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Zhang Y, Xie M, Spadaro DM, Simpson SL. Improving toxicity prediction of metal-contaminated sediments by incorporating sediment properties. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122708. [PMID: 37806427 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
For the purpose of sediment quality assessment, the prediction of toxicity risk-levels for aquatic organisms based on simple environmental measurements is desirable. One commonly used approach is the comparison of total contaminant concentrations with corresponding water and sediment quality guideline values, serving as a Line of Evidence (LoE) based on chemistry-toxicity effects relationships. However, the accuracy of toxicity predictions can be improved by considering the factors that modify contaminant bioavailability. In this study we used paired chemistry-ecotoxicity data sets for sediments to evaluate the improvement in toxicity risk predictions using bioavailability-modified guidelines. The sediments were predominantly contaminated with metals, and measurements of sediment particle size, total organic carbon (TOC) and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) were used to modify hazard quotients (HQ). To further assess the predictive efficacy of the bioavailability-modified guideline models, sediments with differing contamination levels were tested for toxicity to a benthic amphipod's reproduction. To account for differences between laboratory exposure and field exposure scenarios, where the latter creates greater dilution, both static-renewal and flow-through test procedures were employed, and flow-through resulted in lower dissolved metal concentrations in the overlying waters. We also investigated how lower AVS concentration by oxidation modified the toxicity. This study reaffirmed that consideration of factors that influence contaminant bioavailability improves toxicity risk predictions, however the improvements may be modest. The sediment particle size data had the greatest influence on the modified HQ, indicating that higher percentage of fine particle size (<63 μm) contributed most to a lower predicted toxicity. The comparison of the static-renewal and flow-through test results continue to raise important questions about the relevance of static or static-renewal toxicity test results for risk assessment decisions, as both these test designs may cause unrealistically high contributions of dissolved metals in overlying waters to toxicity. Overall, this study underscores the value of incorporating outcomes from simple and routine sediment analysis (e.g., particle size, TOC, and consideration of AVS) to enhance the predictive efficacy of toxicity risk assessments in the context of sediment quality risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Zhang
- CSIRO Environment, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Remediation & Pollution Control for Urban Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Minwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
| | | | - Stuart L Simpson
- CSIRO Environment, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia; Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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El Zokm GM, Masoud MS, El-Shorbagi EK, Elsamra RMI, Okbah MA. Reactive sulfide dynamic models for predicting metal hazardous in sediments of two northern Egyptian Lakes. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 188:114694. [PMID: 36773586 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To track pollution status and bioavailability of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ni, the current study's acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) models were compared to previous studies in Edku and Mariut lakes prior to 8 years. Sediment samples were collected in winter and summer 2019 from the two lakes. Metal pollution is higher in the winter than in the summer, according to SEM/AVS models. Metal toxicity is reported to have increased slightly in both lakes. According to risk quotients (RQSEM-PEL and RQSEM-TEL) the two lakes are moderately polluted. The results of the Fe/AVS ratio were in the range of 6.77 to 226.87 and 2.88 to 36.38 μmol/g for Edku and Mariut lakes, respectively. This indicated that [SEM]/[AVS] ratios overestimate the availability of metals. A positive correlation was reported between total organic matter and ∑SEM (r = 0.74 and 0.39 at p < 0.05) in Mariut and Edku lakes, respectively. Multiple-year SEM-AVS studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Essam Kh El-Shorbagi
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Egypt; Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.
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Xu Q, Wu B, Chai X. In Situ Remediation Technology for Heavy Metal Contaminated Sediment: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192416767. [PMID: 36554648 PMCID: PMC9778991 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sediment is an important part of the aquatic ecosystem, which involves material storage and energy exchange. However, heavy metal pollution in sediment is on the increase, becoming an important concern for the world. In this paper, the state-of-art in situ remediation technology for contaminated sediment was elaborated, including water diversion, capping, electrokinetic remediation, chemical amendments, bioremediation and combined remediation. The mechanisms for these techniques to reduce/immobilize heavy metals include physical, electrical, chemical and biological processes. Furthermore, application principle, efficiency and scope, advantages and disadvantages, as well as the latest research progress for each restoration technology, are systematically reviewed. This information will benefit in selecting appropriate and effective remediation techniques for heavy metal-contaminated sediment in specific scenarios.
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Wang Y, Liang L, Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Xu F, Zhang T. The impact of river sand mining on remobilization of lead and cadmium in sediments - A case study of the Jialing River. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 246:114144. [PMID: 36193585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the fast pace of urbanization worldwide, industrial sand mining activities have imposed great pressure on the environment, and consequently, these activities have led to serious environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems. However, the current understanding of the effect of sand mining on heavy metal remobilization in river sediments remains incomplete. The present study employed sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and the sequential extraction (SE) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) techniques to comprehensively investigate the effect of sand mining on the remobilization process of heavy metals in the aquatic system of the Jialing River. The SQGs results indicated that stations (S1 to S4) with sand mining disturbance exhibited Pb and Cd accumulation in surface sediments. Both Ctotal-Pb (61.78-122.04 mg·kg-1) and Ctotal-Cd (0.85-3.96 mg·kg-1) were higher than CSQGI (60 mg·kg-1 for Pb and 0.5 mg·kg-1 for Cd) and TEC (35.8 mg·kg-1 for Pb and 0.99 mg·kg-1 for Cd) limitation in most of sand mining stations. Pb and Cd were mainly bounded in the acid-soluble/exchangeable fraction (F1) and oxidizable fraction (F3) of the surface sediments. At the four stations with sand mining disturbance, about 5-10 folds of DGT-labile Pb and Cd were released in deep sediments (-9 to -12 cm), and Pb and Cd exhibited a transport trend from the sediments into the overlying water, while the above phenomenon was not observed at the two stations without sand mining activities. Correlation analysis revealed that DGT-labile Pb and Cd were suitably correlated with the F1 and F3 fractions, indicating that the acid-soluble/exchangeable and oxidizable fractions were the main sources leading to Pb and Cd remobilization in the sediments. A potential mechanism explanation may be that (1) intense sediment stirring could result in remobilization of the weakly bound fraction, which is related to the contribution of the F1 fraction, and (2) Cd/Pb experienced a corelease process with sulfur due to O2 introduction (elevation of the dissolved oxygen level) attributed to sediment evacuation, which is related to the contribution of the F3 fraction. The above results suggested that sand mining in the Jialing River should be paid high attention to prevent heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China
| | - Luyu Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China
| | - Fubin Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China; Institute of the Agricultural Environment and Sustainable Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Xu F, Wang Y, Chen X, Liang L, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Zhang T. Assessing the environmental risk and mobility of cobalt in sediment near nonferrous metal mines with risk assessment indexes and the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113456. [PMID: 35568234 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Jialing River is the tributary of the Yangtze River with the largest drainage area. In recent years, the Jialing River has suffered a series of environmental problems, such as discharge of industrial effluent and sand mining activities, which have severely threatened the aquatic ecosystem of the river. In the present study, we employed risk assessment indexes, sequential extraction and the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique to assess environmental risks and study the remobilization of cobalt (Co) in sediments. The potential ecological risk index and risk assessment code results demonstrated that Co may pose a low environmental and ecological risk to the local aquatic environment. However, BCR sequential extraction showed that the sum of the F1, F2 and F3 fractions of Co still accounted for over 50% of the Co in the study areas, indicating that sediments may be a source of Co release. The DGT results showed an increasing trend for DGT-labile Co in deep sediments (-8 cm to -12 cm), and the calculated flux values ranged from 0.08 to 15.54 ng cm2·day-1, indicating that Co tends to transfer across the sediment-water interface at all sampling sites. Correlation analysis showed that F1-Co, F2-Co and F3-Co are the fractions readily captured by DGT and can be used for predicting Co remobilization in sediment. Sand mining activities contribute substantially to the release of Co from the F1 and F3 fractions as a result of strong stirring of sediments and introduction of oxygen into the sediments. The reductive dissolution of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) hydroxides or oxides causes the release of Co and Fe/Mn in the sediment, which leads to Co release from the reducible fraction. The above work suggests that sand mining in the Jialing River should be reasonably regulated to prohibit illegal sand mining activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China
| | - Luyu Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China
| | - Fubin Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China; Institute of Agricultural Environment and Sustainable Development, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Merrot P, Juillot F, Flipo L, Tharaud M, Viollier E, Noël V, Le Pape P, Fernandez JM, Moreton B, Morin G. Bioavailability of chromium, nickel, iron and manganese in relation to their speciation in coastal sediments downstream of ultramafic catchments: A case study in New Caledonia. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134643. [PMID: 35483664 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coastal sediments downstream of ultramafic catchments can show Ni and Cr concentration well above sediment quality guidelines. Despite their potential ecological impact, the bioavailability of these trace metals in such sedimentary settings has been poorly investigated. In this study, we tried to fill this gap by performing kinetic EDTA-extractions across a shore-to-reef gradient in lagoon sediments downstream of an ultramafic catchment in New Caledonia and interpreting the results in regard of synchrotron-derived speciation. Measured bioavailability ranged from very low for Cr (below 1% of total Cr) to medium for Ni (below 5% of total Ni). Both trace metals showed a decreasing shore-to-reef bioavailability gradient reflecting the larger deposition of ultramafic sediments close to the shore. According to synchrotron-derived speciation data, the very low bioavailability of Cr is attributed to its major occurrence as Cr(III)-bearing Fe-(oxyhydr)oxides and phyllosilicates, with no evidence of Cr(VI). Considering the low occurrence of Fe-sulfides, the medium bioavailability of Ni is considered to arise mainly from the reductive dissolution of Ni-bearing Fe-(oxyhydr)oxides during early diagenesis. This reaction also explains the medium bioavailability of Fe (up to 15% of total Fe) and the positive correlation observed with Total Organic Carbon (TOC). In this regard, this latter parameter appears as a major driver of Ni and Fe bioavailability in coastal sediments downstream of ultramafic catchments. On the opposite, in the absence of Mn-oxides, TOC has no influence on Mn bioavailability (up to 30% of total Mn) that appears more likely driven by sediment sources. From an ecological point of view, considering the Australian and New-Zealand High Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines (ANZ-ISQG-H), Cr should not represent a significant risk towards benthic communities in coastal sediments downstream of ultramafic catchments. On the opposite, Ni, Fe and Mn might represent an ecological risk that should be further investigated in such sedimentary settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Merrot
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR 7590 CNRS-MNHN-IRD, 4 place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 5, France.
