1
|
Liu S, Duan L, Shi F, Filippelli GM, Naidu R. Concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in vegetables from Sydney and Newcastle, Australia. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:6667-6675. [PMID: 38545920 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in 53 fruit and vegetable samples collected from a local wholesale and retail market in Sydney and a local supermarket in Newcastle. As there is limited information about PFAS levels in vegetables on the market, this study aimed to fill this gap and assess potential risks for humans through consumption of these vegetables. METHODS QuEChERS extraction - a solid-phase extraction method, a portmanteau word formed from 'quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe' - followed by enhanced matrix removal-lipid cleaning and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis were used to detect 30 PFASs in vegetables. RESULTS PFOA was detected in 7 out of the 53 samples, with concentrations of 0.038-1.996 ng g-1 fresh weight; PFOS was detected in 2 samples only, with concentrations ranging from 0.132 to 0.911 ng g-1 fresh weight. PFHxS was not detected in any sample in this study. PFOA and PFOS concentrations measured in vegetables in this study constituted daily intake of 2.03 ng kg-1 body weight (BW) and 1.98 ng kg-1 BW, respectively, according to recommended daily vegetable intake and BW data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The most sensitive population group is girls of 4-8 years of age. These estimated exposure levels represent up to 1.3% of the tolerable daily intake for PFOA (160 ng kg-1 BW) and 9.9% for PFOS (20 ng kg-1 BW) according to Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Consumption of the vegetables from the study locations poses a marginal risk to human health. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Liu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Feng Shi
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabriel M Filippelli
- Department of Earth Science, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pietrini F, Wyrwicka-Drewniak A, Passatore L, Nogués I, Zacchini M, Donati E. PFOA accumulation in the leaves of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and its effects on plant growth, oxidative status, and photosynthetic performance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:556. [PMID: 38877484 PMCID: PMC11177490 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are emerging contaminants of increasing concern due to their presence in the environment, with potential impacts on ecosystems and human health. These substances are considered "forever chemicals" due to their recalcitrance to degradation, and their accumulation in living organisms can lead to varying levels of toxicity based on the compound and species analysed. Furthermore, concerns have been raised about the possible transfer of PFASs to humans through the consumption of edible parts of food plants. In this regard, to evaluate the potential toxic effects and the accumulation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in edible plants, a pot experiment in greenhouse using three-week-old basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants was performed adding PFOA to growth substrate to reach 0.1, 1, and 10 mg Kg- 1 dw. RESULTS After three weeks of cultivation, plants grown in PFOA-added substrate accumulated PFOA at different levels, but did not display significant differences from the control group in terms of biomass production, lipid peroxidation levels (TBARS), content of α-tocopherol and activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (POX) in the leaves. A reduction of total phenolic content (TPC) was instead observed in relation to the increase of PFOA content in the substrate. Furthermore, chlorophyll content and photochemical reflectance index (PRI) did not change in plants exposed to PFAS in comparison to control ones. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis revealed an initial, rapid photoprotective mechanism triggered by PFOA exposure, with no impact on other parameters (Fv/Fm, ΦPSII and qP). Higher activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) in plants treated with 1 and 10 mg Kg- 1 PFOA dw (30 and 50% to control, respectively) paralleled the accumulation of PFOA in the leaves of plants exposed to different PFOA concentration in the substrate (51.8 and 413.9 ng g- 1 dw, respectively). CONCLUSION Despite of the absorption and accumulation of discrete amount of PFOA in the basil plants, the analysed parameters at biometric, physiological and biochemical level in the leaves did not reveal any damage effect, possibly due to the activation of a detoxification pathway likely involving GST.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Pietrini
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, 00015, Italy
| | - Anna Wyrwicka-Drewniak
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Lodz, ul. Banacha 12/16, Lodz, 90-237, Poland
| | - Laura Passatore
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, 00015, Italy
| | - Isabel Nogués
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, 00015, Italy
| | - Massimo Zacchini
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, 00015, Italy.
| | - Enrica Donati
- Institute for Biological Systems (ISB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, 00015, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bizzotto EC, Libralato G, de Natale A, Scanferla P, Vighi M, Marcomini A. Uptake of cyclic C 6O 4 in maize and tomato: Results from a greenhouse study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171613. [PMID: 38490415 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic C6O4 (cC6O4, CAS number 1190931-27-1) is a perfluoralkyl ether used as a polymerization aid in the synthesis of fluoropolymers and produced since 2011 as substitute of PFOA. This work reports the first data on bioaccumulation of cC6O4 on terrestrial plants (maize and tomato). In general, the observed accumulation and translocation of cC6O4 in plants is low or negligible. For maize a bioconcentration factor (BCFdw/dw) of about 39 was observed in the root compartment and much lower (BCFdw/dw = 12) in the aboveground tissues. In tomato the observed BCFs are substantially lower, with a maximum of 2.5 in leaves. The differences observed between the uptake and distribution of cC6O4 in maize and tomato plants are probably due to differences in plant physiology (but also in the experimental design of the tests). Maize plants grown at different concentrations in this study did not show relevant differences in term of biomass and growth, while tomato plants exposed to cC6O4 were subject to a delay in the ripening of the fruits (and relative biomass). The overall results are discussed in comparison with literature data available for legacy PFASs but the comparison is difficult due to differences in the experimental design. It is relevant to note that the concentrations tested in this study are significantly higher than expected environmental concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa C Bizzotto
- Foundation Ca' Foscari University, Ca' Dolfin, Calle Larga Ca' Foscari Dorsoduro 3859/A, Venice 30123, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonino de Natale
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Petra Scanferla
- Foundation Ca' Foscari University, Ca' Dolfin, Calle Larga Ca' Foscari Dorsoduro 3859/A, Venice 30123, Italy
| | - Marco Vighi
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Marcomini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y, Zhi Y, Weed R, Broome SW, Knappe DRU, Duckworth OW. Commercial compost amendments inhibit the bioavailability and plant uptake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in soil-porewater-lettuce systems. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108615. [PMID: 38582061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Compost is widely used in agriculture as fertilizer while providing a practical option for solid municipal waste disposal. However, compost may also contain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), potentially impacting soils and leading to PFAS entry into food chains and ultimately human exposure risks via dietary intake. This study examined how compost affects the bioavailability and uptake of eight PFAS (two ethers, three fluorotelomer sulfonates, and three perfluorosulfonates) by lettuce (Lactuca sativa) grown in commercial organic compost-amended, PFAS spiked soils. After 50 days of greenhouse experiment, PFAS uptake by lettuce decreased (by up to 90.5 %) with the increasing compost amendment ratios (0-20 %, w/w), consistent with their decreased porewater concentrations (by 30.7-86.3 %) in compost-amended soils. Decreased bioavailability of PFAS was evidenced by the increased in-situ soil-porewater distribution coefficients (Kd) (by factors of 1.5-7.0) with increasing compost additions. Significant negative (or positive) correlations (R2 ≥ 0.55) were observed between plant bioaccumulation (or Kd) and soil organic carbon content, suggesting that compost amendment inhibited plant uptake of PFAS mainly by increasing soil organic carbon and enhancing PFAS sorption. However, short-chain PFAS alternatives (e.g., perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic acid (PFMOAA)) were effectively translocated to shoots with translocation factors > 2.9, increasing their risks of contamination in leafy vegetables. Our findings underscore the necessity for comprehensive risk assessment of compost-borne PFAS when using commercial compost products in agricultural lands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States.
| | - Yue Zhi
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States; Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Rebecca Weed
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
| | - Stephen W Broome
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
| | - Detlef R U Knappe
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
| | - Owen W Duckworth
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou T, Li X, Liu H, Dong S, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Li J, Nghiem LD, Khan SJ, Wang Q. Occurrence, fate, and remediation for per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in sewage sludge: A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133637. [PMID: 38306831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Addressing per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination is an urgent environmental concern. While most research has focused on PFAS contamination in water matrices, comparatively little attention has been given to sludge, a significant by-product of wastewater treatment. This critical review presents the latest information on emission sources, global distribution, international regulations, analytical methods, and remediation technologies for PFAS in sludge and biosolids from wastewater treatment plants. PFAS concentrations in sludge matrices are typically in hundreds of ng/g dry weight (dw) in developed countries but are rarely reported in developing and least-developed countries due to the limited analytical capability. In comparison to water samples, efficient extraction and cleaning procedures are crucial for PFAS detection in sludge samples. While regulations on PFAS have mainly focused on soil due to biosolids reuse, only two countries have set limits on PFAS in sludge or biosolids with a maximum of 100 ng/g dw for major PFAS. Biological technologies using microbes and enzymes present in sludge are considered as having high potential for PFAS remediation, as they are eco-friendly, low-cost, and promising. By contrast, physical/chemical methods are either energy-intensive or linked to further challenges with PFAS contamination and disposal. The findings of this review deepen our comprehension of PFAS in sludge and have guided future research recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Xuan Li
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Huan Liu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Shiman Dong
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Turin 10123, Italy
| | - Zehao Zhang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Zhenyao Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Jibin Li
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Long D Nghiem
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Stuart J Khan
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Qilin Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Masinga P, Simbanegavi TT, Makuvara Z, Marumure J, Chaukura N, Gwenzi W. Emerging organic contaminants in the soil-plant-receptor continuum: transport, fate, health risks, and removal mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:367. [PMID: 38488937 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
There is a lack of comprehensive reviews tracking emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) within the soil-plant continuum using the source-pathway-receptor-impact-mitigation (SPRIM) framework. Therefore, this review examines existing literature to gain insights into the occurrence, behaviour, fate, health hazards, and strategies for mitigating EOCs within the soil-plant system. EOCs identified in the soil-plant system encompass endocrine-disrupting chemicals, surfactants, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, plasticizers, gasoline additives, flame retardants, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Sources of EOCs in the soil-plant system include the land application of biosolids, wastewater, and solid wastes rich in EOCs. However, less-studied sources encompass plastics and atmospheric deposition. EOCs are transported from their sources to the soil-plant system and other receptors through human activities, wind-driven processes, and hydrological pathways. The behaviour, persistence, and fate of EOCs within the soil-plant system are discussed, including sorption, degradation, phase partitioning, (bio)transformation, biouptake, translocation, and bioaccumulation in plants. Factors governing the behaviour, persistence, and fate of EOCs in the soil-plant system include pH, redox potential, texture, temperature, and soil organic matter content. The review also discusses the environmental receptors of EOCs, including their exchange with other environmental compartments (aquatic and atmospheric), and interactions with soil organisms. The ecological health risks, human exposure via inhalation of particulate matter and consumption of contaminated food, and hazards associated with various EOCs in the soil-plant system are discussed. Various mitigation measures including removal technologies of EOCs in the soil are discussed. Finally, future research directions are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Privilege Masinga
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, P. O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tinoziva T Simbanegavi
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, P. O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Zakio Makuvara
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jerikias Marumure
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, 8301, South Africa
| | - Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Engineering Research Group, 380 New Adylin, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe.
