH3 emissions, although they only share ∼4% by vehicle numbers in China. With the updated NH3-EFs, NH3 emission from on-road vehicles was estimated to be 9 Gg yr-1 in the PRD region in 2019, contributing only 5% of total NH3 emissions in the region, but still might be a dominant NH3 source in the urban centers with little agricultural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tengyu Liu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Zuzhao Huang
- Guangzhou Environmental Technology Center, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Yujun Wang
- Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Yanning Chen
- Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Jianhong Yan
- Guangzhou Tunnel Development Company, Guangzhou, 510133, China
| | - Runqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Domingo NGG, Balasubramanian S, Thakrar SK, Clark MA, Adams PJ, Marshall JD, Muller NZ, Pandis SN, Polasky S, Robinson AL, Tessum CW, Tilman D, Tschofen P, Hill JD. Air quality-related health damages of food. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2013637118. [PMID: 33972419 PMCID: PMC8158015 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013637118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Agriculture is a major contributor to air pollution, the largest environmental risk factor for mortality in the United States and worldwide. It is largely unknown, however, how individual foods or entire diets affect human health via poor air quality. We show how food production negatively impacts human health by increasing atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and we identify ways to reduce these negative impacts of agriculture. We quantify the air quality-related health damages attributable to 95 agricultural commodities and 67 final food products, which encompass >99% of agricultural production in the United States. Agricultural production in the United States results in 17,900 annual air quality-related deaths, 15,900 of which are from food production. Of those, 80% are attributable to animal-based foods, both directly from animal production and indirectly from growing animal feed. On-farm interventions can reduce PM2.5-related mortality by 50%, including improved livestock waste management and fertilizer application practices that reduce emissions of ammonia, a secondary PM2.5 precursor, and improved crop and animal production practices that reduce primary PM2.5 emissions from tillage, field burning, livestock dust, and machinery. Dietary shifts toward more plant-based foods that maintain protein intake and other nutritional needs could reduce agricultural air quality-related mortality by 68 to 83%. In sum, improved livestock and fertilization practices, and dietary shifts could greatly decrease the health impacts of agriculture caused by its contribution to reduced air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G G Domingo
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Srinidhi Balasubramanian
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Sumil K Thakrar
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Michael A Clark
- Oxford Martin School, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Adams
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Julian D Marshall
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Nicholas Z Muller
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Spyros N Pandis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Stephen Polasky
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Allen L Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Christopher W Tessum
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - David Tilman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Peter Tschofen
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Jason D Hill
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108;
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Volta M, Turrini E, Carnevale C, Valeri E, Gatta V, Polidori P, Maione M. Co-benefits of changing diet. A modelling assessment at the regional scale integrating social acceptability, environmental and health impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:143708. [PMID: 33302065 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several commentaries have suggested that the overconsumption of animal foods exerts several detrimental effects on human and environmental health. However, no studies have accurately estimated the impact of a reduction in animal food consumption on mortality due to the direct effects on metabolic health (i.e. animal protein and saturated fat intake as modulators of pathways leading to cardiovascular disease, cancer and accelerated ageing), and indirect effects on health due to excessive exposure to pollutants (i.e. PM10 concentrations originated by livestock ammonia emissions). The proposed modelling approach is innovative since it integrates social acceptability, environmental and health impacts. It is adopted to investigate different scenarios at a regional scale presenting the Lombardy region case study. The work focuses on the impact on the human and environmental health of diets characterized by three different animal protein intake levels. Our integrated assessment modelling approach faces the issue from two points of view. On one side, it estimates the mortality due to the population exposure to PM10 concentrations including the inorganic fraction originated by livestock ammonia emissions, on the other, it evaluates the mortality (i.e. total, cardiovascular and cancer) due to high dietary animal protein and/or saturated fat intake. The impacts of the mentioned animal protein intake levels of diets are also estimated through the people willingness to change their eating behaviour. The importance of putting in place end-of-pipe and energy measures in order to reduce ammonia and methane emissions from the breeding activities, going further the current EU legislation on air quality and climate, is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Volta
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - E Turrini
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - C Carnevale
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - E Valeri
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Energy, Transport and Climate Directorate, Seville, Spain
| | - V Gatta
- Department of Political Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - P Polidori
- Department of Law, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - M Maione
- Department of Pure and Applied Science, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
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Kim E, Kim BU, Kim HC, Kim S. Sensitivity of fine particulate matter concentrations in South Korea to regional ammonia emissions in Northeast Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116428. [PMID: 33482464 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is an important precursor for forming PM2.5. In this study, we estimated the impact of upwind transboundary and local downwind NH3 emissions on PM2.5 and its inorganic components via photochemical grid model simulations. Nine sensitivity scenarios with ±50% perturbations of upwind (China) and/or downwind (South Korea) NH3 emissions were simulated for the year 2016 over Northeast Asia. The annual mean PM2.5 concentrations in the downwind area were predicted to change from -3.3 (-18%) to 2.4 μg/m3(13%) when the NH3 emissions in the upwind and downwind areas were perturbed by -50% to +50%. The change in PM2.5 concentrations in the downwind area depending on the change in NH3 emissions in the upwind area was the highest in spring, followed by winter. This was mainly attributed to the change in nitrate (NO3-), a secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) that is a predominant constituent of PM2.5. Since NH3 is mainly emitted near the surface and vertical mixing is limited during the night, it was modeled that the aloft nitric acid (HNO3)-to-NO3- conversion in the morning hours was increased when the NH3 accumulated near the surface during nighttime begins to mix up within the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) as it develops after sunrise. This implies that the control of upwind and/or downwind NH3 emissions is effective at reducing PM2.5 concentrations in the downwind area even under NH3 rich conditions in Northeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Kim
- Department of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Uk Kim
- Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Atlanta, GA, 30354, USA
| | - Hyun Cheol Kim
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, 20740, USA; Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Soontae Kim
- Department of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.