| | - Farid Juillot
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR 7590 CNRS-MNHN-IRD, 4 place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 5, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), ERL 206, 98848, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Léonore Flipo
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR 7590 CNRS-MNHN-IRD, 4 place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Mickaël Tharaud
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Université de Paris, UMR 7154 CNRS, 1 Rue Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Eric Viollier
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Université de Paris, UMR 7154 CNRS, 1 Rue Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Noël
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, MS 69, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Pierre Le Pape
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR 7590 CNRS-MNHN-IRD, 4 place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Benjamin Moreton
- Analytical Environmental Laboratory (AEL), 98800, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Guillaume Morin
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR 7590 CNRS-MNHN-IRD, 4 place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
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Long Z, Zhu H, Bing H, Tian X, Wang X, Ma Z, Yu D, Wu Y. Predicting soil cadmium uptake by plants in a tailings reservoir during 48-year vegetation restoration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151802. [PMID: 34808150 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant uptake can reduce soil cadmium (Cd) pollution, while how to exactly predict plant Cd uptake in industrial or mining areas during vegetation restoration remains unexplored. Taking Heteropogon contortus as the object plant, we predicted plant Cd uptake in the Majiatian tailings reservoir during 48-year vegetation restoration by the methods of soil total Cd, DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films technique) and acetic acid (HAc) extraction. Meanwhile, we explored the effects of soil properties on the accuracy of the prediction. Total Cd concentrations in the soils exhibited a better prediction of plant Cd uptake relative to the methods of HAc extraction and DGT. However, the DGT method effectively predicted plant Cd uptake at low Cd supply (lower than 0.42 μg/L), probably because of the dominant diffusion limitation by plants. The prediction of plant Cd uptake by HAc extraction was improved when combined with soil pH. Our results indicate that with increasing external Cd inputs during the vegetation restoration, soil total Cd and traditional extraction method in combination with soil properties are effective ways to predict plant Cd uptake, especially when the Cd fractions cannot be measured by DGT. However, the DGT method works once plant Cd uptake dominated by diffusion limitation despite the interference in soil properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Long
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - He Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haijian Bing
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhongjian Ma
- Panzhihua Steel Group Mining Co., Ltd., Panzhihua 617000, China
| | - Daming Yu
- Panzhihua Steel Group Mining Co., Ltd., Panzhihua 617000, China
| | - Yanhong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Gao P, Huang J, Wang Y, Li L, Sun Y, Zhang T, Peng F. Effects of nearly four decades of long-term fertilization on the availability, fraction and environmental risk of cadmium and arsenic in red soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 295:113097. [PMID: 34186318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fertilizers are important for agricultural production because they can effectively promote crop productivity. However, long-term fertilization can cause heavy metal accumulation in soils and crops. This study utilized sequential extraction, the diffusive gradient in the thin films (DGT) technique and risk assessment models to estimate the effects of the longest long-term fertilization (38 years) in China on cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) accumulation in soils. The treatments included no fertilization (CK); inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization (NPK); manure fertilization (M); and NPK plus M cofertilization (NPKM). The results indicated that the soils treated with NPKM, M and NPK had significantly increased total and available concentrations of Cd and As after 38 years of long-term fertilization. Cd mainly originates from cattle manure, while As originates from phosphate fertilizer. Sequential extraction results indicated that the application of manure increased the acid/exchangeable fraction (F1) and organic matter-bound fraction (F3) of Cd and As. The risk assessment results showed that the environmental risks of both Cd and As increased during long-term fertilization, and Cd contamination in the soil was at a moderate-high level, while As remained at a relatively low level. According to the calculations of the maximum numbers of years of soil productivity and rice production, Cd was labile and accumulated in the soils, and As was more labile than Cd in terms of accumulating in rice, indicating that the true risk from As in rice is higher than that from Cd. Controlling the heavy metals in fertilizers, mitigating effective amendments, and identifying plant types that accumulate low amounts of contaminants may be good choices for cleaner crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Institute of Agro-environment and Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Agro-ecosystem of the National Field Experiment Station, Qiyang, Hunan, 426182, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Institute of Agricultural Environment and Sustainable Development, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Developmental Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China; Institute of Agricultural Environment and Sustainable Development, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Fuyuan Peng
- Institute of Agro-environment and Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.
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Xu F, Jia Y, Wang Y, Zhang F, Li L, Li Y, Ren L, Wang D, Zhang T. Does sand mining affect the remobilization of copper and zinc in sediments? - A case study of the Jialing River (China). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111416. [PMID: 34090892 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the sand mining industry causes severe destruction in river basin environments. In this study, six sediment cores were collected, and sequential extraction was applied in conjunction with the diffusive gradients in the thin films (DGT) technique to explore the effect of sand mining on the remobilization of Cu and Zn in the sediments. The results showed that Cu and Zn were mainly bound in the residual fraction in the sediments. CDGT-Cu/Zn in the sediments presented obvious increasing trends at the bottom (-9 to -12 cm) at the four sites that experienced sand mining and a decreasing trend at the sites with no sand mining disturbance. Cu and Zn also tended to be transported from the sediments to the overlying water at the four sand mining sites. A correlation analysis found that F1 and F3 correlated well with CDGT-Cu/Zn, indicating that the water/exchangeable fraction and oxidized fraction were the main fractions that led to increases in DGT-labile Cu and Zn in the sediments. Further analysis found that the introduction of oxygen (O2) was the main reason for the simultaneous release of sulfur (S), Cu and Zn in the sediments, as indicated by the "dark area" of AgI gel appearing at the same position as the "hot spot area" of Chelex gel. Two main sand mining effects on the release of Cu and Zn were hypothesized: (1) intense sand disturbance leads to the transfer of the water/exchangeable fraction (F1) to the DGT-labile fraction and (2) O2 introduction promotes the reaction of stable sulfide (F3), thus transferring it to the DGT-labile fraction. The above results indicated that the sand mining industry should be paid much attention in the Jialing River, as it can obviously cause labile Cu and Zn release into the water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China
| | - Yuting Jia
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China
| | - Fubin Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Institute of Agricultural Environment and Sustainable Development, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunxiang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China
| | - Liping Ren
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China; Institute of Agricultural Environment and Sustainable Development, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Xie M, Simpson SL, Huang J, Teasdale PR, Wang WX. In Situ DGT Sensing of Bioavailable Metal Fluxes to Improve Toxicity Predictions for Sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7355-7364. [PMID: 33973770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An increased risk of adverse biological effects of metals in sediments may be accompanied by high labile metal fluxes as measured by the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique. To improve the usefulness of the DGT technique for sediment quality risk assessments, we used the simpler and more cost-effective piston DGTs rather than planar DGT probes to measure bioavailable metal fluxes in naturally contaminated sediments with widely varying composition (properties, metals and concentrations) and assessed their prediction of toxicity to amphipod reproduction in a flow-through microcosm. DGT pistons were deployed in sediments under different conditions, both in the field (in situ) and in the laboratory in sediment cores (lab-equilibrated) and in homogenized sediments (lab-homogenized). We demonstrated that the metal flux toxic units, DGTTU, measured in situ best predicted the magnitude of toxicity to amphipod reproduction. For sediments that had been highly disturbed before testing, DGTTU were less predictive for observed toxicity, but the copper flux alone (DGTTU-Cu) was effective, indicating copper was the primary cause of toxicity in these highly perturbed sediments. Overall, our study highlighted that the adverse effects induced by excessive bioavailable metals in contaminated sediments can be consistently sensed by the DGT pistons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Stuart L Simpson
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Sydney, New South Wales 2234, Australia
- Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianyin Huang
- Scarce Resources and Circular Economy (ScaRCE), STEM, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Makes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Peter R Teasdale
- Scarce Resources and Circular Economy (ScaRCE), STEM, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Makes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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11
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Zhang Y, Li H, Yin J, Zhu L. Risk assessment for sediment associated heavy metals using sediment quality guidelines modified by sediment properties. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 275:115844. [PMID: 33611209 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) are a fundamental component of sediment quality assessment framework, frequently used in the first tier of assessment to predict the potential risks of contaminants in sediment. A recognized weakness of SQGs concerns the bioavailability of sediment contaminants, which may vary considerably with different physical-chemical properties. To better evaluate the ecological risks and predict the toxicity of the heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in the sediments of Haihe River of China, the risk quotients derived from total metal concentrations and SQG values were modified using multiple linear regressions with sediment properties, i.e. total organic carbon (TOC), acid-volatile sulfide (AVS), and particle size distribution (PSD). Then, the sediment toxicity was tested with the benthic organisms of chironomids and tubificids, and the relationships between the observed toxicity with the modified risk quotients were investigated. We found that the risk quotient modified with TOC and AVS displayed significantly improved relationship with the toxicity (p < 0.001) compared to the original risk quotient without modification (p = 0.062-0.074 > 0.05). Risk assessment indicated that although the heavy metals in the sediments of Haihe River of China are at a relatively low level, potential ecological risks caused by Ni and Zn still exist in some area, especially in the lower reaches along the estuary. The results indicated that the risk quotient and SQG values modified with sediment properties are promising for risk assessment of the metal contaminants in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Remediation & Pollution Control for Urban Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Remediation & Pollution Control for Urban Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Remediation & Pollution Control for Urban Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Remediation & Pollution Control for Urban Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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12
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Scola S, Blasco J, Campana O. "Nanosize effect" in the metal-handling strategy of the bivalve Scrobicularia plana exposed to CuO nanoparticles and copper ions in whole-sediment toxicity tests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143886. [PMID: 33340740 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To date, the occurrence, fate and toxicity of metal-based NPs in the environment is under investigated. Their unique physicochemical, biological and optical properties, responsible for their advantageous application, make them intrinsically different from their bulk counterpart, raising the issue of their potential toxic specificity or "nanosize effect". The aim of this study was to investigate copper bioaccumulation, subcellular distribution and toxic effect in the marine benthic species Scrobicularia plana exposed to two forms of sediment-associated copper, as nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and as soluble ions (CuCl2). Results showed that the exposure to different copper forms activated specific organism's metal handling strategies. Clams bioaccumulated soluble copper at higher concentrations than those exposed to sediment spiked with CuO NPs. Moreover, CuO NPs exposure elicited a stronger detoxification response mediated by a prompt mobilization of CuO NPs to metal-containing granules as well as a delayed induction of MT-like proteins, which conversely, sequestered soluble copper since the beginning of the exposure at levels significantly different from the control. Eventually, exposure to high concentrations of either copper form led to the same acute toxic effect (100% mortality) but the outcome was delayed in bivalves exposed to CuO NPs suggesting that the mechanisms underlying toxicity were copper form-specific. Indeed, while most of soluble copper was associated to the mitochondrial fraction suggesting an impairment of the ATP synthesis capacity at mitochondrial level, CuO NPs toxicity was most likely caused by the oxidative stress mediated by their bioaccumulation in the enzymatic and mitochondrial metabolically available fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Scola
- Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Costera - Instituto sde Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Rio San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Julián Blasco
- Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Costera - Instituto sde Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Rio San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Olivia Campana
- Universidad de Cádiz, INMAR, Campus Rio San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain.
