1
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Fernandes S, Tlemçani M, Bortoli D, Feliciano M, Lopes ME. The Development of a Novel Nitrate Portable Measurement System Based on a UV Paired Diode-Photodiode. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:5367. [PMID: 39205060 PMCID: PMC11359284 DOI: 10.3390/s24165367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Nitrates can cause severe ecological imbalances in aquatic ecosystems, with considerable consequences for human health. Therefore, monitoring this inorganic form of nitrogen is essential for any water quality management structure. This research was conducted to develop a novel Nitrate Portable Measurement System (NPMS) to monitor nitrate concentrations in water samples. NPMS is a reagent-free ultraviolet system developed using low-cost electronic components. Its operation principle is based on the Beer-Lambert law for measuring nitrate concentrations in water samples through light absorption in the spectral range of 295-315 nm. The system is equipped with a ready-to-use ultraviolet sensor, light emission diode (LED), op-amp, microcontroller, liquid crystal display, quartz cuvette, temperature sensor, and battery. All the components are assembled in a 3D-printed enclosure box, which allows a very compact self-contained equipment with high portability, enabling field and near-real-time measurements. The proposed methodology and the developed instrument were used to analyze multiple nitrate standard solutions. The performance was evaluated in comparison to the Nicolet Evolution 300, a classical UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results demonstrate a strong correlation between the retrieved measurements by both instruments within the investigated spectral band and for concentrations above 5 mg NO3-/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fernandes
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal;
- Instrumentation and Control Laboratory (ICL), Insititute of Earth Sciences (ICT), Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal;
| | - Mouhaydine Tlemçani
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal;
- Instrumentation and Control Laboratory (ICL), Insititute of Earth Sciences (ICT), Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal;
| | - Daniele Bortoli
- Instrumentation and Control Laboratory (ICL), Insititute of Earth Sciences (ICT), Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal;
- Physics Department, School of Science and Technology (ECT), Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
- Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRSLab), Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT), Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Manuel Feliciano
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Maria Elmina Lopes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Science and Technology (ECT), Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal;
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2
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Yang Z, Zhang J, Zhao J, Zhou W, Cheng Y, Xu Z, Wei P, Wang Z, Liang H, Li C. A high-sensitivity lab-on-a-chip analyzer for online monitoring of nitrite and nitrate in seawater based on liquid waveguide capillary cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:3528-3535. [PMID: 38940766 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00248b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Optical detection is an indispensable part of microfluidic systems for nutrient determination in seawater. Coupling total internal reflection capillaries with microfluidic chips is a practical alternative to increase the optical path length for high-sensitivity and a low detection limit in colorimetric assays, which has not been applied in microfluidic devices for seawater nutrients. Here, we present an online microfluidic system which integrated a total internal reflection capillary made of Teflon AF 2400 for the high-sensitivity detection of nitrite and nitrate in seawater. The off-chip capillary lengthens the optical path without changing the internal flow path of the microfluidic chip, enhancing the sensitivity, reducing the detection limit and widening the dynamic range of the system, which significantly improves the performance of the microfluidic system based on wet-chemistry. The detection limit for nitrite is 0.0150 μM using an external 20 cm capillary and 0.0936 μM using an internal 5 cm absorption cell, providing an over 6-fold improvement. Laboratory analysis of surface seawater samples collected from the South China Sea with this system and a one-month online deployment of an autonomous analyzer developed based on this system at a station revealed correlations between the nitrite and nitrate with tide, salinity and chlorophyll over slight variations and narrow ranges, demonstrating the high-sensitivity of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 511458, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou, 510310, P.R. China
| | - Junxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou, 510310, P.R. China
- South China Sea Marine Survey Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou, 510310, P.R. China
| | - Jincheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 511458, P.R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 511458, P.R. China.
| | - Yuanyue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 511458, P.R. China.
| | - Zhantang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 511458, P.R. China.
| | - Panpan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 511458, P.R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Zihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 511458, P.R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Haorui Liang
- South China Sea Marine Survey Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou, 510310, P.R. China
| | - Cai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 511458, P.R. China.
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3
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Fung FM, Widyantoro C, Li SFY. Keeping Analytical Chemistry Training Up-to-Date. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6863-6869. [PMID: 38656177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The undergraduate analytical chemistry curriculum serves to equip students with the knowledge and skills for work outside of classroom training. As such, instructors face a challenging task in deciding the breadth and depth of topics for their courses to ensure their syllabi can remain up-to-date with today's needs. We propose that instructors consider covering capillary electrophoresis (CE) and lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technologies in their analytical chemistry courses. Past surveys of the curriculum show a noticeable lack of emphasis on these topics, which we feel is a missed opportunity and one that holds potential for the collective benefit of instructors and students. CE and LOCs are utilized in a diverse array of fields like biochemistry, pharmaceutical production, materials science, and environmental analysis, and their applications are becoming increasingly important amidst the growing movement toward environmentally sustainable practices and green chemistry. They are also more accessible in the analytical chemistry classroom compared with typical benchtop instruments due to the flexibility of their size and cost. This makes them easier to obtain, maintain, and transport for use and demonstration purposes. Additionally, interwoven in these topics are core concepts that are fundamental to analytical chemistry; thus, covering them will inherently reinforce students' understanding of fundamental knowledge. Therefore, we believe increased coverage of CE and LOCs can better prepare undergraduates for modern analytical chemistry work in various industries and fields of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fun Man Fung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- College of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077
- Centre for Teaching, Learning and Technology, National University of Singapore,15 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119225
| | - Clarissa Widyantoro
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- College of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077
| | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- College of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), #02-01, T-Lab Building (TL), 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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4
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Siriwardana H, Samarasekara RSM, Anthony D, Vithanage M. Measurements and analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus in oceans: Practice, frontiers, and insights. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28182. [PMID: 38560146 PMCID: PMC10979167 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in oceans have been extensively studied, and advancements in associated disciplines have rapidly progressed, enabling the exploration of novel and previously challenging questions. A keyword analysis was conducted using the Scopus database to examine chronological trends and hotspots, offering comprehensive insights into the evolution of marine nitrogen and phosphorus research. For this purpose, author keyword networks were developed for the periods before 1990, 1990 to 2000, 2001 to 2011, and 2012 to 2022. Furthermore, analytical techniques employed in the recent decade to determine nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in seawater were assessed for their applicability and limitations through a critical review of more than 50 journal articles. Taxonomy and nitrogen biogeochemistry were the prominent research interests for the first two periods, respectively, while stable isotopic tracking of nitrogen and phosphorus processes emerged as the dominant research focus for the last two decades. The integration of macroeconomic factors in research development and the chronological rise of interdisciplinary research were identified. Conventional analytical techniques such as spectrophotometry, colorimetry, fluorometry, and elemental analysis were noted, along with emerging techniques like remote sensing and microfluidic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasitha Siriwardana
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, 41, Lumbini Avenue, Ratmalana 10390, Sri Lanka
| | - R S M Samarasekara
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, 41, Lumbini Avenue, Ratmalana 10390, Sri Lanka
| | - Damsara Anthony
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, 41, Lumbini Avenue, Ratmalana 10390, Sri Lanka
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center (ERRC), Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
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5
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Motahari S, Morgan S, Hendricks A, Sonnichsen C, Sieben V. Continuous Flow with Reagent Injection on an Inlaid Microfluidic Platform Applied to Nitrite Determination. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:519. [PMID: 38675330 PMCID: PMC11052183 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
A continuous flow with reagent injection method on a novel inlaid microfluidic platform for nitrite determination has been successfully developed. The significance of the high-frequency monitoring of nutrient fluctuations in marine environments is crucial for understanding our impacts on the ecosystem. Many in-situ systems face limitations in high-frequency data collection and have restricted deployment times due to high reagent consumption. The proposed microfluidic device employs automatic colorimetric absorbance spectrophotometry, using the Griess assay for nitrite determination, with minimal reagent usage. The sensor incorporates 10 solenoid valves, four syringes, two LEDs, four photodiodes, and an inlaid microfluidic technique to facilitate optical measurements of fluid volumes. In this flow system, Taylor-Aris dispersion was simulated for different injection volumes at a constant flow rate, and the results have been experimentally confirmed using red food dye injection into a carrier stream. A series of tests were conducted to determine a suitable injection frequency for the reagent. Following the initial system characterization, seven different standard concentrations ranging from 0.125 to 10 µM nitrite were run through the microfluidic device to acquire a calibration curve. Three different calibrations were performed to optimize plug length, with reagent injection volumes of 4, 20, and 50 µL. A straightforward signal processing method was implemented to mitigate the Schlieren effect caused by differences in refractive indexes between the reagent and standards. The results demonstrate that a sampling frequency of at least 10 samples per hour is achievable using this system. The obtained attenuation coefficients exhibited good agreement with the literature, while the reagent consumption was significantly reduced. The limit of detection for a 20 µL injection volume was determined to be 94 nM from the sample intake, and the limit of quantification was 312 nM. Going forward, the demonstrated system will be packaged in a submersible enclosure to facilitate in-situ colorimetric measurements in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrooz Motahari
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (S.M.); (A.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Sean Morgan
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | - Andre Hendricks
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (S.M.); (A.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Colin Sonnichsen
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (S.M.); (A.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Vincent Sieben
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (S.M.); (A.H.); (C.S.)
