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Guo J, Chen Z, Chen X, Xu Z, Ruan J. Organophosphate flame retardants in air from formal e-waste recycling workshops in China: Size-distribution, gas-particle partitioning and exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 359:124593. [PMID: 39043313 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
In order to understand the organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) pollution and evaluate the inhalation exposure risk in formal e-waste recycling facilities, the air concentrations, particle size distribution and gas-particle partitioning of OPFRs in four typical workshops were investigated. The total Σ15OPFR concentrations inside workshops were in the range of 64.7-682 ng/m3, with 5.80-23.4 ng/m3 in gas phase and 58.8-658 ng/m3 in particle phase. Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) were main analogs, both of which contributed to 49.0-85.7% of total OPFRs. In the waste printed circuit boards thermal treatment workshop, the OPFRs concentration was the highest, and particle-bound OPFRs mainly distributed in 0.7-1.1 μm particles. The proportions of TPHP in different size particles increased as the decrease of particle size, while TCIPP presented an opposite trend. The gas-particle partitioning of OPFR analogs was dominated by absorption process, and did not reach equilibrium state due to continuous emission of OPFRs from the recycling activities. The deposition fluxes of OPFRs in respiratory tract were 65.7-639 ng/h, and the estimated daily intake doses of OPFRs were 8.52-76.9 ng/(kg·day) in four workshops. Inhalation exposure was an important exposure pathway for e-waste recycling workers, and deposition fluxes of size-segregated OPFRs were mainly in head airways region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guo
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Xuan Chen
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Jujun Ruan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
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Laskaris Z, O'Neill MS, Batterman SA, Mukherjee B, Fobil JN, Robins TG. Cross-shift changes in pulmonary function and occupational exposure to particulate matter among e-waste workers in Ghana. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1368112. [PMID: 38784567 PMCID: PMC11111984 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1368112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Little is known on the association between cross-shift changes in pulmonary function and personal inhalation exposure to particulate matter (PM) among informal electronic-waste (e-waste) recovery workers who have substantial occupational exposure to airborne pollutants from burning e-waste. Methods Using a cross-shift design, pre- and post-shift pulmonary function assessments and accompanying personal inhalation exposure to PM (sizes <1, <2.5 μm, and the coarse fraction, 2.5-10 μm in aerodynamic diameter) were measured among e-waste workers (n = 142) at the Agbogbloshie e-waste site and a comparison population (n = 65) in Accra, Ghana during 2017 and 2018. Linear mixed models estimated associations between percent changes in pulmonary function and personal PM. Results Declines in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) per hour were not significantly associated with increases in PM (all sizes) among either study population, despite breathing zone concentrations of PM (all sizes) that exceeded health-based guidelines in both populations. E-waste workers who worked "yesterday" did, however, have larger cross-shift declines in FVC [-2.4% (95%CI: -4.04%, -0.81%)] in comparison to those who did not work "yesterday," suggesting a possible role of cumulative exposure. Discussion Overall, short-term respiratory-related health effects related to PM exposure among e-waste workers were not seen in this sample. Selection bias due to the "healthy worker" effect, short shift duration, and inability to capture a true "pre-shift" pulmonary function test among workers who live at the worksite may explain results and suggest the need to adapt cross-shift studies for informal settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoey Laskaris
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Marie S. O'Neill
- Department of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Stuart A. Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Julius N. Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental, and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Accra, Ghana
| | - Thomas G. Robins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Yu H, Ma J, Chen D, Gao Y, Li G, An T. Associations between inhalation of typical volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in e-waste dismantling workers with liver function damage. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:133004. [PMID: 37984141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Studies in cell culture and animal models suggest hepatotoxicity of some volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), however, their effects in human populations under real exposure conditions have never been clarified. In this cross-sectional study, 224 participants, 38 e-waste dismantling workers and 186 subjects residing near to the dismantling sites in southern China, were evaluated for personal inhalational exposure to 72 VOCs and 91 SVOCs according to site-specific atmospheric chemical concentrations and personal exposure time. Additionally, their serum samples were subjected to liver function tests (LFTs), including total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and bilirubin. Linear regression analysis of the VOC/SVOC levels against the LFTs results indicated that VOC exposure was negatively associated with the TP, ALB, GLB levels (indicating liver-specific protein synthesis functions), while