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Qiu J, Ma J, Dong Z, Ren Q, Shan Q, Liu J, Gao M, Liu G, Zhang S, Qu G, Jiang G, Liu S. Lung megakaryocytes engulf inhaled airborne particles to promote intrapulmonary inflammation and extrapulmonary distribution. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7396. [PMID: 39191805 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Many lung immune cells are known to respond to inhaled particulate matter. However, current known responses cannot explain how particles induce thrombosis in the lung and how they translocate to distant organs. Here, we demonstrate that lung megakaryocytes (MKs) in the alveolar and interstitial regions display location-determined characteristics and act as crucial responders to inhaled particles. They move rapidly to engulf particles and become activated with upregulation in inflammatory responses and thrombopoiesis. Comprehensive in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo results unraveled that MKs were involved in particle-induced lung damages and shed particle-containing platelets into blood circulation. Moreover, MK-derived platelets exhibited faster clotting, stronger adhesion than normal resting platelets, and inherited the engulfed particles from parent MKs to assist in extrapulmonary particle transportation. Our findings collectively highlight that the specific responses of MKs towards inhaled particles and their roles in facilitating the translocation of particles from the lungs to extrapulmonary organs for clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahuang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
| | - Zheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, P.R. China
| | - Quanzhong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100035, P. R. China
| | - Qing'e Shan
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Center of Medical and Health Analysis, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Centre for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, P.R. China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, P.R. China
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Kim Y, Yi SM, Heo J, Kim H, Lee W, Kim H, Hopke PK, Lee YS, Shin HJ, Park J, Yoo M, Jeon K, Park J. Is replacing missing values of PM 2.5 constituents with estimates using machine learning better for source apportionment than exclusion or median replacement? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 354:124165. [PMID: 38759749 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
East Asian countries have been conducting source apportionment of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) by applying positive matrix factorization (PMF) to hourly constituent concentrations. However, some of the constituent data from the supersites in South Korea was missing due to instrument maintenance and calibration. Conventional preprocessing of missing values, such as exclusion or median replacement, causes biases in the estimated source contributions by changing the PMF input. Machine learning (ML) can estimate the missing values by training on constituent data, meteorological data, and gaseous pollutants. Complete data from the Seoul Supersite in 2018 was taken, and a random 20% was set as missing. PMF was performed by replacing missing values with estimates. Percent errors of the source contributions were calculated compared to those estimated from complete data. Missing values were estimated using a random forest analysis. Estimation accuracy (r2) was as high as 0.874 for missing carbon species and low at 0.631 when ionic species and trace elements were missing. For the seven highest contributing sources, replacing the missing values of carbon species with estimates minimized the percent errors to 2.0% on average. However, replacing the missing values of the other chemical species with estimates increased the percent errors to more than 9.7% on average. Percent errors were maximal at 37% on average when missing values of ionic species and trace elements were replaced with estimates. Missing values, except for carbon species, need to be excluded. This approach reduced the percent errors to 7.4% on average, which was lower than those due to median replacement. Our results show that reducing the biases in source apportionment is possible by replacing the missing values of carbon species with estimates. To improve the biases due to missing values of the other chemical species, the estimation accuracy of the ML needs to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngkwon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Muk Yi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbae Heo
- Busan Development Institute, Busan, 47210, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajin Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojoo Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Young Su Lee
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang-ro, Sinchang-myeon, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Shin
- Air Quality Research Division, Department of Climate and Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmin Park
- Air Quality Research Division, Department of Climate and Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungsoo Yoo
- Department of Climate and Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Jeon
- Global Environment Research Division, Department of Climate and Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Park
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Haswani D, Sunder Raman R, Yadav K, Dhandapani A, Iqbal J, Naresh Kumar R, Laxmi Prasad SV, Yogesh A, B M SM, Lokesh KS. Pollution characteristics and ecological risks of trace elements in PM 2.5 over three COALESCE network sites - Bhopal, Mesra, and Mysuru, India. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 324:138203. [PMID: 36842561 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Time-synchronized, 24 h integrated PM2.5 trace element (TE) measurements made as a part of the COALESCE project (Venkataraman et al., 2020) at Bhopal, Mesra, and Mysore during all of 2019 were analyzed in this study. The concentrations of 15 key elements ranged between 0.05 ng m-3 and 50 μg m-3 across the study sites. Pronounced seasonal variation of elements from multiple source classes showed that the crustal origin elements (Al, Si, Fe, Ti, and Ca) peaked during the pre-monsoon season, while the anthropogenic activities driven element (P, S, K, V, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Pb) concentrations increased during the winter and post-monsoon seasons. Spearman correlation coupled with hierarchical clustering separated the matrix of elements into three common clusters at all sites, corresponding to crustal sources, combustion and biomass burning emissions, and industrial/non-exhaust vehicular emissions, respectively. Furthermore, episodes of metal pollution throughout the year were examined using characteristic radar charts of TEs to identify the association between TE sources and poor air quality. For example, maximum metal pollution in Bhopal occurred during the post-monsoon season, attributable to biomass burning, dust storms, industrial and non-exhaust vehicular emissions. Finally, an ecological risk assessment revealed that the risk index was higher than the threshold value of 600 for all heavy metals at all sites. Pb, Cu, and Zn were the top contributors to 'extremely high risk' amongst all heavy metals. Overall, the results show that although TE concentrations at all three locations were much lower than in other urban locations in India, the risk from heavy metals to the ecosystem (and likely to human health) cannot be ignored. The findings warrant a full source apportionment of fine PM to better identify TE-rich source contributions and future studies to examine the atmospheric processing and eco-system uptake of TEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Haswani
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ramya Sunder Raman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kajal Yadav
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Abisheg Dhandapani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Jawed Iqbal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - R Naresh Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - S V Laxmi Prasad
- Department of Environmental Engineering, SJCE, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysuru, 570006, India
| | - Adi Yogesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Madras, 600036, India
| | - Sadashiva Murthy B M
- Department of Environmental Engineering, SJCE, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysuru, 570006, India
| | - K S Lokesh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, SJCE, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysuru, 570006, India
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Silva LFO, Schindler M, Alavijeh MA, Finkelman RB, Oliveira MLS. A review of the mineralogical and chemical composition of nanoparticles associated with coal fires. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2022; 51:1103-1117. [PMID: 36039745 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes our current knowledge on the health and environmental impact as well as the mineralogical and geochemical composition of nanoparticles (NPs) associated with coal fires. It will furthermore recommend new sampling and characterization protocols to gain a better understanding of the various types of NPs that are formed either through high-temperature nucleation and alteration processes or via low-temperature dissolution-reprecipitation and weathering processes. Coal fires affect the immediate environment of coal-producing areas and produce positive and negative feedback to climate change through the emission of carbon- and sulfate-bearing gases and aerosols, respectively. Nanoparticles form during and after coal fires. They are composed of mainly soot and tar particles as well as amorphous phases, minerals, and complex mixtures of amorphous phases and minerals. It is recommended that NPs for mineralogical studies should be collected using impactors (a new generation of collectors for particulate matter, such as the TPS100 NP sampler) or that borosilicate filters at the openings of pipes and chambers be used to collect and measure gases emitted by coal fires. Furthermore, assemblages of NPs occurring at the mouths of coal fire vents should be examined using a combination of focused ion beam (FIB) technology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and those containing ion- or electron-beam sensitive phases should be examined with the corresponding cryo-techniques, such as cryo-FIB, cryo-ion mill, and cryo-TEM. The mineralogical and chemical composition of NP-bearing bulk samples should be examined with spectroscopy techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, or time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F O Silva
- Dep. of Civil and Environmental, Univ. de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, 080002, Colombia
| | - Michael Schindler
- Dep. of Earth Sciences, Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T2N2, Canada
| | | | - Robert B Finkelman
- Dep. of Geosciences, Univ. of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Marcos L S Oliveira
- Dep. of Civil and Environmental, Univ. de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, 080002, Colombia
- Dep. of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal Univ. of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
