1
|
Syngouna VI, Georgopoulou MP, Bellou MI, Vantarakis A. Effect of Human Adenovirus Type 35 Concentration on Its Inactivation and Sorption on Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024; 16:143-158. [PMID: 38308001 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09582-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Removal of pathogenic viruses from water resources is critically important for sanitation and public health. Nanotechnology is a promising technology for virus inactivation. In this paper, the effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) anatase nanoparticles (NPs) on human adenovirus type 35 (HAdV-35) removal under static and dynamic (with agitation) batch conditions were comprehensively studied. Batch experiments were performed at room temperature (25 °C) with and without ambient light using three different initial virus concentrations. The virus inactivation experimental data were satisfactorily fitted with a pseudo-first-order expression with a time-dependent rate coefficient. The experimental results demonstrated that HAdV-35 sorption onto TiO2 NPs was favored with agitation under both ambient light and dark conditions. However, no distinct relationships between virus initial concentration and removal efficiency could be established from the experimental data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki I Syngouna
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece.
| | | | - Maria I Bellou
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Apostolos Vantarakis
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liang W, Zhang W, Shao X, Gong K, Su C, Zhang W, Peng C. Organic matters adsorbed on goethite inhibited the heterogeneous aggregation and adsorption of CdSe quantum dots: Experiments and extended DLVO theory. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 467:133769. [PMID: 38359758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The widespread use of Cd-based quantum dots (Cd-QDs) has led to their inevitable release into the environment, and the prevalent iron oxides and natural organic matter (NOM) are the key factors affecting the environmental behavior and fate of Cd-QDs. However, the impact of NOM adsorbed on iron oxides on the behavior of Cd-QDs with iron oxides and the mechanism of its interaction are not clear. In this study, two kinds of water-soluble QDs (CdSe QDs and core-shell CdSe/ZnS QDs) were selected to study the aggregation and adsorption behavior on goethite (Goe) and goethite-humic acid/fulvic acid composites (Goe-HA/FA). Aggregation kinetics and adsorption experiments between QDs and Goe(-HA/FA), characterization, and extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory calculations indicated that electrostatic interaction was the dominant force for QDs adsorption on Goe(-HA/FA). HA/FA changed the surface charge of Goe and increased the electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance between the particles, which in turn inhibited the adsorption of QDs on Goe. Besides, unsubstituted aromatic carbons, carboxy carbons, and carbonyl carbons played an important role in the adsorption process, and chemisorption occurred between QDs and Goe(-HA/FA). Our findings are important for better assessing the transport, fate, and potential environmental impacts and risks of Cd-QDs in iron-rich environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Liang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Xuechun Shao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kailin Gong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chengpeng Su
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Z, Zhang H, Wu G, Xu X, Cao R, Wan Q, Xu H, Wang J, Huang T, Wen G. The aggregation characteristics of Aspergillus spores under various conditions and the impact on LPUV inactivation: Comparisons with chlorine-based disinfection. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121323. [PMID: 38377927 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Aggregation is the primary step prior to fungal biofilm development. Understanding the attributes of aggregation is of great significance to better control the emergence of waterborne fungi. In this study, the aggregation of Aspergills spores (A. flavus and A. fumigatus) under various salt, culture medium, and humic acid (HA) conditions was investigated for the first time, and the inactivation via low-pressure ultraviolet (LPUV) upon aggregated Aspergillus spores was also presented. The aggregation efficiency and size of aggregates increased over time and at low salt (NaCl and CaCl2) concentration (10 mM) while decreasing with the continuous increase of salt concentration (100 and 200 mM). Increasing the concentration of culture medium and HA promoted the aggregation of fungal spores. Spores became hydrated, swelled, and secreted more viscous substances during the growth period, which accelerated the aggregation process. Results also suggested that fungal spores aggregated more easily in actual water, posing a high risk of biohazard in real-life scenarios. Inactivation efficiency by LPUV decreased with higher aggregation degrees due to the protection from the damaged spores on the outer layer and the shielding of pigments in the cell wall. Compared to chlorine-based disinfection, the aggregation resulted in the extension of shoulder length yet neglectable change of inactivation rate constant under LPUV treatment. Further investigation of cell membrane integrity and intracellular reactive oxygen species was conducted to elucidate the difference in mechanisms between various techniques. This study provides insight into the understanding and controlling of the aggregation of fungal spores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Gehui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Huining Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mullins N, Alashraf AR, McDermott K, Brown RS, Payne SJ. Polyethylenimine mediated recovery of SARS-CoV-2 and total viral RNA: Impact of aqueous conditions on behaviour and recovery. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121207. [PMID: 38401469 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an emerging, practical surveillance tool for monitoring community levels of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, SC2). However, a paucity of data exists regarding SARS-CoV-2 and viral biomarker behaviour in aqueous and wastewater environments. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop efficient and robust methods that both improve method sensitivity and reduce time and cost. We present a novel method for SARS-CoV-2, Human Coronavirus 229E (229E), and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV) recovery utilizing surface charge-based attraction via the branched cationic polymer, polyethylenimine (PEI). Initially, dose-optimization experiments demonstrated that low concentrations of PEI (0.001% w/v) proved most effective at flocculating suspended viruses and viral material, including additional unbound SC2 viral fragments and/or RNA from raw wastewater. A design-of-experiments (DOE) approach was used to optimize virus and/or viral material aggregation behaviour and recovery across varying aqueous conditions, revealing pH as a major influence on recoverability in this system, combinatorially due to both a reduction in viral material surface charge and increased protonation of PEI-bound amine groups. Overall, this method has shown great promise in significantly improving quantitative viral recovery, providing a straightforward and effective augmentation to standard centrifugation techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Mullins
- Queen's University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada; McMaster University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Abdul Rahman Alashraf
- Queen's University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada; Queen's University, Beaty Water Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | - R Stephen Brown
- Queen's University, Department of Chemistry and School of Environmental Studies, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada; Queen's University, Beaty Water Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Sarah Jane Payne
- Queen's University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada; Queen's University, Beaty Water Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu J, Lu H, Lin Q, Zhang T, Chen G, Zhou Y, Sui G. Fucoidan-based antibody-free magnetic nanoparticle for on-site detection of waterborne SARS-CoV-2. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168619. [PMID: 37977397 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The portable and sensitive point-of-care-test (POCT) method is in urgent need to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) for ensuring public health and safety. However, detection of trace number of pathogens in real water sample from the environment still faces challenges, because complex environment disruptors can rapidly degrade targets. Herein, magnetic beads coated with fucoidan and polydopamine (Fuc-PDA-MBs) were introduced as the capture carrier for pretreatment of samples. Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide, can recognize the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S1) protein receptor-binding domain (S1 RBD) and was chosen for replacement of antibody in enrichment. Environmental water seeded with SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus was applied to test performance of Fuc-PDA-MBs method. Under optimal conditions, the use of Fuc-PDA-MBs showed average 76 % capture efficiency at SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus concentration ranging from 107.62 to 104.34 gene copies (gc)/L. Compared with Electronegative filtration (ENF), Fuc-PDA-MBs showed better virion sorption effectiveness. Fuc-PDA-MBs also validated by raw contaminated urban wastewater and showed high recovery results for SARS-CoV-2 variants. To rapidly detect virus in POCT, nucleic acid extraction-free Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) was used for simplifying experimental process. The Fuc-PDA-MBs-LAMP assay showed the quantitation limit of sample (LOQ) was 105.49 gc/L. The whole procedure could be completed within 90 min, including 30 min for virus pre-enrichment, 10 min nucleic acid release and 45 min LAMP analysis. Compared with regular antibody-based immunodetection, this integrated system provides broad-spectrum, economic way to detect SARS-CoV-2 mutants in complex environments and also adaptable for high throughput test, which might be used for on-site early warning of SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in developing area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiuyuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Shanghai Chengtou Wastewater Treatment Co., LtD., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, China
| | - Guodong Sui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Singh V, Son YJ, Dolovich M, Xing Z, Cranston ED, Thompson MR. Screening amino acid additives as aerosolization modifiers for spray dried inhalable viral-vectored vaccines. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
7
|
Bi X, Liu D, Wang L, Rao L, Fu ML, Sun W, Yuan B. Deposition kinetics of bacteriophage MS2 on Microcystis aeruginosa and kaolin surface. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 220:112875. [PMID: 36179609 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Waterborne virus contamination might easily adsorb on the organic or inorganic surface in the complex aquatic environment. A quartz crystal microbalance coupled with dissipation monitoring was used to investigate the effects of the ionic strength of monovalent cation and divalent cation and pH on the deposition kinetics of bacteriophage MS2 on silica surface coated with Microcystis aeruginosa or kaolin, which represents organic or inorganic particle, respectively. Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory was used to illustrate the deposition mechanisms of MS2. The increased concentration of Na+ significantly enhanced the deposition rates of MS2 on both coated silica surfaces due to the reduction of repulsive electrostatic interactions. However, the MS2 deposition rates decreased at higher ionic strength of Ca2+, which accounted for the steric and hydrophobic interactions. And the higher MS2 deposition rates on both surfaces occurred at pH 3. In addition, the deposition rates of MS2 on kaolin-coated silica surfaces were higher than on the Microcystis-coated surface under all studied conditions. Furthermore, the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory could elucidate the deposition mechanism in Na+ solution, whereas the steric and hydrophobic interactions should be considered for the presence of high concentration of Ca2+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Bi
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Decai Liu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - La Rao
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Ming-Lai Fu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China.