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, 380 New Adylin, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vo PHN, Ky Le G, Huy LN, Zheng L, Chaiwong C, Nguyen NN, Nguyen HTM, Ralph PJ, Kuzhiumparambil U, Soroosh D, Toft S, Madsen C, Kim M, Fenstermacher J, Hai HTN, Duan H, Tscharke B. Occurrence, spatiotemporal trends, fate, and treatment technologies for microplastics and organic contaminants in biosolids: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133471. [PMID: 38266587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the occurrence, fate, treatment and multi-criteria analysis of microplastics (MPs) and organic contaminants (OCs) in biosolids. A meta-analysis was complementarily analysed through the literature to map out the occurrence and fate of MPs and 10 different groups of OCs. The data demonstrate that MPs (54.7% occurrence rate) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate surfactants (44.2% occurrence rate) account for the highest prevalence of contaminants in biosolids. In turn, dioxin, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) have the lowest rates (<0.01%). The occurrence of several OCs (e.g., dioxin, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceutical and personal care products, ultraviolet filters, phosphate flame retardants) in Europe appear at higher rates than in Asia and the Americas. However, MP concentrations in biosolids from Australia are reported to be 10 times higher than in America and Europe, which required more measurement data for in-depth analysis. Amongst the OC groups, brominated flame retardants exhibited exceptional sorption to biosolids with partitioning coefficients (log Kd) higher than 4. To remove these contaminants from biosolids, a wide range of technologies have been developed. Our multicriteria analysis shows that anaerobic digestion is the most mature and practical. Thermal treatment is a viable option; however, it still requires additional improvements in infrastructure, legislation, and public acceptance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phong H N Vo
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Gia Ky Le
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Lai Nguyen Huy
- Environmental Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Lei Zheng
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4103, Australia
| | - Chawalit Chaiwong
- Environmental Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Nam Nhat Nguyen
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hong T M Nguyen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4103, Australia
| | - Peter J Ralph
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Unnikrishnan Kuzhiumparambil
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Danaee Soroosh
- Biotechnology Department, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran 3353-5111, Iran
| | - Sonja Toft
- Urban Utilities, Level 10/31 Duncan St, Fortitude Valley, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Craig Madsen
- Urban Utilities, Level 10/31 Duncan St, Fortitude Valley, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Mikael Kim
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | | | - Ho Truong Nam Hai
- Faculty of Environment, University of Science, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Haoran Duan
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ben Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4103, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Battisti I, Trentin AR, Franzolin E, Nicoletto C, Masi A, Renella G. Uptake and distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances by grafted tomato plants cultivated in a contaminated site in northern Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170032. [PMID: 38220022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly persistent and mobile pollutants raising alarming concerns due to their capability to accumulate in living organisms and exert toxic effects on human health. We studied the accumulation of different PFAS in the leaves and fruits of tomato plants grown on a PFAS-polluted soil in North-East Italy. Tomato plants were grafted with different rootstocks characterized by different vigor, and irrigated with PFAS-polluted groundwater. Leaves and fruits of the first and sixth truss were analyzed at full plant maturity. All tomato varieties accumulated PFAS in leaves and fruits, with the highest concentrations detected in the most vigorous rootstock and reflecting the PFAS concentration profile of the irrigation water. PFAS with a chain length from 4 to 8 C atoms and with carboxylic and sulfonic functional groups were detected in plant leaves, whereas only carboxylic C4, C5, and C6 PFAS were detected in tomato fruits. A general trend of decreasing PFAS concentrations in fruits upon increasing height of the plant trusses was observed. Calculation of the target hazard quotient (THQ) showed increasing values depending on the plant vigor. The hazard index (HI) values showed values slightly higher than 1 for the most vigorous plants, indicating potential risks to human health associated with the consumption of contaminated tomato fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Battisti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Trentin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy
| | - Emma Franzolin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy
| | - Carlo Nicoletto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy
| | - Antonio Masi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Renella
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu Z, Liu S, Xiao F, Sweetman AJ, Cui Q, Guo H, Xu J, Luo Z, Wang M, Zhong L, Gan J, Tan W. Tissue-specific distribution and bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl acids, isomers, alternatives, and precursors in citrus trees of contaminated fields: Implication for risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133184. [PMID: 38064944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The ingestion of fruits containing perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) presents potential hazards to human health. This study aimed to fill knowledge gaps concerning the tissue-specific distribution patterns and bioaccumulation behavior of PFAAs and their isomers, alternatives, and precursors (collectively as per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFASs) within citrus trees growing in contaminated fields. It also assessed the potential contribution of precursor degradation to human exposure risk of PFASs. High concentrations of total target PFASs (∑PFASstarget, 92.45-7496.16 ng/g dw) and precursors measured through the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay (130.80-13979.21 ng/g dw) were found in citrus tree tissues, and short-chain PFASs constituted the primary components. The total PFASs concentrations followed the order of leaves > fruits > branches, bark > wood, and peel > pulp > seeds. The average contamination burden of peel (∑PFASstarget: 57.75%; precursors: 71.15%) was highest among fruit tissues. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and translocation potentials of short-chain, branched, or carboxylate-based PFASs exceeded those of their relatively hydrophobic counterparts, while ether-based PFASs showed lower BAFs than similar PFAAs in above-ground tissues of citrus trees. In the risk assessment of residents consuming contaminated citruses, precursor degradation contributed approximately 36.07% to total PFASs exposure, and therefore should not be ignored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Shun Liu
- The Seventh Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological Bureau, Yichang 443100, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | | | - Hao Guo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiayi Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ziyao Luo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingxia Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Linlin Zhong
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Wenfeng Tan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu J, Dong L, Zhou L, Yang W, Shi S, Dong S, Zhang H, Zhang X, Guo J, Zhang L. Tree barks for retrospective measurement and source appointment of airborne perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123346. [PMID: 38215867 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Tree bark is a useful bioindicator of atmospheric pollution. It is specially suitable for airborne perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) investigation due to persistence of ionic PFASs. The present work firstly systematically studied tree barks as a bioindicator of airborne PFASs. Comparison with the regular active and passive samplers found barks could produce long-term measurement of airborne PFASs, and could record the historical emission of PFASs with retrospective time frame as long as decades. Factors, e.g. tree type, trunk diameter, and sampling depth, can affect PFAS accumulation in barks, and these factors should be kept consistent during sampling. In a study area spatial distribution of airborne PFASs can be obtained by interpolation of bark results, and the concerned region can be located. Properties of the emission sources can be characterized, and the potential sources can be tracked based on the bark results. Their contributions can be further estimated by the source appointment strategies. In the economically and industrially developed study area of the present study, eight cities of southern Jiangsu Province of China, total ionic PFAS concentration of camphor bark samples collected in 34 sites was 0.44-359 ng/g dw (dry weight), dominated by perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). Two types of possible sources were characterized as with long-chained PFCAs and PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) as the main components respectively. The sources were appointed as fluoropolymer manufacturing and textile industries, the important PFAS application fields, and their relative contribution was estimated as 32.5% and 67.5% respectively. The present study can provide useful advice to the method framework of using barks for long-term occurrence investigation, concerned region location, and emission source appointment of airborne PFASs in a study area. Based on the bark results, effective strategies can be further made for PFAS pollution elimination and risk control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Liu
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, PR China; Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Liang Dong
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, PR China; Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, PR China; Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Wenlong Yang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, PR China; Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Shuangxin Shi
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, PR China; Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Shuping Dong
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, PR China; Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, PR China; Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Xiulan Zhang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, PR China; Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Jing Guo
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, PR China; Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Lifei Zhang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, PR China; Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang W, Focker M, van Dongen KCW, van der Fels-Klerx HJ. Factors influencing the fate of chemical food safety hazards in the terrestrial circular primary food production system-A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13324. [PMID: 38517020 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Food safety is recognized as a major hurdle in the transition toward circular food production systems due to the potential reintroduction and accumulation of chemical contaminants in these food systems. Effectively managing these hazardous contaminants in a risk-based manner requires quantitative insights into the factors influencing the presence and fate of contaminants in the entire circular food chain. A systematic literature review was performed to gain an up-to-date overview of the known factors and their influence on the transfer and accumulation of contaminants. This review focused on the terrestrial circular primary food production system, including the pathways between waste- or byproduct-based fertilizers, soil, crops, animal feed, and farmed animals. This review revealed an imbalance in research regarding the different pathways: studies on the soil-to-crop pathway were most abundant. The factors identified can be categorized as compound-related (intrinsic) factors, such as hydrophobicity, molecular weight, and chain length, and extrinsic factors, such as soil organic matter and carbon, pH, milk yield of cows, crop age, and biomass. Quantitative data on the influence of the identified factors were limited. Most studies quantified the influence of individual factors, whereas only a few studies quantified the combined effect of multiple factors. By providing a holistic insight into the influential factors and the quantification of their influence on the fate of contaminants, this review contributes to the improvement of food safety management for chemical hazards when transitioning to a circular food system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Huang
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marlous Focker
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja C W van Dongen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H J van der Fels-Klerx
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rico CM, Wagner DC, Ofoegbu PC, Kirwa NJ, Clubb P, Coates K, Zenobio JE, Adeleye AS. Toxicity assessment of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) on a spontaneous plant, velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), via metabolomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167894. [PMID: 37866594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous plants often play important ecological roles in terrestrial environments, but impacts of contaminants on spontaneous plants are seldom investigated. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) are ubiquitous in rural and urban soils. In this study, we assessed the effects of PFOS on a spontaneous plant, velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), using endpoints such as plant growth, stress defense, PFOS uptake, and elemental and metabolite profile. We observed stunted growth in plants grown in PFOS-contaminated soils, with PFOS accumulating in their shoots by up to 3000 times more than the control plants. The other endpoints (decreased chlorophyll a synthesis, elevated oxidative stress, reduced shoot Mg concentration, and reduced biomass production) also explained the stunted growth of velvetleaf exposed to elevated PFOS concentrations. We found that 56 metabolites involved in 13 metabolic pathways were dysregulated. The synthesis of important antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, hydroxycinnamic acids (coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, and sinapic acids), and tocopherols decreased, resulting in loss of plant's defense to stress. PFOS also reduced the levels of growth-related and stress-coping metabolites including squalene, serotonin, noradrenalin, putrescine, and indole-3-propionic acid, which further corroborated the restricted growth of velvetleaf exposed to elevated PFOS. These findings provide insights on phytotoxicity of PFOS to velvetleaf, a resilient terrestrial spontaneous plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyren M Rico
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA.