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6
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Gassmann S, Schleifer T, Schuette H. Deployable Lab-on-a-Chip Sensor for Colorimetric Measurements. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2102. [PMID: 38004959 PMCID: PMC10673530 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The infield measurement of nutrients, heavy metals, and other contaminants in water is still a needed tool in environmental sciences. The Lab-on-a-chip approach can develop deployable instruments that use the standardized analytical assay in a miniaturized manner in the field. This paper presents a Lab-on-a-chip platform for colorimetric measurements that can be deployed for nutrient monitoring in open water (oceans, rivers, lakes, etc.). Nitrite was selected as an analyte. Change to other analytes is possible by changing the reagents and the detection wavelength. In this paper, the principle of the sensor, technical realization, setup of the sensor, and test deployment are described. The sensor prototype was deployed at the Jade Bay (German Bight) for 9 h, measuring the nitrite value every 20 min. Reference samples were taken and processed in the lab. The work presented here shows that an infield measurement using a colorimetric assay is possible by applying Lab-on-a-chip principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gassmann
- Department of Engineering, Jade University of Applied Sciences, 26389 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
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7
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Lal K, Jaywant SA, Arif KM. Electrochemical and Optical Sensors for Real-Time Detection of Nitrate in Water. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7099. [PMID: 37631636 PMCID: PMC10457996 DOI: 10.3390/s23167099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The health and integrity of our water sources are vital for the existence of all forms of life. However, with the growth in population and anthropogenic activities, the quality of water is being impacted globally, particularly due to a widespread problem of nitrate contamination that poses numerous health risks. To address this issue, investigations into various detection methods for the development of in situ real-time monitoring devices have attracted the attention of many researchers. Among the most prominent detection methods are chromatography, colorimetry, electrochemistry, and spectroscopy. While all these methods have their pros and cons, electrochemical and optical methods have emerged as robust and efficient techniques that offer cost-effective, accurate, sensitive, and reliable measurements. This review provides an overview of techniques that are ideal for field-deployable nitrate sensing applications, with an emphasis on electrochemical and optical detection methods. It discusses the underlying principles, recent advances, and various measurement techniques. Additionally, the review explores the current developments in real-time nitrate sensors and discusses the challenges of real-time implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Khalid Mahmood Arif
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, SF&AT, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand; (K.L.); (S.A.J.)
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8
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Briciu-Burghina C, Power S, Delgado A, Regan F. Sensors for Coastal and Ocean Monitoring. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:451-469. [PMID: 37314875 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091922-085746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In situ water monitoring sensors are critical to gain an understanding of ocean biochemistry and ecosystem health. They enable the collection of high-frequency data and capture ecosystem spatial and temporal changes, which in turn facilitate long-term global predictions. They are used as decision support tools in emergency situations and for risk mitigation, pollution source tracking, and regulatory monitoring. Advanced sensing platforms exist to support various monitoring needs together with state-of-the-art power and communication capabilities. To be fit-for-purpose, sensors must withstand the challenging marine environment and provide data at an acceptable cost. Significant technological advancements have catalyzed the development of new and improved sensors for coastal and oceanographic applications. Sensors are becoming smaller, smarter, more cost-effective, and increasingly specialized and diversified. This article, therefore, provides a review of the state-of-the art oceanographic and coastal sensors. Progress in sensor development is discussed in terms of performance and the key strategies used for achieving robustness, marine rating, cost reduction, and antifouling protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean Power
- DCU Water Institute, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Adrian Delgado
- DCU Water Institute, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Fiona Regan
- DCU Water Institute, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland;
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9
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Bieroza M, Acharya S, Benisch J, ter Borg RN, Hallberg L, Negri C, Pruitt A, Pucher M, Saavedra F, Staniszewska K, van’t Veen SGM, Vincent A, Winter C, Basu NB, Jarvie HP, Kirchner JW. Advances in Catchment Science, Hydrochemistry, and Aquatic Ecology Enabled by High-Frequency Water Quality Measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4701-4719. [PMID: 36912874 PMCID: PMC10061935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High-frequency water quality measurements in streams and rivers have expanded in scope and sophistication during the last two decades. Existing technology allows in situ automated measurements of water quality constituents, including both solutes and particulates, at unprecedented frequencies from seconds to subdaily sampling intervals. This detailed chemical information can be combined with measurements of hydrological and biogeochemical processes, bringing new insights into the sources, transport pathways, and transformation processes of solutes and particulates in complex catchments and along the aquatic continuum. Here, we summarize established and emerging high-frequency water quality technologies, outline key high-frequency hydrochemical data sets, and review scientific advances in key focus areas enabled by the rapid development of high-frequency water quality measurements in streams and rivers. Finally, we discuss future directions and challenges for using high-frequency water quality measurements to bridge scientific and management gaps by promoting a holistic understanding of freshwater systems and catchment status, health, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bieroza
- Department
of Soil and Environment, SLU, Box 7014, Uppsala 750
07 Sweden
| | - Suman Acharya
- Department
of Environment and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and
Environment, La Trobe University, Albury/Wodonga Campus, Victoria 3690, Australia
| | - Jakob Benisch
- Institute
for Urban Water Management, TU Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, Dresden 01068, Germany
| | | | - Lukas Hallberg
- Department
of Soil and Environment, SLU, Box 7014, Uppsala 750
07 Sweden
| | - Camilla Negri
- Environment
Research Centre, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Wexford Y35 Y521, Ireland
- The
James
Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom
- School
of
Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AB, United Kingdom
| | - Abagael Pruitt
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Notre
Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Matthias Pucher
- Institute
of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, Vienna University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, Vienna 1180, Austria
| | - Felipe Saavedra
- Department
for Catchment Hydrology, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Kasia Staniszewska
- Department
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Sofie G. M. van’t Veen
- Department
of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
- Envidan
A/S, Silkeborg 8600, Denmark
| | - Anna Vincent
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Notre
Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Carolin Winter
- Environmental
Hydrological Systems, University of Freiburg, Friedrichstraße 39, Freiburg 79098, Germany
- Department
of Hydrogeology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental
Research - UFZ, Permoserstr.
15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Nandita B. Basu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Earth and
Environmental Sciences, and Water Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Helen P. Jarvie
- Water Institute
and Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - James W. Kirchner
- Department
of Environmental System Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
- Swiss
Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
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10
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Sonnichsen C, Atamanchuk D, Hendricks A, Morgan S, Smith J, Grundke I, Luy E, Sieben VJ. An Automated Microfluidic Analyzer for In Situ Monitoring of Total Alkalinity. ACS Sens 2023; 8:344-352. [PMID: 36602412 PMCID: PMC9888396 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have designed, built, tested, and deployed an autonomous in situ analyzer for seawater total alkalinity. Such analyzers are required to understand the ocean carbon cycle, including anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake and for mitigation efforts via monitoring, reporting, and verification of carbon dioxide removal through ocean alkalinity enhancement. The microfluidic nature of our instrument makes it relatively lightweight, reagent efficient, and amenable for use on platforms that would carry it on long-term deployments. Our analyzer performs a series of onboard closed-cell titrations with three independent stepper-motor driven syringe pumps, providing highly accurate mixing ratios that can be systematically swept through a range of pH values. Temperature effects are characterized over the range 5-25 °C allowing for field use in most ocean environments. Each titration point requires approximately 170 μL of titrant, 830 μL of sample, 460 J of energy, and a total of 105 s for pumping and optical measurement. The analyzer performance is demonstrated through field data acquired at two sites, representing a cumulative 25 days of operation, and is evaluated against laboratory measurements of discrete water samples. Once calibrated against onboard certified reference material, the analyzer showed an accuracy of -0.17 ± 24 μmol kg-1. We further report a precision of 16 μmol kg-1, evaluated on repeated in situ measurements of the aforementioned certified reference material. The total alkalinity analyzer presented here will allow measurements to take place in remote areas over extended periods of time, facilitating affordable observations of a key parameter of the ocean carbon system with high spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Sonnichsen
- Dartmouth
Ocean Technologies Inc., 25 Parker Street, Suite 202, Dartmouth, Nova ScotiaB2Y 4T5, Canada
- Dept.
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova ScotiaB3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Dariia Atamanchuk
- Dept.
of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova ScotiaB3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Andre Hendricks
- Dept.
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova ScotiaB3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sean Morgan
- Dept.
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova ScotiaB3H 4R2, Canada
| | - James Smith
- Dartmouth
Ocean Technologies Inc., 25 Parker Street, Suite 202, Dartmouth, Nova ScotiaB2Y 4T5, Canada
| | - Iain Grundke
- Dartmouth
Ocean Technologies Inc., 25 Parker Street, Suite 202, Dartmouth, Nova ScotiaB2Y 4T5, Canada
| | - Edward Luy
- Dartmouth
Ocean Technologies Inc., 25 Parker Street, Suite 202, Dartmouth, Nova ScotiaB2Y 4T5, Canada
- Dept.
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova ScotiaB3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Vincent Joseph Sieben
- Dartmouth
Ocean Technologies Inc., 25 Parker Street, Suite 202, Dartmouth, Nova ScotiaB2Y 4T5, Canada
- Dept.