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Kim Y, Jeon K, Park J, Shim K, Kim SW, Shin HJ, Yi SM, Hopke PK. Local and transboundary impacts of PM 2.5 sources identified in Seoul during the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 13:101510. [PMID: 35875788 PMCID: PMC9292463 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2022.101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Countries in Northeast Asia have been regulating PM2.5 sources and studying their local and transboundary origins since PM2.5 causes severe impacts on public health and economic losses. However, the separation of local and transboundary impacts is not fully realized because it is impossible to change air pollutant emissions from multiple countries experimentally. Exceptionally, the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak (January-March 2020) provided a cross-country experiment to separate each impact of PM2.5 sources identified in Seoul, a downwind area of China. We evaluated the contributions of PM2.5 sources compared to 2019 using dispersion normalized positive matrix factorization (DN-PMF) during three meteorological episodes. Episodes 1 and 2 revealed transboundary impacts and were related to reduced anthropogenic emissions and accumulated primary pollutants in Northeast China. Anthropogenic emissions, except for the residential sector, decreased, but primary air pollutants accumulated by residential coal combustion enhanced secondary aerosol formation. Thus, the contributions of sulfate and secondary nitrate increased in Seoul during episode 1 but then decreased maximally with other primary sources (biomass burning, district heating and incineration, industrial sources, and oil combustion) during episode 2 under meteorological conditions favorable to long-range transport. Local impact was demonstrated by atmospheric stagnation during episode 3. Meteorological condition unfavorable to local dispersion elevated the contributions of mobile and coal combustion and further contributed to PM2.5 high concentration events (HCE). Our study separates the local and transboundary impacts and highlights that cooperations in Northeast Asia on secondary aerosol formation and management of local sources are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngkwon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Division of Policy Research, Green Technology Center, Seoul, 04554, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Jeon
- Climate and Air Quality Research Department Global Environment Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Park
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuseok Shim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Shin
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Muk Yi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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Dietrich M, O'Shea MJ, Gieré R, Krekeler MPS. Road sediment, an underutilized material in environmental science research: A review of perspectives on United States studies with international context. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128604. [PMID: 35306410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Road sediment is a pervasive environmental medium that acts as both source and sink for a variety of natural and anthropogenic particles and often is enriched in heavy metals. Road sediment is generally understudied in the United States (U.S.) relative to other environmental media and compared to countries such as China and the United Kingdom (U.K.). However, the U.S. is an ideal target for these studies due to the diverse climates and wealth of geochemical, socioeconomic, demographic, and health data. This review outlines the existing U.S. road sediment literature while also providing key international perspectives and context. Furthermore, the most comprehensive table of U.S. road sediment studies to date is presented, which includes elemental concentrations, sample size, size fraction, collection and analytical methods, as well as digestion procedure. Overall, there were observed differences in studies by sampling time period for elemental concentrations, but not necessarily by climate in the U.S. Other key concepts addressed in this road sediment review include the processes controlling its distribution, the variety of nomenclature used, anthropogenic enrichment of heavy metals, electron microscopy, health risk assessments, remediation, and future directions of road sediment investigations. Going forward, it is recommended that studies with a higher geographic diversity are performed that consider smaller cities and rural areas. Furthermore, environmental justice must be a focus as community science studies of road sediment can elucidate pollution issues impacting areas of high need. Finally, this review calls for consistency in sampling, data reporting, and nomenclature to effectively expand work on understudied elements, particles, and background sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dietrich
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael J O'Shea
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6316, USA
| | - Reto Gieré
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6316, USA; Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3616, USA
| | - Mark P S Krekeler
- Department of Geology & Environmental Earth Science, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA; Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences Miami University-Hamilton, Hamilton, OH 45011, USA.
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Characteristics and Aging of Traffic-Emitted Particles with Sulfate and Organic Compound Formation in Urban Air. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traffic is a major source of anthropogenic aerosol in urban atmosphere. In this study, aerosol particles were measured with a TEM-EDX system at the roadside of a main road in the northwestern part of Beijing, China, under clear and hazy conditions. Soot, organic, sulfur-rich (S-rich), mineral, and metal particles, as well as the mixtures, were frequently encountered in aerosols. Under hazy conditions, S-rich particles coated with organic matter (S-OM particles) accounted for most of the total particles (15% to 24%), followed by soot particles (18% to 21%), organic particles (17% to 21%), non-mixed S-rich particles (10% to 18%), and S-rich particles with soot-, mineral-, or metal-inclusions (here referred to as S-inclusion particles) (11% to 15%). Under clear conditions, non-mixed S-rich and organic particles were dominant components, while mineral and soot particles were secondary components, among which, ~14% of the total particles had a sulfate core or OM coating; inclusions of mixture particles were often mixed with sulfate cores. In the sulfate core–OM shell structure particles, the ratio of core diameter to the whole particle diameter was ~0.52 under hazy conditions and ~0.60 under clear conditions, indicating a substantial sulfate and organic formation on the particles. Soot particles accounted for 18% to 21% of the total particles. The relative growth of aged soot particles was higher under hazy conditions than under clear conditions. In sum, particles from traffic emissions on a main urban road aged with the formation of sulfate and organic matter.
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Recent Advances in Methods for the Recovery of Carbon Nanominerals and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons from Coal Fly Ash and Their Emerging Applications. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coal fly ash is found to be one of the key pollutants worldwide due to its toxic heavy metal content. However, due to advancements in technology, coal fly ash has gained importance in various emerging fields. They are rich sources of carbonaceous particles which remain unburnt during burning of various coals in thermal power plants (TPPs). Various carbonaceous nanoparticles in the form of fullerenes, soot, and carbon nanotubes could be recovered from coal fly ash by applying trending techniques. Moreover, coal fly ash is comprised of rich sources of organic carbons such as polycyclic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons that are used in various industries for the development of carbon-derived value-added materials and nanocomposites. Here, we focus on all the types of carbon nanominerals from coal fly ash with the latest techniques applied. Moreover, we also emphasize the recovery of organic carbons in polyaromatic (PAHs) and polycyclic hydrocarbons (PCHs) from coal fly ash (CFA). Finally, we try to elucidate the latest applications of such carbon particle in the industry.
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Wang C, Shao N, Xu J, Zhang Z, Cai Z. Pollution emission characteristics, distribution of heavy metals, and particle morphologies in a hazardous waste incinerator processing phenolic waste. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:121751. [PMID: 31796353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Secondary pollution emitted from hazardous waste incinerators (HWIs) can pose potential risks to the surrounding populations and environment. An investigation was conducted on pollutant emission status in a HWI combusting homogenized phenolic waste, woodchips, and electroplating sludge during the sampling period. Morphologies and elemental compositions of particles in flue gas and indoor air of the incinerator were characterized by TEM-EDS. Eight types of single particles were classified, as organic, soot, K-rich, S-rich, Na-rich, Fe-rich, mineral and fly ash particles. In the indoor air near the fly ash collector, organic and S-rich particles were the two most observed particles, taking 56 % and 30 %, respectively. While near the bottom ash collector, Fe-rich particles took approximately 30 %. Besides, the partitioning behavior of heavy metals in the incinerating process were investigated. Hg, Cd and Pb were mainly enriched in fly ash through evaporation, condensation, and adsorption; while Cr, Cu, Mn, and Ni were mostly remained in the bottom ash due to their low volatilities. This study provides information for regional air pollution source apportionment, but also helps understand the partitioning behavior of heavy metals for the secondary pollution control. Meanwhile, the visualized micro-compositions of indoor particles pave a way for occupational exposure risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Technology and Management of Shenzhen City, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, PR China
| | - Ningning Shao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Technology and Management of Shenzhen City, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Jiyun Xu
- China Everbright Greentech LTD, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Zuotai Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Technology and Management of Shenzhen City, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, PR China.
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Islam N, Dihingia A, Khare P, Saikia BK. Atmospheric particulate matters in an Indian urban area: Health implications from potentially hazardous elements, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity studies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121472. [PMID: 31733994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The nature of the atmospheric particulate matters (PMs) varies depending on their sizes and their origin from different activities in the background environment. These PMs are associated with potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) such as organic compounds (e.g. Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons) that can be harmful to health. The main objective of this work is the identification and investigation of the toxicological aspects of PHEs in PMs during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season in an urban area of Northeast region (NER) of India. In the course of the study, the 24 -hs average concentrations of PMs were detected to be more than two-times higher than the Indian standard limit (NAAQ, category) which indicates poor air quality in both the seasons around the sampling sites. This study demonstrates that the concentrations of PM-bound PAHs are mutagenic and that the Excess Cancer Risks exceed the USEPA standard limits. PMs cause cytotoxicity and can also induce genotoxicity to human health analyzed by cell culture and gel electrophoresis. This study helps to promote research to evaluate the PMs bound PHEs toxicity in diverse human cell lines and also their relationship with climatic factors as well as quantitative source apportionment for mitigation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazrul Islam
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, 785006, India
| | - Anjum Dihingia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, 785006, India; Biotechnology Group, Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India
| | - Puja Khare
- Agronomy and Soil Science Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Binoy K Saikia
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, 785006, India.