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Atmospheric and Hydrologic Science, St. Cloud State University, 720 4th Avenue South, St. Cloud, MN 56301, USA
| | - Baoling Yuan
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Viral Aggregation: The Knowns and Unknowns. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020438. [PMID: 35216031 PMCID: PMC8879382 DOI: 10.3390/v14020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral aggregation is a complex and pervasive phenomenon affecting many viral families. An increasing number of studies have indicated that it can modulate critical parameters surrounding viral infections, and yet its role in viral infectivity, pathogenesis, and evolution is just beginning to be appreciated. Aggregation likely promotes viral infection by increasing the cellular multiplicity of infection (MOI), which can help overcome stochastic failures of viral infection and genetic defects and subsequently modulate their fitness, virulence, and host responses. Conversely, aggregation can limit the dispersal of viral particles and hinder the early stages of establishing a successful infection. The cost–benefit of viral aggregation seems to vary not only depending on the viral species and aggregating factors but also on the spatiotemporal context of the viral life cycle. Here, we review the knowns of viral aggregation by focusing on studies with direct observations of viral aggregation and mechanistic studies of the aggregation process. Next, we chart the unknowns and discuss the biological implications of viral aggregation in their infection cycle. We conclude with a perspective on harnessing the therapeutic potential of this phenomenon and highlight several challenging questions that warrant further research for this field to advance.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang W, Cai C, Dai X. Interactions between virus surrogates and sewage sludge vary by viral analyte: Recovery, persistence, and sorption. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 210:117995. [PMID: 34998072 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge, as a reservoir of viruses, may pose threats to human health. Understanding how virus particles interact with sludge is the key to controlling virus exposure and transmission. In this study, we investigated the recovery, survivability, and sorption of four typical virus surrogates with different structures (Phi6, MS2, T4, and Phix174) in sewage sludge. The most effective elution method varies by viral analyte, while the ultrafiltration method could significantly reduce the recovery loss for all four viruses. Compared with nonenveloped viruses, the poor recoveries of Phi6 during elution (<15%) limited its efficient detection. The inactivation kinetics of four viruses in solid-containing sludge were significantly faster than those in solid-removed samples at 25 °C, indicating that the solid fraction of sludge played an important role in virus inactivation. Although enveloped Phi6 was more vulnerable in both solid-removed and solid-containing sludge samples, it could remain viable for several hours at 25 °C and several days at 4 °C, which may pose an infection risk during sludge collection, transportation, and treatment process. The adsorption and desorption behavior of viruses in sludge could be affected by virus envelope structure, capsid proteins, and virus particle size. Phi6 adsorption to sludge was great with log KF of 6.51 ± 0.53, followed by Phix174, MS2, and T4. Additionally, more than 95% of Phi6, MS2, and T4 adsorbed to sludge were strongly bound, and a considerable fraction of strongly-bound virus was confirmed to retain viability. These results shed light on the environmental behavior of viruses in sewage sludge and provide a theoretical basis for the risk assessment for sludge treatment and disposal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chen Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gong Y, Bai Y, Zhao D, Wang Q. Aggregation of carboxyl-modified polystyrene nanoplastics in water with aluminum chloride: Structural characterization and theoretical calculation. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 208:117884. [PMID: 34837810 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics (NPs) pollution of aquatic systems is becoming an emerging environmental issue due to their stable structure, high mobility, and easy interactions with ambient contaminants. Effective removal technologies are urgently needed to mitigate their toxic effects. In this study, we systematically investigated the removal effectiveness and mechanisms of a commonly detected nanoplastics, carboxyl-modified polystyrene (PS-COOH) via coagulation and sedimentation processes using aluminum chloride (AlCl3) as a coagulant. PS-COOH appeared as clearly defined and discrete spherical nanoparticles in water with a hydrodynamic diameter of 50 nm. The addition of 10 mg/L AlCl3 compressed and even destroyed the negatively charged PS-COOH surface layer, decreased the energy barrier, and efficiently removed 96.6% of 50 mg/L PS-COOH. The dominant removal mechanisms included electrostatic adsorption and intermolecular interactions. Increasing the pH from 3.5 to 8.5 sharply enhanced the PS-COOH removal, whereas significant loss was observed at pH 10.0. High temperature (23 °C) favored the removal of PS-COOH compared to lower temperature (4 °C). High PS-COOH removal efficiency was observed over the salinity range of 0 - 35‰. The presence of positively charged Al2O3 did not affect the PS-COOH removal, while negatively charged SiO2 reduced the PS-COOH removal from 96.6% to 93.2%. Moreover, the coagulation and sedimentation process efficiently removed 90.2% of 50 mg/L PS-COOH in real surface water even though it was rich in inorganic ions and total organic carbon. The fast and efficient capture of PS-COOH by AlCl3 via a simple coagulation and sedimentation process provides a new insight for the treatment of NPs from aqueous environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Gong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Yang Bai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Dongye Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Qilin Wang
- Center for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang H, Xu X, Tan L, Liang Z, Cao R, Wan Q, Xu H, Wang J, Huang T, Wen G. The aggregation of Aspergillus spores and the impact on their inactivation by chlorine-based disinfectants. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117629. [PMID: 34509870 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The formation of fungal biofilm goes through some different states, including monodisperse state, aggregated state, germinated state, hyphal and biofilm. The aggregation of spores is a primary step of fungal biofilm development in aquatic systems. Previous studies on the inactivation of fungi were mostly performed in the monodisperse state of fungal spores and biofilm state, however, the inactivation of aggregated fungal spores is still unclear. In this study, the aggregated characteristics of fungal spores (Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus) at different pH values were firstly studied, and the inactivation efficiency of fungal spores at different aggregation degree by chlorine-based disinfectants was also clarified. The results showed that the aggregation degree of Aspergillus fumigatus was the highest at pH 9.0 while it was the lowest at pH 5.0. Aggregation between fungal spores was mainly mediated by occasional adhesin-adhesin interactions and electrostatic interactions. Compared with monodisperse spores, fungal spores were more resistant to chlorine-based disinfectants with the increase of spore aggregation degree. The inactivation rate constants of Aspergillus fumigatus at 30% and 63% aggregation degree were 1.5- and 4-folds lower than that of monodisperse spores, respectively. The lower proportion of membrane damage and higher intracellular reactive oxygen species level for aggregated spores than monodisperse spores was observed according to the flow cytometric results after chlorine-based disinfectants treatment. The reasons for the lower inactivation efficiency of aggregated spores are as following: the protection of outer layer spores and signals between aggregates lead to the increase of resistance for aggregated spores. This study is meaningful for the control of the fungal spores at different states in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Tan
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiting Liang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Huining Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jacquet N, Wurtzer S, Darracq G, Wyart Y, Moulin L, Moulin P. Effect of concentration on virus removal for ultrafiltration membrane in drinking water production. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
13
|
A new insight into aggregation of oncolytic adenovirus Ad5-delta-24-RGD during CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16088. [PMID: 34373477 PMCID: PMC8352973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-cycle cesium chloride (2 × CsCl) gradient ultracentrifugation is a conventional approach for purifying recombinant adenoviruses (rAds) for research purposes (gene therapy, vaccines, and oncolytic vectors). However, rAds containing the RGD-4C peptide in the HI loop of the fiber knob domain tend to aggregate during 2 × CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation resulting in a low infectious titer yield or even purification failure. An iodixanol-based purification method preventing aggregation of the RGD4C-modified rAds has been proposed. However, the reason explaining aggregation of the RGD4C-modified rAds during 2 × CsCl but not iodixanol gradient ultracentrifugation has not been revealed. In the present study, we showed that rAds with the RGD-4C peptide in the HI loop but not at the C-terminus of the fiber knob domain were prone to aggregate during 2 × CsCl but not iodixanol gradient ultracentrifugation. The cysteine residues with free thiol groups after the RGD motif within the inserted RGD-4C peptide were responsible for formation of the interparticle disulfide bonds under atmospheric oxygen and aggregation of Ad5-delta-24-RGD4C-based rAds during 2 × CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation, which could be prevented using iodixanol gradient ultracentrifugation, most likely due to antioxidant properties of iodixanol. A cysteine-to-glycine substitution of the cysteine residues with free thiol groups (RGD-2C2G) prevented aggregation during 2 × CsCl gradient purification but in coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR)-low/negative cancer cell lines of human and rodent origin, this reduced cytolytic efficacy to the levels observed for a fiber non-modified control vector. However, both Ad5-delta-24-RGD4C and Ad5-delta-24-RGD2C2G were equally effective in the murine immunocompetent CT-2A glioma model due to a primary role of antitumor immune responses in the therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy.