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Kim E, Kim BU, Kim HC, Kim S. Direct and cross impacts of upwind emission control on downwind PM 2.5 under various NH 3 conditions in Northeast Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115794. [PMID: 33120348 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Emissions reductions in upwind areas can influence the PM2.5 concentrations in downwind areas via long-range transport. However, few studies have assessed the impact of upwind PM2.5 precursor controls on changes in downwind PM2.5 concentrations. In this study, we analyzed the overall impact of PM2.5 precursor emission controls in upwind areas on PM2.5 in downwind areas with two types of impacts: "direct impact" and "cross impact." The former refers to PM2.5 changes in downwind areas due to the transported PM2.5 itself, whereas the latter represents PM2.5 changes due to reactions between the transported gaseous precursors and intermediates (i.e., HNO3) originating from upwind areas and locally emitted precursors (i.e. NH3) in the downwind areas. As a case study, we performed air quality modeling for Northeast Asia for January 15-17, 2016 by setting China and South Korea as the upwind and downwind areas, respectively. To account for potential spatiotemporal variations in NH3 emissions in downwind areas, we considered two NH3 conditions. When NOx emissions in China were reduced by 35%, in downwind areas the PM2.5 concentrations decreased by 2.2 μg/m3 under NH3-rich conditions, while PM2.5 concentrations increased by 2.3 μg/m3 under NH3-poor conditions. The direct impact increased by 4.0 μg/m3 in both cases due to upwind NOx disbenefit effects. However, the cross impacts led to a PM2.5 decrease of 6.2 μg/m3 under NH3-rich conditions versus a PM2.5 increase of 1.7 μg/m3 under NH3-poor conditions. We noted that PM2.5 concentrations in the downwind areas may not improve unless a cross impact outweighs a direct impact. This may be one of the reasons why South Korea PM2.5 concentrations have not declined despite efforts by China to reduce their PM2.5 precursor emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Kim
- Department of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Uk Kim
- Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Atlanta, GA, 30354, USA
| | - Hyun Cheol Kim
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, 20740, USA; Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Soontae Kim
- Department of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.
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Air quality, nitrogen use efficiency and food security in China are improved by cost-effective agricultural nitrogen management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:648-658. [PMID: 37128115 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-020-00162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
China's gains in food production over the past four decades have been associated with substantial agricultural nitrogen losses, which contribute to air and water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and damage to human health. Here, we explore the potential to improve agricultural production practices that simultaneously increase yields while addressing these environmental challenges. We link agronomic research with air quality modelling for an integrated assessment of four improved nitrogen management strategies: improved farm management practices with nitrogen use reductions; machine deep placement of fertilizer; enhanced-efficiency fertilizer use; and improved manure management. We find that simultaneous implementation of the four strategies provides the largest benefits, which include: reductions in PM2.5 concentrations and associated premature deaths; increases in grain yields and grain nitrogen use efficiency; reductions in NO3- leaching and runoff and greenhouse gas emissions. Total benefits of US$30 billion per year exceed the US$18 billion per year in costs. Our findings indicate that policies that improve farmers' agricultural nitrogen management in China will improve both food security and public health while addressing multiple environmental challenges. Similar increases in attention on agricultural policy around the world are likely to provide large benefits in food security, environmental integrity and public health.
