1
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Srata L, Farres S, Chikri M, Addou S, Fethi F. Detection of the Adulteration of Motor Oil by Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Chemometric Techniques. J Fluoresc 2023; 33:713-720. [PMID: 36504275 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-03108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Petroleum products are the target of fraudulent practices due to their high commercial value. The aim of this study is to provide a new analysis system to assess motor oil adulteration. For this purpose, Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy was exploited coupled with chemometric tools to detect motor oil adulteration by three types of cheap motor oils. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was able to distinguish samples in three groups according to the type of adulterant. Besides, Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) was exploited to determine the percentage of adulteration. The best model was obtained with a regression coefficient of 0.96, Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) of 2.83, Standard Error of Prediction (SEP) of 2.83 and Bias of 0.40. The main results of this work provide new analysis system using the combination of LIF spectroscopy combined to PCA and PLS as an efficient and fast method for motor oil analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna Srata
- Laboratory of Physics of Matter and Radiations (LPMR), Physics Department, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Sofia Farres
- Laboratory of Physics of Matter and Radiations (LPMR), Physics Department, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mounim Chikri
- Laboratory of Physics of Matter and Radiations (LPMR), Physics Department, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Sihame Addou
- Laboratory of Physics of Matter and Radiations (LPMR), Physics Department, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Fouad Fethi
- Laboratory of Physics of Matter and Radiations (LPMR), Physics Department, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco.
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2
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Santos LFED, Salo K, Thomson ES. Quantification and physical analysis of nanoparticle emissions from a marine engine using different fuels and a laboratory wet scrubber. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1769-1781. [PMID: 36000533 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00054g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A marine test-bed diesel engine was used to study how international fuel sulfur content (FSC) regulations and wet scrubbing can affect physical properties of submicron exhaust particles. Particle size distributions, particle number and mass emission factors as well as effective densities of particulate emissions were measured for three distillate fuels of varying FSC and a laboratory wet scrubber. While particle number concentrations were reduced by up to 9% when switching to low FSC fuels, wet scrubbing led to increased ultrafine particulate emissions (<30 nm). Exhaust processed through the scrubber was also found to have particles with greater effective densities, a result that directly contradicts the particulate characteristics of low FSC fuel emissions. The results demonstrate that alternative pathways to comply with marine FSC regulations can have opposing effects and thus may have very different implications for important atmospheric processes. The relevance for air quality, and the potential implications for cloud and climate interactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F E D Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Kent Salo
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Maritime Studies, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41756, Sweden
| | - Erik S Thomson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden.
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3
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Combustion Performance and Emission Characteristics of Marine Engine Burning with Different Biodiesel. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15145177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ship emissions are one of the main sources of air pollution in port cities. The prosperous maritime trade has brought great harm to the air quality of port cities while promoting the development of the world economy. During the berthing process, ship auxiliary machines emit a large amount of air pollutants, which have a great impact on air quality and public health. Alternative marine fuels are being studied and used frequently to reduce ship emissions. This research was carried out to investigate the gaseous and particles emission characteristics of a marine diesel engine during the application of experimental biodiesel fuels. To study the influence of mixed fuels on engine performance, measurements were made at different engine loads and speeds. Different diesel fuels were tested using various ratios between biodiesel and BD0 (ultra-low sulfur diesel) of 0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, and 100%. The results indicated the use of biodiesel has little influence on the combustion performance but has a certain impact on exhaust emissions. The octane number and laminar flame speed of biodiesel are higher than those of BD0, so the combustion time of the test diesel engine is shortened under the mixed mode of biodiesel. In addition, a high ratio of biodiesel leads to a decrease of the instantaneous peak heat release rate, causing the crank angle to advance. As the biodiesel blending ratio increased, most of the gaseous pollutants decreased, especially for CO, but it led to an increase of particle numbers. The particle size distribution exhibits a unimodal distribution under various conditions, with the peak value appearing at 30–75 nm. The use of biodiesel has no effect on this phenomenon. The peak positions strongly depend on fuel types and engine conditions. The particulate matter (PM) emitted from the test engine included large amounts of organic carbon (OC), which accounted for between 30% and 40% of PM. Whereas the elemental carbon (EC) accounted for between 10% and 20%, the water-soluble ions components accounted for 6–15%. Elemental components, which accounted for 3–8% of PM emissions, mainly consisted of Si, Fe, Sn, Ba, Al, Zn, V, and Ni. Generally, biodiesel could be a reliable alternative fuel to reduce ship auxiliary engine emissions at berth and improve port air quality.
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4
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Sèbe M, Scemama P, Choquet A, Jung JL, Chircop A, Marras-Aït Razouk P, Michel S, Stiger-Pouvreau V, Recuero-Virto L. Maritime transportation: Let's slow down a bit. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152262. [PMID: 34896500 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Maritime transportation is a major contributor to the world economy, but has significant social and environmental impacts. Each impact calls for different technical or operational solutions. Amongst these solutions, we found that speed reduction measures appear to mitigate several issues: (1) collision with wildlife; (2) collision with non-living objects; (3) underwater noise; (4) invasive species; and (5) gas emission. We do not pretend that speed reduction is the best solution for each individual issue mentioned in this paper, but we argue that it could be a key solution to significantly reduce these threats all together. Further interdisciplinary research is required to balance private economic costs of speed reduction measures with environmental and social benefits emerging from all mitigated issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Sèbe
- Centre de Recherche en Gestion, Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, France; Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France.