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova ScotiaB3H 4R2, Canada
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11
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Li Z, Liu H, Wang D, Zhang M, Yang Y, Ren TL. Recent advances in microfluidic sensors for nutrients detection in water. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Fang T, Bo G, Zhang Z, Ma J. Real-Time Underway Mapping of Nutrient Concentrations of Surface Seawater Using an Autonomous Flow Analyzer. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11307-11314. [PMID: 35917455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-frequency field nutrient analyzers offer a promising technology to solve time-consuming and laborious sampling problems in dynamic and complex river-estuarine-coastal ecosystems. However, few studies on the simultaneous underway analysis of five key nutrients (ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate) in seawaters are available because of the limitations of the technique. In this study, a state-of-the-art autonomous portable analyzer for the shipboard analysis of nutrients in the environment of varied salinities and concentration ranges was reported. The analyzer consisted of compact hardware that was well suited for shipboard deployment with minimal maintenance. Moreover, a novel LabVIEW-based software program was developed, containing additional functions such as automated calibration curve generation, autodilution of high-concentration samples, and a user-friendly interface for multiparameter analysis using a single instrument. After the optimization of chemical reactions and work flow chart, the analyzer exhibited low limits of detection, a large linear range with automated dilution, and relative standard deviations of less than 2% (n = 11). Compared to other flow-based techniques, this analyzer is more portable and consumes less reagent with an autonomous data processing function and applicability within a broad salinity range (0-35). The analyzer was successfully applied for real-time analysis in the Jiulong River Estuary-Xiamen Bay with excellent on-site accuracy and applicability. The relationship between high spatial resolution nutrient concentrations and salinities showed very different patterns in estuarine and coastal areas, indicating the benefit of using an underway automated analyzer for chemical mapping in a dynamic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyue Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China.,National Observation and Research Station for the Taiwan Strait Marine Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou 363000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyong Bo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China.,National Observation and Research Station for the Taiwan Strait Marine Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou 363000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China.,National Observation and Research Station for the Taiwan Strait Marine Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou 363000, People's Republic of China
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13
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Abed S, Gibilaro M, Chamelot P, David A, Barus C, Massot L. The optimization of bimetallic electrodes’ sensitivity using copper nucleation on metallic substrates to detect nitrates in seawater. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Rajasulochana P, Ganesan Y, Kumar PS, Mahalaxmi S, Tasneem F, Ponnuchamy M, Kapoor A. Paper-based microfluidic colorimetric sensor on a 3D printed support for quantitative detection of nitrite in aquatic environments. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 208:112745. [PMID: 35051426 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To ensure safe drinking water, it is necessary to have a simple method by which the probable pollutants are detected at the point of distribution. Nitrite contamination in water near agricultural locations could be an environmental concern due to its deleterious effects on the human population. The development of a frugal paper-based microfluidic sensor could be desirable to achieve the societal objective of providing safe drinking water. This work describes the development of a facile and cost-effective microfluidic paper-based sensor for quantitative estimation of nitrite in aquatic environments. A simple punching machine was used for fabrication and rapid prototyping of paper-based sensors without the need of any specialized equipment or patterning techniques. A reusable 3D printed platform served as the support for simultaneous testing of multiple samples. The nitrite estimation was carried out with smartphone-assisted digital image acquisition and colorimetric analysis. Under optimized experimental conditions, the variation in average grayscale intensity with concentration of nitrite was linear in the range from 0.1 to 10 ppm. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.12 ppm and 0.35 ppm respectively. The reproducibility, expressed as relative standard deviation was 1.31%. The selectivity of nitrite detection method was determined by performing interference studies with commonly existing co-ions in water, such as bicarbonates, chloride and sulphate. The paper-based sensor was successfully applied for estimation of nitrite in actual water samples and showed high recoveries in the range of 83.5-109%. The results were in good agreement with those obtained using spectrophotometry. The developed paper-based sensor method, by virtue of its simplicity, ease of fabrication and use, could be readily extended for detection of multiple analytes in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rajasulochana
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Bharath Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600073, India
| | - Yaswanth Ganesan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India.
| | - S Mahalaxmi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India
| | - Fahira Tasneem
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Bharath Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600073, India
| | - Muthamilselvi Ponnuchamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Ashish Kapoor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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15
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Altahan MF, Esposito M, Achterberg EP. Improvement of On-Site Sensor for Simultaneous Determination of Phosphate, Silicic Acid, Nitrate plus Nitrite in Seawater. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3479. [PMID: 35591168 PMCID: PMC9104159 DOI: 10.3390/s22093479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Accurate, on-site determinations of macronutrients (phosphate (PO43-), nitrate (NO3-), and silicic acid (H4SiO4)) in seawater in real time are essential to obtain information on their distribution, flux, and role in marine biogeochemical cycles. The development of robust sensors for long-term on-site analysis of macronutrients in seawater is a great challenge. Here, we present improvements of a commercial automated sensor for nutrients (including PO43-, H4SiO4, and NO2- plus NO3-), suitable for a variety of aquatic environments. The sensor uses the phosphomolybdate blue method for PO43-, the silicomolybdate blue method for H4SiO4 and the Griess reagent method for NO2-, modified with vanadium chloride as reducing agent for the determination of NO3-. Here, we report the optimization of analytical conditions, including reaction time for PO43- analysis, complexation time for H4SiO4 analysis, and analyte to reagent ratio for NO3- analysis. The instrument showed wide linear ranges, from 0.2 to 100 μM PO43-, between 0.2 and 100 μM H4SiO4, from 0.5 to 100 μM NO3-, and between 0.4 and 100 μM NO2-, with detection limits of 0.18 μM, 0.15 μM, 0.45 μM, and 0.35 μM for PO43-, H4SiO4, NO3-, and NO2-, respectively. The analyzer showed good precision with a relative standard deviation of 8.9% for PO43-, 4.8% for H4SiO4, and 7.4% for NO2- plus NO3- during routine analysis of certified reference materials (KANSO, Japan). The analyzer performed well in the field during a 46-day deployment on a pontoon in the Kiel Fjord (located in the southwestern Baltic Sea), with a water supply from a depth of 1 m. The system successfully collected 443, 440, and 409 on-site data points for PO43-, Σ(NO3- + NO2-), and H4SiO4, respectively. Time series data agreed well with data obtained from the analysis of discretely collected samples using standard reference laboratory procedures and showed clear correlations with key hydrographic parameters throughout the deployment period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Fatehy Altahan
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany;
- Central Laboratory for Environmental Quality Monitoring, National Water Research Center, El-Qanater El-Khairia 13621, Egypt
| | - Mario Esposito
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany;
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16
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Zhang M, Smejkal P, Bester N, Robertson J, Atia MA, Townsend AT, Guijt RM, Breadmore MC. Inexpensive Portable Capillary Electrophoresis Instrument for Monitoring Zinc(II) in Remote Areas. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1668:462895. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Beaton AD, Schaap AM, Pascal R, Hanz R, Martincic U, Cardwell CL, Morris A, Clinton-Bailey G, Saw K, Hartman SE, Mowlem MC. Lab-on-Chip for In Situ Analysis of Nutrients in the Deep Sea. ACS Sens 2022; 7:89-98. [PMID: 35020365 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic reagent-based nutrient sensors offer a promising technology to address the global undersampling of ocean chemistry but have so far not been shown to operate in the deep sea (>200 m). We report a new family of miniaturized lab-on-chip (LOC) colorimetric analyzers making in situ nitrate and phosphate measurements from the surface ocean to the deep sea (>4800 m). This new technology gives users a new low-cost, high-performance tool for measuring chemistry in hyperbaric environments. Using a combination of laboratory verification and field-based tests, we demonstrate that the analyzers are capable of in situ measurements during profiling that are comparable to laboratory-based analyses. The sensors feature a novel and efficient inertial-flow mixer that increases the mixing efficiency and reduces the back pressure and flushing time compared to a previously used serpentine mixing channel. Four separate replicate units of the nitrate and phosphate sensor were calibrated in the laboratory and showed an average limit of detection of 0.03 μM for nitrate and 0.016 μM for phosphate. Three on-chip optical absorption cell lengths provide a large linear range (to >750 μM (10.5 mg/L-N) for nitrate and >15 μM (0.47 mg/L-P) for phosphate), making the instruments suitable for typical concentrations in both ocean and freshwater aquatic environments. The LOC systems automatically collected a series of deep-sea nitrate and phosphate profiles in the northeast Atlantic while attached to a conductivity temperature depth (CTD) rosette, and the LOC nitrate sensor was attached to a PROVOR profiling float to conduct automated nitrate profiles in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Beaton
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Allison M. Schaap
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Pascal
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Rudolf Hanz
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Urska Martincic
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew Morris
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kevin Saw
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E. Hartman
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C. Mowlem
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
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18
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Catini A, Capuano R, Tancredi G, Dionisi G, Di Giuseppe D, Filippi J, Martinelli E, Di Natale C. A Lab-on-a-Chip Based Automatic Platform for Continuous Nitrites Sensing in Aquaculture. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22020444. [PMID: 35062404 PMCID: PMC8778806 DOI: 10.3390/s22020444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In aquaculture, the density of fish stock, use of feeding, and surrounding environmental conditions can easily result in an excessive concentration of harmful compounds that require continuous monitoring. Chemical sensors are available for most of these compounds, however, operative conditions and continuous monitoring in water make the development of sensors suitable for long and unattended deployments difficult. A possible solution is the development of engineered automatic labs where the uptake of sample and the contact with water is reduced and the use of a minimal quantity of reagents enables the implementation of reliable chemical assays. In this paper, a platform for automatic chemical assays is presented. The concept is demonstrated with the detection of nitrites based on the well-known colorimetric Griess reaction. The platform is centered around a lab-on-a-chip where reagents and water samples are mixed. The color of the reaction product is measured with low-cost optoelectronic components. Results show the feasibility of the approach with a minimum detectable concentration of about 0.1 mg/L which is below the tolerance level for aquaculture farms.