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Fu H, Luo Z, Hu S. A temporal-spatial analysis and future trends of ammonia emissions in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:138897. [PMID: 32408207 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Excessive anthropogenic activities have led to high-level ammonia loss and volatilization, which is regarded as a key factor in Chinese haze formation. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of ammonia emission estimations is accomplished at both temporal (1980-2016) and spatial (provincial) scales using a mass-balanced model, and emission projections through 2030 are also studied in different development scenarios. The results show that the ammonia emissions increased from 4.7 Tg N yr-1 in 1980 to 11 Tg N yr-1 in 2016, which is an approximately 2.4-fold increase. The cropland and livestock emissions are the largest contributors, as most reports show approximately 80% contributions; however, nonagriculture sources of fuel combustion, waste treatment and ammonia escape have grown rapidly in recent years, accounting for 14% in 2016. The spatial differences also reveal the complex heterogeneity in Chinese provinces. In addition, the emission intensities of major agriculture and non-agriculture sources are 0-80 kg N ha-1 yr-1 and over 100 kg N ha-1 yr-1, respectively, indicating a higher degree of ammonia concentration from non-agriculture emissions, which should attract wide concern. In terms of scenario analysis, emissions would reach 12.8 Tg N yr-1 in 2030 under the currently developed model and 7.3 Tg N yr-1 under a series of reduction policies; the spatial analysis also shows that the North China Plain has a 2.1 Tg N yr-1 reduction potential. The results of this study provide new insights into ammonia emission estimations and a better understanding of the environmental impacts of ammonia emitted from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Fu
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhibo Luo
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Baiyunshan Pharmaceutical Factory, Guangzhou Baiyunshan Pharmaceutical Holdings Co., Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shanying Hu
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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36
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Wang T, Huang X, Wang Z, Liu Y, Zhou D, Ding K, Wang H, Qi X, Ding A. Secondary aerosol formation and its linkage with synoptic conditions during winter haze pollution over eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 730:138888. [PMID: 32402961 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Eastern China has been facing severe winter haze pollution due mainly to secondary aerosol. Existing studies have suggested that stagnant weather or fast chemical production led to frequent haze in this region. However, few works focus on the linkage between secondary production of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) and synoptic conditions, and their joint contribution to PM2.5. In this study, by combining in-situ measurements on meteorology and aerosol chemical composition at three main cities together with a regional model with improved diagnose scheme, we investigated the chemical formation and accumulation of main secondary composition, i.e. SNA under typical synoptic conditions. It is indicated that SNA did play a vital role in haze pollution across eastern China, contributing more than 40% to PM2.5 mass concentration. As most fast developing region, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) was slightly polluted during stable weather with local chemical production accounting for 61% SNA pollution. While under the influence of cold front, the pollution was aggravated and advection transport became the predominant contributive process (85%). Nevertheless, the chemical production of SNA was notably enhanced due to the uplift of air pollutant and elevated humidity ahead of the cold front, which then facilitated the heterogeneous and aqueous-phase oxidation of precursors. We also found the substantial difference in the phase equilibrium of nitrate over the land surface and ocean due to changes in temperature, ammonia availability and dry deposition. This study highlights the close link between synoptic weather and chemical production, and the resultant vertical and spatial heterogeneity of pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zilin Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuliang Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Derong Zhou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongyue Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ximeng Qi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
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Ammonia Volatilization Reduced by Combined Application of Biogas Slurry and Chemical Fertilizer in Maize–Wheat Rotation System in North China Plain. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12114400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Digestate and biogas slurry (BS) are the byproduct of biogas engineering that could be used for elevating plant growth. However, the consequent emissions of ammonia from BS are considered a severe threat to the atmosphere. Herein, we conducted two consecutive field experiments with wheat–maize rotations to find out the optimum ratio of BS to combine with chemical fertilizer (CF) to reduce ammonia volatilization (AV) while keeping the stable crop yield. In maize season, 226.5 kg N/ha of CF was applied. In wheat season, 226.5 kg N/ha was applied at different ratios (100%, 80%, and 50%) between BS and CF. Our results found that the maximum yield of 6250 kg/ha was produced by CF, and this yield could be obtained through a combined application of 38% BS mixed with CF. Highest AV produced of 16.08 kg/ha by CF. BS treatments significantly reduced the emission from 18% to 32% in comparison to CF. The combined application of BS-CF produced the highest yield due to essential nutrients coming from both BS-CF. Subsequently, it reduced the AV depending on fertilizer type and fertilizer rate. An optimal ratio of 38% BS was recommended to produce the highest yield and lowest ammonia emissions. The application of BS together with different ratios of CF could be an alternative agricultural strategy to obtain desired crop yield and reduce AV in North China Plain (NCP).