Collapse
|
14
|
Pilevar M, Kim KT, Lee WH. Recent advances in biosensors for detecting viruses in water and wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 410:124656. [PMID: 33308919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
As there is a considerable number of virus particles in wastewater which cause numerous infectious diseases, it is necessary to eliminate viruses from domestic wastewater before it is released in the environment. In addition, on-site detection of viruses in wastewater can provide information on possible virus exposures in the community of a given wastewater catchment. For this purpose, the pre-detection of different strains of viruses in wastewaters is an essential environmental step. Epidemiological studies illustrate that viruses are the most challenging pathogens to be detected in water samples because of their nano sizes, discrete distribution, and low infective doses. Over the past decades, several methods have been applied for the detection of waterborne viruses which include polymerase chain reaction-based methods (PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). Although they have shown acceptable performance in virus measurements, their drawbacks such as complicated and time-consuming procedures, low sensitivity, and high analytical cost call for alternatives. Although biosensors are still in an early stage for practical applications, they have shown great potential to become an alternative means for virus detection in water and wastewater. This comprehensive review addresses the different types of viruses found in water and the recent development of biosensors for detecting waterborne viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Pilevar
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Keug Tae Kim
- Department of Environmental & Energy Engineering, The University of Suwon, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18323, South Korea
| | - Woo Hyoung Lee
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu YN, Lv ZT, Yang SY, Liu XW. Optical Tracking of the Interfacial Dynamics of Single SARS-CoV-2 Pseudoviruses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4115-4122. [PMID: 33566596 PMCID: PMC7885801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The frequent detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in healthcare environments, accommodations, and wastewater has attracted great attention to the risk of viral transmission by environmental fomites. However, the process of SARS-CoV-2 adsorption to exposed surfaces in high-risk environments remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the interfacial dynamics of single SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses with plasmonic imaging technology. Through the use of this technique, which has high spatial and temporal resolution, we tracked the collision of viruses at a surface and differentiated their stable adsorption and transient adsorption. We determined the effect of the electrostatic force on virus adhesion by correlating the solution and surface chemistry with the interfacial diffusion velocity and equilibrium position. Viral adsorption was found to be enhanced in real scenarios, such as in simulated saliva. This work not only describes a plasmonic imaging method to examine the interfacial dynamics of a single virus but also provides direct measurements of the factors that regulate the interfacial adsorption of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. Such information is valuable for understanding virus transport and environmental transmission and even for designing anticontamination surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nan Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Urban
Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering,
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026,
China
| | - Zhen-Ting Lv
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Urban
Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering,
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026,
China
| | - Si-Yu Yang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Urban
Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering,
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026,
China
| | - Xian-Wei Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Urban
Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering,
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026,
China
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026,
China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Duval JF, van Leeuwen HP, Norde W, Town RM. Chemodynamic features of nanoparticles: Application to understanding the dynamic life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols and aqueous biointerfacial zones. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 290:102400. [PMID: 33713994 PMCID: PMC7931671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We review concepts involved in describing the chemodynamic features of nanoparticles and apply the framework to gain physicochemical insights into interactions between SARS-CoV-2 virions and airborne particulate matter (PM). Our analysis is highly pertinent given that the World Health Organisation acknowledges that SARS-CoV-2 may be transmitted by respiratory droplets, and the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention recognises that airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 can occur. In our theoretical treatment, the virion is assimilated to a core-shell nanoparticle, and contributions of various interaction energies to the virion-PM association (electrostatic, hydrophobic, London-van der Waals, etc.) are generically included. We review the limited available literature on the physicochemical features of the SARS-CoV-2 virion and identify knowledge gaps. Despite the lack of quantitative data, our conceptual framework qualitatively predicts that virion-PM entities are largely able to maintain equilibrium on the timescale of their diffusion towards the host cell surface. Comparison of the relevant mass transport coefficients reveals that virion biointernalization demand by alveolar host cells may be greater than the diffusive supply. Under such conditions both the free and PM-sorbed virions may contribute to the transmitted dose. This result points to the potential for PM to serve as a shuttle for delivery of virions to host cell targets. Thus, our critical review reveals that the chemodynamics of virion-PM interactions may play a crucial role in the transmission of COVID-19, and provides a sound basis for explaining reported correlations between episodes of air pollution and outbreaks of COVID-19.
Collapse
|
17
|
Shoaebargh S, Wright E, Csordas M, Medina MFC, Lichty B, Latulippe DR. Probing effects of additives on the filterability of oncolytic viruses via a microfiltration process. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
18
|
Wang X, Şengür-Taşdemir R, Koyuncu İ, Tarabara VV. Lip balm drying promotes virus attachment: Characterization of lip balm coatings and XDLVO modeling. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 581:884-894. [PMID: 32877879 PMCID: PMC7398005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Drying-induced decrease in lip balm surface energy enhances virus adhesion due to the emergence of strong hydrophobic colloid-surface interactions. EXPERIMENTS A protocol was developed for preparing lip balm coatings to enable physicochemical characterization and adhesion studies. Surface charge and hydrophobicity of four brands of lip balm (dry and hydrated) and human adenovirus 5 (HAdV5) were measured and used to calculate the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) energy of interactions between lip balm coatings and HAdV5 as well as four other colloids: HAdV40, MS2 and P22 bacteriophages, and SiO2. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) tests employed SiO2 colloids, HAdV5 and hydrated lip balms. FINDINGS Drying of lip balms results in a dramatic decrease of their surface energy (δΔGsws≥ 83.0 mJ/m2) making the surfaces highly hydrophobic. For dry lip balms, the interaction of the balm surface with all five colloids is attractive. For lip balms hydrated in 150 mM NaCl (ionic strength of human saliva), XDLVO calculations predict that hydrophilic colloids (MS2, P22, SiO2) may attach into shallow secondary minima. Due to the relative hydrophobicity of human adenoviruses, primary maxima in XDLVO profiles are low or non-existent making irreversible deposition into primary energy minima possible. Preliminary QCM-D tests with SiO2 colloids and HAdV5 confirm deposition on hydrated lip balms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xunhao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Reyhan Şengür-Taşdemir
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - İsmail Koyuncu
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Volodymyr V Tarabara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lanzarini NM, Marinho Mata R, Mendes Saggioro E, Costa Moreira J, Ferreira Mannarino C, Pereira Miagostovich M. Evaluation of Viral Recovery Methodologies from Solid Waste Landfill Leachate. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:209-217. [PMID: 32578012 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leachate from solid waste landfill is a dark liquid of variable composition and possible source of contamination of groundwater and surface waters. This study aims to assess skimmed milk flocculation and ultracentrifugation as viral concentration methods associated to different nucleic acid extraction protocols in order to establish a methodology for virus recovery from sanitary landfill leachate. Spiking experiments using human adenovirus (HAdV) and bacteriophage PP7 revealed the association of QIAamp Fast DNA Stool mini kit® nucleic acid extraction and ultracentrifugation as an effective method for recovering HAdV (346.18%) and PP7 (523.97%) when compared to organic flocculation method (162.64% for HAdV and 0.61% for PP7) that presented PCR inhibition in all undiluted samples. Ultracentrifugation applied in three landfill samples confirm efficiency of the methodology detecting HAdV in all samples with a mean of 3.44E + 06 ± 1.56E + 06 genomic copies/mL. Nucleotide sequencing characterized HAdV as belonging to group B and F. JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) was also investigated in those samples; however, detection was not observed. Methodologies for detection of viruses in leachate can be useful to generate data for future health risk analysis of workers who have contact with solid urban waste, as well as populations exposed to different environmental matrices contaminated by these effluents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natália Maria Lanzarini
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil.