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19
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Morgan S, Luy E, Furlong A, Sieben V. A submersible phosphate analyzer for marine environments based on inlaid microfluidics. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 14:22-33. [PMID: 34874983 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01876k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In situ sensors are needed to further our understanding of phosphate flux dynamics in marine environments during short term events such as tidal cycles, algae blooms and runoff periods. Here, we present a fully automated in situ phosphate analyzer based on an inlaid microfluidic absorbance cell technology. The microfluidic device employs colorimetric absorbance spectrophotometry, using the phosphomolybdenum blue (PMB) assay modified by the addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), to measure phosphate concentrations in seawater. Bench top calibrations were performed with both copper(II) sulfate dye and the PMB assay, as well as temperature sensitivity studies to characterize the sensor's performance in a range of conditions. It achieves a limit of detection of 15.2 nM, a limit of quantification of 50.8 nM, and a high in situ precision with a relative standard deviation of less than 1.5% across three consecutive measurements. Two consecutive field deployments are conducted as assessments for its intended in situ applications. The sensor is first deployed from a pier at a depth of 6 m, with simultaneous bottle samples taken to perform cross-validation. It is next deployed on the Stella Maris testbed, a multi-sensor seabed platform (MSSP), 100 m offshore and 9 m deep in the inlet to the Bedford Basin in Nova Scotia, Canada. Over 300 successful phosphate measurements were acquired, showing the influence of the tidal cycle, and confirming the sensor's viability in observing nutrient flux dynamics with nanomolar variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Morgan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Edward Luy
- Dartmouth Ocean Technologies Inc., 25 Parker Street, Suite 21401, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B2Y 4TS, Canada
| | - Arnold Furlong
- Dartmouth Ocean Technologies Inc., 25 Parker Street, Suite 21401, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B2Y 4TS, Canada
| | - Vincent Sieben
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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20
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Saez J, Catalan-Carrio R, Owens RM, Basabe-Desmonts L, Benito-Lopez F. Microfluidics and materials for smart water monitoring: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1186:338392. [PMID: 34756264 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Water quality monitoring of drinking, waste, fresh and seawaters is of great importance to ensure safety and wellbeing for humans, fauna and flora. Researchers are developing robust water monitoring microfluidic devices but, the delivery of a cost-effective, commercially available platform has not yet been achieved. Conventional water monitoring is mainly based on laboratory instruments or sophisticated and expensive handheld probes for on-site analysis, both requiring trained personnel and being time-consuming. As an alternative, microfluidics has emerged as a powerful tool with the capacity to replace conventional analytical systems. Nevertheless, microfluidic devices largely use conventional pumps and valves for operation and electronics for sensing, that increment the dimensions and cost of the final platforms, reducing their commercialization perspectives. In this review, we critically analyze the characteristics of conventional microfluidic devices for water monitoring, focusing on different water sources (drinking, waste, fresh and seawaters), and their application in commercial products. Moreover, we introduce the revolutionary concept of using functional materials such as hydrogels, poly(ionic liquid) hydrogels and ionogels as alternatives to conventional fluidic handling and sensing tools, for water monitoring in microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janire Saez
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC), Group, Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain; Bioelectronic Systems Technology Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK.
| | - Raquel Catalan-Carrio
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC), Group, Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain; Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Bioelectronic Systems Technology Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Lourdes Basabe-Desmonts
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Basque Foundation for Science, IKERBASQUE, Spain; Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain.
| | - Fernando Benito-Lopez
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC), Group, Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain; Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain.
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21
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Yin T, Papadimitriou S, Rérolle VMC, Arundell M, Cardwell CL, Walk J, Palmer MR, Fowell SE, Schaap A, Mowlem MC, Loucaides S. A Novel Lab-on-Chip Spectrophotometric pH Sensor for Autonomous In Situ Seawater Measurements to 6000 m Depth on Stationary and Moving Observing Platforms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14968-14978. [PMID: 34644501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report a new, autonomous Lab-on-Chip (LOC) microfluidic pH sensor with a 6000 m depth capability, ten times the depth capability of the state of the art autonomous spectrophotometric sensor. The pH is determined spectrophotometrically using purified meta-Cresol Purple indicator dye offering high precision (<0.001 pH unit measurement reproducibility), high frequency (every 8 min) measurements on the total proton scale from the surface to the deep ocean (to 600 bar). The sensor requires low power (3 W during continuous operation or ∼1300 J per measurement) and low reagent volume (∼3 μL per measurement) and generates small waste volume (∼2 mL per measurement) which can be retained during deployments. The performance of the LOC pH sensor was demonstrated on fixed and moving platforms over varying environmental salinity, temperature, and pressure conditions. Measurement accuracy was +0.003 ± 0.022 pH units (n = 47) by comparison with validation seawater sample measurements in coastal waters. The combined standard uncertainty of the sensor in situ pHT measurements was estimated to be ≤0.009 pH units at pH 8.5, ≤ 0.010 pH units at pH 8.0, and ≤0.014 pH units at pH 7.5. Integrated on autonomous platforms, this novel sensor opens new frontiers for pH observations, especially within the largest and most understudied ecosystem on the planet, the deep ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianya Yin
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, SO14 3ZH, Southampton, U.K
- University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, SO14 3ZH, Southampton, U.K
| | | | | | - Martin Arundell
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, SO14 3ZH, Southampton, U.K
| | | | - John Walk
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, SO14 3ZH, Southampton, U.K
| | - Martin R Palmer
- University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, SO14 3ZH, Southampton, U.K
| | - Sara E Fowell
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, SO14 3ZH, Southampton, U.K
| | - Allison Schaap
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, SO14 3ZH, Southampton, U.K
| | - Matthew C Mowlem
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, SO14 3ZH, Southampton, U.K
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22
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Simultaneous Absorbance and Fluorescence Measurements Using an Inlaid Microfluidic Approach. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21186250. [PMID: 34577456 PMCID: PMC8473408 DOI: 10.3390/s21186250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel microfluidic optical cell is presented that enables simultaneous measurement of both light absorbance and fluorescence on microlitre volumes of fluid. The chip design is based on an inlaid fabrication technique using clear and opaque poly(methyl methacrylate) or PMMA to create a 20.2 mm long optical cell. The inlaid approach allows fluid interrogation with minimal interference from external light over centimeter long path lengths. The performance of the optical cell is evaluated using a stable fluorescent dye: rhodamine B. Excellent linear relationships (R2 > 0.99) are found for both absorbance and fluorescence over a 0.1-10 µM concentration range. Furthermore, the molar attenuation spectrum is accurately measured over the range 460-550 nm. The approach presented here is applicable to numerous colorimetric- or fluorescence-based assays and presents an important step in the development of multipurpose lab-on-chip sensors.
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23
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Zhao C, Chen L, Zhong G, Wu Q, Liu J, Liu X. A portable analytical system for rapid on-site determination of total nitrogen in water. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 202:117410. [PMID: 34358905 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Excessive total nitrogen (TN) in the aqueous environment causes a notable negative impact on agriculture, human health, and the economy on a global scale. Conventional analytical techniques for determining TN in water usually involve long and tedious procedures with extensive sample preparation for digestion and titration. In recent years, lab-on-a-chip platforms have enabled in-situ measurements of water pollutants such as nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium. However, the digestion of organic nitrogen compounds in aqueous solutions still remains to be a challenge for portable analytical systems. In this paper, a portable TN analytical system is developed for on-site measurement of TN in a short assay time. It contains a TN reaction chamber for nitrogen digestion and reduction, and an optical measurement chamber for colorimetric determination of total nitrite. The ultraviolet-C (UVC)-thermal digestion method and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-standard nitrate-nitrite determination method are implemented on the TN analytical system. Thorough investigations are performed to explore the optimum reaction conditions and reagent volumes in the process of TN oxidation, nitrate reduction, and nitrite detection, including oxidation time, temperature and substrate, oxidizer concentrations, nitrate reduction time, nitrite colorimetric reaction time, and reagents stability over time. Our system can complete fast oxidation and colorimetric determination of TN within 36 min, with a measurement range of 1 μg/L to 10 g/L and a limit of detection of 1.2 mg/L (lower than the World Health Organization standard of 10 mg/L). This portable TN analytical system enables the digestion and measurement of TN in a quick, portable, and low-cost manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Park, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Longyan Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Guowei Zhong
- Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Qiyang Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Park, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.