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13
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Contamination Alters the Physicochemical and Textural Characteristics of Clays in the Sediments of the Peri Urban Reconquista River, Affecting the Associated Indigenous Microorganisms. MINERALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/min11030242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical and textural characteristics of river sediments and, essentially, their clays, are at the center of a network of biological and geochemical factors that are mutually modifying. Therefore, the contamination, the characteristics of the clays, and the associated microorganisms strongly influence each other. In this work, sediments from two sites of the urban Reconquista River, near Buenos Aires City, Argentina, exposed to different environmental contexts were characterized. The huge differences in the organic matter content in the vertical profile between both sediments strongly evidenced the polluted status of San Francisco (SF) site as opposed to the Dique Roggero (DR) site. Thorough physicochemical and textural characterization of the sediments and their clay fraction performed by pH, Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), spectrophotometry, XRD, laser diffraction, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, EDS, and SEM measurements revealed that organic matter (DR: 41 ± 5 g kg−1; SF: 150 ± 30 g kg−1) intervened in the retention of heavy metals (DR: 5.6 mg kg−1 Zn, 7 mg kg−1 Cu, 3.1 kg−1 Cr; SF: 240 mg kg−1 Zn, 60 mg kg−1 Cu, 270 mg kg−1 Cr) and affected the level of association and the formation of mineral–organic aggregates (DR: 15 ± 3 μm; SF: 23 ± 4 μm). This can be decisive in the surface interaction required for the establishment of bacterial assemblages, which determine the biogeochemical processes occurring in sediments and have a key role in the fate of contaminants in situ and in the remediation processes that need to be applied to restore the anoxic contaminated sediments.
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14
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Wu MC, Dahms HU, Liu CH, Hsieh CY, Wang CC, Ho ZY. Estuarine sediment toxicity testing with an indigenous subtropical amphipod. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 162:111797. [PMID: 33183750 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on a sediment toxicity test developed with a native amphipod strain of Ptilohyale barbicornis where sediments from 10 estuarine stations along the western coastline of Taiwan were evaluated with respect to trace metals and PAHs. The test was validated by determining dose-response relationships for aqueous copper, and cadmium and sodium dodecyl sulfate as well as copper-spiked sediment, showing a sensitivity of P. barbicornis indicating its capability serving as a toxicity test species. A significant negative correlation between growth effects after 28 days of exposure to field-collected contaminated sediments and PAHs concentrations was observed. Similarly, the chronic toxicity test showed that growth was mostly inhibited compared to controls, body lengths in particular being significantly different from controls (p < 0.05). Various estuarine sediment pollutants in the quality guidelines can be further evaluated using P. barbicornis to understand their comprehensive biological effects and ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chun Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan, ROC; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, KMU - Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Hung Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Ying Hsieh
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chen-Ci Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zong-Yo Ho
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC
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15
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Zhang Y, Spadaro DA, King JJ, Simpson SL. Improved prediction of sediment toxicity using a combination of sediment and overlying water contaminant exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115187. [PMID: 32668359 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The choice of sediment quality assessment methodologies can strongly influence assessment outcomes and management decisions for contaminated sites. While in situ (field) methods may potentially provide greater realism, high costs and/or complex logistics often prevent their use and assessment must rely on laboratory-based methods. In this study, we utilised static-renewal and flow-through ecotoxicology tests in parallel on sediments with a wide range of properties and varying types and concentrations of contaminants. The prediction of chronic effects to amphipod reproduction was explored using multiple linear regression (MLR). The study confirmed the considerable over-estimation of the risk of toxicity of contaminated sediments in field locations when assessments rely on the results of laboratory-based static and static-renewal tests. Improved prediction of toxicity risks was achieved using a combination of contaminant exposure measures from sediment and overlying water. Existing sediment and water quality guideline values (GVs) were effective for predicting risks posed by sediments containing mixtures of common metal and organic contaminants. For 17 sediments with paired data sets from static-renewal and flow-through tests, the best prediction of toxicity to reproduction was achieved using a 2-parameter MLR that included hazard quotients for sediment contaminants and toxic units for dissolved metals (r2 = 0.892). The inclusion of particle size, organic carbon and acid-volatile sulfide did not improve toxicity predictions, despite these parameters being recognised as modifying contaminant bioavailability. The use of dilute-acid-extractable metal concentrations in place total recoverable metal concentrations did not improve the predictions. The study also confirmed that sediments existing within the estuarine and marine bays of Sydney Harbour pose significant risks of adverse effects to benthic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Zhang
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Remediation & Pollution Control for Urban Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - David A Spadaro
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Josh J King
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Stuart L Simpson
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia; Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
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16
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Yuan H, Yin H, Yang Z, Yu J, Liu E, Li Q, Tai Z, Cai Y. Diffusion kinetic process of heavy metals in lacustrine sediment assessed under different redox conditions by DGT and DIFS model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140418. [PMID: 32886994 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Different fractions and variations of Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Fe in sediment via oxic and anaerobic treatments were investigated using BCR sequential extraction methods, DGT technique, and DIFS model. The results indicated that reducible fraction was the considerable pool apart from residual fraction, suggesting the high desorption potential of heavy metals. The high-resolution DGT measurement indicated that CDGT significantly rose after anaerobic condition and characterized by the relative high R value. Significantly increasing positive fluxes varying from 0.64 to 339.4 μg cm-2 s-1 except Ni suggested that apparent diffusion upward occurred over time from the sediment to the overlying water on anaerobic episode. High proportion of reducible Fe fraction and concurrent reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) during anaerobic condition were responsible for the increase of labile metals. The diffusion kinetic parameters including the equilibrium distribution coefficient (Kd), response time (Tc), and rate constant (k1 and k-1) were obtained using DIFS model. These parameters confirmed the partially sustained resupply capacity of heavy metals from solid sediment particle to pore water because of the considerable reducible fractions. Additionally, planar optode (PO) imaging approach demonstrated that low pH accompanied with decreasing dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on anaerobic condition enhanced the release of labile metal fraction. Generally, anoxia facilitated the reduction of reducible fraction of heavy metals and further strengthened the desorption, resupply and diffusion in the aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezhong Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control and Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Hongbin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jianghu Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control and Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Enfeng Liu
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250359, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Ziqiu Tai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control and Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yiwei Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control and Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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17
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Geochemical Composition of the Lomé Lagoon Sediments, Togo: Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Major, Trace and Rare Earth Element Concentrations. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12113026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of major, trace (TE), and rare earth (REE) elements and their seasonal and spatial distribution were studied on the fine fraction (<63 µm) of the sediments of the Lomé lagoons (West Lake, East Lake, and Lake Bè). The sediments were collected on a total of nine sampling sites (three per Lake) during two campaigns (dry season and rainy season). The quality of the sediments was assessed on the basis of the enrichment factor (EF) and the labile or non-residual fraction (NRF) in relation to the values recommended for the quality of the sediments (Sediment Quality Guidelines, SQG). The distribution of rare earth elements shows enrichments in light rare earths superior to those of heavy rare earth elements during any season. Positive Ce anomalies are less noticeable and less variable between seasons than Eu anomalies. La/Yb ratios are positively correlated with the percentage of Al and Fe oxides and with the percentage of fine fractions. The main bearing phases of rare earth elements are, therefore, Al and Fe oxides and the finest fractions of the sediments. The concentrations of trace elements vary little, according to the seasons, but show strong variations from one element to another. The degrees of enrichment obtained are moderate for Bi, Cr, Ga, Mo, Pb, Sn, and Zn (1.5 < EF < 5) to significant for As, Cd, and Sb (5 < EF < 20) for all sites of Lake Bè. For the sites of West Lake, the degrees of enrichment obtained are moderate for As, Cd, Cu, Mo, and Pb (1.5 < EF < 5) to a significance for As, Bi, Cd, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Zn (5 < EF < 20). Only the East Lake sites show high degrees of enrichment for elements such as Sb and Sn (20 < EF < 40). Trace elements (TE) such as As, Cd, Cu, and Ni have total concentrations within the range of variation of the SQG concentrations (particularly Probable Effect Level (PEL) and Effect Range Median (ERM)), whereas Cr, Pb, and Zn total concentrations are higher. The ranking of priority sites with respect to the sediment contamination is determined according to ERM and PEL quotients in relation to the probability of toxicity for benthic organisms. For almost all the sites, the priority is lowest to medium-low with regard to As, Cd, and Cu and medium-high (Cr and Ni) to highest (Pb and Zn), particularly for the East and West Lakes. Moreover, the NRF can represent significant percentages of the total TE concentrations: 5% to 15% for As, Bi, Ni, V, Mo, and Sc, 15% to 25% for Co, Cu, and Sr, 25% to 40% for Pb and Zn and, lastly, 47% to 55% for Cd.