| | - Pierre Scemama
- Unité d'Economie Maritime, UMR 6308 AMURE, Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IUEM, Plouzané, France
| | - Anne Choquet
- Brest Business School, Brest, France; Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, UMR 6308, AMURE, IUEM, Plouzané, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jung
- Univ Brest, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB, UMR7205), Brest, France
| | - Aldo Chircop
- Canada Research Chair in Maritime Law and Policy, Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | | | - Sylvain Michel
- French Agency for Biodiversity, AFB, Le Nadar Hall C, 5 allée Felix Nadar, Vincennes, France
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5
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Yang L, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Lv Z, Wu L, Mao H. Real-world emission characteristics of an ocean-going vessel through long sailing measurement. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:152276. [PMID: 34902419 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To quantify the emission characteristics of large ocean-going ships, onboard measurements were carried out for a large ocean-going vessel using portable emission measurement system (PEMS). The emission factors (EFs) of conventional pollutants and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were greatly influenced by real-world operating conditions and engine loads. The sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM) emissions were mainly influenced by fuel type. The particle size distribution basically showed a single peak pattern, with nucleation mode particles as the main particles and the peak particle sizes ranging between 30 nm and 50 nm. The EFs for particle number (PN) ranged from 2.82 × 1016 to 4.49 × 1016 #/kwh. Carbonaceous components accounted for approximately 31.8% to 41.6% of the PM. SO42-, NH4+, Ca2+, Na+, and NO3- were dominant in water-soluble ions, while V and Ni were high-concentration metal elements, with the ratio of V: Ni ranging from 0.17 to 0.33. Increase in driving speed can lead to the increase in VOCs emissions. Our study presented a comprehensive test method with PEMS, which provides a reference for acquiring future real-world EFs. However, only one representative ship in China using a specific fuel was selected for the test, so it is important to characterize a broader range of ships and fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qijun Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zongyan Lv
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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6
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Zhang JJY, Sun L, Rainham D, Dummer TJB, Wheeler AJ, Anastasopolos A, Gibson M, Johnson M. Predicting intraurban airborne PM 1.0-trace elements in a port city: Land use regression by ordinary least squares and a machine learning algorithm. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150149. [PMID: 34583078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) has been associated with cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality, and there is some evidence that spatially varying metals found in PM may contribute to adverse health effects. We developed spatially refined models for PM trace elements using ordinary least squares land use regression (OLS-LUR) and machine leaning random forest land-use regression (RF-LUR). Two-week integrated measurements of PM1.0 (median aerodiameter < 1.0 μm) were collected at 50 sampling sites during fall (2010), winter (2011), and summer (2011) in the Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, Canada. PM1.0 filters were analyzed for metals and trace elements using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. OLS- and RF-LUR models were developed for approximately 30 PM1.0 trace elements in each season. Model predictors included industrial, commercial, and institutional/ government/ military land use, roadways, shipping, other transportation sources, and wind rose information. RF generated more accurate models than OLS for most trace elements based on 5-fold cross validation. On average, summer models had the highest cross validation R2 (OLS-LUR = 0.40, RF-LUR = 0.46), while fall had the lowest (OLS-LUR = 0.27, RF-LUR = 0.31). Many OLS-LUR models displayed overprediction in the final exposure surface. In contrast, RF-LUR models did not exhibit overpredictions. Taking overpredictions and cross validation performances into account, OLS-LUR performed better than RF-LUR in roughly 20% of the seasonal trace element models. RF-LUR models provided more interpretable predictors in most cases. Seasonal predictors varied, likely due to differences in seasonal distribution of trace elements related to source activity, and meteorology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce J Y Zhang
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Liu Sun
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Rainham
- Healthy Populations Institute and the School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Trevor J B Dummer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, , Canada
| | - Amanda J Wheeler
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Mark Gibson
- Division of Air Quality and Exposure Science, AirPhoton, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Markey Johnson
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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7
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Anastasopolos AT, Sofowote UM, Hopke PK, Rouleau M, Shin T, Dheri A, Peng H, Kulka R, Gibson MD, Farah PM, Sundar N. Air quality in Canadian port cities after regulation of low-sulphur marine fuel in the North American Emissions Control Area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:147949. [PMID: 34119798 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Large marine vessels have historically used high-sulphur (S) residual fuel oil (RFO), with substantial airborne releases of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) enriched in vanadium (V), nickel (Ni) and other air pollutants. To address marine shipping air pollution, Canada and the United States have jointly implemented a North American Emissions Control Area (NA ECA) within which ships are regulated to use lower-sulphur marine fuel or equivalent SO2 scrubbers (i.e., 3.5% maximum fuel S reduced to 1% S in 2012 and 0.1% S in 2015). To investigate the effects of these regulations on local air quality, we examined changes in air pollutant (SO₂, PM2.5, NO₂, O₃), and related PM2.5 components (V, Ni, sulphate) concentrations over 2010-2016 at the Canadian port cities of Halifax, Vancouver, Victoria, Montreal, and Quebec City. SO2 concentrations showed large statistically significant decreases at all sites (-28% to -83% mean hourly change), with the largest improvements in the coastal cities when the 0.1% fuel S regulation took effect. Statistically significant PM2.5 but smaller fractional reductions were also observed (-7% to -37% mean hourly change), reflecting the importance of non-marine PM sources. RFO marker species V and Ni in PM2.5 dramatically declined following regulation implementation, consistent with decreased RFO use likely indicating the switch to low-S distillate fuel oil rather than exhaust scrubbers for initial compliance. Significant changes in other pollutants with non-marine sources (NO2, O3) were not contemporaneous with the regulatory timeline. The large SO2 improvements in the port cities have reduced 1-h concentrations to <30 ppb, comparable to Canadian urban locations with few local SO2 sources and likely reducing health risks to susceptible populations such as asthmatics and the elderly. Our findings indicate that the implementation of the NA ECA improved air quality at Canadian port cities immediately following the requirement for lower-S fuel. These air quality improvements suggest that large-scale international benefits can result from implementation of the 2020 global low-S marine fuel regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uwayemi M Sofowote
- Environment Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ministry of Ontario Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mathieu Rouleau
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tim Shin
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aman Dheri
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Environmental Protection Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan Kulka
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark D Gibson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Paul-Michel Farah
- Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Navin Sundar
- Environmental Protection Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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8
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Wu Y, Liu D, Wang X, Li S, Zhang J, Qiu H, Ding S, Hu K, Li W, Tian P, Liu Q, Zhao D, Ma E, Chen M, Xu H, Ouyang B, Chen Y, Kong S, Ge X, Liu H. Ambient marine shipping emissions determined by vessel operation mode along the East China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144713. [PMID: 33736243 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine shipping emissions exert important air quality and climate impacts. This study characterized the ambient pollutants predominant by emissions from a variety of marine vessel types near the mid-latitude East China Sea. Two discernible primary shipping emissions were identified by factorization analysis on detailed mass spectra of organic aerosol (OA), as emissions in maneuvering and cruise, highly linked with NOx (and less oxidized OA, black carbon, BC) or CO (and more oxidized OA), respectively. Using radio-recorded quantities and activities of 3566 vessels mixed with slow and high-speed diesel engines, we found emission of NOx or BC per vessel was positively correlated with vessel speed, while CO emission peaked at moderate speed. The approach here based on vessel operation mode directly linked the vessel activities to ambient concentrations of pollutants from marine shipping emission, and may synthesize the complex vessel types in shipping emission inventory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhou Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China.