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24
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Murphy BJ, Luy EA, Panzica KL, Johnson G, Sieben VJ. An Energy Efficient Thermally Regulated Optical Spectroscopy Cell for Lab-on-Chip Devices: Applied to Nitrate Detection. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12080861. [PMID: 34442483 PMCID: PMC8399308 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Reagent-based colorimetric analyzers often heat the fluid under analysis for improved reaction kinetics, whilst also aiming to minimize energy use per measurement. Here, a novel method of conserving heat energy on such microfluidic systems is presented. Our design reduces heat transfer to the environment by surrounding the heated optical cell on four sides with integral air pockets, thereby realizing an insulated and suspended bridge structure. Our design was simulated in COMSOL Multiphysics and verified in a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) device. We evaluate the effectiveness of the insulated design by comparing it to a non-insulated cell. For temperatures up to 55 °C, the average power consumption was reduced by 49.3% in the simulation and 40.2% in the experiment. The designs were then characterized with the vanadium and Griess reagent assay for nitrate at 35 °C. Nitrate concentrations from 0.25 µM to 50 µM were tested and yielded the expected linear relationship with a limit of detection of 20 nM. We show a reduction in energy consumption from 195 J to 119 J per 10 min measurement using only 4 µL of fluid. Efficient heating on-chip will have broad applicability to numerous colorimetric assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Murphy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (B.J.M.); (E.A.L.); (K.L.P.)
| | - Edward A. Luy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (B.J.M.); (E.A.L.); (K.L.P.)
| | - Katerina L. Panzica
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (B.J.M.); (E.A.L.); (K.L.P.)
| | - Gregory Johnson
- RBR Limited, 359 Terry Fox Drive, Ottawa, ON K2K 2E7, Canada;
| | - Vincent J. Sieben
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (B.J.M.); (E.A.L.); (K.L.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Fang T, Li H, Bo G, Lin K, Yuan D, Ma J. On-site detection of nitrate plus nitrite in natural water samples using smartphone-based detection. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Yang R, Lin Y, Yang J, He L, Tian Y, Hou X, Zheng C. Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Following Chemical Vapor Generation for Ultrasensitive, Matrix Effect-Free Detection of Nitrite by Microplasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6972-6979. [PMID: 33926187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A new chemical vapor generation method coupled with headspace solid-phase microextraction miniaturized point discharge optical emission spectrometry (HS-SPME-μPD-OES) for the sensitive and matrix effect-free detection of nitrite in complex samples is described. In an acidic medium, the volatile cyclohexene was generated from cyclamate in the presence of nitrite, which was volatilized to the headspace of the container, efficiently separated, and preconcentrated by HS-SPME. Consequently, the SPME fiber was transferred to a laboratory-constructed thermal desorption chamber wherein the cyclohexene was thermally desorbed and swept into μPD-OES for its sensitive quantification via monitoring the carbon atomic emission line at 193.0 nm. As a result, the quantification of nitrite was accomplished through the determination of cyclohexene. The application of HS-SPME as a sampling technique not only simplifies the experimental setup of μPD-OES but it also preconcentrates and separates cyclohexene from N2 and sample matrices, thus eliminating the interference from water vapor and N2 and significantly improving the analytical performance on the determination of nitrite. Under the optimum experimental conditions, a limit of detection of 0.1 μg L-1 was obtained, which is much better than that obtained by conventional methods. The precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, was better than 3.0% at a concentration of 10 μg L-1. The proposed method provides several advantages of portability, simplicity, high sensitivity, and low energy consumption and eliminates expensive instruments and matrix interference, thus retaining a promising potential for the rapid, sensitive, and field analysis of nitrite in various samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yao Lin
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Liangbo He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yunfei Tian
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.,Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Chengbin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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27
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Bamane SD, Bhojwani V, Balkunde PL, Bhattacharya M, Gupta I, Mohapatra AK, Shekhar A, Singh A. Smartphone-enabled field monitoring tool for rapid hexavalent chromium detection in water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3455-3469. [PMID: 33796931 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chromium contamination of soil and water is a serious environmental and public health concern as the hexavalent form of chromium [Cr(VI)] is readily soluble in water and is a confirmed carcinogen. There is an imminent need for a robust, low-cost, and simple analytical technique to facilitate in situ monitoring of Cr(VI) in water. Current quantitative methods of Cr(VI) detection are largely laboratory-based, time-consuming, expensive, and require training for implementation. In this contribution, a portable, easy-to-use, and compact measuring tool is presented that provides Cr(VI) concentration within 10 min of water sampling over a linear range of 0-3 mg L-1. This tool utilizes a relatively inexpensive camera-enabled smartphone with a custom-made test chamber attachment to seamlessly perform Cr(VI) measurements on water samples in the field. For analysis, an android-based software application was developed that directs the user to perform a simple series of steps following the diphenylcarbazide-based colorimetric method prescribed by the American Public Health Association. The tool was validated against a standard UV-visible spectrophotometer for a variety of synthetic and naturally contaminated water samples, with correlation factors greater than 0.993 (p < .001). The colorimetric method was also validated against a non-colorimetric Cr(VI) detection technique-ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Furthermore, Cr(VI) detection limits for the smartphone-enabled colorimetric method were found to be within 1.3-11.6 μg L-1, which were significantly better than reported for commercially available field test kits, and even surpassed the limits exhibited by a typical spectrophotometer (25-50 μg L-1). Finally, real-time mapping of source waters at a contaminated site was demonstrated by remote logging of Cr(VI) water quality data and corresponding GPS coordinates into a cloud server. This study highlights the potential role of smartphone-based monitoring tool in providing information to the affected community and enabling safe access to drinking water. An accurate, robust, simple-to-use, and economic method to measure hexavalent chromium in water within 10 min of sampling at site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant D Bamane
- Foundation for Environmental Monitoring, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560001, India
| | - Vinod Bhojwani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India.,Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India.,Inductis (India) Private Limited, Gurugram, Haryana, 122002, India
| | - Pradeep L Balkunde
- Foundation for Environmental Monitoring, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560001, India
| | - Mainak Bhattacharya
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India.,Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Ishan Gupta
- Foundation for Environmental Monitoring, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560001, India
| | - Ashwini K Mohapatra
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India.,Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Aditya Shekhar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India.,Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India.,Civil Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 211004, India
| | - Abhas Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India. .,Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India.
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28
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Wang F, Zhu J, Hu X, Chen L, Zuo Y, Yang Y, Jiang F, Sun C, Zhao W, Han X. Rapid nitrate determination with a portable lab-on-chip device based on double microstructured assisted reactors. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1109-1117. [PMID: 33527941 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01057j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Determining the nitrate levels is critical for water quality monitoring, and traditional methods are limited by high toxicity and low detection efficiency. Here, rapid nitrate determination was realized using a portable device based on innovative three-dimensional double microstructured assisted reactors (DMARs). On-chip nitrate reduction and chromogenic reaction were conducted in the DMARs, and the reaction products then flowed into a PMMA optical detection chip for absorbance measurement. A significant enhancement of reaction rate and efficiency was observed in the DMARs due to their sizeable surface-area-to-volume ratios and hydrodynamics in the microchannels. The highest reduction ratio of 94.8% was realized by optimizing experimental parameters, which is greatly improved compared to conventional zinc-cadmium based approaches. Besides, modular optical detection improves the reliability of the portable device, and a smartphone was used to achieve a portable and convenient nitrate analysis. Different water samples were successfully analysed using the portable device based on DMARs. The results demonstrated that the device features fast detection (115 s per sample), low reagent consumptions (26.8 μL per sample), particularly low consumptions of toxic reagents (0.38 μL per sample), good reproducibility and low relative standard deviations (RSDs, 0.5-1.38%). Predictably, the portable lab-on-chip device based on microstructured assisted reactors will find more applications in the field of water quality monitoring in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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An Improved Algorithm for Measuring Nitrate Concentrations in Seawater Based on Deep-Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry: A Case Study of the Aoshan Bay Seawater and Western Pacific Seawater. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21030965. [PMID: 33535502 PMCID: PMC7867073 DOI: 10.3390/s21030965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, it is still a challenge for commercial nitrate sensors to meet the requirement of high accuracy in a complex water. Based on deep-ultraviolet spectral analysis and a regression algorithm, a different measuring method for obtaining the concentration of nitrate in seawater is proposed in this paper. The system consists of a deuterium lamp, an optical fiber splitter module, a reflection probe, temperature and salinity sensors, and a deep-ultraviolet spectrometer. The regression model based on weighted average kernel partial least squares (WA-KPLS) algorithm together with corrections for temperature and salinity (TSC) is established. After that, the seawater samples from Western Pacific and Aoshan Bay in Qingdao, China with the addition of various nitrate concentrations are studied to verify the reliability and accuracy of the method. The results show that the TSC-WA-KPLS algorithm shows the best results when compared against the multiple linear regression (MLR) and ISUS (in situ ultraviolet spectrophotometer) algorithms in the temperatures range of 4–25 °C, with RMSEP of 0.67 µmol/L for Aoshan Bay seawater and 1.08 µmol/L for Western Pacific seawater. The method proposed in this paper is suitable for measuring the nitrate concentration in seawater with higher accuracy, which could find application in the development of in-situ and real-time nitrate sensors.