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18
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Wen S, Zhong J, Li X, Liu C, Yin H, Li D, Ding S, Fan C. Does external phosphorus loading diminish the effect of sediment dredging on internal phosphorus loading? An in-situ simulation study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 394:122548. [PMID: 32213385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sediment dredging is an effective method to reduce internal phosphorus (P) loading of eutrophic lakes. However, external P loading may diminish the longevity of the effect of sediment dredging on P internal loading, and the mechanism of the same is unclear. Here, we used one-year in-situ simulation experiments to study the migration and transformation processes of P under the effect of external loading (suspended particle matter, SPM) input and internal loading control by dredging. The results showed that dredging can effectively reduce the internal loading and mobility of P, increase the P adsorption and retention capacity of the sediment, and improve the oxidation environment at the sediment-water interface (SWI), thus, inhibiting the release of internal P. The input of SPM, however, can significantly inhibit the above processes and increase the risk of P resupply and release. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, and the P resupply capacity (R) are the key factors affecting the P flux across the SWI. Therefore, it is necessary to control the input of SPM to effectively inhibit eutrophication after dredging. More measures to control the input of SPM, such as establishing buffer zones, ecological wetlands, and forebays, should be explored and applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuailong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jicheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; School of Environment Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Hongbin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Dapeng Li
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Shiming Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Chengxin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
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19
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Zhang Y, Yang J, Simpson SL, Wang Y, Zhu L. Application of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) for evaluating bioavailability of metal contaminants in the sediments of Taihu Lake, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 184:109627. [PMID: 31509782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The toxicities of heavy metals in sediments are related to their bioavailability, which is critical for deriving reliable sediment quality guidelines. To evaluate the bioavailability of the metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn), sediments were collected from Taihu Lake, one of the largest and most important freshwater lakes in China. Concentrations of simultaneously extracted metals (1-M HCl extraction, CSEM) in the sediments, metals released from sediment to pore waters and accumulated by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT, CDGT), and dissolved metals in the overlying water (COLW) were measured separately. Sediment toxicity was assessed with tubificids (Monopylephorus limosus) and chironomids (Chironomus kiiensis and Chironomus tentans). Significant relationships existed between the total metal concentrations and CSEM, CDGT, and COLW measurements (r2 = 0.43-0.95, n = 27, p < 0.001), with stronger relationships with CSEM (r2 = 0.91-0.95) than CDGT (r2 = 0.56-0.85) and COLW (r2 = 0.43-0.71). Risk quotients were derived by dividing CSEM by sediment quality guideline values (SQGVs), and by dividing both CDGT and COLW by water quality criteria (WQC). Toxicity of the sediments to the three species was better explained by the CSEM-based risk quotient than those derived from CDGT and COLW. The study indicated that DGT piston probes deployed face down in sediments did not accumulate metals in proportion to the bioavailable metal fraction that caused toxicity to these freshwater benthic organisms, and that single measurements of metals in overlying waters are not adequate for predicting risks of toxicity from sediments. The measurement of CSEM was determined to be effective for assessing the risk posed by the metals in the Taihu Lake sediments, but offered limited improvement over measurement of total metal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Remediation & Pollution Control for Urban Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jinxi Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Remediation & Pollution Control for Urban Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Stuart L Simpson
- Environment Contaminant Mitigation & Biotechnology, CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Remediation & Pollution Control for Urban Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Remediation & Pollution Control for Urban Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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20
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Geng N, Wu Y, Zhang M, Tsang DCW, Rinklebe J, Xia Y, Lu D, Zhu L, Palansooriya KN, Kim KH, Ok YS. Bioaccumulation of potentially toxic elements by submerged plants and biofilms: A critical review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:105015. [PMID: 31369978 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in aquatic ecosystems has become a global concern, as PTEs may exert a wide range of toxicological impacts on aquatic organisms. Submerged plants and the microorganisms attached to their surfaces, however, have displayed great potential as a means of coping with such pollution. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the transport pathways of PTEs across sediment and organisms as well as their accumulation mechanisms in the presence of submerged plants and their biofilms. The majority of previous studies have demonstrated that submerged plants and their biofilms are indicators of PTE pollution in the aquatic environment, yet relatively little is known about PTE accumulation in epiphytic biofilms. In this review, we describe the transport pathways of PTEs in the aquatic environment in order to offer remarkable insights into bioaccumulation mechanisms in submerged plants and their biofilms. Based on the literature cited in this review, the roles of epiphytic biofilms in bioaccumulation and as an indicator of ecosystem health are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Geng
- College of Water Conservancy and Environment Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou, China; Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yichao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Soil Engineering, Waste- and Water Science, Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yinfeng Xia
- College of Water Conservancy and Environment Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou, China; Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Debao Lu
- College of Water Conservancy and Environment Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou, China; Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Lifang Zhu
- College of Water Conservancy and Environment Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kumuduni Niroshika Palansooriya
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Guo T, Li L, Zhai W, Xu B, Yin X, He Y, Xu J, Zhang T, Tang X. Distribution of arsenic and its biotransformation genes in sediments from the East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:949-958. [PMID: 31351303 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial transformation of arsenic (As) plays a key role in As biogeochemical cycling and affects the mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity of As. This study aims to investigate the accumulation of As in marine sediments at different water depths in the East China Sea and reveal the abundance and diversity of the aioA, arrA, arsC, and arsM genes through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and high-throughput sequencing. Results showed that the As content in sediments ranged from 5.53 mg kg-1 to 17.70 mg kg-1, which decreased with water depth. Abundant As biotransformation genes with low diversity were identified in these sediments, of which arsM and arrA were the most abundant. Significant positive correlation exists between the arsM and arrA gene abundance and between arsC and aioA, indicating the co-occurrence of the As biotransformation genes in microbes in marine sediments. Metagenomics analysis revealed that arsM gene was mainly distributed in Alphaproteobacteria, Solibacteres, Deltaproteobacteria, Clostridia, and Bacilli in these sediments. Among the sediment properties, total N, total S, C/N, and TOC were important factors that shaped the abundance profile of the genes involved in As transformation. This study provides a picture of As biotransformation genes in marine sediments from the East China Sea, which may affect As transformation and the ultimate fate of As in a marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liguan Li
- Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Biotechnology Lab, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Baile Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaole Yin
- Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Biotechnology Lab, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yan He
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Biotechnology Lab, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Xianjin Tang
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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22
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Wang Z, Yin L, Qin X, Wang S. Integrated assessment of sediment quality in a coastal lagoon (Maluan Bay, China) based on AVS-SEM and multivariate statistical analysis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:476-487. [PMID: 31426183 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Total metal concentrations and acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) measurements coupled with simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) were determined in heterogeneous sediments from Maluan Bay, China. Zn was the predominant component of SEM, while Cd was the least. In sediment cores, AVS increased with sediment depth, followed by a decrease with large variation, while SEM fluctuated. Multiple empirical sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and equilibrium partitioning (EqP) approaches were applied to assess the contamination degree, sediment quality and potential risks associated with bioavailable metals, indicating that not all sediments with [SEM]-[AVS] > 0 were capable of causing toxicity because TOC is also an important metal-binding phase. In order to screen out the physicochemical variability and the complexity and large variance of datasets, multivariate statistical techniques were utilized to comprehensively reveal pollution status by visualized factor scores. Collectively, this study favors the integrative utilization of multifarious methods to scientifically diagnose the pollution characterization for sustainable coastal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaosheng Wang
- School of Resource and Environment Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 86 Hongqi Boulevard, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China.
| | - Lei Yin
- School of Resource and Environment Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 86 Hongqi Boulevard, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Xiaohai Qin
- School of Resource and Environment Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 86 Hongqi Boulevard, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Shufang Wang
- School of Resource and Environment Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 86 Hongqi Boulevard, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
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23
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Lu G, Zhu A, Fang H, Dong Y, Wang WX. Establishing baseline trace metals in marine bivalves in China and worldwide: Meta-analysis and modeling approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 669:746-753. [PMID: 30893630 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves are extensively employed as biomonitors of coastal pollution, but the comparability among different species and geographic environments needs to be further scrutinized. The present study conducted a meta-analysis of trace metals (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Ti, and Zn) in the soft tissues of three groups of marine bivalves (oysters, mussels, and clams) collected from China and worldwide. By conducting cumulative frequency distribution analysis of metal distribution, we modeled the 5% cumulative values as the bio-baseline metal concentrations in these bivalves. We further modeled their potential baseline concentrations using a well-developed biokinetic model. The baseline concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn in the tissue-specific Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) for China were 0.99, 34.5, and 340 μg/g dw in oysters, 0.38, 4.32, and 49.6 μg/g dw in mussels, and 0.35, 3.02, 51.4 μg/g dw in clams, respectively. Of the 8 metals examined in this study, the calculated baseline concentrations of Ag, Cr, Cd, Cu and Zn in the oysters were 3.7-48, 2.7-3.6, 2.6-2.8, 8.0-11.4, 6.6-6.8 times higher than those in the mussels and clams, and only Ti showed comparable baseline concentrations among the three bivalves (8.43-9.67 μg/g dw). These data strongly suggested the inter-group as well as inter-metal difference in the baseline metal concentrations in marine bivalves. Further, the potential baseline concentrations of Cd and Cu predicted by the biokinetic model were comparable to those modeled by the probability frequency distribution. Combined statistical frequency analysis and biokinetic modeling therefore provided an innovative method to establish the baseline metal concentrations in bivalves and the tissue-specific EQSs, which are now urgently needed for coastal management, biomonitoring, and geochemical records in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Shenzhen 518000, Department of Ocean Science, HKUST, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aijia Zhu
- South China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Hongda Fang
- South China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Yanhong Dong
- South China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Shenzhen 518000, Department of Ocean Science, HKUST, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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24
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Zhang C, Shan B, Tang W, Wang C, Zhang L. Identifying sediment-associated toxicity in rivers affected by multiple pollutants from the contaminant bioavailability. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:84-91. [PMID: 30597320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we estimated the toxicity risks from river sediments that were affected by multiple pollutants in the Haihe River Basin. We used a range of methods to determine the concentrations, bioavailability, and toxicity of a range of metals and contaminants in sediments and sediment porewater and then assessed the ecological risks and toxicity using various multivariate statistical approaches. We found that more than 70% of the samples were toxic. The concentrations of non-ionic ammonia (0.168-9.295 mg L-1) were generally high in the sediment porewater, while the concentrations of bioavailable chromium (Cr) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also high in the porewater samples from NW01 and NW02, respectively. We used the toxic unit (TU) approach, based on the bioavailable pollutant concentrations, to determine the toxicity of PAHs, heavy metals, and non-ionic ammonia in river sediments and sediment porewater. We found that non-ionic ammonia was the main source of toxicity for Daphnia magna, and that Cr and zinc were toxic for Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Chironomus dilutus. By combining various indexes, we identified the main contributors to the toxicity in sediments collected from rivers affected by multiple pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Baoqing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Wenzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Can Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Lixiao Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
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25
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Liu C, Du Y, Yin H, Fan C, Chen K, Zhong J, Gu X. Exchanges of nitrogen and phosphorus across the sediment-water interface influenced by the external suspended particulate matter and the residual matter after dredging. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:207-216. [PMID: 30554127 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dredging is frequently implemented for the reduction of internal nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loadings and the control of eutrophication. Residuals during dredging activities and external pollution loadings after dredging both commonly contribute to influence the effectiveness of dredging and have been widely discussed. In the current study, the exchanges of N and P across the sediment-water interface (SWI) to these two factors were compared in a six-month field incubation experiment. The results showed that the continuous deposition of external suspended particulate matter (SPM) led ammonium nitrogen (NH4+N) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) fluxes across the newly formed SWI to increase by factors of 4.16 and 12.71, respectively, while residual material caused the same fluxes to increase by factors of 2.06 and 5.06. Both the deposition of external SPM and the residual matter led to higher increase of the fluxes of P across the SWI than those of the fluxes of N across the SWI after dredging. The SPM easily adsorbed P in the water due to extensive adsorption of water soluble organic matter (consisting primarily of easily-decomposed humic-like substances), iron, and aluminum. However, the decomposition of organic matter in the SPM after the deposition on the dredged sediment accelerated the dissolution of redox-sensitive P and organic P across the SWI after dredging. Both the increase in the fluxes of N and P across the SWI would further increase the concentrations of N and P in the overlying water and thereby aggravate the eutrophication status in lakes. More frequent dredging operations might be necessary to reduce the fluxes of N and P from the sediment due to the continuous influence of the external SPM and the residual matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Yiheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Hongbin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Chengxin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Kaining Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China.
| | - Jicheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Xiaozhi Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, PR China
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26
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Capparelli MV, Gusso-Choueri PK, Abessa DMDS, McNamara JC. Seasonal environmental parameters influence biochemical responses of the fiddler crab Minuca rapax to contamination in situ. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 216:93-100. [PMID: 30453081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The mudflat fiddler crab Minuca rapax, typical of mangroves and intertidal zones in the Western Atlantic Ocean, responds to fluctuations in environmental parameters by biochemical and physiological adjustments. Such biochemical effects are commonly employed in environmental studies as biomarkers of estuarine contamination. This study evaluates biochemical responses in the gills and hepatopancreas of M. rapax in situ from localities exhibiting different types and levels of contamination, against a backdrop of fluctuations in environmental parameters like salinity and temperature common to estuarine regions. The biochemical biomarkers metallothionein (MT)-like protein titers and glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were used to evaluate responses to environmental contamination and seasonal changes in environmental parameters. Crabs were collected during two seasons, the austral winter and summer, at three sites along the coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil that present decreasing degrees of environmental contamination: Ilha Diana, Santos (ID) > Rio Itapanhaú, Bertioga (RI) > Picinguaba, Ubatuba (P), a pristine control site. Our findings show that MT were induced in crabs from the contaminated sites (ID and RI) mainly during winter, revealing the activation of detoxification mechanisms; however MT were also induced in P crabs during the summer rainy season. GPX, GST and AChE activities were altered in P crabs during summer and in ID and RI crabs in winter. While enzyme activities in summer crabs may reflect seasonal changes in precipitation and salinity, in winter these altered activities appear to reflect contamination, although an effect of environmental parameters cannot be excluded. These findings reveal a strong seasonal influence on biochemical biomarker responses in Minuca rapax, a relevant factor to consider when interpreting the impact of environmental contamination in estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Vellosa Capparelli
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | - John Campbell McNamara
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil; Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião 11600-000, SP, Brazil
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27
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Ke Y, Wang WX. Metal accumulation, growth and reproduction of razor clam Sinonovacula constricta transplanted in a multi-metal contaminated estuary. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:829-837. [PMID: 29727849 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, elevated metal discharges have seriously affected the health of many estuarine ecosystems in China. This study examined the influences of metal pollution on the growth and reproduction of razor clam, Sinonovacula constricta. An eight-month field experiment was conducted at two sites with different contamination levels in Jiulong River Estuary of Southern China. Concentrations of Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in seawater, suspended particles, surface sediments, and clams, as well as the clam growth and gonad condition were simultaneously determined on a monthly basis. Over the 8-month period, Ag, Cu and Ni concentrations in the clams were significantly higher at the more polluted site, whereas the concentrations of other metals were rather comparable between the two sites. Comparison of the 8-month pattern of metal concentrations among different compartments suggested that Ag, As, Cd, Cu and Zn bioaccumulation in the clams was mainly derived from ingestion of suspended particles, whereas Cr and Ni accumulation was mainly from the waterborne uptake. The growth of clams in the more polluted site was depressed and there was no significant growth after 4 months of transplantation, which was mainly caused by Cu and Ag accumulation in the clam tissues. Correspondingly, the gonad somatic index was also lower at the more polluted site. Our study demonstrated a significant impact of multi-metal pollution on the growth and reproduction of clams in an estuary. Simultaneous measurements of metal bioaccumulation were important for the interpretation of metal toxicity observed in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Ke
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Marine Environmental Laboratory (MEL), HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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28
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Birch GF. A review of chemical-based sediment quality assessment methodologies for the marine environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 133:218-232. [PMID: 30041309 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This review of 19 chemical approaches used in assessing sediment quality are classified into empirical, mechanistic and sediment quality indices (SQI) groups. Empirical sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), based on matching chemical and biological-effects data and the mechanistic techniques, founded on equilibrium partitioning principals (EqP), are well established and most used. Empirical SQGs provide a useful screening tool to initially identify locations and chemicals of most concern, but are not regulatory criteria. The EqP approach is causally linked however, the scheme assumes porewater chemistry largely controls sediment toxicity. SQIs are not based on matching chemical-biological data and combine schemes with multiple narrative intents. The 41 SQGs reviewed show a considerable range in upper and lower guideline values. Grain size and organic content should be included into SQGs, however inclusion of suspended sediment into SQGs raises concerns. SQGs are built into decision-tree schemes with other lines-of-evidence and evaluated in a weight-of-evidence framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Birch
- Environmental Geology Group, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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29
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Tufo AE, Porzionato NF, Curutchet G. Effects of pollution and bioleaching process on the mineral composition and texture of contaminated sediments of the Reconquista River, Argentina. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:21368-21384. [PMID: 29090439 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report on the structural and textural changes in fluvial sediments from Reconquista River´s basin, Argentina, due to processes of contamination with organic matter and remediation by bioleaching. The original uncontaminated matrix showed quartz and phyllosilicates as the main primary mineral constituents and phases of interstratified illite-montmorillonite as secondary minerals. It was found that in contaminated sediments, the presence of organic matter in high concentration causes changes in the specific surface area, particle size distribution, size and distribution of micro and meso, and the morphology of the particles with respect to the uncontaminated sediment. After the bioleaching process, there were even greater changes in these parameters at the level of secondary mineral formation and the appearance of nanoparticles, which were confirmed by SEM. Especially, we found the formation of cementing substances such as gypsum, promoting the formation of macroporous aggregates and the weathering of clay components. Our results indicate that the bioleaching not only decreases the content of metals but also favors the formation of a material with improved characteristics for potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Tufo
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, and Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Campus Miguelete 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia F Porzionato
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, and Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Campus Miguelete 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Curutchet
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, and Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Campus Miguelete 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia, 1917, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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30
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Crawford SE, Lofts S, Liber K. Predicting the bioavailability of sediment-bound uranium to the freshwater midge (Chironomus dilutus) using physicochemical properties. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1146-1157. [PMID: 29236329 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of uranium (U)-contaminated sediment is often hindered by the inability to accurately account for the physicochemical properties of sediment that modify U bioavailability. The present goal was to determine whether sediment-associated U bioavailability could be predicted over a wide range of conditions and sediment properties using simple regressions and a geochemical speciation model, the Windermere Humic Aqueous Model (WHAM7). Data from a U-contaminated field sediment bioaccumulation test, along with previously published bioaccumulation studies with U-spiked field and formulated sediments, were used to examine the models. Observed U concentrations in Chironomus dilutus larvae exposed to U-spiked and U-contaminated sediments correlated well (r2 > 0.74, p < 0.001) with the WHAM-calculated concentration of U bound to humic acid, indicating that humic acid may be a suitable surrogate for U binding sites (biotic ligands) in C. dilutus larvae. Subsequently, the concentration of U in C. dilutus was predicted with WHAM7 by numerically optimizing the equivalent mass of humic acid per gram of organism. The predicted concentrations of U in C. dilutus larvae exposed to U-spiked and U-contaminated field sediment compared well with the observed values, where one of the regression models provided a slightly better fit (mean absolute error = 18.1 mg U/kg dry wt) than WHAM7 (mean absolute error = 34.2 mg U/kg dry wt). The regression model provides a predictive capacity with a minimal number of variables, whereas WHAM7 provides additional complementary insight into the chemical variables influencing the speciation, sorption, and bioavailability of U in sediment. The present results indicate that physicochemical properties of sediment can be used to account for variability in U bioavailability as measured through bioaccumulation in chironomids exposed to U-contaminated sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1146-1157. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Crawford
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Stephen Lofts
- Natural Environment Research Council, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bailrigg, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Karsten Liber
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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31
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Ho KT, Portis L, Chariton AA, Pelletier M, Cantwell M, Katz D, Cashman M, Parks A, Baguley JG, Conrad-Forrest N, Boothman W, Luxton T, Simpson SL, Fogg S, Burgess RM. Effects of micronized and nano-copper azole on marine benthic communities. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:362-375. [PMID: 29072786 PMCID: PMC6699489 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of copper nanomaterials (CuNMs) as antibacterial and antifouling agents in consumer products increases the risk for metal contamination and adverse effects in aquatic environments. Information gaps exist on the potential toxicity of CuNMs in marine environments. We exposed field-collected marine meio- and macrobenthic communities to sediments spiked with micronized copper azole (MCA) using a novel method that brings intact benthic cores into the laboratory and exposes the organisms via surface application of sediments. Treatments included field and laboratory controls, 3 spiked sediments: low-MCA (51.9 mg/kg sediment), high-MCA (519 mg/kg sediment), and CuSO4 (519 mg/kg sediment). In addition, single-species acute testing was performed with both MCA and CuSO4. Our results indicate that meio- and macrofaunal assemblages exposed to High-MCA and CuSO4 treatments differed significantly from both the laboratory control and the low-MCA treatments. Differences in macrofauna were driven by decreases in 3 Podocopa ostracod species, the bivalve Gemma gemma, and the polychaetes Exogone verugera and Prionospio heterobranchia relative to the laboratory control. Differences in the meiofaunal community are largely driven by nematodes. The benthic community test results were more sensitive than the single-species test results. Findings of this investigation indicate that CuNMs represent a source of risk to marine benthic communities comparable to that of dissolved Cu. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:362-375. Published 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay T. Ho
- Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island
- Address correspondence to
| | - Lisa Portis
- Lifespan Ambulatory Care Center, East Greenwich, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Anthony A. Chariton
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Lucas Height, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marguerite Pelletier
- Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island
| | - Mark Cantwell
- Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island
| | - David Katz
- Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island
| | - Michaela Cashman
- Department of Geosciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ashley Parks
- Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island
| | | | | | - Warren Boothman
- Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island
| | - Todd Luxton
- National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL), US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Stuart L. Simpson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Land and Water, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sandra Fogg
- Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island
| | - Robert M. Burgess
- Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island
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32
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Manzoor R, Zhang T, Zhang X, Wang M, Pan JF, Wang Z, Zhang B. Single and combined metal contamination in coastal environments in China: current status and potential ecological risk evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:1044-1054. [PMID: 29127640 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With the development of industrialization and urbanization, metal and metalloid pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems in China. Current contamination status of metals and metalloid and their potential ecological risks along China's coasts were reviewed in the present paper by a comprehensive study on metal contents in marine waters and sediments in the past few decades. The priority metals/metalloid cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As), which were the target elements of the designated project "Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Heavy Metal Pollution" issued by the Chinese government in 2011, were selected considering their high toxicity, persistence, and prevalent existence in coastal environment. Commonly used environmental quality evaluation methods for single and combined metals were compared, and we accordingly suggest the comprehensive approach of joint utilization of the Enrichment Factor and Effect Range Median combined with Pollution Load Index and Mean Effect Range Median Quotient (EEPME); this battery of guidelines may provide consistent, internationally comparable, and accurate understanding of the environment pollution status of combined metals/metalloid and their potential ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Manzoor
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingwan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin-Fen Pan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China.