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Tan J, Fu JS, Seinfeld JH. Ammonia emission abatement does not fully control reduced forms of nitrogen deposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9771-9775. [PMID: 32312806 PMCID: PMC7211968 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920068117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activities and population growth have increased the natural burden of reactive nitrogen (N) in the environment. Excessive N deposition on Earth's surface leads to adverse feedbacks on ecosystems and humans. Similar to that of air pollution, emission control is recognized as an efficient means to control acid deposition. Control of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions has led to reduction in deposition of oxidized nitrogen (NOy, the sum of all oxidized nitrogen species, except nitrous oxide [N2O]). Reduced forms of nitrogen (NHx = ammonia [NH3] + ammonium [NH4+]) deposition have, otherwise, increased, offsetting the benefit of reduction in NOy deposition. Stringent control of NH3 emissions is being considered. In this study, we assess the response of N deposition to N emission control on continental regions. We show that significant reduction of NHx deposition is unlikely to be achieved at the early stages of implementing NH3 emission abatement. Per-unit NH3 emission abatement is shown to result in only 60-80% reduction in NHx deposition, which is significantly lower than the demonstrated 80-120% benefit of controlling NOx emissions on NOy deposition. This 60-80% effectiveness of NHx deposition reduction per unit NH3 emission abatement reflects, in part, the effects of simultaneous reductions in NOx and SO2 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Tan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Joshua S Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996;
- Computational Earth Sciences Group, Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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Robichaud A. An overview of selected emerging outdoor airborne pollutants and air quality issues: The need to reduce uncertainty about environmental and human impacts. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:341-378. [PMID: 31994992 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1723738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
According to the literature, it is estimated that outdoor air pollution is responsible for the premature death in a range from 3.7 to 8.9 million persons on an annual basis across the world. Although there is uncertainty on this figure, outdoor air pollution represents one of the greatest global risks to human health. In North America, the rapid evolution of technologies (e.g., nanotechnology, unconventional oil and gas rapid development, higher demand for fertilizers in agriculture) and growing demand for ground, marine and air transportation may result in significant increases of emissions of pollutants that have not been carefully studied so far. As a result, these atmospheric pollutants insufficiently addressed by science in Canada and elsewhere are becoming a growing issue with likely human and environmental impacts in the near future. Here, an emerging pollutant is defined as one that meets the following criteria: 1) potential or demonstrated risk for humans or the environment, 2) absence of Canada-wide national standard, 3) insufficient routine monitoring, 4) yearly emissions greater than one ton in Canada, 5) insufficient data concerning significant sources, fate, and detection limit, and 6) insufficiently addressed by epidemiological studies. A new methodology to rank emerging pollutants is proposed here based on weighting multiple criteria. Some selected emerging issues are also discussed here and include the growing concern of ultrafine or nanoparticles, growing ammonia emissions (due to rapid expansion of the agriculture), increased methane/ethane/propane emissions (due to the expanding hydraulic fracturing in the oil and gas sector) and the growing transportation sector. Finally, the interaction between biological and anthropogenic pollution has been found to be a double threat for public health. Here, a multidisciplinary and critical overview of selected emerging pollutants and related critical issues is presented with a focus in Canada.Implications: This overview paper provides a selection methodology for emerging pollutants in the atmospheric environment. It also provides a critical discussion of some related issues. The ultimate objective is to inform about the need to 1) address emerging issues through adequate surface monitoring and modeling in order to inform the development of regulations, 2) reduce uncertainties by geographically mapping emerging pollutants (e.g., through data fusion, data assimilation of observations into air quality models) which can improve the scientific support of epidemiological studies and policies. This review also highlights some of the difficulties with the management of these emerging pollutants, and the need for an integrated approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Robichaud
- Air Quality Modelling and Integration Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dorval, Quebec
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40
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Regulated and Non-Regulated Emissions from Euro 6 Diesel, Gasoline and CNG Vehicles under Real-World Driving Conditions. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transport sector is one of the main sources air pollutants. Different exhaust after-treatment systems have been implemented over the years to control the emissions of criteria pollutants. However, while reducing the emissions of the target compounds these systems can lead to the emissions of other pollutants and/or greenhouse gases such as NH3 or N2O. Following the implementation of the Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test procedure in the EU, vehicles have been equipped with more complex after-treatment configurations. The impact that these technologies may have on the emissions of non-regulated pollutants during real-world driving have not been evaluated until now. In the current study we present the on-road emissions of a series of non-regulated pollutants, including NH3, N2O, CH4 and HCHO, measured with a portable FTIR from a series of Euro 6d, Euro 6c and Euro 6d-TEMP, gasoline diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles during real-world testing. The obtained results show that it is possible to measure N2O, NH3, CH4 and HCHO during on-road operation. The results also highlight the importance of the measurement of the emissions of these pollutants during real-world driving, as the emissions of NH3 (a particulate matter precursor) and those of N2O and CH4 (green-house gases) can be high from some vehicle technologies. NH3 emissions were up to 49 mg/km for gasoline passenger cars, up to 69 mg/km for the CNG light-commercial vehicle and up to 17 mg/km a diesel passenger car equipped with a selective catalytic reduction system (SCR). On the other hand, N2O and CH4 emissions accounted for up to 9.8 g CO2 eqv/km for a diesel passenger car equipped with a combination of diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC), lean NOx traps (LNT), SCR and possibly an ammonia slip catalyst ASC.