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Jiale Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Hao Qiu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Shuo Ding
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Kang Hu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Ping Tian
- Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing 100089, PR China
| | - Quan Liu
- Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing 100089, PR China
| | - Delong Zhao
- Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing 100089, PR China
| | - Endian Ma
- Putuo District Meteorological Bureau of Zhoushan, Zhoushan 316100, PR China
| | - Meiting Chen
- Zhoushan Meteorological Bureau, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Honghui Xu
- Zhejiang Meteorological Science Institute, Hangzhou 310008, PR China
| | - Bin Ouyang
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Chen
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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9
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Kuittinen N, Jalkanen JP, Alanen J, Ntziachristos L, Hannuniemi H, Johansson L, Karjalainen P, Saukko E, Isotalo M, Aakko-Saksa P, Lehtoranta K, Keskinen J, Simonen P, Saarikoski S, Asmi E, Laurila T, Hillamo R, Mylläri F, Lihavainen H, Timonen H, Rönkkö T. Shipping Remains a Globally Significant Source of Anthropogenic PN Emissions Even after 2020 Sulfur Regulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:129-138. [PMID: 33290058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shipping is the main source of anthropogenic particle emissions in large areas of the globe, influencing climate, air quality, and human health in open seas and coast lines. Here, we determined, by laboratory and on-board measurements of ship engine exhaust, fuel-specific particle number (PN) emissions for different fuels and desulfurization applied in shipping. The emission factors were compared to ship exhaust plume observations and, furthermore, exploited in the assessment of global PN emissions from shipping, utilizing the STEAM ship emission model. The results indicate that most particles in the fresh ship engine exhaust are in ultrafine particle size range. Shipping PN emissions are localized, especially close to coastal lines, but significant emissions also exist on open seas and oceans. The global annual PN produced by marine shipping was 1.2 × 1028 (±0.34 × 1028) particles in 2016, thus being of the same magnitude with total anthropogenic PN emissions in continental areas. The reduction potential of PN from shipping strongly depends on the adopted technology mix, and except wide adoption of natural gas or scrubbers, no significant decrease in global PN is expected if heavy fuel oil is mainly replaced by low sulfur residual fuels. The results imply that shipping remains as a significant source of anthropogenic PN emissions that should be considered in future climate and health impact models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Alanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Leonidas Ntziachristos
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Hanna Hannuniemi
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lasse Johansson
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Erkka Saukko
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mia Isotalo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Päivi Aakko-Saksa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Kati Lehtoranta
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Jorma Keskinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pauli Simonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Asmi
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Laurila
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Hillamo
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fanni Mylläri
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Lihavainen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
- Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, P.O. Box 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
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10
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Yu C, Pasternak D, Lee J, Yang M, Bell T, Bower K, Wu H, Liu D, Reed C, Bauguitte S, Cliff S, Trembath J, Coe H, Allan JD. Characterizing the Particle Composition and Cloud Condensation Nuclei from Shipping Emission in Western Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15604-15612. [PMID: 33206512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Commercial shipping is considered as an important source of air pollution and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). To assess the climatic and environmental impacts of shipping, detailed characterization of ship plumes near the point of emission and understanding of ship plume evolution further downwind are essential. This airborne measurement study presents the online characterization of particulate phase ship emissions in the region of Western Europe in 2019 prior to new international sulfur emission controls becoming enacted. More than 30 ships from both the sulfur emission control area (SECA) in the English Channel and the open sea (OS) are measured and compared. Ships within the SECA emitted much less sulfate (SO4) compared with those at OS. When shifted to a lower apparent fuel sulfur content (FSC) at similar engine loads, the peak of the fresh ship emitting the particle number size distribution shifted from around 60-80 nm in diameter to below 40 nm in diameter. The emission factors (EFs) of sulfate are predicted to decrease by around 94% after the 2020 regulation on ship sulfur emission in the open ocean. The EFs of refractory black carbon (rBC) and organic compounds (Org) do not appear to be directly affected by the lower sulfur contents. The total number concentration for condensation nuclei (CN) >2.5 nm and >0.1 μm are predicated to be reduced by 69 and 56%, respectively. Measured plume evolution results indicate that the S(IV) to S(VI) conversion rate was around 23.4% per hour at the beginning of plume evolution, and the CCN and CN >2.5 nm ratio increased with plume age primarily due to condensation and coagulation. We estimate that the new sulfur emission regulation will lead to a reduction of more than 80% in CCN from fresh ship emissions. The ship-emitted EFs results presented here will also inform emission inventories, policymaking, climate, and human health studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Yu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Dominika Pasternak
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - James Lee
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
- National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Mingxi Yang
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, U.K
| | - Thomas Bell
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, U.K
| | - Keith Bower
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Huihui Wu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chris Reed
- National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, FAAM Airborne Laboratory, Cranfield MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Stéphane Bauguitte
- National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, FAAM Airborne Laboratory, Cranfield MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Sam Cliff
- National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, FAAM Airborne Laboratory, Cranfield MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Jamie Trembath
- National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, FAAM Airborne Laboratory, Cranfield MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Hugh Coe
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - James D Allan
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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11
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Merico E, Conte M, Grasso FM, Cesari D, Gambaro A, Morabito E, Gregoris E, Orlando S, Alebić-Juretić A, Zubak V, Mifka B, Contini D. Comparison of the impact of ships to size-segregated particle concentrations in two harbour cities of northern Adriatic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115175. [PMID: 32683088 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Detailed information on in-harbour shipping contribution to size segregated particles in coastal cities are scarce, especially in the busy Mediterranean basin. This poses issues for human exposure and air quality in urban harbour agglomerates, where only criteria pollutants (i.e. PM10 and/or PM2.5) are usually monitored. In this work, particle number and mass size distributions, in a large size range (0.01-31 μm), were obtained in two coastal cities of northern Adriatic Sea: Venice (Italy) and Rijeka (Croatia). Three size ranges were investigated: nanoparticles (diameter D < 0.25 μm); fine particles (0.25<D < 1 μm), and coarse particles (D > 1 μm). Absolute concentrations were larger in Venice for all size ranges showing, using analysis of daily trends, a large influence of local meteorology and boundary-layer dynamics. Contribution of road transport was larger (in relative terms) in Rijeka compared to Venice. The highest contributions of shipping were in Venice, mainly because of the larger ship traffic. Maximum impact was on nanoparticles 7.4% (Venice) and 1.8% (Rijeka), the minimum was on fine range 1.9% (Venice) and <0.2% (Rijeka) and intermediate values were found in the coarse fraction 1.8% (Venice) and 0.5% (Rijeka). Contribution of shipping to mass concentration was not distinguishable from uncertainty in Rijeka (<0.2% for PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) and was about 2% in Venice. Relative contributions as function of particles size show remarkable similitudes: a maximum for nanoparticles, a quick decrease and a successive secondary maximum (2-3 times lower than the first) in the fine range. For larger diameters, the relative contributions reach a minimum at 1-1.5 μm and there is a successive increase in the coarse range. Size distributions showed a not negligible contribution of harbour emissions to nanoparticle and fine particle number concentrations, compared to PM2.5 or PM10, indicating them as a better metric to monitor shipping impacts compared to mass concentrations (PM2.5 or PM10).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Merico
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy (ISAC-CNR), Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, Lecce, Italy.