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30
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Geißler F, Achterberg EP, Beaton AD, Hopwood MJ, Esposito M, Mowlem MC, Connelly DP, Wallace D. Lab-on-chip analyser for the in situ determination of dissolved manganese in seawater. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2382. [PMID: 33504867 PMCID: PMC7840679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A spectrophotometric approach for quantification of dissolved manganese (DMn) with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) has been adapted for in situ application in coastal and estuarine waters. The analyser uses a submersible microfluidic lab-on-chip device, with low power (~ 1.5 W) and reagent consumption (63 µL per sample). Laboratory characterization showed an absorption coefficient of 40,838 ± 1127 L⋅mol-1⋅cm-1 and a detection limit of 27 nM, determined for a 34.6 mm long optical detection cell. Laboratory tests showed that long-term stability of the PAN reagent was achieved by addition of 4% v/v of a non-ionic surfactant (Triton-X100). To suppress iron (Fe) interferences with the PAN reagent, the Fe(III) masking agents deferoxamine mesylate (DFO-B) or disodium 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonate (Tiron) were added and their Fe masking efficiencies were investigated. The analyser was tested during a deployment over several weeks in Kiel Fjord (Germany), with successful acquisition of 215 in situ data points. The time series was in good agreement with DMn concentrations determined from discretely collected samples analysed via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), exhibiting a mean accuracy of 87% over the full deployment duration (with an accuracy of > 99% for certain periods) and clear correlations to key hydrographic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Geißler
- grid.15649.3f0000 0000 9056 9663Chemical Oceanography, Marine Biogeochemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eric P. Achterberg
- grid.15649.3f0000 0000 9056 9663Chemical Oceanography, Marine Biogeochemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander D. Beaton
- grid.418022.d0000 0004 0603 464XNational Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
| | - Mark J. Hopwood
- grid.15649.3f0000 0000 9056 9663Chemical Oceanography, Marine Biogeochemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mario Esposito
- grid.15649.3f0000 0000 9056 9663Chemical Oceanography, Marine Biogeochemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matt C. Mowlem
- grid.418022.d0000 0004 0603 464XNational Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
| | - Douglas P. Connelly
- grid.418022.d0000 0004 0603 464XNational Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
| | - Douglas Wallace
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada
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31
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Vráblová M, Koutník I, Smutná K, Marková D, Veverková N. Combined SPRi Sensor for Simultaneous Detection of Nitrate and Ammonium in Wastewater. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:725. [PMID: 33494497 PMCID: PMC7865960 DOI: 10.3390/s21030725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Water pollution is a serious problem in modern society. Agriculture, being responsible for the discharge of agrochemicals, organic matter, or drug residues, produces a huge amount of wastewater. Aquaponics has the potential to reduce both water consumption and the impact of water pollution on fish farming and plant production. In the aquatic environment, inorganic nitrogen is mostly present in the form of nitrate and ammonium ions. Nitrate, as a final product of ammonia mineralization, is the most common chemical contaminant in aquifers around the world. For continuous monitoring of nitrogen compounds in wastewater, we propose a sensor for the simultaneous detection of nitrate and ammonium. A surface plasmon resonance imaging method with enzyme-mediated detection was used. Active layers of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase were created on the gold surface of a biochip and tested for the sensing of nitrate and ammonium in water from an aquaponic system. The proposed sensor was applied in water samples with a concentration of NO3- and NH4+ in a range between 24-780 mg·L-1 and 0.26-120 mg·L-1, respectively, with minimal pretreatment of a sample by its dilution with a buffer prior to contact on a biochip surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vráblová
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (I.K.); (K.S.); (D.M.); (N.V.)
| | - Ivan Koutník
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (I.K.); (K.S.); (D.M.); (N.V.)
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Smutná
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (I.K.); (K.S.); (D.M.); (N.V.)
| | - Dominika Marková
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (I.K.); (K.S.); (D.M.); (N.V.)
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Veverková
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (I.K.); (K.S.); (D.M.); (N.V.)
- Faculty of Mining and Geology, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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32
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Fukuba T, Fujii T. Lab-on-a-chip technology for in situ combined observations in oceanography. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:55-74. [PMID: 33300537 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00871k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The oceans sustain the global environment and diverse ecosystems through a variety of biogeochemical processes and their complex interactions. In order to understand the dynamism of the local or global marine environments, multimodal combined observations must be carried out in situ. On the other hand, instrumentation of in situ measurement techniques enabling biological and/or biochemical combined observations is challenging in aquatic environments, including the ocean, because biochemical flow analyses require a more complex configuration than physicochemical electrode sensors. Despite this technical hurdle, in situ analyzers have been developed to measure the concentrations of seawater contents such as nutrients, trace metals, and biological components. These technologies have been used for cutting-edge ocean observations to elucidate the biogeochemical properties of water mass with a high spatiotemporal resolution. In this context, the contribution of lab-on-a-chip (LoC) technology toward the miniaturization and functional integration of in situ analyzers has been gaining momentum. Due to their mountability, in situ LoC technologies provide ideal instrumentation for underwater analyzers, especially for miniaturized underwater observation platforms. Consequently, the appropriate combination of reliable LoC and underwater technologies is essential to realize practical in situ LoC analyzers suitable for underwater environments, including the deep sea. Moreover, the development of fundamental LoC technologies for underwater analyzers, which operate stably in extreme environments, should also contribute to in situ measurements for public or industrial purposes in harsh environments as well as the exploration of the extraterrestrial frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Fukuba
- Institute for Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Natsushima-cho 2-15, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan.
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33
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Kim S, Kim J, Joung YH, Ahn S, Park C, Choi J, Koo C. Monolithic 3D micromixer with an impeller for glass microfluidic systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:4474-4485. [PMID: 33108430 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00823k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The performance of micromixers, namely their mixing efficiency and throughput, is a critical component in increasing the overall efficiency of microfluidic systems (e.g., lab-on-a-chip and μ-TAS). Most previously reported high-performance micromixers use active elements with some external power to induce turbulence, or contain long and complex fluidic channels with obstacles to increase diffusion. In this paper, we introduce a new type of 3D impeller micromixer built within a single fused silica substrate. The proposed device is composed of microchannels with three inlets and a tank, with a mixing impeller passively rotated by axial flow. The passive micromixer is directly fabricated inside a glass plate using a selective laser-induced etching technique. The mixing tank, with its rotating shaft and 3D pitched blade impeller, exists within a micro-cavity with a volume of only 0.28 mm3. A mixing efficiency of 99% is achieved in mixing experiments involving three dye colours over flow rates ranging from 1.5-30 mL min-1, with the same flow rates also applied to a sodium hydroxide-based bromothymol blue indicator and a hydrochloric acid chemical solution. To verify the reliable performance of the proposed device, we compare the mixing index with a general self-circulation-type chamber mixer to demonstrate the improved mixing efficiency achieved by rotating the impeller. No cracking or breakage of the device is observed under high inner pressures or when the maximum flow rate is applied to the mixer. The proposed microfluidic system based on a compact built-in 3D micromixer with an impeller opens the door to robust, highly efficient, and high-throughput glass-based platforms for micro-centrifuges, cell sorters, micro-turbines, and micro-pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungil Kim
- Department of Laser and Electron Beam Technologies, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea.
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34
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Murray E, Roche P, Briet M, Moore B, Morrin A, Diamond D, Paull B. Fully automated, low-cost ion chromatography system for in-situ analysis of nitrite and nitrate in natural waters. Talanta 2020; 216:120955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Aguzzi J, Flexas MM, Flögel S, Lo Iacono C, Tangherlini M, Costa C, Marini S, Bahamon N, Martini S, Fanelli E, Danovaro R, Stefanni S, Thomsen L, Riccobene G, Hildebrandt M, Masmitja I, Del Rio J, Clark EB, Branch A, Weiss P, Klesh AT, Schodlok MP. Exo-Ocean Exploration with Deep-Sea Sensor and Platform Technologies. ASTROBIOLOGY 2020; 20:897-915. [PMID: 32267735 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One of Saturn's largest moons, Enceladus, possesses a vast extraterrestrial ocean (i.e., exo-ocean) that is increasingly becoming the hotspot of future research initiatives dedicated to the exploration of putative life. Here, a new bio-exploration concept design for Enceladus' exo-ocean is proposed, focusing on the potential presence of organisms across a wide range of sizes (i.e., from uni- to multicellular and animal-like), according to state-of-the-art sensor and robotic platform technologies used in terrestrial deep-sea research. In particular, we focus on combined direct and indirect life-detection capabilities, based on optoacoustic imaging and passive acoustics, as well as molecular approaches. Such biologically oriented sampling can be accompanied by concomitant geochemical and oceanographic measurements to provide data relevant to exo-ocean exploration and understanding. Finally, we describe how this multidisciplinary monitoring approach is currently enabled in terrestrial oceans through cabled (fixed) observatories and their related mobile multiparametric platforms (i.e., Autonomous Underwater and Remotely Operated Vehicles, as well as crawlers, rovers, and biomimetic robots) and how their modified design can be used for exo-ocean exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aguzzi
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - M M Flexas
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - S Flögel
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - C Lo Iacono
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- National Oceanographic Center (NOC), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - C Costa
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA)-Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari - Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - S Marini
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Marine Sciences, La Spezia, Italy
| | - N Bahamon
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain
| | - S Martini
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - E Fanelli
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - R Danovaro
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - S Stefanni
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | | | - G Riccobene
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
| | - M Hildebrandt
- German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Bremen, Germany
| | - I Masmitja
- SARTI, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Del Rio
- SARTI, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E B Clark
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - A Branch
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - A T Klesh
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - M P Schodlok
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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36
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Kraemer BM. Rethinking discretization to advance limnology amid the ongoing information explosion. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 178:115801. [PMID: 32348931 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Limnologists often adhere to a discretized view of waterbodies-they classify them, divide them into zones, promote discrete management targets, and use research tools, experimental designs, and statistical analyses focused on discretization. By offering useful shortcuts, this approach to limnology has profoundly benefited the way we understand, manage, and communicate about waterbodies. But the research questions and the research tools in limnology are changing rapidly in the era of big data, with consequences for the relevance of our current discretization schemes. Here, I examine how and why we discretize and argue that selectively rethinking the extent to which we must discretize gives us an exceptional chance to advance limnology in new ways. To help us decide when to discretize, I offer a framework (discretization evaluation framework) that can be used to compare the usefulness of various discretization approaches to an alternative which relies less on discretization. This framework, together with a keen awareness of discretization's advantages and disadvantages, may help limnologists benefit from the ongoing information explosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Kraemer
- IGB Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.