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41
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Premature mortality related to United States cross-state air pollution. Nature 2020; 578:261-265. [PMID: 32051602 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-1983-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor air pollution adversely affects human health and is estimated to be responsible for five to ten per cent of the total annual premature mortality in the contiguous United States1-3. Combustion emissions from a variety of sources, such as power generation or road traffic, make a large contribution to harmful air pollutants such as ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5)4. Efforts to mitigate air pollution have focused mainly on the relationship between local emission sources and local air quality2. Air quality can also be affected by distant emission sources, however, including emissions from neighbouring federal states5,6. This cross-state exchange of pollution poses additional regulatory challenges. Here we quantify the exchange of air pollution among the contiguous United States, and assess its impact on premature mortality that is linked to increased human exposure to PM2.5 and ozone from seven emission sectors for 2005 to 2018. On average, we find that 41 to 53 per cent of air-quality-related premature mortality resulting from a state's emissions occurs outside that state. We also find variations in the cross-state contributions of different emission sectors and chemical species to premature mortality, and changes in these variations over time. Emissions from electric power generation have the greatest cross-state impacts as a fraction of their total impacts, whereas commercial/residential emissions have the smallest. However, reductions in emissions from electric power generation since 2005 have meant that, by 2018, cross-state premature mortality associated with the commercial/residential sector was twice that associated with power generation. In terms of the chemical species emitted, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide emissions caused the most cross-state premature deaths in 2005, but by 2018 primary PM2.5 emissions led to cross-state premature deaths equal to three times those associated with sulfur dioxide emissions. These reported shifts in emission sectors and emission species that contribute to premature mortality may help to guide improvements to air quality in the contiguous United States.
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Kotnala G, Sharma SK, Mandal TK. Influence of Vehicular Emissions (NO, NO 2, CO and NMHCs) on the Mixing Ratio of Atmospheric Ammonia (NH 3) in Delhi, India. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:79-85. [PMID: 31832738 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00689-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mixing ratios of atmospheric ammonia (NH3), nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), and methane (CH4) were measured to investigate the vehicular emissions, which are a dominant source of atmospheric NH3 in urban sites of Delhi, India from January 2013 to December 2014. The annual average mixing ratios of NH3, NO, CO, NMHCs, and CH4 were 21.2 ± 2.1 ppb, 21.2 ± 6.1 ppb, 1.89 ± 0.18 ppm, 0.67 ± 0.21 ppm and 3.11 ± 0.53 ppm, respectively. Considering NO as a tracer of vehicular plume, ambient NH3 was correlated with NO during peak traffic hour in the morning (7:00-10:00 h) and evening (17:00-19:00 h) and observed significant positive correlation between them. Result reveals that the mixing ratio of atmospheric NH3 significantly positive correlated with traffic related pollutants (NO, CO, and NHHCs) during all the seasons (winter, summer, and monsoon). During winter, the average mixing ratio of atmospheric NH3 was increased by 1.2-3.5 ppb in the morning peak hour, whereas increased by 0.3-1.6 ppb in the evening peak hour. Similarly, an increase in NH3 mixing ratio was observed during summer (morning: 1.2-2.7 ppb and evening: 1.5-1.6 ppb) and monsoon (morning: 0.4-3.6 ppb and evening: 0.9-1.4 ppb) seasons. The results emphasized that the traffic could be one of the dominant source of ambient NH3 at the urban site of Delhi, as illustrated by positive relationships of NH3 with traffic related co-pollutants (NO, CO and NMHCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Kotnala
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - S K Sharma
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - T K Mandal
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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43
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Xu Y, Xiao H, Wu D. Traffic-related dustfall and NO x, but not NH 3, seriously affect nitrogen isotopic compositions in soil and plant tissues near the roadside. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:655-665. [PMID: 30933763 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) emissions from traffic have received particular attention in recent years because of their important contributions to the growth of secondary aerosols and the negative effects on urban air quality. However, few studies have been performed on the impacts of traffic NH3 emissions on adjacent soil and plants. Moreover, doubt remains over whether dry nitrogen (N) deposition still contributes a minor proportion of plant N nutrition compared with wet N deposition in urban road environments. This study investigated the δ15N values of road dustfall, soil, moss, camphor leaf and camphor bark samples collected along a distance gradient from the road, suggesting that samples collected near the road have significantly more positive δ15N values than those of remote sites. According to the SIAR model (Stable Isotope Analysis in R) applied to dustfall and moss samples from the roadside, it was found that NH3 from traffic exhaust (8.8 ± 7.1%) contributed much less than traffic-derived NO2 (52.2 ± 10.0%) and soil N (39.0 ± 13.8%) to dustfall bulk N; additionally, 68.6% and 31.4% of N in mosses near the roadside could be explained by dry N deposition (only 20.4 ± 12.5% for traffic-derived NH3) and wet N deposition, respectively. A two-member mixing model was used to analyse the δ15N in continuously collected mature camphor leaf and camphor bark samples, which revealed a similarity of the δ15N values of plant-available deposited N to 15N-enriched traffic-derived NOx-N. We concluded that a relatively high proportion of N inputs in urban road environments was contributed by traffic-related dustfall and NOx rather than NH3. These information provide useful insights into reducing the impacts of traffic exhaust on adjacent ecosystems and can assist policy makers in determining the reconstruction of a monitoring network for N deposition that reaches the road level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Resource, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Huayun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99, Linchengxi Road, Guiyang 550081, China.