| | - M Conte
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy (ISAC-CNR), Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, Lecce, Italy
| | - F M Grasso
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy (ISAC-CNR), Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, Lecce, Italy
| | - D Cesari
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy (ISAC-CNR), Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, Lecce, Italy
| | - A Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - E Morabito
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - E Gregoris
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venice Mestre, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - S Orlando
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - A Alebić-Juretić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - V Zubak
- Teaching Institute of Public Health, Krešimirova 52a, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - B Mifka
- Department of Physics, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - D Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy (ISAC-CNR), Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, Lecce, Italy
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12
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Galindo RF, Barbosa Cortez LA, Teixeira Franco T. Ternary Blends of Renewable Fast Pyrolysis Bio‐Oil, Advanced Bioethanol, and Marine Gasoil as Potential Marine Biofuel. Chem Eng Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Fatima Galindo
- State University of Campinas UNICAMP – Chemical Engineering School Av. Albert Einstein 500 13083-852 Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Luis Antonio Barbosa Cortez
- State University of Campinas UNICAMP – Interdisciplinary Energy Center NIPE Cora Coralina 330 13083-896 Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Telma Teixeira Franco
- State University of Campinas UNICAMP – Chemical Engineering School Av. Albert Einstein 500 13083-852 Campinas SP Brazil
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13
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Zhou Y, Wang Z, Pei C, Li L, Wu M, Wu M, Huang B, Cheng C, Li M, Wang X, Zhou Z. Source-oriented characterization of single particles from in-port ship emissions in Guangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:138179. [PMID: 32272403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we analyzed freshly emitted particles from ship exhaust in the Guangzhou port region before and after the implementation of a clean fuel policy. We used a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) to measure the changes in the chemical compositions of single particles and evaluate the role of V as a tracer for ship emissions. Particles from high sulfur fuel (SF) oil (HS) combustion ships consisted of 54.8% elemental carbon-vanadium-sulfate (EC-V-S) and 25.0% vanadium-sulfate (V-S) particles, while particles from low SF oil (LS) combustion ships were composed of 38.7% organic carbon-sulfate (OC-S) and 28.6% elemental and organic carbon (ECOC) particles. The sulfate-containing particles exhibited a moderate decrease from 95% in HS emissions to 78% in LS emissions, which still suggests the dominant role of sulfate in LS emissions after the implementation of a clean fuel policy. The V-containing particles showed a sharp decrease from 67% in HS emissions to 14% in LS emissions along with the decrease in the relative peak area (RPA) of V, suggesting a remarkable reduction in V in ship exhaust. The count of V-containing particles in urban Guangzhou in June 2017 was generally ten times lower than that in June 2016, which was in accordance with the sharp decrease in V-containing particles in LS emissions rather than in HS emissions. Despite the decrease in V in source-oriented ship emitted particles, the ubiquitous distribution of V in particles from lower SF combustion ships suggests V is still effective as a tracer of ship emissions in port regions after the implementation of the clean fuel policy. Furthermore, the particles from LS emissions were investigated in comparison to those from gasoline vehicles (GV), diesel vehicles (DV) and coal combustion (CC) sources to better resolve ship-related particles in port regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zaihua Wang
- Guangdong Institute of Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510650, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mengxi Wu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Manman Wu
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
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14
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Schulze BC, Charan SM, Kenseth CM, Kong W, Bates KH, Williams W, Metcalf AR, Jonsson HH, Woods R, Sorooshian A, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH. Characterization of Aerosol Hygroscopicity Over the Northeast Pacific Ocean: Impacts on Prediction of CCN and Stratocumulus Cloud Droplet Number Concentrations. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2020; 7:e2020EA001098. [PMID: 33225018 PMCID: PMC7676499 DOI: 10.1029/2020ea001098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During the Marine Aerosol Cloud and Wildfire Study (MACAWS) in June and July of 2018, aerosol composition and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) properties were measured over the N.E. Pacific to characterize the influence of aerosol hygroscopicity on predictions of ambient CCN and stratocumulus cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNC). Three vertical regions were characterized, corresponding to the marine boundary layer (MBL), an above-cloud organic aerosol layer (AC-OAL), and the free troposphere (FT) above the AC-OAL. The aerosol hygroscopicity parameter (κ) was calculated from CCN measurements (κ CCN) and bulk aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements (κ AMS). Within the MBL, measured hygroscopicities varied between values typical of both continental environments (~0.2) and remote marine locations (~0.7). For most flights, CCN closure was achieved within 20% in the MBL. For five of the seven flights, assuming a constant aerosol size distribution produced similar or better CCN closure than assuming a constant "marine" hygroscopicity (κ = 0.72). An aerosol-cloud parcel model was used to characterize the sensitivity of predicted stratocumulus CDNC to aerosol hygroscopicity, size distribution properties, and updraft velocity. Average CDNC sensitivity to accumulation mode aerosol hygroscopicity is 39% as large as the sensitivity to the geometric median diameter in this environment. Simulations suggest CDNC sensitivity to hygroscopicity is largest in marine stratocumulus with low updraft velocities (<0.2 m s-1), where accumulation mode particles are most relevant to CDNC, and in marine stratocumulus or cumulus with large updraft velocities (>0.6 m s-1), where hygroscopic properties of the Aitken mode dominate hygroscopicity sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. C. Schulze
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - S. M. Charan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - C. M. Kenseth
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - W. Kong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - K. H. Bates
- Center for the Environment, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - W. Williams
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, USA
| | - A. R. Metcalf
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, USA
| | | | - R. Woods
- Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - A. Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - R. C. Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J. H. Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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15
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Sofia D, Gioiella F, Lotrecchiano N, Giuliano A. Mitigation strategies for reducing air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:19226-19235. [PMID: 32279263 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Today, it is increasingly recognized that air pollution hurts human health. Consequently, efficient mitigation strategies need to be implemented for substantial environmental and health co-benefits. A valid approach to reducing the air pollution effects on the environment and human health is proposed. Specific guidelines have been elucidated by differentiating them on the base of the final stakeholders (citizens, enterprises, and public authorities), of the emission sources (transport, household energy, industry, and energy generation sector, agriculture, and shipping area), and of the field of implementation (urban and extra-urban context). This paper can provide useful information for governments for the implementation of a strategic plan focused on emphasizing multi-pollutant emission reductions and overall air pollution-related risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Sofia
- Sense Square srl, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele 11, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
- University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Filomena Gioiella
- Sense Square srl, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele 11, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Lotrecchiano
- Sense Square srl, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele 11, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
- University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Aristide Giuliano
- Sense Square srl, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele 11, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, S.S. 106 Ionica, Rotondella, MT, Italy.
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16
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Viana M, Rizza V, Tobías A, Carr E, Corbett J, Sofiev M, Karanasiou A, Buonanno G, Fann N. Estimated health impacts from maritime transport in the Mediterranean region and benefits from the use of cleaner fuels. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 138:105670. [PMID: 32203802 PMCID: PMC8314305 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ship traffic emissions degrade air quality in coastal areas and contribute to climate impacts globally. The estimated health burden of exposure to shipping emissions in coastal areas may inform policy makers as they seek to reduce exposure and associated potential health impacts. This work estimates the PM2.5-attributable impacts in the form of premature mortality and cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions, from long-term exposure to shipping emissions. Health impact assessment (HIA) was performed in 8 Mediterranean coastal cities, using a baseline conditions from the literature and a policy case accounting for the MARPOL Annex VI rules requiring cleaner fuels in 2020. Input data were (a) shipping contributions to ambient PM2.5 concentrations based on receptor modelling studies found in the literature, (b) population and health incidence data from national statistical registries, and (c) geographically-relevant concentration-response functions from the literature. Long-term exposure to ship-sourced PM2.5 accounted for 430 (95% CI: 220-650) premature deaths per year, in the 8 cities, distributed between groups of cities: Barcelona and Athens, with >100 premature deaths/year, and Nicosia, Brindisi, Genoa, Venice, Msida and Melilla, with tens of premature deaths/year. The more stringent standards in 2020 would reduce the number of PM2.5-attributable premature deaths by 15% on average. HIA provided a comparative assessment of the health burden of shipping emissions across Mediterranean coastal cities, which may provide decision support for urban planning with a special focus on harbour areas, and in view of the reduction in sulphur content of marine fuels due to MARPOL Annex VI in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - V Rizza