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela Marinho Mata
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Enrico Mendes Saggioro
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Josino Costa Moreira
- Center for Studies On Workers' Health and Human Ecology, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Camille Ferreira Mannarino
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gast M, Sobek H, Mizaikoff B. Nanoparticle Tracking of Adenovirus by Light Scattering and Fluorescence Detection. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2020; 30:235-244. [PMID: 31760805 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2019.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The detailed characterization of biological nanoparticles is of paramount importance for various industrial sectors, as for production of viral therapeutics. More recently, technologies that allow real-time quantification with simultaneous sizing and determination of surface potentials of virus particles in solution have been developed. In this study, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) was applied to determine the size and the zeta potential of human adenovirus type 5 (AdV5), one the most frequently used therapeutic/oncolytic agents and viral vectors. Virus aggregation was detected, and the kinetics of the dissolution of virus aggregates were studied in real time. In addition, advanced fluorescence detection of AdV5 was performed enabling the measurements in matrices and discrimination of viral subpopulations. It was shown that NTA is an efficient approach for investigating infectious viruses in a live viewing mode. Consequently, NTA provides a promising methodology for virus particle detection and analysis in real time beyond assays requiring nucleic acids or infectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gast
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Harald Sobek
- Labor Dr. Merk & Kollegen GmbH, Ochsenhausen, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Watts S, Julian TR, Maniura-Weber K, Graule T, Salentinig S. Colloidal Transformations in MS2 Virus Particles: Driven by pH, Influenced by Natural Organic Matter. ACS NANO 2020; 14:1879-1887. [PMID: 32027487 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses, such as enterovirus, norovirus, and rotavirus, are among the leading causes of disease outbreaks due to contaminated drinking and recreational water. Viruses are difficult to remove from water through filtration based on physical size exclusion-for example by gravity-driven filters-due to their nanoscale size. To understand virus removal in drinking water treatment systems, the colloidal nanostructure of a model virus, the MS2 bacteriophage, has been investigated in relation to the effect of pH and natural organic matter in water. Dynamic light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the water pH has a major influence on the colloidal structure of the virus: The bacteriophage MS2's structure in water in the range pH = 7.0 to 9.0 was found to be spherical with core-shell-type structure with a total diameter of 27 nm and a core radius of around 8 nm. Reversible transformations from 27 nm particles at pH = 7.0 to micrometer-sized aggregates at pH = 3.0 were observed. In addition, the presence of natural organic matter that simulates the organic components present in surface water was found to enhance repulsion between virus particles, reduce the size of aggregates, and promote disaggregation upon pH increase. These findings allow a better understanding of virus interactions in water and have implications for water treatment using filtration processes and coagulation. The results will further guide the comprehensive design of advanced virus filter materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Watts
- Biointerfaces Lab , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 , 9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Timothy R Julian
- Eawag , Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science , Überlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , 4002 Basel , Switzerland
- University of Basel , 4003 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Katharina Maniura-Weber
- Biointerfaces Lab , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 , 9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Thomas Graule
- High Performance Ceramics Lab , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Stefan Salentinig
- Biointerfaces Lab , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 , 9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry , University of Fribourg , Chemin du Musée 9 , 1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shi H, Tarabara VV. Charge, size distribution and hydrophobicity of viruses: Effect of propagation and purification methods. J Virol Methods 2018; 256:123-132. [PMID: 29438732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two virus propagation methods (in broth and on double agar overlay) and three purification procedures (PEG precipitation, centrifugal diafiltration and CsCl density gradient centrifugation) were comparatively evaluated using MS2 and P22 bacteriophages as model viruses. The prepared stocks were characterized in terms of electrophoretic mobility as a function of pH, particle size distribution, surface tension components and the overall hydrophobicity of the virus, as well as the percentage of infectious and total virus recovered. The obtained data were used to rank the purification methods according to six criteria of likely practical relevance. Regardless of the purification method applied, virus propagation in broth media resulted in higher purity virus stocks as the growth on double agar overlay introduced difficult-to-remove residual agar. CsCl density gradient centrifugation gave the highest quality bacteriophage suspensions, recovered infectious P22 at least as efficiently as the other two purification methods and selected for intact P22 virions over damaged ones. The impurities remaining in the virus suspension after PEG precipitation and centrifugal diafiltration broadened the size distribution and interfered with electrophoretic mobility measurements. The residual impurities had a major impact on the free energy of virus-virus interfacial interaction (the quantitative measure of virus hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity) leading to an incorrect determination of P22 bacteriophage as hydrophilic. The trends in measured physicochemical properties can be rationalized by considering impurity-coated virions as permeable soft particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Volodymyr V Tarabara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Syngouna VI, Chrysikopoulos CV, Kokkinos P, Tselepi MA, Vantarakis A. Cotransport of human adenoviruses with clay colloids and TiO 2 nanoparticles in saturated porous media: Effect of flow velocity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:160-167. [PMID: 28441594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the effects of two clay colloids (kaolinite, KGa-1b and montmorillonite, STx-1b) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) on human adenovirus transport and retention in water saturated porous media at three different pore water velocities (0.38, 0.74, and 1.21cm/min). Transport and cotransport experiments were performed in 30-cm long laboratory columns packed with clean glass beads with 2mm diameter. The experimental results suggested that the presence of KGa-1b, STx-1b and TiO2 NPs increased human adenovirus inactivation and attachment onto the solid matrix, due to the additional attachment sites available. Retention by the packed column was found to be highest (up to 99%) in the presence of TiO2 NPs at the highest pore water velocity, and lowest in the presence of KGa-1b. The experimental results suggested that adenoviruses would undergo substantial aggregation or heteroaggregation during cotransport. However, no distinct relationships between mass recoveries and water velocity could be established from the experimental cotransport data. Note that for the cotransport experiments, collision efficiency values were shown to be higher for the higher flow rate examined in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki I Syngouna
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece.