| | - Daishe Wu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Resource, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China.
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Chang Y, Zou Z, Zhang Y, Deng C, Hu J, Shi Z, Dore AJ, Collett JL. Assessing Contributions of Agricultural and Nonagricultural Emissions to Atmospheric Ammonia in a Chinese Megacity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1822-1833. [PMID: 30645946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is the predominant alkaline gas in the atmosphere contributing to formation of fine particles-a leading environmental cause of increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. Prior findings suggest that NH3 in the urban atmosphere derives from a complex mixture of agricultural (mainly livestock production and fertilizer application) and nonagricultural (e.g., urban waste, fossil fuel-related emissions) sources; however, a citywide holistic assessment is hitherto lacking. Here we show that NH3 from nonagricultural sources rivals agricultural NH3 source contributions in the Shanghai urban atmosphere. We base our conclusion on four independent approaches: (i) a full-year operation of a passive NH3 monitoring network at 14 locations covering urban, suburban, and rural landscapes; (ii) model-measurement comparison of hourly NH3 concentrations at a pair of urban and rural supersites; (iii) source-specific NH3 measurements from emission sources; and (iv) localized isotopic signatures of NH3 sources integrated in a Bayesian isotope mixing model to make isotope-based source apportionment estimates of ambient NH3. Results indicate that nonagricultural sources and agricultural sources are both important contributors to NH3 in the urban atmosphere. These findings highlight opportunities to limit NH3 emissions from nonagricultural sources to help curb PM2.5 pollution in urban China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Chang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment , Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044 , P. R. China
| | - Zhong Zou
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment , Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044 , P. R. China
| | - Congrui Deng
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , P. R. China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044 , P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044 , P. R. China
| | - Anthony J Dore
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Edinburgh , Bush Estate, Penicuik , Midlothian EH26 0QB , United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey L Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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45
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Tao Y, Murphy JG. Evidence for the Importance of Semivolatile Organic Ammonium Salts in Ambient Particulate Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:108-116. [PMID: 30512929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The gas/particle phase partitioning behavior of NH3/NH4+ and other semivolatile constituents was measured by a custom-designed Denuder-MOUDI-Denuder integrated sampling system in Toronto, Canada. In this setup, upstream denuders were used to capture alkaline and acidic gaseous components, and particle phase components were captured by the filters on MOUDI stages. Downstream denuders captured any alkaline and acidic gases that exited the MOUDI apparatus, likely representing semivolatile constituents. In the ambient gas phase HCOOH was the most abundant acidic gas, with an average mixing ratio ∼2-3 times higher than that of SO2 and HNO3. It was found that the majority (49-96%) of filter-collected NH4+ volatilized during collection. NO3- volatilization could only explain 0.9-15% of NH4+ loss from the filters. Instead, a strong correlation and nearly 1:1 molar ratio between downstream HCOO- and NH4+ indicated that most of the semivolatile NH4+ was originally balanced by organic acids in the ambient particle phase. The thermodynamic properties of HCOOH/HCOO- suggest that it should not have been present at high levels in the ambient particle phase, and we interpret its detection in the downstream denuder as evidence for larger organic acids that reacted to generate HCOOH prior to our offline measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , Toronto , Ontario M1C 1A4 , Canada
| | - Jennifer G Murphy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
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Xu R, Tian H, Pan S, Prior SA, Feng Y, Batchelor WD, Chen J, Yang J. Global ammonia emissions from synthetic nitrogen fertilizer applications in agricultural systems: Empirical and process-based estimates and uncertainty. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:314-326. [PMID: 30358033 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Excessive ammonia (NH3 ) emitted from nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications in global croplands plays an important role in atmospheric aerosol production, resulting in visibility reduction and regional haze. However, large uncertainty exists in the estimates of NH3 emissions from global and regional croplands, which utilize different data and methods. In this study, we have coupled a process-based Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) with the bidirectional NH3 exchange module in the Community Multiscale Air-Quality (CMAQ) model (DLEM-Bi-NH3 ) to quantify NH3 emissions at the global and regional scale, and crop-specific NH3 emissions globally at a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5° during 1961-2010. Results indicate that global NH3 emissions from N fertilizer use have increased from 1.9 ± 0.03 to 16.7 ± 0.5 Tg N/year between 1961 and 2010. The annual increase of NH3 emissions shows large spatial variations across the global land surface. Southern Asia, including China and India, has accounted for more than 50% of total global NH3 emissions since the 1980s, followed by North America and Europe. Rice cultivation has been the largest contributor to total global NH3 emissions since the 1990s, followed by corn and wheat. In addition, results show that empirical methods without considering environmental factors (constant emission factor in the IPCC Tier 1 guideline) could underestimate NH3 emissions in context of climate change, with the highest difference (i.e., 6.9 Tg N/year) occurring in 2010. This study provides a robust estimate on global and regional NH3 emissions over the past 50 years, which offers a reference for assessing air quality consequences of future nitrogen enrichment as well as nitrogen use efficiency improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongting Xu