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy
| | - A Tobías
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Carr
- Energy and Environmental Research Associates, LLC, Pittsford, NY, United States
| | - J Corbett
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - M Sofiev
- Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Karanasiou
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy; Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - N Fann
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, United States
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17
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhao J, Zhou Y, Wang X, Yang X, Zou Z, Zhang C, Fu Q, Xu J, Gao W, Li N, Chen J. Changes in the SO 2 Level and PM 2.5 Components in Shanghai Driven by Implementing the Ship Emission Control Policy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11580-11587. [PMID: 31456399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to understand the effect of the Domestic Emission Control Area (DECA) policy on ambient SO2 and particle components in Shanghai. Online single particle analysis and SO2 measurements from 2015 to 2017 were compared to analyze the long-term variations before and after the DECA policy. Our study showed that there was a significant decrease in SO2 by 27-55% after the implementation of the DECA policy. The number fraction of ship-emitted particles increased along with the increase in ship traffic activity, but the particles tended to contain lower-vanadium content. The elemental carbon component decreased, while the organic carbon components increased after switching oil. One thousand and ninety four ship fuel oil samples were collected. The oil sample analysis confirmed the ambient particle results; sulfur content decreased in domestic ship heavy fuel oils from 2013 to 2018; in the low sulfur fuel oils used after the DECA policy, vanadium was still highly correlated with sulfur as it was in high-sulfur fuels. Our results suggested that heavy fuel oil is still a major part of the low-sulfur ship oils in use. The multiple-component control including organic pollutants regarding low sulfur fuel oils may be necessary for preventing air pollution from ship emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC) , Shanghai 200062 , China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Junri Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Yuyan Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Zhong Zou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
- Pudong Environmental Monitoring Center , Shanghai 200030 , China
| | - Cangang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
- Environmental Protection and City Management of Pudong New Area , Shanghai 200030 , China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center , Shanghai 200030 , China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Shanghai Meteorological Bureau , Shanghai 200030 , China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shanghai Meteorological Bureau , Shanghai 200030 , China
| | - Nan Li
- Shanghai Runcare Fluid Monitor Company Limited , Shanghai 200030 , China
| | - Jun Chen
- Shanghai Runcare Fluid Monitor Company Limited , Shanghai 200030 , China
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18
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Barregard L, Molnàr P, Jonson JE, Stockfelt L. Impact on Population Health of Baltic Shipping Emissions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16111954. [PMID: 31159436 PMCID: PMC6603906 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Emission of pollutants from shipping contributes to ambient air pollution. Our aim was to estimate exposure to particulate air pollution (PM2.5) and health effects from shipping in countries around the Baltic Sea, as well as effects of the sulfur regulations for fuels enforced in 2015 by the Baltic Sulfur Emission Control Area (SECA). Yearly PM2.5 emissions, from ship activity data and emission inventories in 2014 and 2016, were estimated. Concentrations and population exposure (0.1° × 0.1°) of PM2.5 were estimated from a chemical transport mode, meteorology, and population density. Excess mortality and morbidity were estimated using established exposure-response (ER) functions. Estimated mean PM2.5 per inhabitant from Baltic shipping was 0.22 µg/m3 in 2014 in ten countries, highest in Denmark (0.57 µg/m3). For the ER function with the steepest slope, the number of estimated extra premature deaths was 3413 in total, highest in Germany and lowest in Norway. It decreased by about 35% in 2016 (after SECA), a reduction of >1000 cases. In addition, 1500 non-fatal cases of ischemic heart disease and 1500 non-fatal cases of stroke in 2014 caused by Baltic shipping emissions were reduced by the same extent in 2016. In conclusion, PM2.5 emissions from Baltic shipping, and resulting health impacts decreased substantially after the SECA regulations in 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Barregard
- Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg & Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, SE 405 30, Sweden.
| | - Peter Molnàr
- Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg & Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, SE 405 30, Sweden.
| | | | - Leo Stockfelt
- Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg & Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, SE 405 30, Sweden.
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19
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Huang C, Hu Q, Li Y, Tian J, Ma Y, Zhao Y, Feng J, An J, Qiao L, Wang H, Jing S, Huang D, Lou S, Zhou M, Zhu S, Tao S, Li L. Intermediate Volatility Organic Compound Emissions from a Large Cargo Vessel Operated under Real-World Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12934-12942. [PMID: 30351037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate volatility organic compound (IVOC) emissions from a large cargo vessel were characterized under real-world operating conditions using an on-board measurement system. Test ship fuel-based emission factors (EFs) of total IVOCs were determined for two fuel types and seven operating conditions. The average total IVOC EF was 1003 ± 581 mg·kg-fuel-1, approximately 0.76 and 0.29 times the EFs of primary organic aerosol (POA) emissions from low-sulfur fuel (LSF, 0.38 wt % S) and high-sulfur fuel (HSF, 1.12 wt % S), respectively. The average total IVOC EF from LSF was 2.4 times that from HSF. The average IVOC EF under low engine load (15%) was 0.5-1.6 times higher than those under 36%-74% loads. An unresolved complex mixture (UCM) contributed 86.1 ± 1.9% of the total IVOC emissions. Ship secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production was estimated to be 546.5 ± 284.1 mg·kg-fuel-1; IVOCs contributed 98.9 ± 0.9% of the produced SOA on average. Fuel type was the dominant determinant of ship IVOC emissions, IVOC volatility distributions, and SOA production. The ship emitted more IVOC mass, produced higher proportions of volatile organic components, and produced more SOA mass when fueled with LSF than when fueled with HSF. When reducing ship POA emissions, more attention should be paid to commensurate control of ship SOA formation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai , 200233 , China
| | - Qingyao Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai , 200233 , China
| | - Yingjie Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai , 200233 , China
| | - Junjie Tian
- School of Resources and Environment Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , 200237 , China
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai , 200233 , China
| | - Yunliang Zhao
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Jialiang Feng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health , Shanghai University , Shanghai , 200244 , China
| | - Jingyu An
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai , 200233 , China
| | - Liping Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai , 200233 , China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai , 200233 , China
| | - Sheng'ao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai , 200233 , China
| | - Dandan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai , 200233 , China
| | - Shengrong Lou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai , 200233 , China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai , 200233 , China
| | - Shuhui Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai , 200233 , China
| | - Shikang Tao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai , 200233 , China
| | - Li Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai , 200233 , China
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health , Shanghai University , Shanghai , 200244 , China
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20
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Wu D, Li Q, Ding X, Sun J, Li D, Fu H, Teich M, Ye X, Chen J. Primary Particulate Matter Emitted from Heavy Fuel and Diesel Oil Combustion in a Typical Container Ship: Characteristics and Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12943-12951. [PMID: 30346144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Container ships have been widely recognized as an important emission source within maritime transport. Heavy fuel oil (HFO) and diesel oil (DO) are the two most commonly used fuels. This study reports the characteristics and toxicities of particulate matter (PM) emissions from HFO and DO combustion in a typical container ship. The PM number size distribution possesses a bimodal structure with peaks at ∼20 nm and ∼100 nm. The PM2.5 emission factors (EFs) are 3.15 ± 0.39 and 0.92 ± 0.02 g/kg fuel for HFO and DO, respectively. The benzo[a]pyrene equivalent carcinogenic potency (BaPeq) of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contained in HFO and DO PM2.5 is approximately 0.81 ± 0.10 and 0.12 ± 0.04 mg/kg fuel, respectively. BaPeq concentration shows an increasing tendency with decreased PM size. The reactive oxygen species activity and cytotoxicity of HFO PM2.5 samples are ∼2.1 and ∼2.5 times higher than those of DO PM2.5 samples, respectively. These health risks are both significantly attributed to the BaPeq content in PM2.5 with correlations of 0.86-0.92. Furthermore, the examined biological effects are much greater than those of atmospheric PM2.5 collected in Shanghai. Our results imply that better fuel quality is important for improving air quality and reducing health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No. 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , China
| | - Xiang Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Jianfeng Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Monique Teich
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Xingnan Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No. 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , China
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21