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Tang J, Qiu G, Cao X, Yue Y, Zhang X, Schmitt J, Wang J. Self-aligned 3D microlenses in a chip fabricated with two-photon stereolithography for highly sensitive absorbance measurement. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2334-2342. [PMID: 32458914 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00235f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Absorbance measurement is a widely used method to quantify the concentration of an analyte. The integration of absorbance analysis in microfluidic chips could significantly reduce the sample consumption and contribute to the system miniaturization. However, the sensitivity and limit of detection (LoD) of analysis in microfluidic chips with conventional configuration need improvements due to the limited optical pathway and unregulated light propagation. In this work, a 3D-microlens-incorporating microfluidic chip (3D-MIMC) with a greatly extended detection channel was innovatively fabricated using two-photon stereolithography. The fabrication was optimized with a proposed hierarchical modular printing strategy. Due to the incorporation of 3D microlenses, the light coupling efficiency and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were respectively improved approximately 9 and 4 times. An equivalent optical path length (EOL) of 62.9 mm was achieved in a 3.7 μl detection channel for testing tartrazine samples. As a result, the sensitivity and LoD of the 3D-MIMC assay were correspondingly improved by one order of magnitude, compared with those of the 96-well plate assay. Notably, the 3D-MIMC has the potential to be integrated into a general microanalysis platform for multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiukai Tang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.
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Tweedie M, Maguire PD. Microfluidic ratio metering devices fabricated in PMMA by CO 2 laser. MICROSYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES : SENSORS, ACTUATORS, SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 2020; 27:47-58. [PMID: 33551575 PMCID: PMC7843490 DOI: 10.1007/s00542-020-04902-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe microfluidic fabrication results achieved using a 10.6 μm CO2 engraving laser on cast PMMA, in both raster and vector mode, with a 1.5″ lens and a High Power Density Focussing Optics lens. Raster written channels show a flatter base and are more U-shaped, while vector written channels are V shaped. Cross-sectional images, and, where possible, stylus profilometry results are presented. The sides of V-grooves become increasing steep with laser power, but broader shallower channels may be produced in vector mode by laser defocus, as illustrated. Smoothing of raster engraved channels by heated IPA etch, and transparency enhancement by CHCl3 vapour treatment are briefly discussed. An asymmetric Y meter is discussed as one method of diluting acid into seawater for dissolved CO2 analysis. Alternatively, microfluidic snake channel restrictors of different lengths in 2 channels may achieve the same result. Samples are fabricated with bases bonded by CHCl3 vapour treatment, and the devices are flow tested with either dilute food dye or DI water. Microfluidics fabricated in this manner have applications in ocean sensing of dissolved CO2 and other analytes, as well as broader sensing measurements, including biomedical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Tweedie
- NIBEC, Ulster University, Belfast, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland, UK
| | - P. D. Maguire
- NIBEC, Ulster University, Belfast, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland, UK
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Berneschi S, Bettazzi F, Giannetti A, Baldini F, Nunzi Conti G, Pelli S, Palchetti I. Optical whispering gallery mode resonators for label-free detection of water contaminants. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kim TH, Hahn YK, Kim MS. Recent Advances of Fluid Manipulation Technologies in Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices (μPADs) toward Multi-Step Assays. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030269. [PMID: 32143468 PMCID: PMC7142896 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have been suggested as alternatives for developing countries with suboptimal medical conditions because of their low diagnostic cost, high portability, and disposable characteristics. Recently, paper-based diagnostic devices enabling multi-step assays have been drawing attention, as they allow complicated tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which were previously only conducted in the laboratory, to be performed on-site. In addition, user convenience and price of paper-based diagnostic devices are other competitive points over other point-of-care testing (POCT) devices, which are more critical in developing countries. Fluid manipulation technologies in paper play a key role in realizing multi-step assays via μPADs, and the expansion of biochemical applications will provide developing countries with more medical benefits. Therefore, we herein aimed to investigate recent fluid manipulation technologies utilized in paper-based devices and to introduce various approaches adopting several principles to control fluids on papers. Fluid manipulation technologies are classified into passive and active methods. While passive valves are structurally simple and easy to fabricate, they are difficult to control in terms of flow at a specific spatiotemporal condition. On the contrary, active valves are more complicated and mostly require external systems, but they provide much freedom of fluid manipulation and programmable operation. Both technologies have been revolutionized in the way to compensate for their limitations, and their advances will lead to improved performance of μPADs, increasing the level of healthcare around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Young Ki Hahn
- Biomedical Convergence Science & Technology, Industrial Technology Advances, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.K.H.); (M.S.K.); Tel.: +82-53-950-2338 (Y.K.H.); +82-53-785-1740 (M.S.K.)
| | - Minseok S. Kim
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno jungang-daero, Daegu 42988, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.K.H.); (M.S.K.); Tel.: +82-53-950-2338 (Y.K.H.); +82-53-785-1740 (M.S.K.)
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Wang F, Zhu J, Chen L, Zuo Y, Hu X, Yang Y. Autonomous and In Situ Ocean Environmental Monitoring on Optofluidic Platform. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E69. [PMID: 31936398 PMCID: PMC7019421 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Determining the distributions and variations of chemical elements in oceans has significant meanings for understanding the biogeochemical cycles, evaluating seawater pollution, and forecasting the occurrence of marine disasters. The primary chemical parameters of ocean monitoring include nutrients, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and heavy metals. At present, ocean monitoring mainly relies on laboratory analysis, which is hindered in applications due to its large size, high power consumption, and low representative and time-sensitive detection results. By integrating photonics and microfluidics into one chip, optofluidics brings new opportunities to develop portable microsystems for ocean monitoring. Optofluidic platforms have advantages in respect of size, cost, timeliness, and parallel processing of samples compared with traditional instruments. This review describes the applications of optofluidic platforms on autonomous and in situ ocean environmental monitoring, with an emphasis on their principles, sensing properties, advantages, and disadvantages. Predictably, autonomous and in situ systems based on optofluidic platforms will have important applications in ocean environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (F.W.); (J.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jiaomeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (F.W.); (J.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Longfei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (F.W.); (J.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yunfeng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (F.W.); (J.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xuejia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (F.W.); (J.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (F.W.); (J.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Nightingale AM, Hassan SU, Makris K, Bhuiyan WT, Harvey TJ, Niu X. Easily fabricated monolithic fluoropolymer chips for sensitive long-term absorbance measurement in droplet microfluidics. RSC Adv 2020; 10:30975-30981. [PMID: 35516030 PMCID: PMC9056331 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05330a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a hydrophobic channel surface is critical to ensuring long-term stable flow in droplet microfluidics. Monolithic fluoropolymer chips ensure robust and reliable droplet flow as their native fluorous surfaces naturally preferentially wet fluorocarbon oils and do not deteriorate over time. Their fabrication, however, typically requires expensive heated hydraulic presses that make them inaccessible to many laboratories. Here we describe a method for micropatterning and bonding monolithic fluoropolymer flow cells from a commercially available melt-processable fluoropolymer, Dyneon THV 500GZ, that only requires a standard laboratory oven. Using this technique, we demonstrate the formation of complex microstructures, specifically the fabrication of sensitive absorbance flow cells for probing droplets in flow, featuring path lengths up to 10 mm. The native fluorous channel surface means the flow cells can be operated over extended periods, demonstrated by running droplets continuously through a chip for 16 weeks. We present a widely accessible method for fabricating monolithic fluoropolymer microfluidic chips, which allows droplet absorbance measurement over multi-month periods.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M. Nightingale
- Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
| | - Sammer-ul Hassan
- Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
| | - Kyriacos Makris
- SouthWestSensor Ltd
- Southampton Science Park
- The Innovation Centre
- Southampton
- UK
| | - Wahida T. Bhuiyan
- Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
| | - Terry J. Harvey
- Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
| | - Xize Niu
- Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
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43
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Xu Z, Shi W, Yang C, Xu J, Liu H, Xu J, Zhu B. A colorimetric fluorescent probe for rapid and specific detection of nitrite. LUMINESCENCE 2019; 35:299-304. [PMID: 31788982 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The method of fluorescent probes has been an important technique for detection of nitrite (NO2 - ). As an important inorganic salt, excessive nitrite would threaten humans and the environment. In this paper, a colorimetric fluorescent probe P-N (1,2-diaminoanthraquinone) with rapid response and high selectivity, which could detect NO2 - by visual colour changes and fluorescence spectroscopy is presented. The probe P-N solution (pH 1) changed from pink to colourless with the addition of NO2 - and fluorescence intensity at 639 nm clearly decreased. Good linear exists between fluorescence intensities and NO2 - concentrations for the range 0-16 μM, and the detection limit was 54 nM (based on a 3σ/slope). Moreover, probe P-N could also detect NO2 - in real water samples, and results were all satisfactory. Probe P-N shows great practical application value for detecting NO2 - in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zujun Xu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Wenxiu Shi
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Chengjun Yang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Huapeng Liu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Ecological Carbon Sink and Capture Utilization, Jinan, China
| | - Baocun Zhu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Ecological Carbon Sink and Capture Utilization, Jinan, China
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Jaywant SA, Arif KM. A Comprehensive Review of Microfluidic Water Quality Monitoring Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E4781. [PMID: 31684136 PMCID: PMC6864743 DOI: 10.3390/s19214781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Water crisis is a global issue due to water contamination and extremely restricted sources of fresh water. Water contamination induces severe diseases which put human lives at risk. Hence, water quality monitoring has become a prime activity worldwide. The available monitoring procedures are inadequate as most of them require expensive instrumentation, longer processing time, tedious processes, and skilled lab technicians. Therefore, a portable, sensitive, and selective sensor with in situ and continuous water quality monitoring is the current necessity. In this context, microfluidics is the promising technology to fulfill this need due to its advantages such as faster reaction times, better process control, reduced waste generation, system compactness and parallelization, reduced cost, and disposability. This paper presents a review on the latest enhancements of microfluidic-based electrochemical and optical sensors for water quality monitoring and discusses the relative merits and shortcomings of the methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna A Jaywant