| | - Dane C Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Polycarp C Ofoegbu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Naum J Kirwa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Preston Clubb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Kameron Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA; Willard High School, 515 E Jackson St., Willard, MO 65781, USA
| | - Jenny E Zenobio
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA
| | - Adeyemi S Adeleye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li Z, Zhi Y, Li W, Lei J, Huang Z, Li H, Qian S. Bioaccumulation Characteristics of Typical Perfluoroalkyl Compounds in Alfalfa Under Salt Stress. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 112:24. [PMID: 38180582 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Medicago sativa, commonly known as alfalfa, is widely distributed worldwide, known for its strong stress resistance and well-developed root system, making it an important plant in ecological restoration research. To investigate the absorption and transport characteristics of alfalfa for typical perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) under salt stress, a 30-day indoor greenhouse experiment was conducted. The results showed that alfalfa exhibited varying degrees of absorption and transport for the selected PFAS. The highest BCF (Bioconcentration Factor) for shoot tissue reached 725.4 (for PFBA), and the highest TF (Translocation Factor) reached 53.8 (for PFPeA). Different PFAS compounds exhibited distinct bioaccumulation behaviors, with short-chain PFAS more readily entering the plant's root system and being transported upwards, while long-chain PFAS tended to adsorb to the surface of the root system. Furthermore, salt stress did not significantly affect the uptake of PFAS by alfalfa. This suggests that alfalfa is salt-tolerant and holds great potential for ecological restoration in short-chain PFAS-contaminated sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yue Zhi
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Jiamin Lei
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Haoran Li
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Shenhua Qian
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Al Zbedy A, Müller V, Kindness A, Ebel R, Norton GJ, Feldmann J. GenX uptake by wheat and rice in flooded and non-flooded soils: a greenhouse experiment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:1607-1620. [PMID: 38044403 PMCID: PMC10789845 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31160-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
GenX (hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid) belongs to the group of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) compounds introduced to replace perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which has been phased out in industrial and consumer product formulations. While GenX has been investigated in lab animals, there is limited information available regarding its uptake and translocation in wheat and rice. This study reports on a greenhouse experiment in which wheat and rice grown under flooded and non-flooded conditions were exposed to two GenX concentrations in the soil (0.4 mg kg-1 and 2 mg kg-1). GenX was analysed in the soil, porewater and shoots using targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Extractable organic fluorine (EOF) was determined using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-GFMAS) instrument. Results showed that different species took up different amounts of GenX. The GenX concentration in rice shoots was found to be 2.34 (± 0.45) and 4.11 (± 0.87) μg g-1 under flooded and non-flooded conditions, respectively, at a low exposure level. At high exposure, the GenX concentrations in flooded and non-flooded rice shoots increased threefold to 10.4 (± 0.41) and 13.4 (± 0.72) μg g-1, respectively. Wheat shoots showed similar concentrations and increases between low- and high-level exposure. The translocation factor was significantly higher (P = 0.013) in non-flooded rice compared to flooded rice. The GenX bioaccumulation behaviours under the same culture conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity, light, same GenX concentration in the soil) were significantly different in non-flooded and flooded rice (P < 0.001). Non-flooded rice plants displayed a higher level of GenX bioaccumulation than flooded ones. Following exposure to GenX, flooded rice plants showed a reduction in biomass (25%) compared to the control plants (P < 0.014). Our findings indicate that GenX is a bioaccumulative compound, the presence of which likely inhibits the growth of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amnah Al Zbedy
- School of Biological science, University of Aberdeen, Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
- School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Al-Qunfudhah University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Viktoria Müller
- TESLA-Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010, Graz, Austria
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Andrew Kindness
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Rainer Ebel
- School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Gareth J Norton
- School of Biological science, University of Aberdeen, Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Joerg Feldmann
- TESLA-Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Che J, Xu C, Song X, Ding X, Ali M, Chen H. Bioaccumulation of PFASs in cabbage collected near a landfill site in China: Laboratory and field investigations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167578. [PMID: 37797761 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies found that the bioaccumulation of PFASs in vegetables poses potential risks to the health of residents in local areas near landfills in China. Therefore, our study investigated the uptake of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their accumulation and distribution in cabbage roots, stems, and leaves under both field and laboratory hydroponic conditions. It was found that the sum of concentration of 15 PFASs (designated as Σ15PFASs) in roots, stems, and leaves ranged from 24.8 to 365 ng/g, 49.2 to 204 ng/g, 11.9 to 115 ng/g, respectively, in the order of roots > stems > leaves, which were generally higher than the range in soil samples (6.07-63.91 ng/g). The dominant compounds in cabbage were PFBA and PFDA in field and hydroponic samples, respectively. The hydroponic experimental results revealed that the sum concentration of 10 PFASs (designated as Σ10PFASs) was the highest in roots, and PFDA was the dominant compound in different cabbage fractions. Bioconcentration factors of short-chain PFBA, PFPeA, and PFBS in hydroponics followed the trend of leaves > stems > roots, indicating that they were readily transported from roots to stems, and then to leaves, with the majority stored in leaves at abundance levels of 53 %, 71 %, and 60 %, respectively. Additionally, the much higher concentration factor for 6:2 FTS in leaves suggested a higher potential health risk than PFOS in terms of dietary consumption of cabbage leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jilu Che
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Sichuan Tianshengyuan Environmental Services Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Eco-Environmental Research, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Mukhtiar Ali
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang Z, Shojaei M, Guelfo JL. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in grocery store foods: method optimization, occurrence, and exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:2015-2030. [PMID: 37796493 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00268c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is poorly understood. Evaluating PFAS in food is complicated by the need to evaluate varied matrices and a lack of a standard, matrix-specific sample extraction methods. Prior food studies implemented universal rather than matrix-specific extraction approaches, which may yield false negatives and an underestimation of PFAS dietary exposure if methods are not suitable to all matrices. Here the objectives were to screen and optimize PFAS extraction methods for plants, tissues, and dairy; apply optimized extraction methods to a grocery store food survey; and compare estimated exposure to published reference doses (RfDs). Optimized, matrix-specific extractions generally yielded internal standard recoveries of 50-150% and matrix spike recoveries of 70-130%. The frequency of PFAS detection in grocery store foods (16 of 22 products) was higher than in previous work. PFAS were detected at concentrations of 10 ng kgdw-1 (perfluorobutane sulfonate; washed green beans and perfluorohexanoic acid; unwashed tomato) to 2680 ng kgdw-1 (perfluorohexane sulfonate; radish). Concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in carrots, lettuce, radish, and canned green beans yielded median exposure intake (EI) values of 0.016-0.240 ng per kgbw-day, which exceeded the EPA RfD (0.0015 ng per kgbw-day). Washing reduced radish PFOA concentrations below detection, but EIs at the reporting limit still exceeded the RfD. The combination of improved data quality and greater frequency of PFAS detection vs. prior studies plus EI > RfD for some PFAS suggests a need for matrix-specific extractions and analysis of PFAS in additional grocery store foods from broader geographic regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Marzieh Shojaei
- Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer L Guelfo
- Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Battisti I, Zambonini D, Ebinezer LB, Trentin AR, Meggio F, Petit G, Masi A. Perfluoroalkyl substances exposure alters stomatal opening and xylem hydraulics in willow plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140380. [PMID: 37813249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and pollution are increasingly important stress factors for life on Earth. Dispersal of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are causing worldwide contamination of soils and water tables. PFAS are partially hydrophobic and can easily bioaccumulate in living organisms, causing metabolic alterations. Different plant species can uptake large amounts of PFAS, but little is known about its consequences for the plant water relation and other physiological processes, especially in woody plants. In this study, we investigated the fractionation of PFAS bioaccumulation from roots to leaves and its effects on the conductive elements of willow plants. Additionally, we focused on the stomal opening and the phytohormonal content. For this purpose, willow cuttings were exposed to a mixture of 11 PFAS compounds and the uptake was evaluated by LC-MS/MS. Stomatal conductance was measured and the xylem vulnerability to air embolism was tested and further, the abscisic acid and salicylic acid contents were quantified using LC-MS/MS. PFAS accumulated from roots to leaves based on their chemical structure. PFAS-exposed plants showed reduced stomatal conductance, while no differences were observed in abscisic acid and salicylic acid contents. Interestingly, PFAS exposure caused a higher vulnerability to drought-induced xylem embolism in treated plants. Our study provides novel information about the PFAS effects on the xylem hydraulics, suggesting that the plant water balance may be affected by PFAS exposure. In this perspective, drought events may be more stressful for PFAS-exposed plants, thus reducing their potential for phytoremediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Battisti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Dario Zambonini
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Leonard Barnabas Ebinezer
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Trentin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Franco Meggio
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Antonio Masi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xiang L, Qiu J, Chen QQ, Yu PF, Liu BL, Zhao HM, Li YW, Feng NX, Cai QY, Mo CH, Li QX. Development, Evaluation, and Application of Machine Learning Models for Accurate Prediction of Root Uptake of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18317-18328. [PMID: 37186812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) models were developed for understanding the root uptake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) under complex PFAS-crop-soil interactions. Three hundred root concentration factor (RCF) data points and 26 features associated with PFAS structures, crop properties, soil properties, and cultivation conditions were used for the model development. The optimal ML model, obtained by stratified sampling, Bayesian optimization, and 5-fold cross-validation, was explained by permutation feature importance, individual conditional expectation plot, and 3D interaction plot. The results showed that soil organic carbon contents, pH, chemical logP, soil PFAS concentration, root protein contents, and exposure time greatly affected the root uptake of PFASs with 0.43, 0.25, 0.10, 0.05, 0.05, and 0.05 of relative importance, respectively. Furthermore, these factors presented the key threshold ranges in favor of the PFAS uptake. Carbon-chain length was identified as the critical molecular structure affecting root uptake of PFASs with 0.12 of relative importance, based on the extended connectivity fingerprints. A user-friendly model was established with symbolic regression for accurately predicting RCF values of the PFASs (including branched PFAS isomerides). The present study provides a novel approach for profound insight into the uptake of PFASs by crops under complex PFAS-crop-soil interactions, aiming to ensure food safety and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qian-Qi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Peng-Fei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bai-Lin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hai-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nai-Xian Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Groffen T, Kuijper N, Oden S, Willems T, Bervoets L, Prinsen E. Growth Hormones in Broad Bean ( Vicia faba L.) and Radish ( Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus L.) Are Associated with Accumulated Concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl Substances. TOXICS 2023; 11:922. [PMID: 37999574 PMCID: PMC10674852 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we grew radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus L.) and broad beans (Vicia faba L.) in a greenhouse on soils spiked with a mixture of 15 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and investigated the association between accumulated ∑PFAS concentrations, growth, and hormone levels. Short-chained PFASs dominated aboveground tissues, whereas long-chained PFASs were most abundant in the plant roots. Our results showed that the presence or absence of exodermal Casparian strips, as well as the hydrophobicity and anion exchange capacities of PFASs, could explain the translocation of PFASs within plants. Significant associations found between accumulated PFAS concentrations and levels of gibberellins (GA1 and GA15), methionine, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) imply potential effects of PFASs on plant development and growth. This study provides the first evidence of associations between PFAS accumulation in plants and growth hormone levels, possibly leading to growth reduction of the apical dome and effects on the cell cycle in pericycle cells and methionine metabolism in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thimo Groffen
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (N.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Niels Kuijper
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (N.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Sevgi Oden
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRes), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.O.); (T.W.); (E.P.)