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Huang C, Hu Q, Wang H, Qiao L, Jing S, Wang H, Zhou M, Zhu S, Ma Y, Lou S, Li L, Tao S, Li Y, Lou D. Emission factors of particulate and gaseous compounds from a large cargo vessel operated under real-world conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:667-674. [PMID: 30025340 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
On-board emissions measurements were performed on a Handysize-class bulk carrier operating under real-world conditions. Emission factors (EFs) were determined for criteria pollutants such as NOx, CO, total hydrocarbons (THC), and PM; PM composition, including organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), inorganic species, and a variety of organic compounds and VOC species (including alkanes, alkenes, single-ring aromatics, and oxygenated VOCs) were also analyzed. To investigate the impacts of engine type, fuel, and operating conditions on emissions, measurements were conducted on one main and one auxiliary engines using low- and high-sulfur fuels (LSF and HSF) under actual operating conditions, including at-berth, maneuvering, and cruising at different engine loads. OC was the most abundant PM component (contributing 45-65%), followed by sulfate (2-15%) and EC (1-20%). Compounds with 3 or 4 aromatic rings, including phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and benzo[b+k]fluoranthene, dominated the particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from the ship, accounting for 69-89% of the total PAHs. Single-ring aromatics constituted 50-78% of the emitted VOCs and were dominated by toluene. In this study, switching from HSF (1.12% S) to LSF (0.38% S) reduced emitted PM by 12%, OC by 20%, sulfate by 71%, and particulate PAHs by 94%, but caused an increase in single-ring aromatics. The power-based EFs generally decreased with increasing engine loads. However, decreasing the ship engine load also reduced the vessel speed and, thus, decreased emissions over a given voyage distance. Herein, a Vessel Speed Reduction (VSR) from 11 to 8-9 knots decreased NOx and PM emissions by approximately 33% and 36%, respectively, and OC, EC, sulfate, and particulate PAHs in PM emissions by 34%, 83%, 29%, and 11%. These data can be used to minimize uncertainty in the emission factors used in ship emissions calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Qingyao Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Hanyu Wang
- School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Liping Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Sheng'ao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Shuhui Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Shengrong Lou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Li Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Shikang Tao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Diming Lou
- School of Automobile Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
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22
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Chu-Van T, Ristovski Z, Pourkhesalian AM, Rainey T, Garaniya V, Abbassi R, Jahangiri S, Enshaei H, Kam US, Kimball R, Yang L, Zare A, Bartlett H, Brown RJ. On-board measurements of particle and gaseous emissions from a large cargo vessel at different operating conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:832-841. [PMID: 29146200 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated particle and gaseous emission factors from a large cargo vessel for her whole voyage including at berth, manoeuvring and cruising. Quantification of these factors assists in minimising the uncertainty in the current methods of exhaust gas emission factor estimation. Engine performance and emissions from the main marine engine were measured on-board while the ship was manoeuvring and cruising at sea. Emissions of an auxiliary engine working at 55% of maximum continuous rating (MCR) were measured when the ship was at actual harbour stopovers. Gaseous and particle emission factors in this study are presented in g kWh-1 or # kWh-1, and compared with previous studies. Results showed that the SO2 emission factor is higher than that of previous studies due to the high sulphur content of the fuel used. The particle number size distributions showed only one mode for different operating conditions of the ship, with a peak at around 40-50 nm, which was dominated by ultrafine particles. Emission factors of CO, HC, PM and PN observed during ship manoeuvring were much higher than that of those recorded at cruising condition. These findings highlight the importance of quantification and monitoring ship emissions in close proximity to port areas, as they can have the highest impact on population exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Chu-Van
- Biofuel Engine Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), QLD, 4000, Australia; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), QLD, 4000, Australia; Vietnam Maritime University (VMU), Haiphong, 180000, Vietnam.
| | - Zoran Ristovski
- Biofuel Engine Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), QLD, 4000, Australia; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), QLD, 4000, Australia.
| | - Ali Mohammad Pourkhesalian
- Biofuel Engine Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), QLD, 4000, Australia; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Thomas Rainey
- Biofuel Engine Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), QLD, 4000, Australia; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), QLD, 4000, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - U-Shen Kam
- Australian Maritime College (AMC), TAS, 7250, Australia
| | | | - Liping Yang
- Biofuel Engine Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), QLD, 4000, Australia; Institute of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ali Zare
- Biofuel Engine Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), QLD, 4000, Australia; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Harry Bartlett
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Richard J Brown
- Biofuel Engine Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), QLD, 4000, Australia; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), QLD, 4000, Australia.
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Liu H, Jin X, Wu L, Wang X, Fu M, Lv Z, Morawska L, Huang F, He K. The impact of marine shipping and its DECA control on air quality in the Pearl River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1476-1485. [PMID: 29996444 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Marine trade has significantly expanded over the past decades aiding to the economic development of the maritime countries, yet, this has been associated with a considerable increase in pollution emission from shipping operation. This study aims at considering both sides of the spectrum at the same time, which is including both public and shipping business. Of the key significance would be to optimize the operation of the shipping industry, such that its impact on air pollution is minimized, without, however, significant escalation of its cost, and therefore to protect the whole seaborne trade. To do this, we considered the impacts of three control strategies, including the current emission control area (ECA) design, as well two additional ones. Thus the first scenario (DECA1) was based on the China's domestic emission control area (DECA), which was set up in 2016. The DECA1 scale was only 12 nautical miles, which was much smaller than the emission control areas in US or Europe. We defined the second scenario (DECA2), by stretching the zone to 200 nautical miles towards the ocean, modeling it on the ECA in North America. The third scenario (DECA3), on the other hand, expanded the 12 nautical miles control zone along the whole coastline. To investigate the impact of shipping emissions on air quality, a shipping emission calculation model and an air quality simulation model were used, and Pearl River Delta (PRD), China was chosen to serve as a case study. The study demonstrated that in 2013 marine shipping emissions contributed on average 0.33 and 0.60μg·m-3, respectively to the land SO2 and PM2.5 concentrations in the PRD, and that the concentrations were high along the coastline. The DECA1 policy could effectively reduce SO2 and PM2.5 concentrations in the port regions, and the average reduction in the land area were 9.54% and 2.7%, respectively. Compared with DECA1, DECA2 would not measurably improve the air quality, while DECA3 would effectively decrease the pollution in the entire coast area. Thus, instead of expanding emission control area far to the ocean, it is more effective to control emissions along the coastline to secure the best air quality and lower the health impacts. By doing this, 19 million dollars of fuel cost could be saved per year. The saved cost could help the ship owners to endure, considering the current low profits of the seaborne trade, and thus to protect the overall growth of the economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xinxin Jin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Luolin Wu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Mingliang Fu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhaofeng Lv
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Feifan Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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24
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Sofiev M, Winebrake JJ, Johansson L, Carr EW, Prank M, Soares J, Vira J, Kouznetsov R, Jalkanen JP, Corbett JJ. Cleaner fuels for ships provide public health benefits with climate tradeoffs. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29410475 DOI: 10.1038/s41467017-02774-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluate public health and climate impacts of low-sulphur fuels in global shipping. Using high-resolution emissions inventories, integrated atmospheric models, and health risk functions, we assess ship-related PM2.5 pollution impacts in 2020 with and without the use of low-sulphur fuels. Cleaner marine fuels will reduce ship-related premature mortality and morbidity by 34 and 54%, respectively, representing a ~ 2.6% global reduction in PM2.5 cardiovascular and lung cancer deaths and a ~3.6% global reduction in childhood asthma. Despite these reductions, low-sulphur marine fuels will still account for ~250k deaths and ~6.4 M childhood asthma cases annually, and more stringent standards beyond 2020 may provide additional health benefits. Lower sulphur fuels also reduce radiative cooling from ship aerosols by ~80%, equating to a ~3% increase in current estimates of total anthropogenic forcing. Therefore, stronger international shipping policies may need to achieve climate and health targets by jointly reducing greenhouse gases and air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Sofiev
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Lasse Johansson
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Edward W Carr
- Energy and Environmental Research Associates, LLC, Pittsford, NY, 14534, USA
| | - Marje Prank
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joana Soares
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julius Vira
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rostislav Kouznetsov
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - James J Corbett
- University of Delaware, 305 Robinson Hall, Newark, DE, 19711, USA.