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shufen Pan
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | - Yucheng Feng
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | - Jian Chen
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Jia Yang
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Forestry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Starkville, Mississippi
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47
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Dai C, Huang S, Zhou Y, Xu B, Peng H, Qin P, Wu G. Concentrations and emissions of particulate matter and ammonia from extensive livestock farm in South China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:1871-1879. [PMID: 30460646 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3766-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and ammonia pollution from livestock feeding have gradually become the environmental concerns due to the spring up of livestock farms in worldwide. However, researches about the formation of atmospheric particulate matter related to ammonia are still limited. Therefore, a study to survey the total suspended particles (TSP), PM with the diameter less than 10 μm (PM10), PM4, PM2.5, PM1, and ammonia was conducted at four types of hog houses distinguished by its building design as well as manure handling methods in South China. Four hog houses were monitored during three fattening periods from 2016 to 2017. The emissions of NH3 per hog house averaged 210.42 μg s-1. The emissions of PM per hog house averaged 2.017 μg h-1 for PM1, 2.149 μg h-1 for PM2.5, 2.305 μg h-1 for PM4, 3.950 μg h-1 for PM10, and 9.317 μg h-1 for TSP. The emissions of PM per hog house average 2.017 μg h-1, 2.149 μg h-1, 2.305 μg h-1, 3.950 μg h-1, and 9.317 μg h-1, respectively for PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, and PM10. In each hog house, while the quantity of manure determined the concentration of NH3, biological fermentation bed was able to control the ammonia volatilization compared with other three manure handling methods. The largest percentage of fine PM (< 10 μm) is produced by the manual waterless method for manure handling. When it came to the manual waterless method, largest amount of fine PM (< 10 μm) was founded to form. Among various contributions of secondary inorganic PM to PM1, the NH3 was a dominant factor. Based on our experiment, the absolute concentration of NH3 was inversely proportional to the concentration of PM1 when the background influence was removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Dai
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Shaojian Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Bin Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Hui Peng
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Pufeng Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Genyi Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
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48
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Weagle CL, Snider G, Li C, van Donkelaar A, Philip S, Bissonnette P, Burke J, Jackson J, Latimer R, Stone E, Abboud I, Akoshile C, Anh NX, Brook JR, Cohen A, Dong J, Gibson MD, Griffith D, He KB, Holben BN, Kahn R, Keller CA, Kim JS, Lagrosas N, Lestari P, Khian YL, Liu Y, Marais EA, Martins JV, Misra A, Muliane U, Pratiwi R, Quel EJ, Salam A, Segev L, Tripathi SN, Wang C, Zhang Q, Brauer M, Rudich Y, Martin RV. Global Sources of Fine Particulate Matter: Interpretation of PM 2.5 Chemical Composition Observed by SPARTAN using a Global Chemical Transport Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11670-11681. [PMID: 30215246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a leading risk factor for the global burden of disease. However, uncertainty remains about PM2.5 sources. We use a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) simulation for 2014, constrained by satellite-based estimates of PM2.5 to interpret globally dispersed PM2.5 mass and composition measurements from the ground-based surface particulate matter network (SPARTAN). Measured site mean PM2.5 composition varies substantially for secondary inorganic aerosols (2.4-19.7 μg/m3), mineral dust (1.9-14.7 μg/m3), residual/organic matter (2.1-40.2 μg/m3), and black carbon (1.0-7.3 μg/m3). Interpretation of these measurements with the GEOS-Chem model yields insight into sources affecting each site. Globally, combustion sectors such as residential energy use (7.9 μg/m3), industry (6.5 μg/m3), and power generation (5.6 μg/m3) are leading sources of outdoor global population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations. Global population-weighted organic mass is driven by the residential energy sector (64%) whereas population-weighted secondary inorganic concentrations arise primarily from industry (33%) and power generation (32%). Simulation-measurement biases for ammonium nitrate and dust identify uncertainty in agricultural and crustal sources. Interpretation of initial PM2.5 mass and composition measurements from SPARTAN with the GEOS-Chem model constrained by satellite-based PM2.5 provides insight into sources and processes that influence the global spatial variation in PM2.5 composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Weagle
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Graydon Snider
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Chi Li
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Sajeev Philip
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field , California 94035-0001 , United States