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11
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Jia F, Wu K, Che Y, Zhang Y, Zeng F, Luo Q, Yu X, Zhu Z, Zhao Y, Wang F. ToF‐SIMS analysis of chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols in Beijing. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Kui Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringWuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yanli Che
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- School of Environment and Natural ResourcesRenmin University of China Beijing China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Fangang Zeng
- School of Environment and Natural ResourcesRenmin University of China Beijing China
| | - Qun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xiao‐Ying Yu
- Energy and Environment DirectoratePacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences LaboratoryPacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington
| | - Yao Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Fuyi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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12
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Li R, Han Y, Wang L, Shang Y, Chen Y. Differences in oxidative potential of black carbon from three combustion emission sources in China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 240:57-65. [PMID: 30928795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is mainly derived from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, and poses a serious threat to human health. Actual BC from extensive emission sources presents a variety of characteristics that are likely associated with different oxidative potentials (OP) and health endpoints. In the present study, BC derived from three main emission sources (residential coal combustion, biomass burning, and diesel engine exhaust) in China was subjected to physiochemical characterization and its OP was tested using dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. In order to obtain actual BC, the water-soluble part (WS) and organic extract (OE) were eluted successively from PM and the residue particle (RP) were reserved. PM from diesel vehicles had the most effective DTT consumption capacity, followed by PM from biomass and coal burning. And the OP of PM was mostly attributed to its RP part which mainly consisted of metals and BC. SEM/TEM, OC/EC, IC, and ICP-MS measurements confirmed that soluble ions and organic compounds were washed off effectively, while some metals were still retained in the RP part. Thus, the OP of BC was evaluated after adding DTPA to inhibit DTT activity caused by metals in the RP. Significant differences in OP and physiochemical characteristics of BC from the three emission sources were observed. BC from diesel exhaust exhibited the highest DTT activity (15.5 ± 12.6 pmol min-1 μg-1) compared to that of BC from biomass (2.5 ± 1.0 pmol min-1 μg-1) and coal (1.3 ± 0.5 pmol min-1 μg-1) burning. Diesel exhaust BC, which was emitted under the highest combustion temperature, had the smallest size. Coal consumption in China contributes to the highest amount of BC mass emission, but our result indicates that diesel exhaust BC has the greatest OP. An emission inventory based on health impacts is urgently needed to control air pollution sources in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yong Han
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Yu Shang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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13
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Akinyemi SA, Gitari WM, Petrik LF, Nyakuma BB, Hower JC, Ward CR, Oliveira MLS, Silva LFO. Environmental evaluation and nano-mineralogical study of fresh and unsaturated weathered coal fly ashes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 663:177-188. [PMID: 30711584 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coal combustion and the disposal of combustion wastes emit enormous quantities of nano-sized particles that pose significant health concerns on exposure, particularly in unindustrialized countries. Samples of fresh and weathered class F fly ash were analysed through various techniques including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Raman Spectroscopy. The imaging techniques showed that the fresh and weathered coal fly ash nanoparticles (CFA-NPs) are mostly spherical shaped. The crystalline phases detected were quartz, mullite, ettringite, calcite, maghemite, hematite, gypsum, magnetite, clay residues, and sulphides. The most abundant crystalline phases were quartz mixed with Al-Fe-Si-K-Ti-O-amorphous phases whereas mullite was detected in several amorphous phases of Al, Fe, Ca, Si, O, K, Mg, Mn, and P. The analyses revealed that CFA-NPs are 5-500 nm in diameter and encapsulate several potentially hazardous elements (PHEs). The carbon species were detected as 5-50 nm carbon nanoballs of graphitic layers and massive fullerenes. Lastly, the aspects of health risks related to exposure to some detected ambient nanoparticles are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Segun A Akinyemi
- Environmental Remediation and Geopollution Group, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, P.M.B. 5363, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria; Environmental Remediation and Water Pollution Chemistry Group, Department of Ecology and Resources Management, School of Environmental Studies, University of Venda, Private Bag, X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa.
| | - Wilson M Gitari
- Environmental Remediation and Water Pollution Chemistry Group, Department of Ecology and Resources Management, School of Environmental Studies, University of Venda, Private Bag, X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - Leslie F Petrik
- Environmental and Nano Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Bemgba B Nyakuma
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - James C Hower
- University of Kentucky Centre for Applied Energy Research, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY 40511, United States of America
| | - Colin R Ward
- School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Marcos L S Oliveira
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia; Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, Av. Unisinos, 950-Cristo Rei, RS 93022-000, Brazil; Faculdade Meridional IMED, 304-Passo Fundo, RS, 99070-220, Brazil
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia.
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14
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Xu L, Lingaswamy AP, Zhang Y, Liu L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Ma Q, Li W. Morphology, composition, and sources of individual aerosol particles at a regional background site of the YRD, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 77:354-362. [PMID: 30573100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol samples were collected at Lin'an, a background site of Yangtze River Delta (YRD). Morphology, size, composition, and mixing state of individual aerosol particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and the soluble ions of PM1.0 were studied by aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). The daily average AMS mass concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium were about 5.8, 8.6, and 5.6 μg/m3, respectively. Individual aerosol particles were classified into seven types: S-rich, K-rich, organic matter (OM), soot, fly ash, metal, and mineral. S-rich particles were dominant in all size bins, and 51% (by number) of S-rich particles were internally mixed with other particles. The fraction of organic coating particles was 13.7% in morning, 25.2% in afternoon, and 11% in evening, suggesting that the strong photochemical process during afternoon produced more secondary organic aerosols (SOA) on the surface of inorganic particles. Fly ash and metal particles were abundant during the day, suggesting the influence of emissions from coal-fired power plants and steel plants. The results indicate that the intense industrial emissions in the YRD significantly transported to the background areas. PM2.5 concentration may be lower in background air than in urban air but complex mixing state of aerosol particles indicates that the long-range transported particles substantially influenced the background air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - A P Lingaswamy
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Santhiram Engineering College, Nandyal 518501, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Yinxiao Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qianli Ma
- Lin'an Air Background Station (LABS), Hangzhou 311307, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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15
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Ettler V, Cihlová M, Jarošíková A, Mihaljevič M, Drahota P, Kříbek B, Vaněk A, Penížek V, Sracek O, Klementová M, Engel Z, Kamona F, Mapani B. Oral bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s in dust materials from mining areas of northern Namibia. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 124:205-215. [PMID: 30654327 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ore mining and processing in semi-arid areas is responsible for the generation of metal(loid)-containing dust, which is easily transported by wind to the surrounding environment. To assess the human exposure to dust-derived metal(loid)s (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn), as well as the potential risks related to incidental dust ingestion, we studied mine tailing dust (n = 8), slag dust (n = 5) and smelter dust (n = 4) from old mining and smelting sites in northern Namibia (Kombat, Berg Aukas, Tsumeb). In vitro bioaccessibility testing using extraction in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) was combined with determination of grain-size distributions, chemical and mineralogical characterizations and leaching tests conducted on original dust samples and separated PM10 fractions. The bulk and bioaccessible concentrations of the metal(loid)s were ranked as follows: mine tailing dusts < slag dusts ≪ smelter dusts. Extremely high As and Pb bioaccessibilities in the smelter dusts were caused by the presence of highly soluble phases such as arsenolite (As2O3) and various metal-arsenates unstable under the acidic conditions of SGF. The exposure estimates calculated for an adult person of 70 kg at a dust ingestion rate of 50 mg/day indicated that As, Pb (and also Cd to a lesser extent) grossly exceeded tolerable daily intake limits for these contaminants in the case of slag and smelter dusts. The high risk for smelter dusts has been acknowledged, and the safety measures currently adopted by the smelter operator in Tsumeb are necessary to reduce the staff's exposure to contaminated dust. The exposure risk for the local population is only important at the unfenced disposal sites at Berg Aukas, where the PM10 exhibited high levels of bioaccessible Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Ettler
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Markéta Cihlová
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Alice Jarošíková
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mihaljevič
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Drahota
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Bohdan Kříbek
- Czech Geological Survey, Geologická 6, 152 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Vaněk
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Penížek
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondra Sracek
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Mariana Klementová
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež 1001, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Engel
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Fred Kamona
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Ben Mapani
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
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16