| | | | - Petros Kokkinos
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Maria A Tselepi
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Apostolos Vantarakis
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wong K, Molina M. Applying Quantitative Molecular Tools for Virus Transport Studies: Opportunities and Challenges. GROUND WATER 2017; 55:778-783. [PMID: 28542984 PMCID: PMC6146963 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages have been used in soil column studies for the last several decades as surrogates to study the fate and transport behavior of enteric viruses in groundwater. However, recent studies have shown that the transport behavior of bacteriophages and enteric viruses in porous media can be very different. The next generation of virus transport science must therefore provide more data on mobility of enteric viruses and the relationship between transport behaviors of enteric viruses and bacteriophages. To achieve this new paradigm, labor intensity devoted to enteric virus quantification method must be reduced. Recent studies applied quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to column filtration experiments to study the transport behavior of human adenovirus (HAdV) in porous media under a variety of conditions. A similar approach can be used to study the transport of other enteric viruses such as norovirus. Analyzing the column samples with both qPCR and culture assays and applying multiplex qPCR to study cotransport behavior of more than one virus will provide information to under-explored areas in virus transport science. Both nucleic acid extraction kits and one-step lysis protocols have been used in these column studies to extract viral nucleic acid for qPCR quantification. The pros and cons of both methods are compared herein and solutions for overcoming problems are suggested. As better understanding of the transport behavior of enteric viruses is clearly needed, we strongly advocate for application of rapid molecular tools in future studies as well as optimization of protocols to overcome their current limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Wong
- Ecosystem Research Division, USEPA Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831
| | - Marirosa Molina
- Ecosystem Research Division, USEPA Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
El-Senousy WM, Abou-Elela SI. Assessment and Evaluation of an Integrated Hybrid Anaerobic-Aerobic Sewage Treatment System for the Removal of Enteric Viruses. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:287-303. [PMID: 28197973 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The capability of a cost-effective and a small size decentralized pilot wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to remove enteric viruses such as rotavirus, norovirus genogroup I (GGI), norovirus genogroup II (GGII), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), and adenovirus was studied. This pilot plant is an integrated hybrid anaerobic/aerobic setup which consisted of anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), biological aerated filter (BAF), and inclined plate settler (IPS). Both the UASB and BAF are packed with a non-woven polyester fabric (NWPF). Results indicated that the overall log10 reductions of enteric viruses' genome copies through the whole system were 3.1 ± 1, 3.3 ± 0.5, and 2.6 ± 0.9 log10 for rotavirus, norovirus GGI, and adenovirus, respectively. Reduction efficiency for both norovirus GGII and HEV after the different treatment steps could not be calculated because there were no significant numbers of positive samples for both viruses. The overall reduction of rotavirus infectious units through the whole system was 2.2 ± 0.8 log10 reduction which is very close to the overall log10 reduction of adenovirus infectious units through the whole system which was 2.1 ± 0.8 log10 reduction. There was no considerable difference in the removal efficiency for different rotavirus G and P types. Adenovirus 41 was the only type detected in the all positive samples. Although the pilot WWTP investigated is cost effective, has a small footprint, does not need a long distance network pipes, and easy to operate, its efficiency to remove enteric viruses is comparable with the conventional centralized WWTPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waled Morsy El-Senousy
- Environmental Virology Lab., Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Buhouth st., Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt.
| | - Sohair Imam Abou-Elela
- Wastewater Treatment Lab., Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Buhouth st., Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gerba CP, Betancourt WQ. Viral Aggregation: Impact on Virus Behavior in the Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7318-7325. [PMID: 28599109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aggregates of viruses can have a significant impact on quantification and behavior of viruses in the environment. Viral aggregates may be formed in numerous ways. Viruses may form crystal like structures and aggregates in the host cell during replication or may form due to changes in environmental conditions after virus particles are released from the host cells. Aggregates tend to form near the isoelectric point of the virus, under the influence of certain salts and salt concentrations in solution, cationic polymers, and suspended organic matter. The given conditions under which aggregates form in the environment are highly dependent on the type of virus, type of salts in solution (cation, anion. monovalent, divalent) and pH. However, virus type greatly influences the conditions when aggregation/disaggregation will occur, making predictions difficult under any given set of water quality conditions. Most studies have shown that viral aggregates increase the survival of viruses in the environment and resistance to disinfectants, especially with more reactive disinfectants. The presence of viral aggregates may also result in overestimation of removal by filtration processes. Virus aggregation-disaggregation is a complex process and predicting the behavior of any individual virus is difficult under a given set of environmental circumstances without actual experimental data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Gerba
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona , 2959 W. Calle Agua, Nueva Tucson, Arizona 85745, United States
| | - Walter Q Betancourt
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona , 2959 W. Calle Agua, Nueva Tucson, Arizona 85745, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Meng X, Li M, Lin M, Zhang J, Yang Z, Feng L. Aggregation behavior and reversibility of sulfonated phenol formaldehyde resin. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2016.1165114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianxing Meng
- Enhanced Oil Recovery Research Institute, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyuan Li
- Enhanced Oil Recovery Research Institute, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Meiqin Lin
- Enhanced Oil Recovery Research Institute, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Enhanced Oil Recovery Research Institute, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Zihao Yang
- Enhanced Oil Recovery Research Institute, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Li Feng
- Enhanced Oil Recovery Research Institute, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shi H, Xagoraraki I, Parent KN, Bruening ML, Tarabara VV. Elution Is a Critical Step for Recovering Human Adenovirus 40 from Tap Water and Surface Water by Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:4982-93. [PMID: 27287319 PMCID: PMC4968539 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00870-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED This paper examines the recovery of the enteric adenovirus human adenovirus 40 (HAdV 40) by cross-flow ultrafiltration and interprets recovery values in terms of physicochemical interactions of virions during sample concentration. Prior to ultrafiltration, membranes were either blocked by exposure to calf serum (CS) or coated with a polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM). HAdV 40 is a hydrophobic virus with a point of zero charge between pH 4.0 and pH 4.3. In accordance with predictions from the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory, the preelution recovery of HAdV (rpre) from deionized water was higher with PEM-coated membranes (rpre (PEM) = 74.8% ± 9.7%) than with CS-blocked membranes (rpre (CS) = 54.1% ± 6.2%). With either membrane type, the total virion recovery after elution (rpost) was high for both deionized water (rpost (PEM) = 99.5% ± 6.6% and rpost (CS) = 98.8% ± 7.7%) and tap water (rpost (PEM) = 89% ± 15% and rpost (CS) = 93.7% ± 6.9%). The nearly 100% recoveries suggest that the polyanion (sodium polyphosphate) and surfactant (Tween 80) in the eluent disrupt electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between the virion and the membrane. Addition of EDTA to the eluent greatly improved the elution efficacy (rpost (CS) = 88.6% ± 4.3% and rpost (PEM) = 87.0% ± 6.9%) with surface water, even when the organic carbon concentration in the water was high (9.4 ± 0.1 mg/liter). EDTA likely disrupts cation bridging between virions and particles in the feed water matrix or the fouling layer on the membrane surface. For complex water matrices, the eluent composition is the most important factor for achieving high virion recovery. IMPORTANCE Herein we present the results of a comprehensive physicochemical characterization of HAdV 40, an important human pathogen. The data on HAdV 40 surface properties enabled rigorous modeling to gain an understanding of the energetics of virion-virion and virion-filter interactions. Cross-flow filtration for concentration and recovery of HAdV 40 was evaluated, with postelution recoveries from ultrapure water (99%), tap water (∼91%), and high-carbon-content surface water (∼84%) being demonstrated. These results are significant because of the very low adenovirus recoveries that have been reported, to date, for other methods. The recovery data were interpreted in terms of specific interactions, and the eluent composition was designed accordingly to maximize HAdV 40 recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Irene Xagoraraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristin N Parent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Merlin L Bruening
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Volodymyr V Tarabara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kahler AM, Cromeans TL, Metcalfe MG, Humphrey CD, Hill VR. Aggregation of Adenovirus 2 in Source Water and Impacts on Disinfection by Chlorine. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2016; 8:148-55. [PMID: 26910058 PMCID: PMC4864101 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that viral particles in source water are likely to be found as aggregates attached to other particles. For this reason, it is important to investigate the disinfection efficacy of chlorine on aggregated viruses. A method to produce adenovirus particle aggregation was developed for this study. Negative stain electron microscopy was used to measure aggregation before and after addition of virus particles to surface water at different pH and specific conductance levels. The impact of aggregation on the efficacy of chlorine disinfection was also examined. Disinfection experiments with human adenovirus 2 (HAdV2) in source water were conducted using 0.2 mg/L free chlorine at 5 °C. Aggregation of HAdV2 in source water (≥3 aggregated particles) remained higher at higher specific conductance and pH levels. However, aggregation was highly variable, with the percentage of particles present in aggregates ranging from 43 to 71 %. Upon addition into source water, the aggregation percentage dropped dramatically. On average, chlorination CT values (chlorine concentration in mg/L × time in min) for 3-log10 inactivation of aggregated HAdV2 were up to three times higher than those for dispersed HAdV2, indicating that aggregation reduced the disinfection rate. This information can be used by water utilities and regulators to guide decision making regarding disinfection of viruses in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Kahler
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop D-66, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - Theresa L Cromeans
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, USA
| | - Maureen G Metcalfe
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop D-66, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Charles D Humphrey
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop D-66, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Vincent R Hill