| | - Tim Willems
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRes), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.O.); (T.W.); (E.P.)
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (N.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Els Prinsen
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRes), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.O.); (T.W.); (E.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen X, Li J, Han L, Wu W, Chen M. Human health risk-based soil generic assessment criteria of representative perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) under the agricultural land use in typical Chinese regions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122368. [PMID: 37586685 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acid substances (PFAAs), such as perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorobutanoic sulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorooctane acid (PFOA) and perfluoroooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) are frequently detected in the global environment and can cause potential health hazards even at low levels. In this study, quantitative human health risk assessment was undertaken to derive soil generic assessment criteria (GAC) for four PFAAs under the agricultural land scenario in the evaluated Chinese regions, which considered multiple exposure pathways including vegetables consumption, dermal absorption, ingestion of soil and dust, and exposure from non-soil sources. It is showed that the calculated GAC for four PFAAs in Guangdong and Shandong Provinces were less stringent than those in Zhejiang and Jiangsu Provinces, and Shanghai City, owing to the low exposure from non-soil sources in former two provinces. In addition, GAC of PFOS were the most stringent in the range of 0.28-0.50 μg kg-1 in the studied regions, followed by PFOA (1.36-2.20 μg kg-1), PFBA (42.59-68.03 μg kg-1) and PFBS (474.59-749.60 μg kg-1), mainly attributable to significantly more stringent toxicological values of PFOA and PFOS. Correspondingly, the potential health hazards exist for PFOA in the studied regions except Guangdong Province, and PFOS only in Zhejiang and Jiangsu Provinces as indicated by the hazard quotients ranging from 1.04 to 19.49, but no health hazards are identified for PFBA and PFBS. The dominant exposure pathway was found to be consumption of vegetables and attached soil for PFBA and PFBS, contributing to more than 93% of the total exposure, compared to 49.91-76.69% for PFOA and PFOS due to significant exposure from non-soil sources levels. Overall, this study provides a technical reference on how to derive scientifically justifiable soil GAC for representative PFAAs for maintaining and assessing soil quality and food safety internationally under the agricultural land use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Lu Han
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Wenpei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Mengfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing, 100015, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang G, Wang X, Liu Y, Liu S, Xing Z, Guo P, Li C, Wang H. Novel Insights into Uptake, Translocation, and Transformation Mechanisms of 2,2',4,4'-Tetra Brominated Diphenyl Ether (BDE-47) in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.): Implication by Compound-Specific Stable Isotope and Transcriptome Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15266-15276. [PMID: 37773091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The uptake, translocation, and transformation of 2,2',4,4'-tetra brominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were comprehensively investigated by hydroponic experiments using compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) and transcriptome analysis. The results indicated that BDE-47 was quickly adsorbed on epidermis of wheat roots and then absorbed in roots via water and anion channels as well as an active process dependent on energy. A small fraction of BDE-47 in roots was subjected to translocation acropetally, and an increase of δ13C values in shoots than roots implied that BDE-47 in roots had to cross at least one lipid bilayer to enter the vascular bundle via transporters. In addition, accompanied by the decreasing concentrations, δ13C values of BDE-47 showed the increasing trend with time in shoots, indicating occurrence of BDE-47 transformation. OH-PBDEs were detected as transformation products, and the hydroxyl group preferentially substituted at the ortho-positions of BDE-47. Based on transcriptome analysis, genes encoding polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)-metabolizing enzymes, including cytochrome P450 enzymes, nitrate reductases, and glutathione S-transferases, were significantly upregulated after exposure to BDE-47 in shoots, further evidencing BDE-47 transformation. This study first reported the stable carbon isotope fractionation of PBDEs during translocation and transformation in plants, and application of CSIA and transcriptome analysis allowed systematically characterize the environmental behaviors of pollutants in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoguang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, P. R. China
| | - Shuaihao Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, P. R. China
| | - Ziao Xing
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, P. R. China
| | - Pengxu Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, P. R. China
| | - Chuanyuan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, P. R. China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nassazzi W, Wu TC, Jass J, Lai FY, Ahrens L. Phytoextraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and the influence of supplements on the performance of short-rotation crops. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122038. [PMID: 37321315 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic compounds threatening water quality and food safety worldwide. Phytoremediation is a nature-based, cost-effective, and scalable solution with high potential for treating PFAS-contaminated sites. However, there is a large knowledge gap regarding choice of plant species and methods to enhance performance. This study assessed the PFAS phytoextraction potential of sunflower (Helianthus annuus), mustard (Brassica juncea), and industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) in a greenhouse experiment, using inorganic fertilizer and a microbial mixture as supplements. PFAS concentrations were measured using UPLC-MS/MS, and bioconcentration factors for different plant tissues and removal efficiency were determined. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) accumulation was 0.4-360 times higher than that of perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid (PFSA) homologues of similar perfluorocarbon chain length. Inorganic fertilizer significantly (p < 0.001) reduced PFAS concentration in all plant tissues, whereas the microbial mixture tested did not affect PFAS concentration. PFAS uptake ranged from 0.2 to 33% per crop cycle. Overall, the potential number of crop cycles required for removal of 90% of individual PFAS ranged from six (PFPeA) to 232 (PFOA) using sunflower, 15 (PFPeA) to 466 (PFOS) using mustard and nine (PFPeA) to 420 (PFOS) using Hemp. In this study, the percentage of PFAS removal by plants was determined, and an estimation of the time required for PFAS phytoextraction was determined for the first time. This information is important for practical phytoremediation applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Nassazzi
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Tien-Chi Wu
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jana Jass
- The Life Science Center - Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Broadbent E, Gravesen C, Choi YJ, Lee L, Wilson PC, Judy JD. Effects of drinking water treatment residual amendments to biosolids on plant uptake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2023:10.1002/jeq2.20511. [PMID: 37682019 PMCID: PMC10920399 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water treatment residuals (DWTRs), solid by-products of drinking water treatment, are dominated by calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), or aluminum (Al), depending on the coagulant used. DWTRs are often landfilled, but current research is exploring options for beneficial reuse. Previous studies have shown that Al- and Fe-rich materials have potential to reduce the mobility of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Here, we investigated how amending biosolids with 5% wt/wt DWTRs affected plant bioavailable PFAS in two different simulated scenarios: (1) agricultural scenario with Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) grown in soil amended with an agronomically relevant rate of DWTR-amended biosolids (0.9% w/w, resulting in 0.045% w/w DWTR in the biosolids-amended soil) and (2) mine reclamation scenario examining PFAS uptake by Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) grown in soil that received DWTR-amended biosolids amendment at a rate consistent with the mine remediation (13% w/w, resulting in 0.65% w/w DWTR in the biosolids-amended soil). Amending biosolids with Ca-DWTR significantly reduced perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) uptake in ryegrass and perfluorohexanoic acid uptake in tomatoes, possibly due to DWTR-induced pH elevation, while Fe-DWTR amendment reduced PFBA bioaccumulation in ryegrass. The Al-DWTR did not induce a significant reduction in accumulated PFAS compared to controls. Although the reasons for this finding are unclear, the relatively low PFAS concentrations in the biosolids and relatively high Al content in the biosolids and soil may be partially responsible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Broadbent
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Caleb Gravesen
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Youn Jeong Choi
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Linda Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Ecological Sciences & Engineering Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Patrick C. Wilson
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Judy
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Griffin EK, Hall LM, Brown MA, Taylor-Manges A, Green T, Suchanec K, Furman BT, Congdon VM, Wilson SS, Osborne TZ, Martin S, Schultz EA, Holden MM, Lukacsa DT, Greenberg JA, Deliz Quiñones KY, Lin EZ, Camacho C, Bowden JA. Aquatic Vegetation, an Understudied Depot for PFAS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:1826-1836. [PMID: 37163353 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of manufactured chemicals that have been extensively utilized worldwide. We hypothesize that the presence, uptake, and accumulation of PFAS in aquatic vegetation (AV) is dependent upon several factors, such as the physiochemical properties of PFAS and proximity to potential sources. In this study, AV was collected from eight locations in Florida to investigate the PFAS presence, accumulation, and spatiotemporal distribution. PFAS were detected in AV at all sampling locations, with a range from 0.18 to 55 ng/g sum (∑)PFAS. Individual PFAS and their concentrations varied by sampling location, time, and AV species. A total of 12 PFAS were identified, with the greatest concentrations measured in macroalgae. The average bioconcentration factor (BCF) among all samples was 1225, indicating high PFAS accumulation in AV from surface water. The highest concentrations, across all AV types, were recorded in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), a location with a history of elevated PFAS burdens. The present study represents the first investigation of PFAS in naturally existing estuarine AV, filling an important gap on PFAS partitioning within the environment, as well as providing insights into exposure pathways for aquatic herbivores. Examining the presence, fate, and transport of these persistent chemicals in Florida's waterways is critical for understanding their effect on environmental, wildlife, and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Griffin
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Lauren M Hall
- St. Johns River Water Management District, Palm Bay, Florida 32909, United States
| | - Melynda A Brown
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Punta Gorda, Florida 33955, United States
| | - Arielle Taylor-Manges
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Punta Gorda, Florida 33955, United States
| | - Trisha Green
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Charlotte Harbor Seagrasses Aquatic Preserves, Punta Gorda, Florida 33955, United States
| | - Katherine Suchanec
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Charlotte Harbor Seagrasses Aquatic Preserves, Punta Gorda, Florida 33955, United States
| | - Bradley T Furman
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, United States
| | - Victoria M Congdon
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, United States
| | - Sara S Wilson
- Division of Coastlines and Oceans, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Todd Z Osborne
- Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystems, Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida 32080, United States
| | - Shawn Martin
- Department of Marine and Environmental Technology, College of the Florida Keys, Key West, Florida 33040, United States
| | - Emma A Schultz
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Mackenzie M Holden
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Dylan T Lukacsa
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Justin A Greenberg
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Katherine Y Deliz Quiñones
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Elizabeth Z Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Camden Camacho
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - John A Bowden
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhu T, Li H, Zhou M, Feng R, Hu R, Zhang J, Cheng Y. Prediction models and major controlling factors of antibiotics bioavailability in hyporheic zone. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:5785-5797. [PMID: 37233861 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01624-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently, antibiotics have been frequently detected in the hyporheic zone (HZ) as a novel contaminant. Bioavailability assessment has gradually attracted more attention in order to provide a more realistic assessment of human health risks. In this study, two typical antibiotics, oxytetracycline (OTC) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), were used as target pollutants in the HZ of the Zaohe-Weihe River, and the polar organics integrated sampler was used to analyze the variation of antibiotics bioavailability. According to the characteristics of the HZ, the total concentration of pollutants, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) were selected as major predictive factors to analyze their correlation with the antibiotics bioavailability. Then the predictive antibiotic bioavailability models were constructed by stepwise multiple linear regression method. The results showed that there was a highly significant negative correlation between OTC bioavailability and DO (P < 0.001), while SMZ bioavailability showed a highly significant negative correlation with total concentration of pollutants (P < 0.001) and a significant negative correlation with DO (P < 0.01). The results of correlation analysis were further verified by Principal Component Analysis. Based on the experimental data, we constructed eight prediction models for the bioavailability of two antibiotics and verified them. The data points of the six prediction models were distributed in the 95% prediction band, indicating that the models were more reliable and accurate. The prediction models in this study provide reference for the accurate ecological risk assessment of the bioavailability of pollutants in the HZ, and also provide a new idea for predicting the bioavailability of pollutants in practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhu
- Henan College of Transportation, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Henan Transport Investment Group Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, China.
- Henan Provincial Department of Transport, Zhengzhou, 45000, Henan, China.
| | - Ruyi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology in Arid Areas, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Ruixin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology in Arid Areas, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology in Arid Areas, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology in Arid Areas, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
He Q, Yan Z, Qian S, Xiong T, Grieger KD, Wang X, Liu C, Zhi Y. Phytoextraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by weeds: Effect of PFAS physicochemical properties and plant physiological traits. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131492. [PMID: 37121031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytoextraction is a promising technology that uses plants to remediate contaminated soil. However, its feasibility for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and the impact of PFAS properties and plant traits on phytoextraction efficacy remains unknown. In this study, we conducted greenhouse experiment and evaluated the potential of weeds for phytoextraction of PFAS from soil and assessed the effects of PFAS properties and plant traits on PFAS uptake via systematic correlation analyses and electron probe microanalyzer with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FE-EPMA-EDS) imaging. The results showed that 1) phytoextraction can remove 0.04%- 41.4%wt of PFAS from soil, with extracted PFAS primarily stored in plant shoots; 2) Weeds preferentially extracted short-chain PFAS over long-chain homologues from soil. 3) PFAS molecular size and hydrophilicity determined plant uptake behavior, while plant morphological traits, particularly root protein and lipid content, influenced PFAS accumulation and translocation. Although plants with thin roots and small leaf areas exhibited greater PFAS uptake and storage ability, the impact of PFAS physicochemical properties was more significant. 4) Finally, short-chain PFAS were transported quickly upwards in the plant, while uptake of long-chain PFOS was restricted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Zheng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shenhua Qian
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Tiantian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Khara D Grieger
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; North Carolina Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Caihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yue Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen L, Chen D, Zhou S, Lin J, Liu Y, Huang X, Lin Q, Morel JL, Ni Z, Wang S, Qiu R. New Insights into the Accumulation, Transport, and Distribution Mechanisms of Hexafluoropropylene Oxide Homologues, Important Alternatives to Perfluorooctanoic Acid, in Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:9702-9712. [PMID: 37314230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO) homologues, which are important alternatives to perfluorooctanoic acid, have been frequently identified in crops. Although exposure to HFPO homologues via crops may pose non-negligible threats to humans, their impact on crops is still unknown. In this study, the accumulation, transport, and distribution mechanisms of three HFPO homologues in lettuce were investigated at the plant, tissue, and cell levels. More specifically, HFPO trimer acid and HFPO tetramer acid were primarily fixed in roots and hardly transported to shoots (TF, 0.06-0.63). Conversely, HFPO dimer acid (HFPO-DA) tended to accumulate in lettuce shoots 2-264 times more than the other two homologues, thus resulting in higher estimated daily intake values. Furthermore, the dissolved organic matter derived from root exudate enhanced HFPO-DA uptake by increasing its desorption fractions in the rhizosphere. The transmembrane uptake of HFPO homologues was controlled by means of a transporter-mediated active process involving anion channels, with the uptake of HFPO-DA being additionally facilitated by aquaporins. The higher accumulation of HFPO-DA in shoots was attributed to the larger proportions of HFPO-DA in the soluble fraction (55-74%) and its higher abundance in both vascular tissues and xylem sap. Our findings expand the understanding of the fate of HFPO homologues in soil-crop systems and reveal the underlying mechanisms of the potential exposure risk to HFPO-DA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetable, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Daijie Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shunyi Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jieying Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yun Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiongfei Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qingqi Lin
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jean Louis Morel
- Laboratoire Sol et Environnement Université de Lorraine-INRAE, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy 54500, France
| | - Zhuobiao Ni
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shizhong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Scearce AE, Goossen CP, Schattman RE, Mallory EB, MaCrae JD. Linking drivers of plant per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) uptake to agricultural land management decisions. Biointerphases 2023; 18:040801. [PMID: 37410498 DOI: 10.1116/6.0002772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Widespread contamination of the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) in agricultural areas is largely attributed to the application of sewage sludge in which the PFAS can be concentrated. This creates a pathway for these contaminants to enter the food chain and, by extension, causes human health and economic concerns. One barrier to managing land with PFAS contamination is the variation in reported plant uptake levels across studies. A review of the literature suggests that the variation in plant uptake is influenced by a host of factors including the composition of PFAS chemicals, soil conditions, and plant physiology. Factors include (1) the chemical components of the PFAS such as the end group and chain length; (2) drivers of soil sorption such as the presence of soil organic matter (SOM), multivalent cation concentration, pH, soil type, and micropore volume; and (3) crop physiological features such as fine root area, percentage of mature roots, and leaf blade area. The wide range of driving factors highlights a need for research to elucidate these mechanisms through additional experiments as well as collect more data to support refined models capable of predicting PFAS uptake in a range of cropping systems. A conceptual framework presented here links drivers of plant PFAS uptake found in the literature to phytomanagement approaches such as modified agriculture or phytoremediation to provide decision support to land managers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Scearce
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469
| | - Caleb P Goossen
- Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association, Unity, Maine 04988
| | | | - Ellen B Mallory
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469
- University of Maine Cooperative Extension, Orono, Maine 04469
| | - Jean D MaCrae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Griffin EK, Hall LM, Brown MA, Taylor-Manges A, Green T, Suchanec K, Furman BT, Congdon VM, Wilson SS, Osborne TZ, Martin S, Schultz EA, Lukacsa DT, Greenberg JA, Bowden JA. PFAS surveillance in abiotic matrices within vital aquatic habitats throughout Florida. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115011. [PMID: 37236089 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of manufactured chemicals that are resistant to degradation and thus persistent in the environment. The presence, uptake, and accumulation of PFAS is dependent upon the physiochemical properties of the PFAS and matrix, as well as the environmental conditions since the time of release. The objective of this study was to measure the extent of PFAS contamination in surface water and sediment from nine vulnerable aquatic systems throughout Florida. PFAS were detected at all sampling locations with sediment exhibiting greater PFAS concentrations when compared to surface water. At most locations, elevated concentrations of PFAS were identified around areas of increased human activity, such as airports, military bases, and wastewater effluents. The results from the present study highlight the ubiquitous presence of PFAS in vital Florida waterways and filled an important gap in understanding the distribution of PFAS in dynamic, yet vulnerable, aquatic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Griffin
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Lauren M Hall
- St. Johns River Water Management District, Palm Bay, FL 32909, USA.
| | - Melynda A Brown
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Charlotte Harbor Aquatic Preserves, Punta Gorda, FL 33955, USA.
| | - Arielle Taylor-Manges
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Charlotte Harbor Aquatic Preserves, Punta Gorda, FL 33955, USA.
| | - Trisha Green
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Big Bend Seagrasses Aquatic Preserves, Crystal River, FL 34429, USA.
| | - Katherine Suchanec
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Big Bend Seagrasses Aquatic Preserves, Crystal River, FL 34429, USA.
| | - Bradley T Furman
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Victoria M Congdon
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Sara S Wilson
- Division of Coastlines and Oceans, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Todd Z Osborne
- Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystems, Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA.
| | - Shawn Martin
- Department of Marine and Environmental Technology, College of the Florida Keys, Key West, FL 33040, USA.