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Shi Z, Wu J, Yang X, Feng L, Ren L, Duan J, Sun Z. Metabolic impact induced by total, water soluble and insoluble components of PM 2.5 acute exposure in mice. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:337-346. [PMID: 29803883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been listed as an important environmental risk factor for human health. However, the systemic biological effects on metabolic responses induced by PM2.5 and its components were poorly understood. This study was aimed to evaluate the toxicity of different components of PM2.5 at molecular level via metabolomics approach. In the present study, we adopted a 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach to evaluate metabolic profiles in mice after acute exposure to Total-PM2.5, water soluble components of PM2.5 (WS-PM2.5) and water insoluble components of PM2.5 (WIS-PM2.5). First, we characterized the morphological features and chemical composition of PM2.5. Then, the metabolites changes of serum and urine in mice were systematically analyzed using 800 MHz 1H NMR techniques in combination with multivariate statistical analysis. Total-PM2.5 exposure affected metabolites mainly involved in amino acid metabolism, protein biosynthesis, energy metabolism and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins. WS-PM2.5 exposure influenced lipid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism. WIS-PM2.5 exposure mainly perturbed amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism. The results suggested that acute exposure to the Total-PM2.5, WS-PM2.5 and WIS-PM2.5 in mice exhibited marked systemic metabolic changes. In addition, the insoluble fraction of PM2.5 contributed greatly to the toxicity of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Yanbo Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xiaozhe Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Lin Feng
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Lihua Ren
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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17
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Civeira M, Oliveira MLS, Hower JC, Agudelo-Castañeda DM, Taffarel SR, Ramos CG, Kautzmann RM, Silva LFO. Modification, adsorption, and geochemistry processes on altered minerals and amorphous phases on the nanometer scale: examples from copper mining refuse, Touro, Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:6535-6545. [PMID: 26635221 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The sulfide oxidation and precipitation of Al-Fe-secondary minerals associated with abandoned acid mine drainage (AMD) from the abandoned copper mine waste pile at Touro, Spain, has been studied by sequential extraction (SE) combined with several techniques with the intent of understanding the role of these processes play in the natural attenuation of hazardous element contaminants in the AMD. In addition, the fragile nature of nanominerals and ultrafine particle (UFP) assemblages from contaminated sediment systems from the abandoned copper mine required novel techniques and experimental approaches. The investigation of the geochemistry of complex nanominerals and UFP assemblages was a prerequisite to accurately assess the environmental and human health risks of contaminants and cost-effective chemical and biogeological remediation strategies. Particular emphasis was placed on the study and characterization of the complex mixed nanominerals and UFP containing potentially toxic elements. Nanometer-sized phases in sediments were characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images. The identification of the geochemical and mineralogical composition of AMD in Touro, as well as the different formation mechanisms proposed, complement the existing literature on secondary mineral assemblages and provide new emphasis to increase the understanding of extreme environments. The results also demonstrated that variations in the geochemical fractionation of hazardous elements in AMD were more influenced by the secondary mineral proportion and by AMD pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Civeira
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais em Mineração, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro 92010-000, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcos L S Oliveira
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais em Mineração, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro 92010-000, Canoas, RS, Brazil
- Department of Soil Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - James C Hower
- University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY, 40511, USA
| | - Dayana M Agudelo-Castañeda
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais em Mineração, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro 92010-000, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvio R Taffarel
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais em Mineração, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro 92010-000, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Claudete G Ramos
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais em Mineração, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro 92010-000, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rubens M Kautzmann
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais em Mineração, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro 92010-000, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais em Mineração, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro 92010-000, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
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18
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Civeira MS, Pinheiro RN, Gredilla A, de Vallejuelo SFO, Oliveira MLS, Ramos CG, Taffarel SR, Kautzmann RM, Madariaga JM, Silva LFO. The properties of the nano-minerals and hazardous elements: Potential environmental impacts of Brazilian coal waste fire. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:892-900. [PMID: 26706762 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Brazilian coal area (South Brazil) impacted the environment by means of a large number of coal waste piles emplaced over the old mine sites and the adjacent areas of the Criciúma, Urussanga, and Siderópolis cities. The area studied here was abandoned and after almost 30 years (smokeless visual) some companies use the actual minerals derived from burning coal cleaning rejects (BCCRs) complied in the mentioned area for industry tiles or refractory bricks. Mineralogical and geochemical similarities between the BCCRs and non-anthropogenic geological environments are outlined here. Although no visible flames were observed, this study revealed that auto-combustion existed in the studied area for many years. The presence of amorphous phases, mullite, hematite and other Fe-minerals formed by high temperature was found. There is also pyrite, Fe-sulphates (eg. jarosite) and unburnt coal present, which are useful for comparison purposes. Bad disposal of coal-dump wastes represents significant environmental concerns due to their potential influence on atmosphere, river sediments, soils and as well as on the surface and groundwater in the surroundings of these areas. The present study using advanced analytical techniques were performed to provide an improved understanding of the complex processes related with sulphide-rich coal waste oxidation, spontaneous combustion and mineral formation. It is reporting huge numbers of rare minerals with alunite, montmorillonite, szomolnokite, halotrichite, coquimbite and copiapite at the BCCRs. The data showed the presence of abundant amorphous Si-Al-Fe-Ti as (oxy-)hydroxides and Fe-hydro/oxides with goethite and hematite with various degrees of crystallinity, containing hazardous elements, such as Cu, Cr, Hf, Hg, Mo, Ni, Se, Pb, Th, U, Zr, and others. By Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the mineralogical composition was related with the range of elemental concentration of each sample. Most of the nano-minerals and ultra-fine particles found in the burned coal-dump wastes are the same as those commonly associated with coal cleaning rejects, in which oxidation of sulphides plays an important role to environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus S Civeira
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael N Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ainara Gredilla
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Silvia Fdez Ortiz de Vallejuelo
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Marcos L S Oliveira
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Claudete G Ramos
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvio R Taffarel
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rubens M Kautzmann
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Juan Manuel Madariaga
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil.
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Tao J, Zhang L, Zhang R, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Tang Y, Cao J, Zhang Y. Uncertainty assessment of source attribution of PM(2.5) and its water-soluble organic carbon content using different biomass burning tracers in positive matrix factorization analysis--a case study in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 543:326-335. [PMID: 26595400 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Daily PM2.5 samples were collected at an urban site in Beijing during four one-month periods in 2009-2010, with each period in a different season. Samples were subject to chemical analysis for various chemical components including major water-soluble ions, organic carbon (OC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), element carbon (EC), trace elements, anhydrosugar levoglucosan (LG), and mannosan (MN). Three sets of source profiles of PM2.5 were first identified through positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis using single or combined biomass tracers - non-sea salt potassium (nss-K(+)), LG, and a combination of nss-K(+) and LG. The six major source factors of PM2.5 included secondary inorganic aerosol, industrial pollution, soil dust, biomass burning, traffic emission, and coal burning, which were estimated to contribute 31±37%, 39±28%, 14±14%, 7±7%, 5±6%, and 4±8%, respectively, to PM2.5 mass if using the nss-K(+) source profiles, 22±19%, 29±17%, 20±20%, 13±13%, 12±10%, and 4±6%, respectively, if using the LG source profiles, and 21±17%, 31±18%, 19±19%, 11±12%, 14±11%, and 4±6%, respectively, if using the combined nss-K(+) and LG source profiles. The uncertainties in the estimation of biomass burning contributions to WSOC due to the different choices of biomass burning tracers were around 3% annually and up to 24% seasonally in terms of absolute percentage contributions, or on a factor of 1.7 annually and up to a factor of 3.3 seasonally in terms of the actual concentrations. The uncertainty from the major source (e.g. industrial pollution) was on a factor of 1.9 annually and up to a factor of 2.5 seasonally in the estimated WSOC concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tao
- RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Renjian Zhang
- RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yunfei Wu
- RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Environmental Meteorology Forecast Center of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Yixi Tang
- Environmental Meteorology Forecast Center of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
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20
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Xu B, Lin B. Regional differences of pollution emissions in China: contributing factors and mitigation strategies. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2016; 112:1454-1463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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21