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhumei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
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33
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Mendonca RM, Daley JM, Hudson ML, Schlekat CE, Burton GA, Costello DM. Metal Oxides in Surface Sediment Control Nickel Bioavailability to Benthic Macroinvertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13407-13416. [PMID: 29043797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic ecosystems, the cycling and toxicity of nickel (Ni) are coupled to other elemental cycles that can limit its bioavailability. Current sediment risk assessment approaches consider acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) as the major binding phase for Ni, but have not yet incorporated ligands that are present in oxic sediments. Our study aimed to assess how metal oxides play a role in Ni bioavailability in surficial sediments exposed to effluent from two mine sites. We coupled spatially explicit sediment geochemistry (i.e., separate oxic and suboxic) to the indigenous macroinvertebrate community structure. Effluent-exposed sites contained high concentrations of sediment Ni and AVS, though roughly 80% less AVS was observed in surface sediments. Iron (Fe) oxide mineral concentrations were elevated in surface sediments and bound a substantial proportion of Ni. Redundancy analysis of the invertebrate community showed surface sediment geochemistry significantly explained shifts in community abundances. Relative abundance of the dominant mayfly (Ephemeridae) was reduced in sites with greater bioavailable Ni, but accounting for Fe oxide-bound Ni greatly decreased variation in effect thresholds between the two mine sites. Our results provide field-based evidence that solid-phase ligands in oxic sediment, most notably Fe oxides, may have a critical role in controlling nickel bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa M Mendonca
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University , 1275 University Esplanade, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Jennifer M Daley
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan , 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Michelle L Hudson
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan , 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Christian E Schlekat
- Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association (NiPERA, Inc.), 2525 Meridian Parkway, Suite 240, Durham, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | - G Allen Burton
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan , 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - David M Costello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University , 1275 University Esplanade, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
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34
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Nedrich SM, Burton GA. Sediment Zn-release during post-drought re-flooding: Assessing environmental risk to Hyalella azteca and Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:1116-1124. [PMID: 28800684 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrologic variability exacerbated by climate change affects biogeochemical cycling in sediments through changes in pH, redox, and microbial activity. These alterations affect the lability and speciation of metals, such that toxicity may be observed in otherwise non-toxic sediments. In this study, we investigate the effects of drought and reflooding on metal bioavailability in sediments with low to moderate concentrations of Zn (18-270 mg kg-1). Sediments were collected from coastal wetlands in Michigan, dried (36-days) and re-inundated in lab microcosms. We investigated the relationships between key parameters, for surface/porewater (dissolved and particulate metals, dissolved oxygen, redox (Eh), reduced iron, and temperature) and sediment (simultaneously extracted metals (SEM), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), Fe/Mn-oxyhydroxide, organic carbon, water content analyses, and diffusive gradient in thin films (DGTs) metal concentrations). Porewater Zn increased with inundation of dried sediments for all sediment types, exceeding United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) chronic criteria for freshwater organisms, and decreased as sediments became reduced. Effects on Hyalella azteca (7-day exposure) and Daphnia magna (10-day exposure) were quantified. Results show decreased growth of H. azteca for sites with elevated Zn and increased Zn-body concentration (BCZn) in the most contaminated sediment type. Further, BCZn was negatively correlated with H. azteca growth. D. magna survival, growth, and reproduction were not affected. DGT metal concentrations were more reflective of porewater than organism bioaccumulation. Outcomes of predictive toxicology methods are compared to toxicity test results and suggestions are provided for model improvements. This study demonstrates that post-drought re-flooding of sediments affects Zn biogeochemical cycling with potentially adverse effects on benthic organisms, even in sediments with only moderately elevated concentrations (>150 mg kg-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Nedrich
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Michigan, 2534 CC Little Bldg., 1100 North University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1005, United States.
| | - G Allen Burton
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Michigan, 2534 CC Little Bldg., 1100 North University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1005, United States
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Santana LMBM, Blasco J, Abessa DMS, Campana O. Bioaccumulation kinetics of copper in Ruditapes philippinarum exposed to increasing, continuous and pulsed exposure: Implications for growth. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 595:920-927. [PMID: 28432992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal bioaccumulation and toxicity to aquatic organisms depends on factors such as magnitude, duration and frequency of the exposure. The type of the exposure affects the toxicokinetic processes in the organisms. In this study, we carried out 30-day toxicity tests on juveniles of Ruditapes philippinarum exposed to increasing, continuous and pulsed exposure. Organisms were exposed to copper-spiked sediments followed by a 10-day recovery period. We assessed the interaction between the kinetics of subcellular copper partitioning and the growth response. Results showed that the growth rate of the bivalve was inversely correlated to the bioaccumulation rate and that sublethal copper concentrations stimulated the detoxification mechanisms inside the organism regardless the type of the exposure. However, a large stimulatory effect on growth was observed during the recovery period, associated with significant negative accumulation rate values and dependent on the type of antecedent exposure. This suggested that on individual and short-term basis pulsed exposures have a more adverse effect compared to increasing or continuous exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia M B M Santana
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia Marinha, Instituto de Ciências do Mar (LABOMAR), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Av. da Abolição, 3207, Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Julián Blasco
- Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Costera - Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Rio San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Denis M S Abessa
- Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxicologia Aquática (NEPEA), Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique s/n, Parque Bitaru, 11330-90 São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Olivia Campana
- Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Costera - Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Rio San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
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36
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Remaili TM, Simpson SL, Jolley DF. Effects of enhanced bioturbation intensities on the toxicity assessment of legacy-contaminated sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 226:335-345. [PMID: 28365043 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Many benthic communities within estuarine ecosystems are highly degraded due to the close proximity of urban and industrial contamination sources. The maintenance of recolonised, healthy ecosystems following remediation is a challenge, and better techniques are required for monitoring their progressive recovery. Rates of ecosystem recovery are influenced by the changes in the concentrations and forms of contaminants, the sensitivity of recolonising organisms to bioavailable contaminants, and a range of abiotic and biotic factors influencing the exposure of organisms to the contamination. Here we investigate the influence of bioturbation by an active amphipod (Victoriopisa australiensis) on the bioavailability of metals and hydrocarbons in highly contaminated sediments. Changes in contaminant bioavailability were evaluated by assessing sublethal effects to a smaller cohabiting amphipod (Melita plumulosa). For predominantly metal-contaminated sediments, the presence of V. australiensis generally increased survival and reproduction of M. plumulosa when compared to treatments with only M. plumulosa present (from 42 to 93% survival and 3-61% reproduction). The decrease in toxic effects to M. plumulosa corresponded with lower dissolved copper and zinc concentrations in the overlying waters (14-9 μg Cu L-1, and 14 to 6 μg Zn L-1 for absence to presence of V. australiensis). For sediments contaminated with both hydrocarbons and metals, the increased bioturbation intensity by V. australiensis resulted in decreased reproduction of M. plumulosa, despite lower dissolved metal exposure, and indicated increased bioavailability of the hydrocarbon contaminants. Thus, the presence of a secondary active bioturbator can enhance or suppress toxicity to co-inhabiting organisms, and may depend on the contaminant class and form. The results highlight the need to consider both abiotic and biotic interactions when using laboratory studies to evaluate the ability of organisms to recolonise and reproduce within benthic environments degraded by contamination, or for more general extrapolation for sediment quality assessment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Remaili
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia.
| | - Stuart L Simpson
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia.
| | - Dianne F Jolley
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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37
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Tang W, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Shan B, Song Z. Pollution, toxicity, and ecological risk of heavy metals in surface river sediments of a large basin undergoing rapid economic development. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:1149-1155. [PMID: 27731523 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive and detailed investigation of heavy metal pollution, toxicity, and ecological risk assessment was conducted for the surface river sediments of the Haihe Basin in China based on 220 sampling sites selected in 2013. The average concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the sediments were 129 mg/kg, 63.4 mg/kg, 36.6 mg/kg, 50.0 mg/kg, and 202 mg/kg, respectively. As indicated by the geoaccumulation and pollution load indices, most surface river sediments of the Haihe Basin were contaminated with the investigated metals, especially in the junction region of the Zi Ya He and Hei Long Gang watersheds. The 5 heavy metals in the sediments all had anthropogenic sources, and the enrichment degrees followed the order Cu > Pb > Zn > Cr > Ni, with mean enrichment factors of 3.27, 2.77, 2.58, 1.81, and 1.44, respectively. According to the mean index of comprehensive potential ecological risk (38.9), the studied sediments of the Haihe Basin showed low potential ecological risk, but the sediments were potentially biologically toxic based on the mean probable effect concentration quotient (0.547), which may be the result of speciation of the 5 metals in the sediments. The results indicate that heavy metal pollution should be considered during the development of ecological restoration strategies in the Haihe Basin. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1149-1155. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baoqing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
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38
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Zhang C, Shan B, Tang W, Dong L, Zhang W, Pei Y. Heavy metal concentrations and speciation in riverine sediments and the risks posed in three urban belts in the Haihe Basin. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 139:263-271. [PMID: 28161585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) pollution and the risks posed by the heavy metals in riverine sediments in a mountainous urban-belt area (MB), a mountain-plain urban-belt area (MPB), and a plain urban-belt area (PB) in the Haihe Basin, China, were assessed. The enrichment factors indicated that the sediments were more polluted with Cu and Zn than with the other metals, especially in the MPB. The sediments in the MPB were strongly affected by Cu and Zn inputs from anthropogenic sources. The risk assessment codes and individual contamination factors showed that Zn was mobile and posed ecological risks, the exchangeable fractions being 21.1%, 21.2%, and 19.2% of the total Zn concentrations in the samples from the MB, MPB, and PB, respectively. Cr, Cu, and Zn in the sediments from the MPB were potentially highly bioavailable because the non-residual fractions were 56.2%, 54.9%, and 56.5%, respectively, of the total concentrations. The potential risks posed by the heavy metals (determined from the chemical fractions of the heavy metals) in the different areas generally decreased in the order MPB > MB > PB. Pictorial representation of cluster analysis results showed that urbanization development level could cause Cr and Zn pollution in the urban riverine sediments to become more severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Baoqing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Wenzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Lixin Dong
- Tianjin Hydraulic Research Insititute, Tianjin 300061, PR China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Yuansheng Pei
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
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39
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Blankson ER, Klerks PL. The effect of sediment characteristics on bioturbation-mediated transfer of lead, in freshwater laboratory microcosms with Lumbriculus variegatus. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:227-237. [PMID: 28083775 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1757-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While it has been well established that sediment bioturbators can affect the fate of metals in aquatic systems and that the fate of metals there can depend on sediment characteristics, the interaction between these influences is not well known. The present study therefore investigated whether the influence of a sediment bioturbator on the fate of metals is affected by sediment characteristics. This was investigated using two laboratory microcosm experiments with lead-contaminated sediment and the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus. The first experiment used sediment collected from five Toledo Bend reservoir sites that differed in sediment characteristics, and analyses looked at the influence of sediment organic matter, sediment silt/clay content, sediment pH, and pore-water pH. In the second experiment, organic matter and silt/clay content of Toledo Bend reservoir sediment were varied experimentally using alpha-cellulose and clay, and Pb transfer to the water column and bioaccumulation were again quantified. Both experiments were conducted with sediment spiked with Pb to a concentration of 100 µg/g, at an oligochaete density of 6279 ind./m². In the first experiment, the Pb concentrations in the water column and those in the worms at the end of the 14-day experiment differed among sediment-collection sites. Silt/clay content and sediment pH were the two most important variables influencing Pb transfer from sediment to the water column. A multiple regression model with these variables explained 58% of the variability in this lead transfer. For Pb accumulation by the worms, sediment organic matter and pore-water pH were the two most important variables. This regression model explained 85% of the variability in tissue Pb levels. In the second experiment, where the individual effects of the organic matter and silt/clay content on Pb transport and distribution were assessed, the use of sediment with more organic matter resulted in a reduction in both the Pb transfer to the water column and the accumulation in worms. The increase in the sediment's silt/clay content resulted in a reduction in Pb bioaccumulation only. Overall, the results of the present study demonstrate that sediment pH, pore-water pH, organic matter, and silt/clay content influence the bioturbation-mediated transfer and the environmental distribution of Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel R Blankson
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70504, USA.