| | - Emma A Schultz
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Dylan T Lukacsa
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Justin A Greenberg
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - John A Bowden
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lv L, Liu B, Zhang B, Yu Y, Gao L, Ding L. A systematic review on distribution, sources and sorption of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in soil and their plant uptake. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116156. [PMID: 37196690 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are ubiquitous in environment, which have attracted increasing concerns in recent years. This study collected the data on PFAAs concentrations in 1042 soil samples from 15 countries and comprehensively reviewed the spatial distribution, sources, sorption mechanisms of PFAAs in soil and their plant uptake. PFAAs are widely detected in soils from many countries worldwide and their distribution is related to the emission of the fluorine-containing organic industry. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are found to be the predominant PFAAs in soil. Industrial emission is the main source of PFAAs contributing 49.9% of the total concentrations of PFAAs (Ʃ PFAAs) in soil, followed by activated sludge treated by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (19.9%) and irrigation of effluents from WWTPs, usage of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFFs) and leaching of leachate from landfill (30.2%). The adsorption of PFAAs by soil is mainly influenced by soil pH, ionic strength, soil organic matter and minerals. The concentrations of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in soil are negatively correlated with the length of carbon chain, log Kow, and log Koc. The carbon chain lengths of PFAAs are negatively correlated with the root-soil concentration factors (RCFs) and shoot-soil concentration factors (SCFs). The uptake of PFAAs by plant is influenced by physicochemical properties of PFAAs, plant physiology and soil environment. Further studies should be conducted to make up the inadequacy of existing knowledge on the behavior and fate of PFAAs in soil-plant system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linyang Lv
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China.
| | - Bimi Zhang
- Food and Drug Engineering Institute, Jilin Province Economic Management Cadre College, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Lei Gao
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Lingjie Ding
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Groffen T, Oden S, Claeijs N, Willems T, Schoenaers S, Vissenberg K, Bervoets L, Eens M, Prinsen E. Accumulation and effects of perfluoroalkyl substances in Arabidopsis thaliana in a temperature-dependent manner: an in vitro study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:68732-68742. [PMID: 37131002 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of long-chained per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with their short-chained homologues may have an impact on the accumulation in plants. The extent to which PFAS are absorbed by plants may differ among species and may depend on environmental factors, including temperature. The effect of an increased temperature on root uptake and translocation of PFAS in plants has been poorly studied. In addition, very few studies have examined toxicity of environmentally realistic PFAS concentrations to plants. Here, we investigated the bioaccumulation and tissue-distribution of fifteen PFAS in Arabidopsis thaliana L. grown in vitro at two different temperatures. Additionally, we examined the combined effects of temperature and PFAS accumulation on plant growth. Short-chained PFAS mainly accumulated in the leaves. The perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) concentrations in roots and leaves, and the relative contribution of PFCAs to the ΣPFAS concentrations increased with carbon chain length regardless of temperature, with the exception of perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA). An increased uptake of PFAS in leaves and roots at higher temperatures was observed for PFAS containing either eight or nine carbon atoms and could hence potentially result in higher risks for human intake. Leaf:root ratios of PFCAs followed a U-shaped pattern with carbon chain length, which is attributed to both hydrophobicity and anion exchange. Overall, no combined effects of realistic PFAS concentrations and temperature on the growth of A. thaliana were observed. PFAS exposure positively affected early root growth rates and root hair lengths, indicating a potential effect on factors involved in root hair morphogenesis. However, this effect on root growth rate became negligible later on in the exposure, and solely a temperature effect was observed after 6 days. Temperature also affected the leaf surface area. The underlying mechanisms on how PFAS stimulates root hair growth require further examination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thimo Groffen
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Sevgi Oden
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Naomi Claeijs
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Willems
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sébastjen Schoenaers
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- Plant Biochemistry & Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Stavromenos PC 71410, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Els Prinsen
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang J, Wang Q, Wang Y, Xu Y, Du W, Guo H. Joint effects of CuO nanoparticles and perfluorooctanoic acid on cabbage (Brassica pekinensis L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:66745-66752. [PMID: 37099098 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Coexisting nanoparticles (NPs) may change plant accumulation and toxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in soil, but research is very scarce. In this study, cabbage (Brassica pekinensis L.) was exposed to single or combined treatments of PFOA (2 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg) and copper oxide NPs (nCuO, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) for 40 days. At harvest, biomass, photosynthesis index, and nutrient composition of cabbage, as well as plant accumulation of PFOA and Cu, were measured. Results showed that nCuO and PFOA were adverse to cabbage growth by decreasing chlorophyll contents, inhibiting photosynthesis and transpiration, and interfering with the utilization of nutrient components. Besides, they also affected each other's plant utilization and transmission. Especially, nCuO at a high dose (400 mg/kg) significantly increased the transport of coexisting PFOA (4 mg/kg) content (by 124.9% and 118.2%) to cabbage shoots. The interaction mechanism between nCuO and PFOA is unknown, and more research is needed to evaluate their composite phytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiutang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yujing Wang
- Chemistry Department, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, 01075, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wenchao Du
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Hongyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Trapp S, Shi J, Zeng L. Generic Model for Plant Uptake of Ionizable Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:793-804. [PMID: 36785949 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant uptake of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has been recognized as a potential path to human exposure. Most existing regressions and uptake models are limited to neutral organic compounds, but 80% of pharmaceuticals and an unknown number of personal care products ionize under environmentally relevant conditions. A widely used generic plant uptake model was expanded step-by-step with processes relevant for weak and strong acids and bases, such as ionization, membrane permeability, ion trap, phloem transport, and sorption to proteins. The differential equation system was solved analytically, and the equations were implemented in a spreadsheet version. The changes in predicted plant uptake of neutral substances, acids, and bases were found for a range of key input data (log KOW , pKa , pH, sorption to proteins). For neutral compounds, sorption to proteins and phloem transport are of relevance only for the more polar compounds (low log KOW , ≤2). Weak acids (pKa ≤6) are trapped in phloem due to pH-related effects, and in roots when pH in soil is low (pH 4-5). Cations sorb stronger and hence show less bioavailability and less translocation than anions. Sorption to proteins reduces translocation to leaves and fruits for all substances, but this is more evident for polar and ionic compounds that have negligible sorption to lipids. The new generic model considers additional processes that are of relevance for polar and ionizable substances. It might be used instead of existing standard approaches for chemical risk assessment and assessment of the environmental fate of PPCPs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:793-804. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Trapp
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Junxuan Shi
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Landi Zeng
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Choi YJ, Lee LS, Hoskins TD, Gharehveran MM, Sepúlveda MS. Occurrence and implications of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances in animal feeds used in laboratory toxicity testing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161583. [PMID: 36638992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The exceptional thermal and chemical stability and the amphiphilicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have resulted in widespread use and subsequent contamination in environmental media and biota. Concerns surrounding toxicity have led to numerous animal-based toxicity studies. Due to the ubiquity of PFAS and the low parts per trillion (ppt) health advisory levels for drinking water, several contamination elimination protocols have been implemented. In addition, it is urgently necessary to perform low-dose experiments, but due to unknown pathways for entry of unwanted PFAS, low-dose studies are extremely challenging to conduct. However, animal feed sources are a likely route that could introduce unwanted PFAS into experiments, yet investigations of PFAS in common animal feeds are lacking. Here, we report the examination of PFAS levels in eighteen different animal feeds, representing a range of diets fed to diverse taxa. We evaluated whether PFAS levels in feeds were correlated with ingredient composition (plant versus animal-based) or dietary habits of lab animals (amphibian, fish, invertebrate, mammal). PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA, and short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids had the highest detection levels and frequencies across all samples. Different food ingredients led to different PFAS profiles. No meaningful levels of PFAS precursors were detected. We demonstrate that PFAS contamination in animal feed is pervasive. Reducing food-sourced PFAS is a critical, albeit challenging task to improve interpretability of in vivo exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youn Jeong Choi
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Linda S Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Division of Environmental Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Interdisciplinary Ecological Science & Engineering Graduate Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tyler D Hoskins
- Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Science & Engineering Graduate Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Sustainability Research Center & PhD in Conservation Medicine, Life Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Qian S, Lu H, Xiong T, Zhi Y, Munoz G, Zhang C, Li Z, Liu C, Li W, Wang X, He Q. Bioaccumulation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Ferns: Effect of PFAS Molecular Structure and Plant Root Characteristics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4443-4453. [PMID: 36848373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study assessed the bioaccumulation potential of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in ferns and linked root uptake behaviors to root characteristics and PFAS molecular structure. Tissue and subcellular-level behavioral differences between alternative and legacy PFAS were compared via an electron probe microanalyzer with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EPMA-EDS) and differential centrifugation. Our results show that ferns can accumulate PFAS from water, immobilize them in roots, and store them in harvestable tissue. The PFAS loading in roots was dominated by PFOS; however, a substantial amount of associated PFOS could be rinsed off by methanol. Correlation analyses indicated that root length, surface and project area, surface area per unit length of the root system, and molecular size and hydrophobicity of PFAS were the most significant factors affecting the magnitude of root uptake and upward translocation. EPMA-EDS images together with exposure experiments suggested that long-chain hydrophobic compounds tend to be adsorbed and retained on the root epidermis, while short-chain compounds are absorbed and quickly translocated upward. Our findings demonstrated the feasibility of using ferns in phytostabilization and phytoextraction initiatives of PFAS in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenhua Qian
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hongying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Tiantian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yue Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Chuhui Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Zhengwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Caihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang D, Li J, Li X, Wang M, Zhong Y, Chen G, Xiao H, Zhang Y. Phytoremediation of fluoroalkylethers (ether-PFASs): A review on bioaccumulation and ecotoxilogical effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161260. [PMID: 36587702 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroalkylethers (ether-PFASs), as alternatives to phased-out per- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), have attracted mounting attention due to their ubiquitous detection in aquatic environment and their similarity to legacy PFASs in terms of persistence and toxicity. In this review, the sources and distribution of ether-PFASs in soil ecosystem as well as their toxic impacts on soil microbial community are summarized. The plant uptake and bioaccumulation potential of ether-PFASs are presented, and a wide range of the influencing factors for their uptake and translocation is discussed. In response to ether-PFASs, the corresponding phytotoxic effects, such as seed germination, plant growth, photosynthesis, oxidative damage, antioxidant enzymes activities, and genotoxicity, are systematically elucidated. Finally, the current knowledge gaps and future research prospective are highlighted. The findings of this review will advance our understanding for the environmental behavior and implications ether-PFASs in soil-plant systems and help explore the strategies for ether-PFASs remediation to minimize their adverse toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China.