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Hu Y, Lin J, Zhang S, Kong L, Fu H, Chen J. Identification of the typical metal particles among haze, fog, and clear episodes in the Beijing atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:369-380. [PMID: 25555257 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For a better understanding of metal particle morphology and behaviors in China, atmospheric aerosols were sampled in the summer of 2012 in Beijing. The single-particle analysis shows various metal-bearing speciations, dominated by oxides, sulfates and nitrates. A large fraction of particles is soluble. Sources of Fe-bearing particles are mainly steel industries and oil fuel combustion, whereas Zn- and Pb-bearing particles are primarily contributed by waste incineration, besides industrial combustion. Other trace metal particles play a minor rule, and may come from diverse origins. Mineral dust and anthropogenic source like vehicles and construction activities are of less importance to metal-rich particles. Statistics of 1173 analyzed particles show that Fe-rich particles (48.5%) dominate the metal particles, followed by Zn-rich particles (34.9%) and Pb-rich particles (15.6%). Compared with the abundances among clear, haze and fog conditions, a severe metal pollution is identified in haze and fog episodes. Particle composition and elemental correlation suggest that the haze episodes are affected by the biomass burning in the southern regions, and the fog episodes by the local emission with manifold particle speciation. Our results show the heterogeneous reaction accelerated in the fog and haze episodes indicated by more zinc nitrate or zinc sulfate instead of zinc oxide or carbonate. Such information is useful in improving our knowledge of fine airborne metal particles on their morphology, speciation, and solubility, all of which will help the government introduce certain control to alleviate metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analysis Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Suanqin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lingdong Kong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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22
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Thapalia A, Borrok DM, Van Metre PC, Wilson J. Zinc isotopic signatures in eight lake sediment cores from across the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:132-140. [PMID: 25490066 DOI: 10.1021/es5036893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is an important trace element pollutant in urban environments; however, the extent of Zn contamination and the sources of urban Zn pollution are often unclear. We measured Zn concentrations and isotopes in sediment cores collected from eight lakes or reservoirs across the United States. We paired these data with historical records of land use within each watershed to calculate a mean Zn concentration and δ(66)Zn for natural (less than 5% urban land use; 123 ± 21.7 mg/kg; +0.33 ± 0.08‰, n = 6 lakes) and urban (greater than 70% urban land use; 389 ± 200 mg/kg; +0.14 ± 0.07‰, n = 3 lakes) lake sediments. The relation between Zn concentration data and Zn isotope data allows us to create a mixing model between two end members: natural and urban. The δ(66)Zn of the urban end-member is consistent with Zn pollution from vehicle-related sources (tire wear and emissions). Application of this model to samples collected from lakes recording periods ranging from 5 to 70% urban land use in their surrounding watersheds indicates that the lakes and reservoirs were affected by large amounts of Zn from urban sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Thapalia
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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23
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Akram W, Madhuku M, Ahmad I, Xiaolin L, Zhang G, Yan L. Morphology, microstructure and chemical composition of single inhalable particles in Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:8587-8598. [PMID: 25252792 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition of a variety of particles emitted from coal-fired power plants, steel plants, and vehicle exhausts, which are possible sources of particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere, were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and compared with particle samples collected from urban atmosphere to identify the best footprint or the suitable indicator relating the existence of studied particles and their possible emitters by the morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition of the particles. The investigation indicated that the particles from these three sources are different in morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition. Sphere aggregates were generally the most abundant components, with silicon and aluminum as major elements. The urban air particulate contained particles similar to those observed in the power plant, steel plant, and vehicle exhaust samples suggesting that all three sources are contributing to the pollution in the city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waheed Akram
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
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24
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Martinello K, Oliveira MLS, Molossi FA, Ramos CG, Teixeira EC, Kautzmann RM, Silva LFO. Direct identification of hazardous elements in ultra-fine and nanominerals from coal fly ash produced during diesel co-firing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:444-452. [PMID: 24157478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study has provided an initial assessment of the environmental impacts and potential health effects associated with coal fly ash produced during diesel co-firing. Many hazardous elements that are typically detected by multifaceted chemical characterization by XRD, petrology, FE-SEM/EDS, and HR-TEM/SEAD/FFT/EDS in ultra-fine compounds and nanominerals from the co-fired coal fly ashes (CFAs). It provided an in-depth understanding of coal ash produced during diesel co-firing. Several of the neoformed ultra-fine compounds and nano-minerals found in the coal ashes are the same as those commonly associated with oxidation/transformation of aluminosilicates, carbonates, sulphides and phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia Martinello
- Environmental Science and Nanotechnology Department, Institute of Environmental Research and Human Development, IPADHC, Capivari de Baixo, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marcos L S Oliveira
- Environmental Science and Nanotechnology Department, Institute of Environmental Research and Human Development, IPADHC, Capivari de Baixo, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro 92010-000, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Molossi
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro 92010-000, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Claudete G Ramos
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro 92010-000, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Elba C Teixeira
- Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luis Roessler/RS, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luis Roessler-RS, Rua Carlos Chagas 55/802, Centro 90030-020 - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rubens M Kautzmann
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro 92010-000, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Environmental Science and Nanotechnology Department, Institute of Environmental Research and Human Development, IPADHC, Capivari de Baixo, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro 92010-000, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
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25
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Marris H, Deboudt K, Flament P, Grobéty B, Gieré R. Fe and Mn oxidation states by TEM-EELS in fine-particle emissions from a Fe-Mn alloy making plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:10832-10840. [PMID: 24000787 DOI: 10.1021/es400368s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fine particles were sampled both inside the chimneys and in the near-field of an Fe-Mn-alloy manufacturing plant. The transfer from one point to another point in the environment, as well as the bioavailability and toxicity of these two metals, depend above all on their speciation. The oxidation states of iron and manganese in the collected particles were determined by using transmission electron microscopy coupled with electron energy-loss spectroscopy (TEM-EELS). The mineralogical identity of these metal-rich particles was determined by selected area electron diffraction (SAED) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). This study shows that both iron and manganese in metallic particles are prone to oxidation reactions via gas/particle conversion mechanisms, which take place in the flue gases within the smoke stacks. This phenomenon is more pronounced for the smallest Fe-rich particles. However, no further change of oxidation state of the two elements was observed in the near-field of the plant, after emission into the atmosphere (within <2000 m of the smoke stacks). The oxidation states of iron and manganese remain mainly between +II and +III, which is probably due to short residence time of these particles in the pollution plume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Marris
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale , Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Bâtiment MREI2, 189A avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
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26
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Bhattacharjee A, Mandal H, Roy M, Kusz J, Hofmeister W. Comparative study of the microstructural and magnetic properties of fly ashes obtained from different thermal power plants in West Bengal, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:8673-8683. [PMID: 23612769 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with the physical nature of the fly ashes obtained from two thermal power plants, situated in West Bengal, India. The fly ash samples are characterized by using comprehensive techniques with an emphasis on their ultrafine nature. The particle sizes of the samples are estimated using scanning electron microcopy (SEM) and found to lie within 0.18-5.90 μm. For morphology and compositional analysis, we also use SEM coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. From X-ray study of the fly ashes the nature of conglomeration is seen to be crystalline, and the major components are mullite (Al6Si2O13) and quartz (SiO2). The magnetic measurement of the fly ash samples was carried out by SQUID magnetometer. (57)Fe Mössbauer spectra are obtained using a conventional constant-acceleration spectrometer with a (57)Co/Rh Mössbauer source. The hyperfine parameters obtained, in general, support the findings as made from XRD analysis and provide a quantitative measure of different iron ions present in the samples. The paper presents experimental data on the physical aspects of the fly ash samples of the thermal power plants which comprise coarse, fine, and ultrafine magnetic particulate materials and attempts to provide an exhaustive analysis.
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27
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Li W, Wang T, Zhou S, Lee S, Huang Y, Gao Y, Wang W. Microscopic observation of metal-containing particles from Chinese continental outflow observed from a non-industrial site. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:9124-31. [PMID: 23883299 DOI: 10.1021/es400109q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric metal-containing particles adversely affect human health because of their physiological toxicity. Mixing state, size, phase, aspect ratio, and sphericity of individual metal-containing particles collected in Hong Kong air in winter are examined through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Eighteen percent of the sulfate particles have one or more tiny metal inclusions. Size distributions of metal and fly ash particles (or inclusions) with diameters from 15 nm to 2.7 μm show the same peak at 210 nm. The major metal particles were classified as Fe-rich (e.g., hematite), Zn-rich (e.g., zinc sulfate and zinc oxide), Pb-rich (e.g., anglesite), Mn-rich, and As-rich, which were likely emitted from industries and coal-fired power plants at high temperatures in mainland China. Compared to fly ash and S-rich particles, metal particles display a lower sphericity of 0.51 and a higher aspect ratio of 1.47, which means their shapes are poorly defined. The elemental mapping of individual particles reveal that sulfate areas without metal inclusions also contain minor Fe, Mn, or Zn. Therefore, the internal mixing of metals and acidic constituents likely solubilize metals and modify metal inclusion shapes. Solubilization of metals in airborne particles can extend their toxicity into nontoxicity parts in the particles. The structure of the metal-containing particles may provide important information for assessing health effects of fine sulfate and nitrate particles with metal inclusions in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P R China.