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, SF&AT, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
| | - Khalid Mahmood Arif
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, SF&AT, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
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45
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Morgan SC, Hendricks AD, Seto ML, Sieben VJ. A Magnetically Tunable Check Valve Applied to a Lab-on-Chip Nitrite Sensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E4619. [PMID: 31652900 PMCID: PMC6864443 DOI: 10.3390/s19214619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Presented here is the fabrication and characterization of a tunable microfluidic check valve for use in marine nutrient sensing. The ball-style valve makes use of a rare-earth permanent magnet, which exerts a pulling force to ensure it remains passively sealed until the prescribed cracking pressure is met. By adjusting the position of the magnet, the cracking pressure is shown to be customizable to meet design requirements. Further applicability is shown by integrating the valve into a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) lab-on-chip device with an integrated optical absorbance cell for nitrite detection in seawater. Micro-milling is used to manufacture both the valve and the micro-channel structures. The valve is characterized up to a flow rate of 14 mL min-1 and exhibits low leakage rates at high back pressures (<2 µL min-1 at ~350 kPa). It is low cost, requires no power, and is easily implemented on microfluidic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Morgan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Andre D Hendricks
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Mae L Seto
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Vincent J Sieben
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Nightingale AM, Hassan SU, Warren BM, Makris K, Evans GWH, Papadopoulou E, Coleman S, Niu X. A Droplet Microfluidic-Based Sensor for Simultaneous in Situ Monitoring of Nitrate and Nitrite in Natural Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9677-9685. [PMID: 31352782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic-based chemical sensors take laboratory analytical protocols and miniaturize them into field-deployable systems for in situ monitoring of water chemistry. Here, we present a prototype nitrate/nitrite sensor based on droplet microfluidics that in contrast to standard (continuous phase) microfluidic sensors, treats water samples as discrete droplets contained within a flow of oil. The new sensor device can quantify the concentrations of nitrate and nitrite within each droplet and provides high measurement frequency and low fluid consumption. Reagent consumption is at a rate of 2.8 mL/day when measuring every ten seconds, orders of magnitude more efficient than those of the current state-of-the-art sensors. The sensor's capabilities were demonstrated during a three-week deployment in a tidal river. The accurate and high frequency data (6% error relative to spot samples, measuring at 0.1 Hz) elucidated the influence of tidal variation, rain events, diurnal effects, and anthropogenic input on concentrations at the deployment site. This droplet microfluidic-based sensor is suitable for a wide range of applications such as monitoring of rivers, lakes, coastal waters, and industrial effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Nightingale
- Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
| | - Sammer-Ul Hassan
- Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
| | - Brett M Warren
- SouthWestSensor Ltd , Enterprise House, Ocean Village , Southampton , SO14 3XB , United Kingdom
| | - Kyriacos Makris
- SouthWestSensor Ltd , Enterprise House, Ocean Village , Southampton , SO14 3XB , United Kingdom
| | - Gareth W H Evans
- Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
| | - Evanthia Papadopoulou
- SouthWestSensor Ltd , Enterprise House, Ocean Village , Southampton , SO14 3XB , United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Coleman
- Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
- SouthWestSensor Ltd , Enterprise House, Ocean Village , Southampton , SO14 3XB , United Kingdom
| | - Xize Niu
- Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
- SouthWestSensor Ltd , Enterprise House, Ocean Village , Southampton , SO14 3XB , United Kingdom
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Birchill A, Clinton-Bailey G, Hanz R, Mawji E, Cariou T, White C, Ussher S, Worsfold P, Achterberg E, Mowlem M. Realistic measurement uncertainties for marine macronutrient measurements conducted using gas segmented flow and Lab-on-Chip techniques. Talanta 2019; 200:228-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Murray E, Roche P, Harrington K, McCaul M, Moore B, Morrin A, Diamond D, Paull B. Low cost 235 nm ultra-violet light-emitting diode-based absorbance detector for application in a portable ion chromatography system for nitrite and nitrate monitoring. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:8-14. [PMID: 31151694 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A low cost, UV absorbance detector incorporating a 235 nm light emitting diode (LED) for portable ion chromatography has been designed and fabricated to achieve rapid, selective detection of nitrite and nitrate in natural waters. The optical cell was fabricated through micromilling and solvent vapour bonding of two layers of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The cell was fitted within a 3D printed housing and the LED and photodiode were aligned using 3D printed holders. Isocratic separation and selective detection of nitrite and nitrate was achieved in under 2.5 min using the 235 nm LED based detector and custom electronics. The design of the new detector assembly allowed for effective and sustained operation of the deep UV LED source at a low current (<10 mA), maintaining consistent and low LED temperatures during operation, eliminating the need for a heat sink. The detector cell was produced at a fraction of the cost of commercial optical cells and demonstrated very low stray light (0.01%). For retention time and peak area repeatability, RSD values ranged from 0.75 to 1.10 % and 3.06-4.19 %, respectively. Broad dynamic linear ranges were obtained for nitrite and nitrate, with limits of detection at ppb levels. The analytical performance of the IC set up with optical cell was compared to that of an ISO-accredited IC through the analysis of five various water samples. Relative errors not exceeding 6.86% were obtained for all samples. The detector was also coupled to a low pressure, low cost syringe pump to assess the potential for use within a portable analytical system. RSD values for retention time and peak area using this simple configuration were <1.15% and <3.57% respectively, highlighting repeatability values comparable to those in which a commercial HPLC pump was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Murray
- Research & Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd. (TelLab), Tullow, Carlow, Ireland; Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Patrick Roche
- Research & Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd. (TelLab), Tullow, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Kevin Harrington
- Research & Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd. (TelLab), Tullow, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Margaret McCaul
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Breda Moore
- Research & Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd. (TelLab), Tullow, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Aoife Morrin
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Dermot Diamond
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Australia.
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49
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Tweedie M, Sun D, Ward B, Maguire PD. Long-term hydrolytically stable bond formation for future membrane-based deep ocean microfluidic chemical sensors. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1287-1295. [PMID: 30848276 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Future ocean profiling of dissolved inorganic carbon and other analytes will require miniaturised chemical analysis systems based on sealed gas membranes between two fluid channels. However, for long-term deployment in the deep ocean at high pressure, the ability to seal incompatible materials represents an immense challenge. We demonstrate proof of principle high strength bond sealing. We show that polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a preferred membrane material for rapid CO2 transfer, without ion leakage, and report long-term stable bonding of thin PDMS membrane films to inert thermoplastic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) patterned manifolds. Device channels were filled with 0.01 M NaOH and subjected to repeated tape pull and pressure - flow tests without failure for up to six weeks. Bond formation utilised a thin coating of the aminosilane bis-[3-trimethoxysilylpropyl]amine (BTMSPA) conformally coated onto PMMA channels and surfaces and cured. All surfaces were subsequently plasma treated and devices subject to thermocompressive bond annealing. Successful chemically resistant bonding of membrane materials to thermoplastics opens the possibility of remote environmental chemical analysis and offers a route to float-based depth profiling of dissolved inorganic carbon in the oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tweedie
- NIBEC, Ulster University, Belfast, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Gallardo-Gonzalez J, Baraket A, Boudjaoui S, Metzner T, Hauser F, Rößler T, Krause S, Zine N, Streklas A, Alcácer A, Bausells J, Errachid A. A fully integrated passive microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip for real-time electrochemical detection of ammonium: Sewage applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:1223-1230. [PMID: 30759562 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports on the development of a new generation of Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) to perform in-situ and real-time potentiometric measurements in flowing water. The device consisted of two differentiated parts: a poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic structure obtained by soft lithography and a fully integrated chemical sensing platform including four working microelectrodes, two reference microelectrodes and one counter microelectrode for detecting ammonium in a continuous mode. The performance of the device was evaluated following its potentiometric response when analyzing ammonium containing samples. As a key parameter, its time of response was compared to that of a commercially available electrical conductivity sensor used as reference sensor during tests in laboratory using flowing tap water and technical scale using flowing wastewater. As a result, the LOC showed a slope of 55 mV/decade, a limit of detection of 4·10-5 M and a time of full response between 10 and 12 s. It was demonstrated that the device can provide fast and reliable data at real time when immersed in a laminar flow of water. Moreover, the test of robustness showed that it was still functional after immersion in sewage for at least 15 min. Besides, the LOC reported here can be helpful for a wide variety of flowing-water applications such as aqua culture outlets control, in-situ and continuous analysis of rivers effluents and sea waters monitoring among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gallardo-Gonzalez
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, ENS Lyon-5, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - A Baraket
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, ENS Lyon-5, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - S Boudjaoui
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, ENS Lyon-5, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - T Metzner
- University of Munich, Institute of Hydro Sciences, Sanitary Engineering and Waste Management, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - F Hauser
- Bundeskriminalamt, Forensic Science Institute, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - T Rößler
- Bundeskriminalamt, Forensic Science Institute, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - S Krause
- University of Munich, Institute of Hydro Sciences, Sanitary Engineering and Waste Management, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - N Zine
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, ENS Lyon-5, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - A Streklas
- Barcelona Microelectronics Institute IMB-CNM (CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A Alcácer
- Barcelona Microelectronics Institute IMB-CNM (CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J Bausells
- Barcelona Microelectronics Institute IMB-CNM (CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A Errachid
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, ENS Lyon-5, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
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