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop D-66, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang CM, Xu LM, Xu PC, Wang XC. Elimination of viruses from domestic wastewater: requirements and technologies. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:69. [PMID: 26931609 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Domestic wastewater contains various pathogens, which, if not sufficiently eliminated, may enter the receiving water bodies and cause water-transmitted diseases. Among the waterborne pathogens, viruses may occur, survive and/or decay much differently from bacteria in water. In many cases, the diseases caused by viruses are more severe. Therefore, research efforts are mainly directed at the behavior of viruses in water environments, as well as the elimination of viruses from wastewater. In this paper, an overview of the occurrence of viruses in wastewater is presented, together with their categories, methods of detection and potential to cause waterborne diseases. As wastewater treatment plants are critical nodes for the influx and termination of virus transmission, the behavior of viruses at each stage of treatment is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the unit operations, which play crucial roles in virus removals, such as coagulation and membrane filtration, and that for virus inactivation, such as chemical disinfection and UV irradiation. Future needs for the development of new technologies for virus elimination, source control, and finding more suitable indicators of viral pathogens are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Miao Zhang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Li-Mei Xu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Xu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vieira CB, de Abreu Corrêa A, de Jesus MS, Luz SLB, Wyn-Jones P, Kay D, Vargha M, Miagostovich MP. Viruses Surveillance Under Different Season Scenarios of the Negro River Basin, Amazonia, Brazil. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2016; 8:57-69. [PMID: 26783031 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Negro River is located in the Amazon basin, the largest hydrological catchment in the world. Its water is used for drinking, domestic activities, recreation and transportation and water quality is significantly affected by anthropogenic impacts. The goals of this study were to determine the presence and concentrations of the main viral etiological agents of acute gastroenteritis, such as group A rotavirus (RVA) and genogroup II norovirus (NoV GII), and to assess the use of human adenovirus (HAdV) and JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) as viral indicators of human faecal contamination in the aquatic environment of Manaus under different hydrological scenarios. Water samples were collected along Negro River and in small streams known as igarapés. Viruses were concentrated by an organic flocculation method and detected by quantitative PCR. From 272 samples analysed, HAdV was detected in 91.9%, followed by JCPyV (69.5%), RVA (23.9%) and NoV GII (7.4%). Viral concentrations ranged from 10(2) to 10(6) GC L(-1) and viruses were more likely to be detected during the flood season, with the exception of NoV GII, which was detected only during the dry season. Statistically significant differences on virus concentrations between dry and flood seasons were observed only for RVA. The HAdV data provides a useful complement to faecal indicator bacteria in the monitoring of aquatic environments. Overall results demonstrated that the hydrological cycle of the Negro River in the Amazon Basin affects the dynamics of viruses in aquatic environments and, consequently, the exposure of citizens to these waterborne pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Baur Vieira
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Adriana de Abreu Corrêa
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Michele Silva de Jesus
- Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane (ILMD), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rua Terezina, 476, Adrianópolis, Manaus, AM, 69057-070, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Luiz Bessa Luz
- Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane (ILMD), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rua Terezina, 476, Adrianópolis, Manaus, AM, 69057-070, Brazil
| | - Peter Wyn-Jones
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences (DGES), Aberystwyth University, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DB, UK
| | - David Kay
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences (DGES), Aberystwyth University, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DB, UK
| | - Marta Vargha
- Department of Water Hygiene, National Institute for Environmental Health, Gyáli út 2-6, Budapest, 1097, Hungary
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mertens BS, Velev OD. Characterization and control of surfactant-mediated Norovirus interactions. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:8621-31. [PMID: 26378627 PMCID: PMC4666303 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01778e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of the colloidal interactions of Norovirus particles in aqueous medium could provide insights on the origins of the notorious stability and infectivity of these widespread viral agents. We characterized the effects of solution pH and surfactant type and concentration on the aggregation, dispersion, and disassembly of Norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs) using dynamic light scattering, electrophoretic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Owing to net negative surface charge of the VLPs at neutral pH, low concentrations of cationic surfactant tend to aggregate the VLPs, whereas low concentrations of anionic surfactant tend to disperse the particles. Increasing the concentration of these surfactants beyond their critical micelle concentration leads to virus capsid disassembly and breakdown of aggregates. Non-ionic surfactants, however, had little effect on virus interactions and likely stabilized them additionally in suspension. The data were interpreted on the basis of simple models for surfactant binding and re-charging of the virus capsid. We used zeta potential data to characterize virus surface charge and interpret the mechanisms behind these demonstrated surfactant-virus interactions. The fundamental understanding and control of these interactions will aid in practical formulations for virus inactivation and removal from contaminated surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany S Mertens
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA.
| | - Orlin D Velev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pavšič J, Žel J, Milavec M. Digital PCR for direct quantification of viruses without DNA extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:67-75. [PMID: 26483186 PMCID: PMC4706837 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA extraction before amplification is considered an essential step for quantification of viral DNA using real-time PCR (qPCR). However, this can directly affect the final measurements due to variable DNA yields and removal of inhibitors, which leads to increased inter-laboratory variability of qPCR measurements and reduced agreement on viral loads. Digital PCR (dPCR) might be an advantageous methodology for the measurement of virus concentrations, as it does not depend on any calibration material and it has higher tolerance to inhibitors. DNA quantification without an extraction step (i.e. direct quantification) was performed here using dPCR and two different human cytomegalovirus whole-virus materials. Two dPCR platforms were used for this direct quantification of the viral DNA, and these were compared with quantification of the extracted viral DNA in terms of yield and variability. Direct quantification of both whole-virus materials present in simple matrices like cell lysate or Tris-HCl buffer provided repeatable measurements of virus concentrations that were probably in closer agreement with the actual viral load than when estimated through quantification of the extracted DNA. Direct dPCR quantification of other viruses, reference materials and clinically relevant matrices is now needed to show the full versatility of this very promising and cost-efficient development in virus quantification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Pavšič
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jana Žel
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Milavec
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Silva HD, Pessoa-de-Souza MA, Fongaro G, Anunciação CE, Silveira-Lacerda EDP, Barardi CRM, Garcia-Zapata MTA. Behaviour and recovery of human adenovirus from tropical sediment under simulated conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 530-531:314-322. [PMID: 26047866 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the contributions of pH and organic matter (OM) on the recovery of infectious human adenovirus 5 (HAdV-5) and genome copies (GCs) in waters that were artificially contaminated with tropical soil. The use of a mathematical equation was proposed based on the flocculation index of clay to assess the recovery of total GCs in these controlled assays. The results suggest that solids in the water reduced the viral genome copy loads per millilitre (GC · mL(-1)) and viral infectivity. OM did not influence the GC · mL(-1) recovery rate (p > 0.05) but led to a 99% (2 log10) reduction in plaque-forming unit counts per millilitre (PFU/mL), which indicates that infectivity and gene integrity were non-related parameters. Our findings also suggest that acidic pH levels hinder viral inactivation and that clay is the main factor responsible for the interactions of HAdV-5 with soil. These findings may be useful for future eco-epidemiological investigations and studies of viral inactivation or even as parameters for future research into water quality analysis and water treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Delleon Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Agente Emergentes e Re-emegentes, Instituto de Patologia e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil; Instituto Brasil de Ciência e Tecnologia, Anápolis, Brazil
| | | | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Anunciação
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Genético e Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
| | - Elisângela de P Silveira-Lacerda
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular e Citogenética, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas I, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
| | - Célia Regina Monte Barardi
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marco Tulio Antonio Garcia-Zapata
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Agente Emergentes e Re-emegentes, Instituto de Patologia e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Angelescu DG, Caragheorgheopol D. Influence of the shell thickness and charge distribution on the effective interaction between two like-charged hollow spheres. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:144902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4932372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Angelescu
- Romanian Academy, “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dan Caragheorgheopol
- Romanian Academy, “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
- Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, Lacul Tei Blvd., 122-124, 020396 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Stevenson ME, Sommer R, Lindner G, Farnleitner AH, Toze S, Kirschner AKT, Blaschke AP, Sidhu JPS. Attachment and Detachment Behavior of Human Adenovirus and Surrogates in Fine Granular Limestone Aquifer Material. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2015; 44:1392-1401. [PMID: 26436257 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.01.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The transport of human adenovirus, nanoparticles, and PRD1 and MS2 bacteriophages was tested in fine granular limestone aquifer material taken from a borehole at a managed aquifer recharge site in Adelaide, South Australia. Comparison of transport and removal of virus surrogates with the pathogenic virus is necessary to understand the differences between the virus and surrogate. Because experiments using pathogenic viruses cannot be done in the field, laboratory tests using flow-through soil columns were used. Results show that PRD1 is the most appropriate surrogate for adenovirus in an aquifer dominated by calcite material but not under high ionic strength or high pH conditions. It was also found that straining due to size and the charge of the colloid were not dominant removal mechanisms in this system. Implications of this study indicate that a certain surrogate may not represent a specific pathogen solely based on similar size, morphology, and/or surface charge. Moreover, if a particular surrogate is representative of a pathogen in one aquifer system, it may not be the most appropriate surrogate in another porous media system. This was apparent in the inferior performance of MS2 as a surrogate, which is commonly used in virus transport studies.