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28
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Li W, Wang Y, Collett JL, Chen J, Zhang X, Wang Z, Wang W. Microscopic evaluation of trace metals in cloud droplets in an acid precipitation region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4172-4180. [PMID: 23586904 DOI: 10.1021/es304779t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mass concentrations of soluble trace metals and size, number, and mixing properties of nanometal particles in clouds determine their toxicity to ecosystems. Cloud water was found to be acidic, with a pH of 3.52, at Mt. Lu (elevation 1,165 m) in an acid precipitation region in South China. A combination of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for the first time demonstrates that the soluble metal concentrations and solid metal particle number are surprisingly high in acid clouds at Mt. Lu, where daily concentrations of SO2, NO2, and PM10 are 18 μg m(-3), 7 μg m(-3), and 22 μg m(-3). The soluble metals in cloudwater with the highest concentrations were zinc (Zn, 200 μg L(-1)), iron (Fe, 88 μg L(-1)), and lead (Pb, 77 μg L(-1)). TEM reveals that 76% of cloud residues include metal particles that range from 50 nm to 1 μm diameter with a median diameter of 250 nm. Four major metal-associated particle types are Pb-rich (35%), fly ash (27%), Fe-rich (23%), and Zn-rich (15%). Elemental mapping shows that minor soluble metals are distributed within sulfates of cloud residues. Emissions of fine metal particles from large, nonferrous industries and coal-fired power plants with tall stacks were transported upward to this high elevation. Our results suggest that the abundant trace metals in clouds aggravate the impacts of acid clouds or associated precipitation on the ecosystem and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
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29
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Ribeiro J, DaBoit K, Flores D, Kronbauer MA, Silva LFO. Extensive FE-SEM/EDS, HR-TEM/EDS and ToF-SIMS studies of micron- to nano-particles in anthracite fly ash. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 452-453:98-107. [PMID: 23500403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of anthropogenic carbonaceous matter and mixed crystalline/amorphous mineral ultrafine/nano-particles in the 1 to 100 nm size range by worldwide coal power plants represents serious environmental problems due to their potential hazards. Coal fly ash (CFA) that resulted from anthracite combustion in a Portuguese thermal power plant was studied in this work. The physico-chemical characterization of ultrafine/nano-particles present in the CFA samples and their interaction with environment are the aim of this study. The methodologies applied for this work were field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (HR-TEM/EDS) and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Some hazardous volatile elements, C, N, S and Hg contents were also determined in the studied samples. Generally, the CFA samples comprise carbonaceous, glassy and metallic solid spheres with some containing mixed amorphous/crystalline phases. The EDS analysis coupled with the FE-SEM and HR-TEM observations of the fly ash particles with 100 to 0.1 nm demonstrates that these materials contain a small but significant proportion of encapsulated HVEs. In addition, the presence of abundant multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and amorphous carbon particles, both containing hazardous volatile elements (HVEs), was also evidenced by the FE-SEM/EDS and HR-TEM/EDS analysis. A wide range of organic and inorganic compounds was determined by chemical maps obtained in ToF-SIMS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Ribeiro
- Centro de Geologia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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30
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Könczöl M, Goldenberg E, Ebeling S, Schäfer B, Garcia-Käufer M, Gminski R, Grobéty B, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Merfort I, Gieré R, Mersch-Sundermann V. Cellular uptake and toxic effects of fine and ultrafine metal-sulfate particles in human A549 lung epithelial cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2687-703. [PMID: 23116259 DOI: 10.1021/tx300333z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ambient airborne particulate matter is known to cause various adverse health effects in humans. In a recent study on the environmental impacts of coal and tire combustion in a thermal power station, fine crystals of PbSO(4) (anglesite), ZnSO(4)·H(2)O (gunningite), and CaSO(4) (anhydrite) were identified in the stack emissions. Here, we have studied the toxic potential of these sulfate phases as particulates and their uptake in human alveolar epithelial cells (A549). Both PbSO(4) and CaSO(4) yielded no loss of cell viability, as determined by the WST-1 and NR assays. In contrast, a concentration-dependent increase in cytotoxicity was observed for Zn sulfate. For all analyzed sulfates, an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), assessed by the DCFH-DA assay and EPR, was observed, although to a varying extent. Again, Zn sulfate was the most active compound. Genotoxicity assays revealed concentration-dependent DNA damage and induction of micronuclei for Zn sulfate and, to a lower extent, for CaSO(4), whereas only slight effects could be found for PbSO(4). Moreover, changes of the cell cycle were observed for Zn sulfate and PbSO(4). It could be shown further that Zn sulfate increased the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) DNA binding activity and activated JNK. During our TEM investigations, no effect on the appearance of the A549 cells exposed to CaSO(4) compared to the nonexposed cells was observed, and in our experiments, only one CaSO(4) particle was detected in the cytoplasm. In the case of exposure to Zn sulfate, no particles were found in the cytoplasm of A549 cells, but we observed a concentration-dependent increase in the number and size of dark vesicles (presumably zincosomes). After exposure to PbSO(4), the A549 cells contained isolated particles as well as agglomerates both in vesicles and in the cytoplasm. Since these metal-sulfate particles are emitted into the atmosphere via the flue gas of coal-fired power stations, they may be globally abundant. Therefore, our study is of direct relevance to populations living near such power plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Könczöl
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany.
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Fu H, Lin J, Shang G, Dong W, Grassian VH, Carmichael GR, Li Y, Chen J. Solubility of iron from combustion source particles in acidic media linked to iron speciation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11119-27. [PMID: 22963384 DOI: 10.1021/es302558m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, iron solubility from six combustion source particles was investigated in acidic media. For comparison, a Chinese loess (CL) dust was also included. The solubility experiments confirmed that iron solubility was highly variable and dependent on particle sources. Under dark and light conditions, the combustion source particles dissolved faster and to a greater extent relative to CL. Oil fly ash (FA) yielded the highest soluble iron as compared to the other samples. Total iron solubility fractions measured in the dark after 12 h ranged between 2.9 and 74.1% of the initial iron content for the combustion-derived particles (Oil FA > biomass burning particles (BP) > coal FA). Ferrous iron represented the dominant soluble form of Fe in the suspensions of straw BP and corn BP, while total dissolved Fe presented mainly as ferric iron in the cases of oil FA, coal FA, and CL. Mössbauer measurements and TEM analysis revealed that Fe in oil FA was commonly presented as nanosized Fe(3)O(4) aggregates and Fe/S-rich particles. Highly labile source of Fe in corn BP could be originated from amorphous Fe form mixed internally with K-rich particles. However, Fe in coal FA was dominated by the more insoluble forms of both Fe-bearing aluminosilicate glass and Fe oxides. The data presented herein showed that iron speciation varies by source and is an important factor controlling iron solubility from these anthropogenic emissions in acidic solutions, suggesting that the variability of iron solubility from combustion-derived particles is related to the inherent character and origin of the aerosols themselves. Such information can be useful in improving our understanding on iron solubility from combustion aerosols when they undergo acidic processing during atmospheric transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Fu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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32
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Oliveira MLS, Ward CR, Izquierdo M, Sampaio CH, de Brum IAS, Kautzmann RM, Sabedot S, Querol X, Silva LFO. Chemical composition and minerals in pyrite ash of an abandoned sulphuric acid production plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 430:34-47. [PMID: 22613465 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The extraction of sulphur produces a hematite-rich waste, known as roasted pyrite ash, which contains significant amounts of environmentally sensitive elements in variable concentrations and modes of occurrence. Whilst the mineralogy of roasted pyrite ash associated with iron or copper mining has been studied, as this is the main source of sulphur worldwide, the mineralogy, and more importantly, the characterization of submicron, ultrafine and nanoparticles, in coal-derived roasted pyrite ash remain to be resolved. In this work we provide essential data on the chemical composition and nanomineralogical assemblage of roasted pyrite ash. XRD, HR-TEM and FE-SEM were used to identify a large variety of minerals of anthropogenic origin. These phases result from highly complex chemical reactions occurring during the processing of coal pyrite of southern Brazil for sulphur extraction and further manufacture of sulphuric acid. Iron-rich submicron, ultrafine and nanoparticles within the ash may contain high proportions of toxic elements such as As, Se, U, among others. A number of elements, such as As, Cr, Cu, Co, La, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, Ti, Zn, and Zr, were found to be present in individual nanoparticles and submicron, ultrafine and nanominerals (e.g. oxides, sulphates, clays) in concentrations of up to 5%. The study of nanominerals in roasted pyrite ash from coal rejects is important to develop an understanding on the nature of this by-product, and to assess the interaction between emitted nanominerals, ultra-fine particles, and atmospheric gases, rain or body fluids, and thus to evaluate the environmental and health impacts of pyrite ash materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos L S Oliveira