| | - Paul L Klerks
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70504, USA
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40
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Crawford SE, Lofts S, Liber K. The role of sediment properties and solution pH in the adsorption of uranium(VI) to freshwater sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:873-881. [PMID: 27825841 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Uranium (U) can enter aquatic environments from natural and anthropogenic processes, accumulating in sediments to concentrations that could, if bioavailable, adversely affect benthic organisms. To better predict the sorption and mobility of U in aquatic ecosystems, we investigated the sediment-solution partition coefficients (Kd) of U for nine uncontaminated freshwater sediments with a wide range of physicochemical characteristics over an environmentally relevant pH range. Test solutions were reconstituted to mimic water quality conditions and U(VI) concentrations (0.023-2.3 mg U/L) found downstream of Canadian U mines. Adsorption of U(VI) to each sediment was greatest at pH 6 and 7, and significantly reduced at pH 8. There were significant differences in pH-dependent sorption among sediments with different physicochemical properties, with sorption increasing up until thresholds of 12% total organic carbon, 37% fine fraction (≤50 μm), and 29 g/kg of iron content. The Kd values for U(VI) were predicted using the Windermere Humic Aqueous Model (WHAM) using total U(VI) concentrations, and water and sediment physicochemical parameters. Predicted Kd-U values were generally within a factor of three of the observed values. These results improve the understanding and assessment of U sorption to field sediment, and quantify the relationship with sediment properties that may influence the bioavailability and ecological risk of U-contaminated sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Crawford
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada.
| | - Stephen Lofts
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, United Kingdom
| | - Karsten Liber
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, 117 Science Place, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C8, Canada; Institute of Loess Plateau, 92 Wucheng Road, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China.
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41
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Costello DM, Hammerschmidt CR, Burton GA. Nickel Partitioning and Toxicity in Sediment during Aging: Variation in Toxicity Related to Stability of Metal Partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11337-11345. [PMID: 27636118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Metals in sediment can be complexed by minerals, partition between solid and aqueous phases, and cause toxicity at high concentrations. We studied how the oxidation of surface sediment that occurs during aging alters the partitioning and toxicity of Ni. Two sediments (Burntwood and Raisin) were amended with Ni, equilibrated, incubated in a flow-through flume, and examined for sediment physicochemistry and toxicity to Hyalella azteca (7 day growth). Through time, the sediment surface (5 mm) was oxidized, acid-volatile sulfide concentrations declined in Raisin sediment, and amorphous Fe oxides increased. Porewater Ni concentrations declined through time but total Ni concentrations in sediment were unchanged, suggesting changes in Ni partitioning through time. Both sediments elicited a toxic dose-response by H. azteca early in the aging process; but only Burntwood, for which Ni was primarily partitioned to Fe oxide minerals, exhibited a consistent dose-response during aging. Low total Ni concentrations (20 mg kg-1) in Raisin sediment reduced H. azteca growth at initiation, but all Ni treatments (up to 3000 mg kg-1) exhibited similar growth after 12 days of aging. The dynamic toxicity observed in Raisin sediment was likely due to the instability of NiS in surface sediments early in the aging process. These data suggest that short-term toxicity assays with homogenized Ni-amended sediment (i.e., standard sediment toxicity tests) may be accurate for sediments where Ni speciation is dominated by oxidized ligands; however, under high-AVS and high-Fe conditions, calculated toxicity thresholds may be overly conservative (here by >100-fold) with respect to natural sediment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Costello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University , Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Chad R Hammerschmidt
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States
| | - G Allen Burton
- School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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42
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Barhoumi B, Elbarhoumi A, Clérandeau C, Al-Rawabdeh AM, Atyaoui A, Touil S, Driss MR, Cachot J. Using an Integrated Approach to Assess the Sediment Quality of an Mediterranean Lagoon, the Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:1082-1104. [PMID: 27146821 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the quality of surface sediments from the Bizerte lagoon (North Tunisia) using an integrated approach including chemical contaminant analysis, bioassays and sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). Sediment samples were collected at 9 sites and analyzed for eight heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Fe and Mn). PAHs, PCBs, OCPs were measured previously in the same sediment samples. Our results indicated that the highest concentrations of metals were found near urban areas due to the municipial and industrial wastewater discharges. Sediment pollution assessment was carried out using geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor, which indicate a widespread pollution by Cd, Pb, Ni and Zn in the studied sediments. For bioassays, aqueous and organic extracts were used to assess toxicity and genotoxicity in sediments by using Microtox(®) and SOS Chromotest, respectively. Toxicity levels were compared to metallic and organic pollutants contents. Our results highlight differences in the pattern of responses between the different assays and show no correlation with all the studied contaminants, emphasizing the influence of other contaminants not analyzed in the present study. Based on SQGs, the results of toxicity assessment indicated that adverse effects caused by Ni and Zn would be expected frequently. Nickel was found to have the highest predicted acute toxicity, followed by Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu and Cr. There was no significant relationship between sediment toxicity calculated from heavy metal concentrations (SQG approach) and those measured with bioassays. These findings support the use of integrated approachs for evaluating the environmental risks of sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Barhoumi
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, University of Carthage, 7021, Jarzouna, Tunisia.
- University of Bordeaux, Avenue des Facultés CNRS EPOC 5805, 33405, Talence Cedex, France.
| | - Anis Elbarhoumi
- Department of Earth Sciences Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Christelle Clérandeau
- University of Bordeaux, Avenue des Facultés CNRS EPOC 5805, 33405, Talence Cedex, France
| | | | - Atef Atyaoui
- Office National des Mines, Siège social de l'ONM 24, rue de L'Energie, 2035 La Charguia - Tunis, 1080, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Soufiane Touil
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, University of Carthage, 7021, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ridha Driss
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, University of Carthage, 7021, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- University of Bordeaux, Avenue des Facultés CNRS EPOC 5805, 33405, Talence Cedex, France
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Simpson SL, Spadaro DA. Bioavailability and Chronic Toxicity of Metal Sulfide Minerals to Benthic Marine Invertebrates: Implications for Deep Sea Exploration, Mining and Tailings Disposal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4061-70. [PMID: 26937684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The exploration and proposed mining of sulfide massive deposits in deep-sea environments and increased use deep-sea tailings placement (DSTP) in coastal zones has highlighted the need to better understand the fate and effects of mine-derived materials in marine environments. Metal sulfide ores contain high concentrations of metal(loid)s, of which a large portion exist in highly mineralized or sulfidised forms and are predicted to exhibit low bioavailability. In this study, sediments were spiked with a range of natural sulfide minerals (including chalcopyrite, chalcocite, galena, sphalerite) to assess the bioavailability and toxicity to benthic invertebrates (bivalve survival and amphipod survival and reproduction). The metal sulfide phases were considerably less bioavailable than metal contaminants introduced to sediment in dissolved forms, or in urban estuarine sediments contaminated with mixtures of metal(loid)s. Compared to total concentrations, the dilute-acid extractable metal(loid) (AEM) concentrations, which are intended to represent the more oxidized and labile forms, were more effective for predicting the toxicity of the sulfide mineral contaminated sediments. The study indicates that sediment quality guidelines based on AEM concentrations provide a useful tool for assessing and monitoring the risk posed by sediments impacted by mine-derived materials in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart L Simpson
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Sydney, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - David A Spadaro
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Sydney, New South Wales 2234, Australia
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44
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Crawford SE, Liber K. Sediment properties influencing the bioavailability of uranium to Chironomus dilutus larvae in spiked field sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 148:77-85. [PMID: 26802266 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The partitioning of metals between dissolved and solid phases directly affects metal bioavailability to benthic invertebrates and is influenced by metal-binding properties of sediment phases. Little research has been done examining the effects of sediment properties on the bioavailability of uranium (U) to freshwater benthic invertebrates. In the present study, 18 field sediments with a wide range of properties (total organic carbon, fine fraction, cation exchange capacity, and iron content) were amended with the same concentrations of U to characterize the effects of these sediment properties on U bioavailability to freshwater midge, Chironomus dilutus. Bioaccumulation of U by C. dilutus larvae varied by over an order of magnitude when exposed to sediments spiked with 50 mg U kg(-1) d.w. (5-69 mg U kg(-1) d.w.) and 500 mg U kg(-1) d.w. (20-452 mg U kg(-1) d.w.), depending on the type of sediment. Variance in U bioaccumulation was best explained by differences in the cation exchange capacity, fine fraction (≤50 μm particle size), and Fe content of U-spiked sediment, with generated regression equations predicting observed bioaccumulation within a factor of two. The presented regression equations offer an easy-to-apply method for accounting for the influence of sediment properties on U bioavailability in freshwater sediment, with fine fraction being the single most practical variable. This research strongly supports that risk assessments and guidelines for U-contaminated sediments should not ignore the influence of sediment properties that can result in substantial differences in the bioaccumulation of U in benthic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Crawford
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada.
| | - Karsten Liber
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C8, Canada; Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China.