Collapse
|
37
|
Sokolova E, Petterson SR, Dienus O, Nyström F, Lindgren PE, Pettersson TJR. Microbial risk assessment of drinking water based on hydrodynamic modelling of pathogen concentrations in source water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 526:177-186. [PMID: 25931024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus contamination of drinking water sources is an important cause of waterborne disease outbreaks. Knowledge on pathogen concentrations in source water is needed to assess the ability of a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) to provide safe drinking water. However, pathogen enumeration in source water samples is often not sufficient to describe the source water quality. In this study, the norovirus concentrations were characterised at the contamination source, i.e. in sewage discharges. Then, the transport of norovirus within the water source (the river Göta älv in Sweden) under different loading conditions was simulated using a hydrodynamic model. Based on the estimated concentrations in source water, the required reduction of norovirus at the DWTP was calculated using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). The required reduction was compared with the estimated treatment performance at the DWTP. The average estimated concentration in source water varied between 4.8×10(2) and 7.5×10(3) genome equivalents L(-1); and the average required reduction by treatment was between 7.6 and 8.8 Log10. The treatment performance at the DWTP was estimated to be adequate to deal with all tested loading conditions, but was heavily dependent on chlorine disinfection, with the risk of poor reduction by conventional treatment and slow sand filtration. To our knowledge, this is the first article to employ discharge-based QMRA, combined with hydrodynamic modelling, in the context of drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Sokolova
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Environment Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Susan R Petterson
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences NMBU, Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; Water & Health Pty Ltd. P.O. Box 648 Salamander Bay, 2317, Australia
| | - Olaf Dienus
- Ryhov County Hospital, Medical Services, Clinical Microbiology, SE-551 85 Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Nyström
- Ryhov County Hospital, Medical Services, Clinical Microbiology, SE-551 85 Jönköping, Sweden; Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Microbiology, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Per-Eric Lindgren
- Ryhov County Hospital, Medical Services, Clinical Microbiology, SE-551 85 Jönköping, Sweden; Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Microbiology, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Thomas J R Pettersson
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Environment Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
DiCaprio E, Purgianto A, Li J. Effects of Abiotic and Biotic Stresses on the Internalization and Dissemination of Human Norovirus Surrogates in Growing Romaine Lettuce. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4791-800. [PMID: 25956773 PMCID: PMC4551204 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00650-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (NoV) is the major causative agent of fresh-produce-related outbreaks of gastroenteritis; however, the ecology and persistence of human NoV in produce systems are poorly understood. In this study, the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on the internalization and dissemination of two human NoV surrogates (murine norovirus 1 [MNV-1] and Tulane virus [TV]) in romaine lettuce were determined. To induce abiotic stress, romaine lettuce was grown under drought and flood conditions that mimic extreme weather events, followed by inoculation of soil with MNV-1 or TV. Independently, lettuce plants were infected with lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) to induce biotic stress, followed by inoculation with TV. Plants were grown for 14 days, and viral titers in harvested tissues were determined by plaque assays. It was found that drought stress significantly decreased the rates of both MNV-1 and TV internalization and dissemination. In contrast, neither flood stress nor biotic stress significantly impacted viral internalization or dissemination. Additionally, the rates of TV internalization and dissemination in soil-grown lettuce were significantly higher than those for MNV-1. Collectively, these results demonstrated that (i) human NoV surrogates can be internalized via roots and disseminated to shoots and leaves of romaine lettuce grown in soil, (ii) abiotic stress (drought) but not biotic stress (LMV infection) affects the rates of viral internalization and dissemination, and (iii) the type of virus affects the efficiency of internalization and dissemination. This study also highlights the need to develop effective measures to eliminate internalized viruses in fresh produce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin DiCaprio
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Anastasia Purgianto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bellou MI, Syngouna VI, Tselepi MA, Kokkinos PA, Paparrodopoulos SC, Vantarakis A, Chrysikopoulos CV. Interaction of human adenoviruses and coliphages with kaolinite and bentonite. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 517:86-95. [PMID: 25723960 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (hAdVs) are pathogenic viruses responsible for public health problems worldwide. They have also been used as viral indicators in environmental systems. Coliphages (e.g., MS2, ΦX174) have also been studied as indicators of viral pollution in fecally contaminated water. Our objective was to evaluate the distribution of three viral fecal indicators (hAdVs, MS2, and ΦΧ174), between two different phyllosilicate clays (kaolinite and bentonite) and the aqueous phase. A series of static and dynamic experiments were conducted under two different temperatures (4, 25°C) for a time period of seven days. HAdV adsorption was examined in DNase I reaction buffer (pH=7.6, and ionic strength (IS)=1.4mM), whereas coliphage adsorption in phosphate buffered saline solution (pH=7, IS=2mM). Moreover, the effect of IS on hAdV adsorption under static conditions was evaluated. The adsorption of hAdV was assessed by real-time PCR and its infectivity was tested by cultivation methods. The coliphages MS2 and ΦΧ174 were assayed by the double-layer overlay method. The experimental results have shown that coliphage adsorption onto both kaolinite and bentonite was higher for the dynamic than the static experiments; whereas hAdV adsorption was lower under dynamic conditions. The adsorption of hAdV increased with decreasing temperature, contrary to the results obtained for the coliphages. This study examines the combined effect of temperature, agitation, clay type, and IS on hAdV adsorption onto clays. The results provide useful new information on the effective removal of viral fecal indicators (MS2, ΦX174 and hAdV) from dilute aqueous solutions by adsorption onto kaolinite and bentonite. Factors enabling enteric viruses to penetrate soils, groundwater and travel long distances within aquifers are important public health issues. Because the observed adsorption behavior of surrogate coliphages MS2 and ΦΧ174 is substantially different to that of hAdV, neither MS2 nor ΦΧ174 is recommended as a suitable model for adenovirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Bellou
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Vasiliki I Syngouna
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Maria A Tselepi
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Petros A Kokkinos
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Spyros C Paparrodopoulos
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Apostolos Vantarakis
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Verbyla ME, Mihelcic JR. A review of virus removal in wastewater treatment pond systems. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 71:107-24. [PMID: 25613410 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment ponds (lagoons) are one of the most common types of technologies used for wastewater management worldwide, especially in small cities and towns. They are particularly well-suited for systems where the effluent is reused for irrigation. However, the efficiency of virus removal in wastewater treatment pond systems is not very well understood. The main objective of this paper is to critically review the major findings related to virus removal in wastewater treatment pond systems and to statistically analyze results reported in the literature from field studies on virus removal in these systems. A comprehensive analysis of virus removal reported in the literature from 71 different wastewater treatment pond systems reveals only a weak to moderate correlation of virus removal with theoretical hydraulic retention time. On average, one log10 reduction of viruses was achieved for every 14.5-20.9 days of retention, but the 95th percentile value of the data analyzed was 54 days. The mechanisms responsible for virus removal in wastewater treatment ponds were also reviewed. One recent finding is that sedimentation may not be a significant virus removal mechanism in some wastewater ponds. Recent research has also revealed that direct and indirect sunlight-mediated mechanisms are not only dependent on pond water chemistry and optics, but also on the characteristics of the virus and its genome. MS2 coliphage is considered to be the best surrogate for studying sunlight disinfection in ponds. The interaction of viruses with particles, with other microorganisms, and with macroinvertebrates in wastewater treatment ponds has not been extensively studied. It is also unclear whether virus internalization by higher trophic-level organisms has a protective or a detrimental effect on virus viability and transport in pond systems. Similarly, the impact of virus-particle associations on sunlight disinfection in ponds is not well understood. Future research should focus on the interactions of viruses with particles and with other organisms, as well as the development of a model for virus removal in pond systems that can be used for design purposes, and to inform future editions of the WHO Guidelines for Wastewater Use in Agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Verbyla