- Development Department of Touristic Opportunities, Catarinense Institute of Environmental Research and Human Development - IPADHC, Capivari de Baixo, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Marris H, Deboudt K, Augustin P, Flament P, Blond F, Fiani E, Fourmentin M, Delbarre H. Fast changes in chemical composition and size distribution of fine particles during the near-field transport of industrial plumes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 427-428:126-138. [PMID: 22542297 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol sampling was performed inside the chimneys and in the close environment of a FeMn alloys manufacturing plant. The number size distributions show a higher abundance of ultrafine aerosols (10-100 nm) inside the plume than upwind of the plant, indicating the emissions of nanoparticles by the industrial process. Individual analysis of particles collected inside the plume shows a high proportion of metal bearing particles (Mn-/Fe-) consisting essentially of internally mixed aluminosilicate and metallic compounds. These particles evolve rapidly (in a few minutes) after emission by adsorption of VOC gas and sulfuric acid emitted by the plant but also by agglomeration with pre-existing particles. At the moment, municipalities require a monitoring of industrial emissions inside the chimneys from manufacturers. However those measures are insufficient to report such rapid changes in chemical composition and thus to evaluate the real impact of industrial plumes in the close environment of plants (when those particles leave the industrial site). Consequently, environmental authorities will have to consider such fast evolutions and then to adapt future regulations on air pollution sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Marris
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Bâtiment MREI2, 189A avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
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34
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Chen H, Laskin A, Baltrusaitis J, Gorski CA, Scherer MM, Grassian VH. Coal fly ash as a source of iron in atmospheric dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:2112-20. [PMID: 22260270 DOI: 10.1021/es204102f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic coal fly ash (FA) aerosol may represent a significant source of bioavailable iron in the open ocean. Few measurements have been made that compare the solubility of atmospheric iron from anthropogenic aerosols and other sources. We report here an investigation of iron dissolution for three FA samples in acidic aqueous solutions and compare the solubilities with that of Arizona test dust (AZTD), a reference material for mineral dust. The effects of pH, simulated cloud processing, and solar radiation on iron solubility have been explored. Similar to previously reported results on mineral dust, iron in aluminosilicate phases provides the predominant component of dissolved iron. Iron solubility of FA is substantially higher than of the crystalline minerals comprising AZTD. Simulated atmospheric processing elevates iron solubility due to significant changes in the morphology of aluminosilicate glass, a dominant material in FA particles. Iron is continuously released into the aqueous solution as FA particles break up into smaller fragments. These results suggest that the assessment of dissolved atmospheric iron deposition fluxes and their effect on the biogeochemistry at the ocean surface should be constrained by the source, environmental pH, iron speciation, and solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihan Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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35
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Skeaff JM, Thibault Y, Hardy DJ. A new method for the characterisation and quantitative speciation of base metal smelter stack particulates. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 177:165-192. [PMID: 20676929 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Base metal smelters may be a source of particulates containing metals of environmental concern released to the atmosphere. Knowledge of the quantitative chemical speciation of particulate releases from base metal smelters will be of value in smelter emission fingerprinting, site-specific risk assessments, predictions of the behaviour of smelter stack particulates released to the environment and in resolving liability issues related to current and historic releases. Accordingly, we have developed an innovative approach comprising bulk chemical analysis, a leaching procedure, X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy/electron probe microanalysis characterisation in a step-wise apportioning procedure to derive the quantitative speciation of particulate samples from the stacks of three copper smelters designated as A, B and C. For the A smelter stack particulates, the major calculated percentages were 29 CuSO(4), 20 ZnSO(4).H(2)O, 13 (Cu(0.94)Zn(0.06))(2)(AsO(4))(OH), 11 PbSO(4) and four As(2)O(3). For the B smelter stack particulates, the primary calculated percentages were 20 ZnSO(4).H(2)O, 20 PbSO(4), 12 CuSO(4) and nine As(2)O(3). Finally, we calculated that the C smelter stack particulates mostly comprised 34 ZnSO(4).H(2)O, 19 (Cu(0.84)Zn(0.16))(AsO(3)OH), 11 PbSO(4), 10 As(2)O(3) and nine Zn(3)(AsO(4))(2). Between 56% and 67% by weight of the smelter stack particulates, including the As, was soluble in water. For these and other operations, the data and approach may be useful in estimating metals partitioning among water, soil and sediment, as well as predictions of the effects of the stack particulates released to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Skeaff
- CANMET Mining and Mineral Sciences Laboratories, 555 Booth Street, Ottawa, K1A 0G1, Canada.
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36
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Silva LFO, Izquierdo M, Querol X, Finkelman RB, Oliveira MLS, Wollenschlager M, Towler M, Pérez-López R, Macias F. Leaching of potential hazardous elements of coal cleaning rejects. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 175:109-126. [PMID: 20490913 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The geochemical characteristics of coal cleaning rejects (CCR) in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, were investigated. Around 3.5 million ton/year of coal waste are dumped in Santa Catarina State. Coal beneficiation by froth flotation results in large amounts of CCR composed of coaly and mineral matter, the latter characterised by the occurrence of sulphide minerals and a broad array of leachable elements. The total and leachable contents of more than 60 elements were analysed. Atmospheric exposure promotes sulphide oxidation that releases substantial sulphate loads as well as Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Cl- and Al3+. The metals with the most severe discharges were Zn, Cu, Mn, Co, Ni and Cd. Most trace pollutants in the CCR displayed a marked pH-dependent solubility, being immobile in near-neutral samples. The results highlight the complex interactions among mineral matter solubility, pH and the leaching of potentially hazardous elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F O Silva
- Catarinense Institut of Environmental Research and Human Development-IPADHC, Capivari de Baixo, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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37
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Silva LFO, da Boit KM. Nanominerals and nanoparticles in feed coal and bottom ash: implications for human health effects. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 174:187-197. [PMID: 20422282 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and human health risk assessments of nanoparticle effects from coal and bottom ash require thorough characterisation of nanoparticles and their aggregates. In this manuscript, we expand the study of human exposure to nanosized particles from coal combustion sources (typically <100 nm in size), characterising the complex micromineralogy of these airborne combustion-derived nanomaterials. Our study focuses on bottom ash generated in the Santa Catarina power station (Brazil) which uses coal enriched in ashes, many potential elements (e.g. Cr and Ni) and pyrite. Transmission electron microscope data reveal nanoscale C deposits juxtaposed with and overgrown by slightly larger aluminosilicate (Al-Si) glassy spheres, oxides, silicates, carbonated, phosphates and sulphates. Iron oxides (mainly hematite and magnetite) are the main bottom ash products of the oxidation of pyrite, sometimes via intermediate pyrrhotite formation. The presence of iron oxide nanocrystals mixed with silicate glass particles emphasises the complexity of coal and bottom ash micromineralogy. Given the potentially bioreactive nature of such transition metal-bearing materials, there is likely to be an increased health risk associated with their inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F O Silva
- Catarinense Institut of Environmental Research and Human Development, IPADHC, Capivari de Baixo, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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38
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Silva LFO, Querol X, da Boit KM, Fdez-Ortiz de Vallejuelo S, Madariaga JM. Brazilian coal mining residues and sulphide oxidation by Fenton's reaction: an accelerated weathering procedure to evaluate possible environmental impact. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:516-525. [PMID: 21145167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fenton's reaction is proposed as an accelerated weathering test for sulphides associated with Brazilian Coal Mining Residues (CMR), that are exposed to oxygen and water during the mining of coal. TEM and SEM/EDX were used to evaluate the nature, occurrence and distribution of minerals in remaining coals and other lithological units, before and after applying the test. Oxidation of CMRs was examined by analyzing soluble sulphur (sulphate) and dissolved metals by ICP-MS or ICP OES. As dissolved sulphate increases, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu and Co concentrations increase, leading to undetectable amounts in the remaining solid phases; dissolved Ni and Mn also increase with the mobilized sulphur, but the remainder in the solids is the most important fraction; Fe and Pb are not mobilized due to precipitation as jarosite or hematite in the case of Fe or as sulphate in the case of Pb. Agreement between the observed results and the predictions by geochemical modelling is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F O Silva
- Catarinense Institute of Environmental Research and Human Development-IPADHC, Capivari de Baixo, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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39
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Borrok DM, Gieré R, Ren M, Landa ER. Zinc isotopic composition of particulate matter generated during the combustion of coal and coal + tire-derived fuels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:9219-9224. [PMID: 21047059 DOI: 10.1021/es102439g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric Zn emissions from the burning of coal and tire-derived fuel (TDF) for power generation can be considerable. In an effort to lay the foundation for tracking these contributions, we evaluated the Zn isotopes of coal, a mixture of 95 wt % coal + 5 wt % TDF, and the particulate matter (PM) derived from their combustion in a power-generating plant. The average Zn concentrations and δ(66)Zn were 36 mg/kg and 183 mg/kg and +0.24‰ and +0.13‰ for the coal and coal + TDF, respectively. The δ(66)Zn of the PM sequestered in the cyclone-type mechanical separator was the lightest measured, -0.48‰ for coal and -0.81‰ for coal+TDF. The δ(66)Zn of the PM from the electrostatic precipitator showed a slight enrichment in the heavier Zn isotopes relative to the starting material. PM collected from the stack had the heaviest δ(66)Zn in the system, +0.63‰ and +0.50‰ for the coal and coal + TDF, respectively. Initial fractionation during the generation of a Zn-rich vapor is followed by temperature-dependent fractionation as Zn condenses onto the PM. The isotopic changes of the two fuel types are similar, suggesting that their inherent chemical differences have only a secondary impact on the isotopic fractionation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Borrok
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States.