| | - Jiaying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Xia Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China.
| | - Mo Wang
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yongming Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Gaolin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Hongyu Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yamazaki E, Eun H, Taniyasu S, Sakamoto T, Hanari N, Inui H, Wu R, Lin H, Lam PKS, Falandysz J, Yamashita N. Residue Distribution and Daily Exposure of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Indica and Japonica Rice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4208-4218. [PMID: 36848881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have excellent chemical stability but have adverse environmental impacts of concern. Furthermore, bioaccumulation of PFAS in rice varieties─which is the essential staple food crop in Asia─has not been verified. Therefore, we cultivated Indica (Kasalath) and Japonica rice (Koshihikari) in the same Andosol (volcanic ash soil) paddy field and analyzed the air, rainwater, irrigated water, soil, and rice plants for 32 PFAS residues, throughout the cultivation to human consumption. During the rice cultivation period, the cultivation environment in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) constituted perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), with minimal perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs). Furthermore, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) migrates at a PM > 10 to drop in a cultivation field and was conducive to leakage and accumulation of PFCAs in air particles in the field environment. Moreover, precipitation was a sources of irrigation water contamination, and cultivated soil with a high carbon content could capture PFSAs and PFCAs (over C10). There were no major differences in residual PFAS trends in the rice varieties, but the distribution of PFAS in the growing soil, air, and rainwater differed. The edible white rice part was mainly affected by irrigation water in both varieties. Monte Carlo simulations of daily exposure assessments of PFOS, PFOA, and perfluorononanic acid showed similar results for Indians consuming Indica rice and Japanese consuming Japonica rice. The results indicate that the ultratrace PFAS residue concentrations and their daily exposure were not cultivar-specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Yamazaki
- Research Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NMIJ/AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
| | - Heesoo Eun
- Research Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Sachi Taniyasu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sakamoto
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Hanari
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NMIJ/AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Inui
- Response to Environmental Materials, Division of Signal Responses, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Rongben Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Huiju Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego Street, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Nobuyoshi Yamashita
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
O'Hara L, Longstaffe JG. 1 H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Exposed to Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluoroctanesulfonic Acid. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:663-672. [PMID: 36541334 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that are widely used in consumer products and fire suppression foams. The presence of PFAS in ground and surface water can create a route for PFAS to enter the soil, exposing ecosystems (including agroecosystems), where they will move through the food web via biomagnification. The toxicity of PFAS to plants, particularly in agricultural ecosystems, is of emerging concern due to the application of biosolids that are often contaminated with PFAS. Nevertheless, due to the low concentrations of PFAS in most agricultural soils, the direct impact of PFAS on plant health is not well understood. We used 1 H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics to explore the effects of exposure of two key PFAS, perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, on Arabidopsis thaliana, a model organism. We found that Arabidopsis exhibited an accumulation of multiple metabolites, including soluble sugars (glucose and sucrose), multiple amino acids, and tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, suggesting that PFAS exposure impacts the metabolism of plants by causing an accumulation of stress-related amino acids and soluble sugars that drives increased activity of the TCA cycle. The present study shows that 1 H-NMR metabolomics is a viable tool for investigating changes in the metabolic profile of plants exposed to PFAS and can be used to illuminate the stress response of plants in a high-throughput, nonbiased manner. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:663-672. © 2022 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam O'Hara
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - James G Longstaffe
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Barbo N, Stoiber T, Naidenko OV, Andrews DQ. Locally caught freshwater fish across the United States are likely a significant source of exposure to PFOS and other perfluorinated compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115165. [PMID: 36584847 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or PFAS, gained significant public and regulatory attention due to widespread contamination and health harms associated with exposure. Ingestion of PFAS from contaminated food and water results in the accumulation of PFAS in the body and is considered a key route of human exposure. Here we calculate the potential contribution of PFOS from consumption of locally caught freshwater fish to serum levels. We analyzed data for over 500 composite samples of fish fillets collected across the United States from 2013 to 2015 under the U.S. EPA's monitoring programs, the National Rivers and Streams Assessment and the Great Lakes Human Health Fish Fillet Tissue Study. The two datasets indicate that an individual's consumption of freshwater fish is potentially a significant source of exposure to perfluorinated compounds. The median level of total targeted PFAS in fish fillets from rivers and streams across the United States was 9,500 ng/kg, with a median level of 11,800 ng/kg in the Great Lakes. PFOS was the largest contributor to total PFAS levels, averaging 74% of the total. The median levels of total detected PFAS in freshwater fish across the United States were 278 times higher than levels in commercially relevant fish tested by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2019-2022. Exposure assessment suggests that a single serving of freshwater fish per year with the median level of PFAS as detected by the U.S. EPA monitoring programs translates into a significant increase of PFOS levels in blood serum. The exposure to chemical pollutants in freshwater fish across the United States is a case of environmental injustice that especially affects communities that depend on fishing for sustenance and for traditional cultural practices. Identifying and reducing sources of PFAS exposure is an urgent public health priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Barbo
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, Grainger Hall, Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Tasha Stoiber
- Environmental Working Group, 1250 I Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20005, USA
| | - Olga V Naidenko
- Environmental Working Group, 1250 I Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20005, USA
| | - David Q Andrews
- Environmental Working Group, 1250 I Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20005, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang X, Zhang W, Lamichhane S, Dou F, Ma X. Effects of physicochemical properties and co-existing zinc agrochemicals on the uptake and phytotoxicity of PFOA and GenX in lettuce. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:43833-43842. [PMID: 36680712 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Even though the potential toxicity and treatment methods for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have attracted extensive attention, the plant uptake and accumulation of PFAS in edible plant tissues as a potential pathway for human exposure received little attention. Our study in a hydroponic system demonstrated that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and its replacing compound, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy) propanoic acid (GenX) displayed markedly different patterns of plant uptake and accumulation. For example, the root concentration factor (RCF) of PFOA in lettuce is almost five times of that of GenX while the translocation factor (TF) of GenX is about 66.7% higher than that for PFOA. The co-presence of zinc amendments affected the phyto-effect of these two compounds and their accumulation in plant tissues, and the net effect on their plant accumulation depended on both the properties of Zn amendments and PFAS. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) at 100 mg/L did not affect the uptake of PFOA in either lettuce roots or shoots; however, Zn2+ at the same concentration significantly increased PFOA accumulation in both tissues. In contrast, both Zn amendments significantly lowered the accumulation of GenX in lettuce roots, but only ZnONPs significantly hindered the GenX accumulation in lettuce shoots. The co-exposure to ZnONPs and PFOA/GenX resulted in lower oxidative stress than the plants exposed to PFOA or GenX alone. However, both zinc agrochemicals with or without PFAS led to lower root dry biomass. The results shed light on the property-dependent plant uptake of PFAS and the potential impact of co-existing nanoagrochemicals and their dissolved ions on plant uptake of PFOA and GenX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Wang
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Weilan Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | | | - Fugen Dou
- Texas A&M Agrilife Research Center, Beaumont, TX, 77713, USA
| | - Xingmao Ma
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sunyer-Caldú A, Golovko O, Kaczmarek M, Asp H, Bergstrand KJ, Gil-Solsona R, Gago-Ferrero P, Diaz-Cruz MS, Ahrens L, Hultberg M. Occurrence and fate of contaminants of emerging concern and their transformation products after uptake by pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 319:120958. [PMID: 36603758 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recovery and reuse of nutrients is a major challenge in agriculture. A new process contributing to a circular economy is the anaerobic digestion of food waste, which is a sustainable way of recycling nutrients as the digestate can be used as fertiliser in agriculture and horticulture. However, the digestate may be polluted with contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) that can be circulated back into the food chain, posing a risk to the environment and human health. In this work, the nutrient solution was spiked with 18 selected CECs frequently detected in food waste biogas facilities, and subsequent uptake and fate of these CECs were evaluated in pak choi grown in two different nutrient solutions (mineral and organic). All spiked compounds except two (propylparaben, fenbendazole) were taken up by pak choi plants, with perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and sertraline displaying the highest concentrations (270 and 190 μg/kg fresh weight, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences in uptake between mineral and organic nutrient solutions. Uptake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) was negatively correlated with perfluorocarbon chain length and dependent on the functional group (r = -0.73). Sixteen transformation products (TPs) were tentatively identified using suspect screening, most of which were Phase II or even Phase III metabolites. Six of these TPs were identified for the first time in plant metabolism and their metabolic pathways were considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Sunyer-Caldú
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oksana Golovko
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Michał Kaczmarek
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Asp
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-234 56 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Karl-Johan Bergstrand
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-234 56 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Rubén Gil-Solsona
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Hultberg
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-234 56 Alnarp, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Liu S, Liu Z, Tan W, Johnson AC, Sweetman AJ, Sun X, Liu Y, Chen C, Guo H, Liu H, Wan X, Zhang L. Transport and transformation of perfluoroalkyl acids, isomer profiles, novel alternatives and unknown precursors from factories to dinner plates in China: New insights into crop bioaccumulation prediction and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 172:107795. [PMID: 36764184 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are contaminants of global concern, and the inadvertent consumption of PFAA-contaminated crops may pose a threat to public health. Therefore, systematically studying their source tracing, bioaccumulation prediction and risk assessments in crops is an urgent priority. This study investigated the source apportionment and transport of PFAAs and novel fluorinated alternatives (collectively as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFASs) from factories to agricultural fields in a fluorochemical industrial region of China. Furthermore, bioaccumulation specificities and prediction of these chemicals in different vegetables were explored, followed by a comprehensive risk assessment from agricultural fields to dinner plates which considered precursor degradation. A positive matrix factorization model revealed that approximately 70 % of PFASs in agricultural soils were derived from fluorochemical manufacturing and metal processing. Alarming levels of ∑PFASs ranged 8.28-84.3 ng/g in soils and 163-7176 ng/g in vegetables. PFAS with short carbon chain or carboxylic acid group as well as branched isomers exhibited higher environmental transport potentials and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) across a range of vegetables. The BAFs of different isomers of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) decreased as the perfluoromethyl group moved further from the acid functional group. Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) showed relatively low BAFs, probably related to its ether bond with a high affinity to soil. Vegetables with fewer Casparian strips (e.g., carrot and radish), or more protein, possessed larger BAFs of PFASs. A bioaccumulation equation integrating critical parameters of PFASs, vegetables and soils, was built and corroborated with a good contamination prediction. After a total oxidizable precursors (TOP) assay, incremental perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) were massively found (325-5940 ng/g) in edible vegetable parts. Besides, precursor degradation and volatilization loss of PFASs was firstly confirmed during vegetable cooking. A risk assessment based on the TOP assay was developed to assist the protection of vegetable consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Wenfeng Tan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Andrew C Johnson