- University of South Florida, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - James R Mihelcic
- University of South Florida, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Farkas K, Varsani A, Marjoshi D, Easingwood R, McGill E, Pang L. Size exclusion-based purification and PCR-based quantitation of MS2 bacteriophage particles for environmental applications. J Virol Methods 2015; 213:135-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
42
|
Kokkinos P, Syngouna VI, Tselepi MA, Bellou M, Chrysikopoulos CV, Vantarakis A. Transport of Human Adenoviruses in Water Saturated Laboratory Columns. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2015; 7:122-131. [PMID: 25578176 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater may be contaminated with infective human enteric viruses from various wastewater discharges, sanitary landfills, septic tanks, agricultural practices, and artificial groundwater recharge. Coliphages have been widely used as surrogates of enteric viruses, because they share many fundamental properties and features. Although a large number of studies focusing on various factors (i.e. pore water solution chemistry, fluid velocity, moisture content, temperature, and grain size) that affect biocolloid (bacteria, viruses) transport have been published over the past two decades, little attention has been given toward human adenoviruses (hAdVs). The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pore water velocity on hAdV transport in water saturated laboratory-scale columns packed with glass beads. The effects of pore water velocity on virus transport and retention in porous media was examined at three pore water velocities (0.39, 0.75, and 1.22 cm/min). The results indicated that all estimated average mass recovery values for hAdV were lower than those of coliphages, which were previously reported in the literature by others for experiments conducted under similar experimental conditions. However, no obvious relationship between hAdV mass recovery and water velocity could be established from the experimental results. The collision efficiencies were quantified using the classical colloid filtration theory. Average collision efficiency, α, values decreased with decreasing flow rate, Q, and pore water velocity, U, but no significant effect of U on α was observed. Furthermore, the surface properties of viruses and glass beads were used to construct classical DLVO potential energy profiles. The results revealed that the experimental conditions of this study were unfavorable to deposition and that no aggregation between virus particles is expected to occur. A thorough understanding of the key processes governing virus transport is pivotal for public health protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Kokkinos
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Greece,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pang L, Farkas K, Bennett G, Varsani A, Easingwood R, Tilley R, Nowostawska U, Lin S. Mimicking filtration and transport of rotavirus and adenovirus in sand media using DNA-labeled, protein-coated silica nanoparticles. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 62:167-79. [PMID: 24954130 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RoV) and adenovirus (AdV) are important viral pathogens for the risk analysis of drinking water. Despite this, little is known about their retention and transport behaviors in porous media due to a lack of representative surrogates. We developed RoV and AdV surrogates by covalently coupling 70-nm sized silica nanoparticles with specific proteins and a DNA marker for sensitive detection. Filtration experiments using beach sand columns demonstrated the similarity of the surrogates' concentrations, filtration efficiencies and attachment kinetics to those of the target viruses. The surrogates showed the same magnitude of concentration reduction as the viruses. Conversely, MS2 phage (a traditional virus model) over-predicted concentrations of AdV and RoV by 1- and 2-orders of magnitude respectively. The surrogates remained stable in size, surface charge and DNA concentration for at least one year. They can be easily and rapidly detected down to a single particle. Preliminary tests suggest that they were readily detectable in a number of environmental waters and treated effluent. With up-scaling validation in pilot trials, the surrogates developed here could be a cost-effective new tool for studying virus retention and transport in porous media. Examples include assessing filter efficacy in water and wastewater treatment, tracking virus migration in groundwater after effluent land disposal, and establishing safe setback distances for groundwater protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Pang
- Institute of Environmental Science & Research Ltd, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand.
| | - Kata Farkas
- Institute of Environmental Science & Research Ltd, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Grant Bennett
- Bennett Scientific, 52C Middle Park Road, Christchurch 8042, New Zealand; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Arvind Varsani
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa; Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Richard Easingwood
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Richard Tilley
- Chemistry Department, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Urszula Nowostawska
- Chemistry Department, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Susan Lin
- Institute of Environmental Science & Research Ltd, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Relative transport of human adenovirus and MS2 in porous media. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122:778-784. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
45
|
Hammerstein HC, Work PA, Frischer ME. Bacteriophage Tracer for Fecal Contamination Sources in Coastal Waters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12403-013-0104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
46
|
Ion enrichment on the hydrophobic carbon-based surface in aqueous salt solutions due to cation-π interactions. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3436. [PMID: 24310448 PMCID: PMC3853681 DOI: 10.1038/srep03436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
By incorporating cation-π interactions to classic all-atoms force fields, we show that there is a clear enrichment of Na+ on a carbon-based π electron-rich surface in NaCl solutions using molecular dynamics simulations. Interestingly, Cl− is also enriched to some extend on the surface due to the electrostatic interaction between Na+ and Cl−, although the hydrated Cl−-π interaction is weak. The difference of the numbers of Na+ and Cl− accumulated at the interface leads to a significant negatively charged behavior in the solution, especially in nanoscale systems. Moreover, we find that the accumulation of the cations at the interfaces is universal since other cations (Li+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Cr2+, and Pb2+) have similar adsorption behaviors. For comparison, as in usual force field without the proper consideration of cation-π interactions, the ions near the surfaces have a similar density of ions in the solution.
Collapse
|
47
|
Wong K, Voice TC, Xagoraraki I. Effect of organic carbon on sorption of human adenovirus to soil particles and laboratory containers. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:3339-3346. [PMID: 23602036 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A key factor controlling the relationship between virus release and human exposure is how virus particles interact with soils, sediments and other solid particles in the environment and in engineered treatment systems. Finding no previous investigations of human adenovirus (HAdV) sorption, we performed a series of experiments to evaluate the role of soil organic carbon (SOC) and solution-phase dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on sorption capacity and reversibility. In preliminary methodological studies, we found that as much as 99% of HAdV was lost from inorganic buffer suspensions in polypropylene (PP) laboratory containers, but little loss occurred when using suspensions with substantial amounts of DOC or with glass containers from either type of suspension. It was confirmed that this loss was due to sorption rather than inactivation by using lysis-based recovery techniques and qPCR measurements that do not depend on virus viability. In isotherm experiments, soils with 2% OC had ≈ four-fold greater sorption capacity for HAdV than 8% OC soils; moreover, the sorption capacity of 2% OC soils was reduced ≈ seven-fold with an aqueous solution containing 150 mg/L of humic acid. After sequential extractions, higher fractions of sorbed HAdV were released from 8% OC soils. The amounts of HAdV and OC released remained relatively constant throughout each extraction step, indicating that desorbed HAdV could be caused primarily by the detachment of SOC from soils. Overall, results from this study suggest that OC plays a critical role in the sorption and desorption of HAdV, and as a result, on its environmental fate and transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Wong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, A124 Engineering Research Complex, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|