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45
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Amato ED, Simpson SL, Remaili TM, Spadaro DA, Jarolimek CV, Jolley DF. Assessing the Effects of Bioturbation on Metal Bioavailability in Contaminated Sediments by Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3055-3064. [PMID: 26848961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The burrowing and feeding activities of benthic organisms can alter metal speciation in sediments and affect an organisms' exposure to metals. Recently, the performance of the in situ technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) for predicting metal bioavailability has been investigated in response to the increasing demand of considering contaminant bioavailability in sediment quality assessments. In this study, we test the ability of the DGT technique for predicting the metal bioavailability in clean and contaminated sediments that are being subjected to varying degrees of sediments disturbance: low bioturbation (bivalve Tellina deltoidalis alone) and high bioturbation (bivalve and actively burrowing amphipod, Victoriopisa australiensis). Significant release of DGT-labile Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn, but lower Cu and Fe, occurred in the pore and overlying waters of sediments exposed to high bioturbation conditions, resulting in higher bioaccumulation of zinc in bivalves. Strong relationships were found between bioaccumulation of Pb and Zn and time-integrated DGT-metal fluxes, whereas poor relationships were obtained using total or dilute-acid extractable metal concentrations. This results demonstrate that DGT is a useful tool for assessing metal bioavailability in sediments and can provide useful predictions of metal bioavailable to benthic organisms in dynamic sediment environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvio D Amato
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water , Locked Bag 2007, Kirrawee, NSW 2232, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Stuart L Simpson
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water , Locked Bag 2007, Kirrawee, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Timothy M Remaili
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water , Locked Bag 2007, Kirrawee, NSW 2232, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - David A Spadaro
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water , Locked Bag 2007, Kirrawee, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Chad V Jarolimek
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water , Locked Bag 2007, Kirrawee, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Dianne F Jolley
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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46
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Liu C, Fan C, Shen Q, Shao S, Zhang L, Zhou Q. Effects of riverine suspended particulate matter on post-dredging metal re-contamination across the sediment-water interface. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:2329-2335. [PMID: 26606187 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmental dredging is often used in river mouth areas to remove heavy metals. However, following dredging, high levels of metal-adsorbed suspended particulate matter (SPM) originating from polluted inflowing rivers might adversely affect the sediment-water interface (SWI). Here, we conducted a 360-day-long experiment investigating whether the riverine SPM adversely affects dredging outcome in a bay area of Lake Chaohu, China. We found that the heavy metal concentrations in the post-dredging surface sediment increased to pre-dredging levels for all metals studied (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) after the addition of SPM. In addition, the increased concentrations were mostly detected in the relatively bioavailable non-residual fractions. Of the metals studied, the rate of increase was the greatest for Zn and Cd (482.98% and 261.07%, respectively), mostly in the weak acid extractable fraction. These results were probably due to certain characteristics of SPM (fine grain size, and high concentrations of organic matter and heavy metals) and the good oxic conditions of the SWI. Furthermore, As was the only metal for which we observed an increasing trend of diffusive flux across the SWI. However, the flux was still significantly lower than that measured before dredging. In conclusion, the quantity and character of riverine metal-adsorbed SPM affect metal re-contamination across the post-dredging SWI, and this information should be incorporated into the management schemes of dredging projects dedicated to reducing metal contamination in similar areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Chengxin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China.
| | - Qiushi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Shiguang Shao
- College of Hydrology and Water Resource, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Qilin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
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47
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Remaili TM, Simpson SL, Amato ED, Spadaro DA, Jarolimek CV, Jolley DF. The impact of sediment bioturbation by secondary organisms on metal bioavailability, bioaccumulation and toxicity to target organisms in benthic bioassays: Implications for sediment quality assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:590-599. [PMID: 26589100 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioturbation alters the properties of sediments and modifies contaminant bioavailability to benthic organisms. These naturally occurring disturbances are seldom considered during the assessment of sediment quality. We investigated how the presence (High bioturbation) and absence (Low bioturbation) of a strongly bioturbating amphipod within three different sediments influenced metal bioavailability, survival and bioaccumulation of metals to the bivalve Tellina deltoidalis. The concentrations of dissolved copper decreased and manganese increased with increased bioturbation. For copper a strong correlation was observed between increased bivalve survival (53-100%) and dissolved concentrations in the overlying water. Increased bioturbation intensity resulted in greater tissue concentrations for chromium and zinc in some test sediments. Overall, the results highlight the strong influence that the natural bioturbation activities from one organism may have on the risk contaminants pose to other organisms within the local environment. The characterisation of field-based exposure conditions concerning the biotic or abiotic resuspension of sediments and the rate of attenuation of released contaminants through dilution or readsorption may enable laboratory-based bioassay designs to be adapted to better match those of the assessed environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Remaili
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Stuart L Simpson
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia.
| | - Elvio D Amato
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - David A Spadaro
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Chad V Jarolimek
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Dianne F Jolley
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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48
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Zaaboub N, Martins MVA, Dhib A, Béjaoui B, Galgani F, El Bour M, Aleya L. Accumulation of trace metals in sediments in a Mediterranean Lagoon: Usefulness of metal sediment fractionation and elutriate toxicity assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 207:226-237. [PMID: 26412262 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The authors investigated sediment quality in Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia) focusing on geochemical characteristics, metal sediment fractionation and elutriate toxicity assessment. Nickel, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd partitioning in sediments was studied; accumulation and bioavailability were elucidated using enrichment factors, sequential extractions, redox potential, acid volatile sulfide and biotest procedures in toxicity evaluation. Results revealed an accumulation for Pb and Zn, reaching 99 and 460 mg kg(-1) respectively. In addition, the acid volatile sulfide values were high in both eastern and western lagoon areas, thus affecting metal availability. Mean enrichment factor values for Pb and Zn were 4.8 and 4.9, respectively, with these elements as the main contributors to the lagoon's moderate enrichment level. Toxicity levels were influenced by accumulation of Zn in different surface sediment areas. Core sediments were investigated in areas with the highest metal concentrations; metal fractionation and biotest confirmed that Zn contributes to sediment toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Zaaboub
- Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Salammbô, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maria Virgínia Alves Martins
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ, Faculdade de Geologia, Av. São Francisco Xavier, 524, Maracanã, 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Amel Dhib
- IFREMER/Laboratoire Environnement Ressources PAC/Corse Imm Agostini, ZI Furiani, 20600 Bastia, France
| | - Béchir Béjaoui
- Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Salammbô, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - François Galgani
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Laboratoire de Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS 6249, 16, route de Gray, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France
| | - Monia El Bour
- Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Salammbô, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- IFREMER/Laboratoire Environnement Ressources PAC/Corse Imm Agostini, ZI Furiani, 20600 Bastia, France.
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49
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Gao L, Gao B, Wei X, Zhou H, Xu D, Wang Y. Assessment of metal toxicity and development of sediment quality guidelines using the equilibrium partitioning model for the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:17577-17585. [PMID: 26141978 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4959-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China influences the quality of the water supply. Surface sediment samples from the TGR mainstream and three tributaries were collected. Acid volatile sulfide (AVS), simultaneously extractable metals (SEMs), and the fraction of organic carbon (f(oc)) were used to assess the toxicity of heavy metals. Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) were established using the equilibrium partitioning approach. The results showed that the surface sediments were found to be oxic or suboxic. AVS concentrations in sediments were relatively low, below SEM concentrations. The [SEM] - [AVS] model indicated that all sediments possibly have adverse effects on aquatic life. However, ([SEM] - [AVS])/f(oc) predicted no adverse biological effects in some areas of the Meixi and Caotang Rivers, while adverse effects to aquatic life were uncertain for the other sediments. The partitioning coefficients, water quality criteria, and residual metals in the sediments were the main factors influencing the SQGs for the TGR, while the metals bound to AVS had a negligible effect. The normalized TGR SQGs were all much higher than the existing standards except for cadmium and copper. The differences might be attributed to the approaches used for derivation of SQGs and the physical and chemical characteristics of the sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China.
- Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Xin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Huaidong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
- Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Dongyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
- Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yuchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
- Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
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50
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Lee JH, Birch GF, Cresswell T, Johansen MP, Adams MS, Simpson SL. Dietary ingestion of fine sediments and microalgae represent the dominant route of exposure and metal accumulation for Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata): A biokinetic model for zinc. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 167:46-54. [PMID: 26261879 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Past studies disagree on the extent to which dissolved or dietary uptake contribute to metal bioaccumulation in the filter-feeding Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) in urbanized estuaries. Although most data support the assumption that fine sediments are a major route of metal uptake in these bivalves, some studies based in the Sydney estuary, Australia, have indicated a poor correlation. In the present study, seawater, sediment and microalgae were radiolabelled with (65)Zn tracer and exposed to S. glomerata to assess the influence of dissolved and dietary sources to Zn bioaccumulation. Oysters in the dissolved-phase uptake experiment (5, 25 and 50 μg L(-1) (65)Zn for 4 d followed by 21 days of depuration) readily accumulated (65)Zn for all three concentrations with an uptake rate constant of 0.160±0.006 L dry weight g(-1) d(-1). Oysters in the dietary assimilation experiment (1h pulse-feed of either (65)Zn-radiolabelled suspended fine-fraction (<63 μm) sediment or the microalgae Tetraselmis sp.) accumulated (65)Zn, with assimilation efficiencies of 59 and 67% for fine sediment and microalgae, respectively. The efflux rates were low for the three experiments (0.1-0.5% d(-1)). A bioaccumulation kinetic model predicts that uptake of Zn will occur predominantly through the dietary ingestion of contaminated fine sediment particles and microalgae within the water column, with considerably greater metal bioaccumulation predicted if oysters ingested microalgae preferentially to sediments. However, the model predicts that for dissolved Zn concentrations greater than 40 μg L(-1), as observed during precipitation events, the uptake of the dissolved phase may contribute ≥50% to accumulation. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that all three sources may be important exposure routes to S. glomerata under different environmental conditions, but contributions from dietary exposure will often dominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Lee
- Environmental Geology Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - G F Birch
- Environmental Geology Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - T Cresswell
- Institute for Environmental Research, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M P Johansen
- Institute for Environmental Research, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M S Adams
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S L Simpson
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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