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25
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Sofiev M, Winebrake JJ, Johansson L, Carr EW, Prank M, Soares J, Vira J, Kouznetsov R, Jalkanen JP, Corbett JJ. Cleaner fuels for ships provide public health benefits with climate tradeoffs. Nat Commun 2018; 9:406. [PMID: 29410475 PMCID: PMC5802819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02774-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluate public health and climate impacts of low-sulphur fuels in global shipping. Using high-resolution emissions inventories, integrated atmospheric models, and health risk functions, we assess ship-related PM2.5 pollution impacts in 2020 with and without the use of low-sulphur fuels. Cleaner marine fuels will reduce ship-related premature mortality and morbidity by 34 and 54%, respectively, representing a ~ 2.6% global reduction in PM2.5 cardiovascular and lung cancer deaths and a ~3.6% global reduction in childhood asthma. Despite these reductions, low-sulphur marine fuels will still account for ~250k deaths and ~6.4 M childhood asthma cases annually, and more stringent standards beyond 2020 may provide additional health benefits. Lower sulphur fuels also reduce radiative cooling from ship aerosols by ~80%, equating to a ~3% increase in current estimates of total anthropogenic forcing. Therefore, stronger international shipping policies may need to achieve climate and health targets by jointly reducing greenhouse gases and air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Sofiev
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Lasse Johansson
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Edward W Carr
- Energy and Environmental Research Associates, LLC, Pittsford, NY, 14534, USA
| | - Marje Prank
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joana Soares
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julius Vira
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rostislav Kouznetsov
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - James J Corbett
- University of Delaware, 305 Robinson Hall, Newark, DE, 19711, USA.
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26
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Wu D, Zhang F, Lou W, Li D, Chen J. Chemical characterization and toxicity assessment of fine particulate matters emitted from the combustion of petrol and diesel fuels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:172-179. [PMID: 28666172 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fuel consumption is one of the major contributors to air pollution worldwide. Plenty of studies have demonstrated that the diesel and petrol exhaust fine particulate matters (FPMs) are associated with increases of various diseases. However, the influences of different fuel types and their chemical components on toxicity have been less investigated. In this study, four kinds of fuels that widely used in China were burned in a laboratory simulation, and the FPMs were collected and analyzed. Transmission electron microscopy showed that black carbon was mainly soot with a dendritic morphology. For light diesel oil, marine heavy diesel oil, 93 octane petrol and 97 octane petrol diesel oil, the emission factors of FPMs were 3.05±0.29, 3.21±0.54, 2.36±0.33, and 2.28±0.25g/kg fuel, respectively. And the emission factors for the "16 US EPA" PAHs of FPM were 0.45±0.20, 0.80±0.22, 1.00±0.20, and 1.05±0.19mg/g FPMs, respectively. Fe is the most abundant metal in these FPMs, and the emission factors of FPMs were 2.58±1.70, 4.45±0.11, 8.18±0.58, and 9.24±0.17mg/g FPMs, respectively. We ranked the cytotoxicity of the FPMs emission from fuels combustion: marine heavy diesel oil>97 octane petrol>93 octane petrol>light diesel oil, and the genotoxicity of FPMs emission from fuels combustion: marine heavy diesel oil>light diesel oil>93 octane petrol>97 octane petrol. Significant correlations were found between PAH concentrations and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Our results demonstrated that fuels exhaust FPMs have strong association with ROS activity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. These results indicated that fuels exhaust FPMs pose a potentially serious health, and emphasized the importance of assessing the health risks posed by the particulate pollutants in vehicle exhausts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenhao Lou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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27
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Anderson M, Salo K, Fridell E. Particle- and Gaseous Emissions from an LNG Powered Ship. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12568-12575. [PMID: 26422536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of particle number and mass concentrations and number size distribution of particles from a ship running on liquefied natural gas (LNG) were made on-board a ship with dual-fuel engines installed. Today there is a large interest in LNG as a marine fuel, as a means to comply with sulfur and NOX regulations. Particles were studied in a wide size range together with measurements of other exhaust gases under different engine loads and different mixtures of LNG and marine gas oil. Results from these measurements show that emissions of particles, NOX, and CO2 are considerably lower for LNG compared to present marine fuel oils. Emitted particles were mainly of volatile character and mainly had diameters below 50 nm. Number size distribution for LNG showed a distinct peak at 9-10 nm and a part of a peak at diameter 6 nm and below. Emissions of total hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are higher for LNG compared to present marine fuel oils, which points to the importance of considering the methane slip from combustion of LNG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anderson
- Department of Shipping and Marine Technology, Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kent Salo
- Department of Shipping and Marine Technology, Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Fridell
- Department of Shipping and Marine Technology, Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute , PO Box 5302, 400 14 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Oeder S, Kanashova T, Sippula O, Sapcariu SC, Streibel T, Arteaga-Salas JM, Passig J, Dilger M, Paur HR, Schlager C, Mülhopt S, Diabaté S, Weiss C, Stengel B, Rabe R, Harndorf H, Torvela T, Jokiniemi JK, Hirvonen MR, Schmidt-Weber C, Traidl-Hoffmann C, BéruBé KA, Wlodarczyk AJ, Prytherch Z, Michalke B, Krebs T, Prévôt ASH, Kelbg M, Tiggesbäumker J, Karg E, Jakobi G, Scholtes S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Lintelmann J, Matuschek G, Sklorz M, Klingbeil S, Orasche J, Richthammer P, Müller L, Elsasser M, Reda A, Gröger T, Weggler B, Schwemer T, Czech H, Rüger CP, Abbaszade G, Radischat C, Hiller K, Buters JTM, Dittmar G, Zimmermann R. Particulate matter from both heavy fuel oil and diesel fuel shipping emissions show strong biological effects on human lung cells at realistic and comparable in vitro exposure conditions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126536. [PMID: 26039251 PMCID: PMC4454644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ship engine emissions are important with regard to lung and cardiovascular diseases especially in coastal regions worldwide. Known cellular responses to combustion particles include oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling. OBJECTIVES To provide a molecular link between the chemical and physical characteristics of ship emission particles and the cellular responses they elicit and to identify potentially harmful fractions in shipping emission aerosols. METHODS Through an air-liquid interface exposure system, we exposed human lung cells under realistic in vitro conditions to exhaust fumes from a ship engine running on either common heavy fuel oil (HFO) or cleaner-burning diesel fuel (DF). Advanced chemical analyses of the exhaust aerosols were combined with transcriptional, proteomic and metabolomic profiling including isotope labelling methods to characterise the lung cell responses. RESULTS The HFO emissions contained high concentrations of toxic compounds such as metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and were higher in particle mass. These compounds were lower in DF emissions, which in turn had higher concentrations of elemental carbon ("soot"). Common cellular reactions included cellular stress responses and endocytosis. Reactions to HFO emissions were dominated by oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, whereas DF emissions induced generally a broader biological response than HFO emissions and affected essential cellular pathways such as energy metabolism, protein synthesis, and chromatin modification. CONCLUSIONS Despite a lower content of known toxic compounds, combustion particles from the clean shipping fuel DF influenced several essential pathways of lung cell metabolism more strongly than particles from the unrefined fuel HFO. This might be attributable to a higher soot content in DF. Thus the role of diesel soot, which is a known carcinogen in acute air pollution-induced health effects should be further investigated. For the use of HFO and DF we recommend a reduction of carbonaceous soot in the ship emissions by implementation of filtration devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Oeder
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Kanashova
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Mass Spectrometry Core Unit, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sean C. Sapcariu
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jose Manuel Arteaga-Salas
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Passig
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marco Dilger
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute for Technical Chemistry (ITC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hanns-Rudolf Paur
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute for Technical Chemistry (ITC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Schlager