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40
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Ribeiro J, Flores D, Ward CR, Silva LFO. Identification of nanominerals and nanoparticles in burning coal waste piles from Portugal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:6032-6041. [PMID: 20855106 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A range of carbon nanoparticles, agglomerates and mineral phases have been identified in burning coal waste pile materials from the Douro Coalfield of Portugal, as a basis for identifying their potential environmental and human health impacts. The fragile nature and fine particle size of these materials required novel characterization methods, including energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) techniques. The chemical composition and possible correlations with morphology of the nanominerals and associated ultra-fine particles have been evaluated in the context of human health exposure, as well as in relation to management of such components in coal-fire environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Ribeiro
- Centro de Geologia, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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41
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Silva LFO, Hower JC, Izquierdo M, Querol X. Complex nanominerals and ultrafine particles assemblages in phosphogypsum of the fertilizer industry and implications on human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:5117-5122. [PMID: 20701953 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Phosphogypsum (CaSO(4).2H(2)O), a by-product of phosphate-rock processing, contains high amounts of impurities such P(2)O(5), F, radioactive elements, organic substances, secondary nanominerals, and ultrafine particles (UFP) enriched in metals and metalloids. In this study, we examine phosphogypsum (PG) collected from abandoned fertilizer industry facility in south Brazil (Santa Catarina state). The fragile nature of nanominerals and UFP assemblages from fertilizer industry systems required novel techniques and experimental approaches. The investigation of the geochemistry of complex nanominerals and UFP assemblages was a prerequisite to accurately assess the environmental and human health risks of contaminants and cost-effective chemical and biogeological remediation strategies. Particular emphasis was placed on the study and characterization of the complex mixed nanominerals and UFP containing potentially toxic elements. Nanometer-sized phases in PG were characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images. The chemical composition and possible correlations with morphology of nanominerals and UFP, as well as aspects of nanominerals and UFP, are discussed in the context of human health exposure, as well as in relation to management of the nanominerals and UFP in PG environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F O Silva
- Catarinense Institute of Environmental Research and Human Development-IPADHC, Capivari de Baixo, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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42
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Geng H, Kang S, Jung HJ, Choël M, Kim H, Ro CU. Characterization of individual submicrometer aerosol particles collected in Incheon, Korea, by quantitative transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Song YC, Ryu J, Malek MA, Jung HJ, Ro CU. Chemical Speciation of Individual Airborne Particles by the Combined Use of Quantitative Energy-Dispersive Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis and Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform-Infrared Imaging Techniques. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7987-98. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1014113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chul Song
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 253, Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Korea
| | - JiYeon Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 253, Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Korea
| | - Md Abdul Malek
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 253, Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Korea
| | - Hae-Jin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 253, Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Korea
| | - Chul-Un Ro
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 253, Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Korea
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44
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Silva LFO, Moreno T, Querol X. An introductory TEM study of Fe-nanominerals within coal fly ash. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:4972-4974. [PMID: 19525000 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The investigation presented here was conducted during a wider experiment on the technical feasibility and environmental impacts of tire combustion in a Brazilian coal-fired power station. Nanometric-sized crystalline phases in fly ash were characterised using energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images. The nanoparticles, which register abundance peaks at 10 nm and 100 nm, include iron-rich oxide (e.g. hematite), Fe-sulphate (e.g., yavapaiite: KFe(SO4)2), and Fe-aluminumsilicate glass. Individual metalliferous nanoparticles have a heterogeneous microstructure in which elements such as iron, aluminum and silicon are not uniformly distributed. HR-TEM offers a powerful analytical technique in the study of fly ash nanoparticles, providing a better understanding of the detailed chemistry of this potentially strongly bioreactive component of atmospheric particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F O Silva
- Catarinense Institut of Environmental Research and Human Development-GPADHC, Capivari de Baixo, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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45
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Ryu J, Ro CU. Attenuated Total Reflectance FT-IR Imaging and Quantitative Energy Dispersive-Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis Techniques for Single Particle Analysis of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles. Anal Chem 2009; 81:6695-707. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9007545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JiYeon Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 253, Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Korea
| | - Chul-Un Ro
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 253, Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Korea
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46
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Cucchiella R, Falini G, Ferri M, Stracquadanio M, Trombini C. Mathematical form factor studies on the effect of water on airborne particles morphology using a bi-dimensional TEM image processing. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING : JEM 2009; 11:181-186. [PMID: 19137155 DOI: 10.1039/b806940a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical morphology is a tool for extracting image components that are useful for representation and description. The technique consists of a set-theoretic method of image analysis providing a quantitative description of geometrical structures. A simple application of mathematical morphology to a bi-dimensional processing of TEM images of airborne particles allows us to distinguish between particles grown and/or transported in atmosphere under dry conditions or in rainy days by a simple comparison of the corresponding image form factors. The form factors range in the 0.385-0.031 interval in the case of particles sampled in rainy days, and in the 0.103-0.006 interval in the case of non-rainy conditions. The same classification criterion was applied to filters collected under dry conditions and plunged in water. The results demonstrate that a morphological change may be artificially induced to the particle structure. The artificially wet particles, indeed, display an apparent contraction of their structures evidenced by a two-fold increase of the average values of their form factors. The last experiment roughly simulates the impact of particles on membranes of the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Cucchiella
- Dipartimento di Matematica--Università di Bologna, Piazza di Porta S. Donato 5, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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47
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Ettler V, Sebek O, Grygar T, Klementová M, Bezdicka P, Slavíková H. Controls on metal leaching from secondary Pb smelter air-pollution-control residues. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:7878-7884. [PMID: 19031875 DOI: 10.1021/es801246c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Air-pollution-control (APC) residues are among the most toxic waste materials from secondary Pb metallurgy. Two distinct APC residues collected from bag-type filters of one Czech secondary Pb smelter were subjected to leaching experiments to determine the mineralogical and geochemical controls on leaching of metallic contaminants (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn). A kinetic 720-h leaching test in deionized water at a liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio of 10 L kg(-1) and a 48-h leaching test at various L/S ratios (0.5, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 L kg(-1)) were performed and coupled with the mineralogical investigation of solid residues (TEM/EDS, XRD) and PHREEQC-2 speciation-solubility modeling. The rapid release of contaminants into the solution at all the L/S ratios showed the rapid dissolution of primary phases. The leaching at high L/S ratios, representing long-term predictions of leaching behavior, showed that primary alkaline sulfates and chlorides (Na3Pb2(S04)3Cl and KCl.2PbCl2) were dissolved and anglesite (PbSO4) was formed as their final and stable alteration product. Primary amorphous PbSO3 partly crystallized during leaching and oxidized to anglesite. These results are consistent with the mineralogical investigation of soils exposed for decades to Pb smelter emissions, where only anglesite was detected. The leaching experiments showed thatwashing residues at L/S >50 accompanied by spontaneous anglesite precipitation can be an alternative for improved technological treatment of these residues. Although this process would require further treatment of contaminated effluent, the newly precipitated anglesite is more favorable than the primary APC residue phases for an efficient metallurgical recovery of Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Ettler
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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48
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da Silva LID, de Souza Sarkis JE, Zotin FMZ, Carneiro MC, Neto AA, da Silva ADSAG, Cardoso MJB, Monteiro MIC. Traffic and catalytic converter - related atmospheric contamination in the metropolitan region of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 71:677-84. [PMID: 18082244 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work, 24-h PM10 samples were collected in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and analysed for trace elements (Cd, Ce, Cu, La, Mo, Ni, Pb, Pd, Rh, Sb and Sn). The sampling was carried out at five locations (Bonsucesso; Centro, downtown city; Copacabana; Nova Iguaçu and Sumaré) with different traffic densities and anthropogenic activities. An analytical method based on the EPA method for the determination of trace elements in airborne particulate matter (PM), using ultrasonic-assisted extraction and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied. Our results suggest that vehicular traffic is the most important source of environmental pollution at the studied sites. The presence of Mo, Pd and Rh in the analysed filters reflects an additional source of pollution caused by the erosion and deterioration of automotive catalytic converters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lílian Irene Dias da Silva
- Coordenação de Análises Minerais, Centro de Tecnologia Mineral - CETEM, Av. Pedro Calmon 900, Cidade Universitária, CEP 21941-908 Rio de Janeiro, R.J., Brazil
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