| | - Paul Bissonnette
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Jaqueline Burke
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - John Jackson
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Robyn Latimer
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Emily Stone
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Ihab Abboud
- Centre for Atmospheric Research Experiments , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Egbert , Ontario L0L 1N0 , Canada
| | | | - Nguyen Xuan Anh
- Institute of Geophysics , Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Jeffrey Robert Brook
- Department of Public Health Sciences , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1A8 , Canada
| | - Aaron Cohen
- Health Effects Institute , Boston , Massachusetts 02110-1817 , United States
| | - Jinlu Dong
- Department of Earth System Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Mark D Gibson
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Derek Griffith
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) , Pretoria , South Africa 0001
| | - Kebin B He
- Department of Earth System Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Brent N Holben
- Earth Science Division , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , Maryland 21046 , United States
| | - Ralph Kahn
- Earth Science Division , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , Maryland 21046 , United States
| | - Christoph A Keller
- Universities Space Research Association/Goddard Earth Science Technology and Research , Columbia , Maryland 20771 , United States
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , Maryland 20771 , United States
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Nofel Lagrosas
- Manila Observatory , Ateneo de Manila University campus , Quezon City , 1108 , Philippines
| | - Puji Lestari
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering , ITB , JL. Ganesha No.10 , Bandung 40132 , Indonesia
| | - Yeo Lik Khian
- Center for Global Change Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Yang Liu
- Rollins School of Public Health , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Eloise A Marais
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom
| | - J Vanderlei Martins
- Department of Physics and Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology , University of Maryland , Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Amit Misra
- Center for Environmental Science and Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur , 208016 , India
| | - Ulfi Muliane
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering , ITB , JL. Ganesha No.10 , Bandung 40132 , Indonesia
| | - Rizki Pratiwi
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering , ITB , JL. Ganesha No.10 , Bandung 40132 , Indonesia
| | - Eduardo J Quel
- UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET) Juan B. de la Salle 4397 - Villa Martelli , Buenos Aires B1603ALO , Argentina
| | - Abdus Salam
- Department of Chemistry , University of Dhaka , Dhaka 1000 , Bangladesh
| | - Lior Segev
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Sachchida N Tripathi
- Center for Environmental Science and Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur , 208016 , India
| | - Chien Wang
- Center for Global Change Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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49
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Carlton AG, Pye HOT, Baker KR, Hennigan CJ. Additional Benefits of Federal Air-Quality Rules: Model Estimates of Controllable Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9254-9265. [PMID: 30005158 PMCID: PMC6748392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric models that accurately describe the fate and transport of trace species for the right reasons aid in the development of effective air-quality management strategies that safeguard human health. Controllable emissions facilitate the formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) to enhance the atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) burden. Previous modeling with the EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model predicted that anthropogenic primary organic aerosol (POA) emissions had the greatest impact on BSOA. That experiment included formation processes involving semivolatile partitioning but not aerosol liquid water (ALW), a ubiquitous PM constituent. We conduct 17 summertime CMAQ simulations with updated chemistry and evaluate changes in BSOA due to the removal of individual pollutants and source sectors for the contiguous U.S. CMAQ predicts SO2 from electricity generating units, and mobile source NOX emissions have the largest impacts on BSOA. The removal of anthropogenic NOX, SO2, and POA emissions during the simulation reduces the nationally averaged BSOA by 23, 14, and 8% and PM2.5 by 9.2, 14, and 5.3%, respectively. ALW mass concentrations decrease by 10 and 35% in response to the removal of NOX and SO2 emissions. This work contributes chemical insight into ancillary benefits of Federal NOX and SO2 rules that concurrently reduce organic PM2.5 mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annmarie G Carlton
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Havala O T Pye
- Office of Research and Development , U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709 , United States
| | - Kirk R Baker
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards , U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709 , United States
| | - Christopher J Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering , University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Maryland 21250 , United States
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50
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Yang W, Ma Q, Liu Y, Ma J, Chu B, Wang L, He H. Role of NH3 in the Heterogeneous Formation of Secondary Inorganic Aerosols on Mineral Oxides. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6311-6320. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b05130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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