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute for Technical Chemistry (ITC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sonja Mülhopt
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute for Technical Chemistry (ITC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Silvia Diabaté
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carsten Weiss
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin Stengel
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rom Rabe
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Horst Harndorf
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tiina Torvela
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma K. Jokiniemi
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carsten Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
- Institute of environmental medicine, UNIKA-T, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Kelly A. BéruBé
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Lung and Particle Research Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Anna J. Wlodarczyk
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Lung and Particle Research Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Zoë Prytherch
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Lung and Particle Research Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Krebs
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Vitrocell GmbH, Waldkirch, Germany
| | - André S. H. Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kelbg
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute of Physics, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Josef Tiggesbäumker
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute of Physics, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Erwin Karg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sorana Scholtes
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Lintelmann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Georg Matuschek
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sophie Klingbeil
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Richthammer
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laarnie Müller
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Elsasser
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Reda
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Weggler
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Theo Schwemer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christopher P. Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Radischat
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Karsten Hiller
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Jeroen T. M. Buters
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Mass Spectrometry Core Unit, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Celo V, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, McCurdy M. Chemical characterization of exhaust emissions from selected canadian marine vessels: the case of trace metals and lanthanoids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5220-5226. [PMID: 25825794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the chemical composition of exhaust emissions from the main engines of five ocean going cargo vessels, as they traveled in Canadian waters. The emission factors (EFs) of PM2.5 and SO2 for vessels tested on various intermediate fuel oils (IFO), ranged from 0.4 to 2.2 g kW(-1) hr(-1) and 4.7 to 10.3 g kW(-1) hr(-1), respectively, and were mainly dependent on the content of sulfur in the fuel. Average NOx, CO, and CO2 EFs for these tests were 12.7, 0.45, and 618 g kW(-1) hr(-1), respectively and were generally below benchmark values commonly used by regulatory agencies. The composition of PM2.5 was dominated by hydrated sulfates, organic carbon and trace metals which accounted for 80-97% of total PM2.5 mass. A substantial decrease of measured emission factors for PM2.5 and SO2 was observed when the fuel was changed from IFO to marine diesel oil (MDO), in one of the tested vessels. The main component of PM2.5 in this case was organic carbon accounting for 65% of PM2.5 mass. In addition to commonly reported pollutants, this study presents EFs of the lanthanoid elements and showed that their distribution patterns in ship-exhaust PM2.5 were very similar to the PM2.5 emitted by oil refining facilities. Hence, using La:Ce:V tertiary diagrams and La/V ratios is necessary to distinguish ship plumes from primary emissions related to accidental and/or routine operation of oil-refining industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valbona Celo
- †Analysis and Air Quality Section, ‡Emissions Research and Measurement Section, Air Quality Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0H3
| | - Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska
- †Analysis and Air Quality Section, ‡Emissions Research and Measurement Section, Air Quality Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0H3
| | - Mark McCurdy
- †Analysis and Air Quality Section, ‡Emissions Research and Measurement Section, Air Quality Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0H3
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Song SK, Shon ZH. Current and future emission estimates of exhaust gases and particles from shipping at the largest port in Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:6612-6622. [PMID: 24497306 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The emissions of exhaust gases (NOx , SO2, VOCs, and CO2) and particles (e.g., PM) from ships traversing Busan Port in Korea were estimated over three different years (the years 2006, 2008, and 2009). This analysis was performed according to the ship operational modes ("at sea," "maneuvering," and "in port") and ship types based on an activity-based method. The ship emissions for current (base year 2009) and future scenarios (years 2020 and 2050) were also compared. The annual emissions of SO2, VOCs, PM, and CO2 were highest (9.6 × 10(3), 374, 1.2 × 10(3), and 5.6 × 10(5) ton year(-1), respectively) in 2008. In contrast, the annual NO x emissions were highest (11.7 × 10(3) ton year(-1)) in 2006 due mainly to the high NO x emission factor. The emissions of air pollutants for each ship operational mode differed considerably, with the largest emission observed in "in port" mode. In addition, the largest fraction (approximately 45-67%) of the emissions of all air pollutants during the study period was emitted from container ships. The future ship emissions of most pollutants (except for SO2 and PM) in 2020 and 2050 are estimated to be 1.4-1.8 and 4.7-6.1 times higher than those in 2009 (base year), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Keun Song
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756, Republic of Korea
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Tao L, Fairley D, Kleeman MJ, Harley RA. Effects of switching to lower sulfur marine fuel oil on air quality in the San Francisco Bay area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:10171-8. [PMID: 23944938 DOI: 10.1021/es401049x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ocean-going vessels burning high-sulfur heavy fuel oil are an important source of air pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and particulate matter. Beginning in July 2009, an emission control area was put into effect at ports and along the California coastline, requiring use of lower sulfur fuels in place of heavy fuel oil in main engines of ships. To assess impacts of the fuel changes on air quality at the Port of Oakland and in the surrounding San Francisco Bay area, we analyzed speciated fine particle concentration data from four urban sites and two more remote sites. Measured changes in concentrations of vanadium, a specific marker for heavy fuel oil combustion, are related to overall changes in aerosol emissions from ships. We found a substantial reduction in vanadium concentrations after the fuel change and a 28-72% decrease in SO2 concentrations, with the SO2 decrease varying depending on proximity to shipping lanes. We estimate that the changes in ship fuel reduced ambient PM2.5 mass concentrations at urban sites in the Bay area by about 3.1 ± 0.6% or 0.28 ± 0.05 μg/m(3). The largest contributing factor to lower PM mass concentrations was reductions in particulate sulfate. Absolute sulfate reductions were fairly consistent across sites, whereas trace metal reductions were largest at a monitoring site in West Oakland near the port.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Teather K, Hogan N, Critchley K, Gibson M, Craig S, Hill J. Examining the links between air quality, climate change and respiratory health in Qatar. AVICENNA 2013. [DOI: 10.5339/avi.2013.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Little information exists concerning (i) source contributions to airborne particulate pollution in Qatar, (ii) the potential impact that deteriorating air quality may have on the respiratory health of residents, and (iii) how climate change may affect respiratory health through its impact on air quality. Air quality in Qatar may be negatively affected by naturally occurring contributions including dust/sand originating from adjacent desert regions, microbial communities that may be associated with these particulates, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by blooms of phytoplankton in coastal waters. Of increasing concern are anthropogenic contributions, including emissions from the rapidly growing number of vehicles, from ships travelling in the Persian Gulf, and from industrial and construction activities. We examine the relative importance of these contributions and discuss some of the expected impacts on respiratory health. We conclude by speculating on the impact that climate change may have on air quality and respiratory health around Qatar.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark Gibson
- 3Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Janet Hill
- 2University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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