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford, Oxon, OX 10 8BB, UK
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Chang Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Guo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hanyu Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiang Wan
- Hubei Geological Survey, Wuhan 430034, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Xing Y, Li Q, Chen X, Huang B, Ji L, Zhang Q, Fu X, Li T, Wang J. PFASs in Soil: How They Threaten Human Health through Multiple Pathways and Whether They Are Receiving Adequate Concern. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1259-1275. [PMID: 36622935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been mass-produced and widely applied in consumer and industrial products, resulting in their widespread presence in the environment. Features such as environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and high toxicity even at low doses have made PFASs an increasing concern. This brief review focuses on soil PFASs, especially the effect of soil PFASs on other environmental media and their potential threats to human health through daily diet. Specifically, soil PFASs contamination caused by different pathways was first investigated. Soil pollution from application of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) is generally more severe than that from fluorochemical manufacturing plants, followed by biosolid land use, landfill, and irrigation. Factors, such as carbon chain length of PFASs, wastewater treatment technology, geographical conditions, and regional development level, are related to soil PFASs' pollution. Then, the migration, bioaccumulation, and toxicity characteristics of soil PFASs were analyzed. Short-chain PFASs have higher solubility, mobility, and bioavailability, while long-chain PFASs have higher bioaccumulation potential and are more toxic to organisms. Factors such as soil texture, solution chemistry conditions, enzymes, and fertilization conditions also influence the environmental behavior of PFASs. The risk of human exposure to PFASs through agricultural and animal products is difficult to control and varies depending on living region, age, eating habits, lifestyle, ethnicity, etc. Soil PFASs threaten drinking water safety, affect soil function, and enter food webs, threatening human health. Knowledge gaps and perspectives in these research fields are also included in current work to assist future research to effectively investigate and understand the environmental risks of soil PFASs, thereby reducing human exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingna Xing
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Qi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lei Ji
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Xiaowen Fu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Tianyuan Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kavusi E, Shahi Khalaf Ansar B, Ebrahimi S, Sharma R, Ghoreishi SS, Nobaharan K, Abdoli S, Dehghanian Z, Asgari Lajayer B, Senapathi V, Price GW, Astatkie T. Critical review on phytoremediation of polyfluoroalkyl substances from environmental matrices: Need for global concern. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114844. [PMID: 36403653 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of emerging organic contaminants that are impervious to standard physicochemical treatments. The widespread use of PFAS poses serious environmental issues. PFAS pollution of soils and water has become a significant issue due to the harmful effects of these chemicals both on the environment and public health. Owing to their complex chemical structures and interaction with soil and water, PFAS are difficult to remove from the environment. Traditional soil remediation procedures have not been successful in reducing or removing them from the environment. Therefore, this review focuses on new phytoremediation techniques for PFAS contamination of soils and water. The bioaccumulation and dispersion of PFAS inside plant compartments has shown great potential for phytoremediation, which is a promising and unique technology that is realistic, cost-effective, and may be employed as a wide scale in situ remediation strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Kavusi
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behnaz Shahi Khalaf Ansar
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira Ebrahimi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ritika Sharma
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Seyede Shideh Ghoreishi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sima Abdoli
- Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Dehghanian
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behnam Asgari Lajayer
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - G W Price
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sun L, Zhang P, Liu F, Ju Q, Xu J. Molecular and genetic analyses revealed the phytotoxicity of perfluorobutane sulfonate. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107646. [PMID: 36410239 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) has oily and hydrophobic characteristics similar to those of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), which is an environmental organic pollutant and has gradually become the main substitute for PFOS in industry. Several studies have revealed the potential toxicity of PFBS in animals. PFBS can be taken up and accumulate in plants; however, whether and how PFBS affects plant growth remain largely unclear. A low concentration of PFBS did not affect plant growth, indicating that it had higher environmental safety than other perfluorinated compounds; however, a high concentration of PFBS (>1 mM) markedly inhibited primary root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Subsequently, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying plant growth mediated by high concentrations of PFBS. First, a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis revealed that PFBS altered the expression of genes associated with phytohormone signaling pathways. Combining physio-biochemical and genetic analyses, we next demonstrated that PFBS reduced the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA), and disrupted the two signaling pathways in plants, finally inhibiting root growth. Moreover, a high concentration of PFBS also inhibited photosynthesis by comprehensively repressing the expression of genes related to the Calvin cycle and the photosynthetic apparatus. Such an understanding is helpful for elucidating the phytotoxicity of PFBS and provides a new strategy for toxicology research on organic pollutants in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Sun
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Qiong Ju
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Jin Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wang W, Yuan S, Kwon JH. Insight into the uptake and translocation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in hydroponically grown lettuce. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:85454-85464. [PMID: 35799002 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in agricultural soils has raised concerns regarding the health risks associated with the consumption of PFAS-contaminated agricultural products. The present study investigated the uptake and translocation of nine PFASs in lettuce using a hydroponic setting. During the uptake experiments, long-chain PFASs (≥ C8) exhibited greater accumulations in lettuce roots, while short-chain PFASs (≤ C7) manifested preferential transport to the shoots. The average root concentration factors of PFASs were positively correlated with their log Kow values. A significantly negative relationship was found between the average translocation factors of PFASs and their molecular volume. Sorption of long-chain PFASs by lettuce roots was enhanced after heating the roots to increase the cell membrane permeability. The accumulation of perfluorododecanoic acid increased significantly in shoots of lettuce plants without roots as compared to whole lettuce plants. Results of the present study indicate that sorption to root surface tissues and efficiency in passing through the root Casparian strip are two important factors that affect the uptake and distribution of PFASs within plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Wang
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Shu Yuan
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, 080301, China
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
McDermett K, Anderson T, Jackson WA, Guelfo J. Assessing Potential Perfluoroalkyl Substances Trophic Transfer to Crickets (Acheta domesticus). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2981-2992. [PMID: 36102845 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have assessed the bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in plant tissues, to date there has been minimal research on the bioaccumulation of PFAS in soil invertebrates that results from consuming PFAS-contaminated media. The present study focused on two different consumption pathways in a population of crickets: individuals consuming PFAS-contaminated alfalfa and individuals consuming PFAS-spiked drinking water. Alfalfa was grown in a greenhouse and irrigated with PFAS-spiked water (∼1 ppm) containing seven unique PFAS. The alfalfa was then harvested and fed to crickets. Another population of crickets was supplied with PFAS-spiked drinking water at similar concentrations to irrigation water for direct consumption. Alfalfa accumulation of PFAS and subsequent consumption by the crickets resulted in overall similar tissue concentrations in the crickets who consumed PFAS-spiked water directly. This indicates that source concentration (water) may be an important factor in assessing the bioaccumulation of PFAS in organisms. To our knowledge, ours is the first study not only to assess the direct trophic transfer of PFAS from contaminated vegetation to invertebrates, but also to highlight the similarities in bioaccumulation regardless of ingestion pathway. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2981-2992. © 2022 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin McDermett
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
- Geosyntec Consultants, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Todd Anderson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - W Andrew Jackson
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer Guelfo
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Nassazzi W, Lai FY, Ahrens L. A novel method for extraction, clean-up and analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in different plant matrices using LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1212:123514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
49
|
Lyu Y, Li G, He Y, Li Y, Tang Z. Occurrence and distribution of organic ultraviolet absorbents in soils and plants from a typical industrial area in South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157383. [PMID: 35843326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) have attracted increasing concern due to their ubiquity, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity. However, available information on their occurrence and transfer in terrestrial environment is still extremely insufficient. In this study, we investigated twelve UVAs in the soils and five terrestrial plant species from a typical industrial area in South China, and found their total concentrations were 5.87-76.1 (median 13.1) and 17.9-269 (median 82.9) ng/g dry weight, respectively. Homosalate was dominant in soils while benzophenone and octrizole were predominant in plants, likely due to their complex sources and bioaccumulation preferences. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were further evaluated based on the ratios of UVA concentrations in plants and soils. The observed BAFs of UVAs were compound and species-specific, and most of them were much >1.0, indicating the chemicals could be transferred from soils to plants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of organic UVAs in field soil-plant systems, providing information that may improve our understanding of the bioaccumulability of these chemicals in terrestrial environment and the associated risks. More studies are needed to investigate the transfer and bioaccumulation of such chemicals in soils and terrestrial biota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Guanghui Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yonghong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liu Y, Bahar MM, Samarasinghe SVAC, Qi F, Carles S, Richmond WR, Dong Z, Naidu R. Ecological risk assessment for perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) in soil using species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129667. [PMID: 36104899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) is one of the persistent organic pollutants that has been recommended to be listed in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention. It has gained increasing attention in recent years due to its toxic effects. The guideline values of PFHxS are commonly associated with PFOS in various countries and regulatory agencies. In this study, multispecies bioassays were conducted to determine the ecological toxic effects of PFHxS, including plants, soil invertebrates, and soil microorganisms, which indicated the EC10/NOEC values ranged from 2.9 to 250 mg/kg. Where possible, logistic models were used to calculate the EC30 values for various endpoints. The species sensitivity distributions were employed to estimate the ecological investigation levels for PFHxS contamination in soils using toxicity results from literature and this study. The calculation using EC10/NOEC values from both literature and this study indicated a most conservative HC5 as 1.0 mg/kg (hazardous concentration for 5 % of the species being impacted). However, utilisation of EC30 values derived from this study resulted in a much higher HC5 for PFHxS in contaminated soils (13.0 mg/kg) which is at the higher end of the existing guideline values for PFOS for protecting ecological systems. The results obtained in this study can be useful in risk assessment processes to minimize any uncertainty using combined values with PFOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Liu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Md Mezbaul Bahar
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - S V A Chamila Samarasinghe
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Fangjie Qi
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | | | - William R Richmond
- Department of Water and Environmental Regulation, Government of Western Australia, 8 Davidson Terrace, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijging 100191, China.
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|