positively associated with AST, ALT, GGT activities (marking liver damage). Somehow, SVOC exposure appeared to be positively associated with not only AST and ALT but also TP and ALB. These findings were supported by the quantile g-computation analysis and confirmed in the Bayesian kernel machine regression model. This study indicates that simultaneous inhalation of VOCs and SVOCs may impair human liver functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiaying Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dongming Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanpeng Gao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Tang C, Liu L, Zheng R, Zhu Y, Tang C, Zeng YH, Luo XJ, Mai BX. Comprehensive characterization and prioritization of halogenated organic compounds in fish and their implications for exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 184:108476. [PMID: 38346376 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Fish are an important pollution indicator for biomonitoring of halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) in aquatic environments, and HOCs in fish may pose health threats to consumers. This study performed nontarget and comprehensive analyses of HOCs in fish from an e-waste recycling zone by gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry, and further prioritized their human exposure risks. A total of 1652 formulas of HOCs were found in the fish, of which 1222, 117, and 313 were organochlorines, organobromines, and organochlorine-bromines, respectively. The total concentrations of HOCs were 15.4-18.7 μg/g (wet weight), and organobromines were the predominant (14.1-16.8 μg/g). Of the HOCs, 41 % were elucidated with tentative structures and divided into 13 groups. The estimated total daily exposures of HOCs via dietary consumption of the fish for local adult residents were 3082-3744 ng/kg bw/day. The total exposures were dominated by several groups of HOCs with the following contribution order: polyhalogenated biphenyls and their derivatives > polyhalogenated diphenyl ethers > halo- (H-)alkanes/olefines > H-benzenes > H-dioxins > H-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons > H-phenols. The comprehensive characterization and prioritization results provide an overview of the species and distributions of HOCs in edible fish, and propose an inventory of crucial HOCs associated with high exposure risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiming Tang
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ruifen Zheng
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yizhe Zhu
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Caixing Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Lingnan Hospital, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Han X, Li D, Du W, Shi J, Li S, Xie Y, Deng S, Wang Z, Tian S, Ning P. Particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rural households burning solid fuels in Xuanwei County, Southwest China: occurrence, size distribution, and health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:15398-15411. [PMID: 38294651 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The study is about the size distribution and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor environment of Xuanwei, Southwest China particle samples were collected by Anderson 8-stage impactor which was used to gather particle samples to nine size ranges. Size-segregated samples were collected in indoor from a rural village in Xuanwei during the non-heating and heating seasons. The results showed that the total concentrations of the indoor particulate matter (PM) were 757 ± 60 and 990 ± 78 μg/m3 in non-heating and heating seasons, respectively. The total concentration of indoor PAHs reached to 8.42 ± 0.53 μg/m3 in the heating season, which was considerably greater than the concentration in the non-heating season (2.85 ± 1.72 μg/m3). The size distribution of PAHs showed that PAHs were mainly enriched in PMs with the diameter <1.1 μm. The diagnostic ratios (DR) and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that coal and wood for residential heating and cooking were the main sources of indoor PAHs. The results of the health risk showed that the total deposition concentration (DC) in the alveolar region (AR) was 0.25 and 0.68 μg/m3 in the non-heating and heating seasons respectively. Throughout the entire sampling periods, the lifetime cancer risk (R) based on DC of children and adults varied between 3.53 ×10-5 to 1.79 ×10-4. During the heating season, the potential cancer risk of PAHs in adults was significant, exceeding 10-4, with a rate of 96%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Han
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Dingshuang Li
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Wei Du
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jianwu Shi
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Shuai Li
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yuqi Xie
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Shihan Deng
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zhihao Wang
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Senlin Tian
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ping Ning
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
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Sun Y, Xu Y, Wu H, Hou J. A critical review on BDE-209: Source, distribution, influencing factors, toxicity, and degradation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108410. [PMID: 38160509 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As the most widely used polybrominated diphenyl ether, BDE-209 is commonly used in polymer-based commercial and household products. Due to its unique physicochemical properties, BDE-209 is ubiquitous in a variety of environmental compartments and can be exposed to organisms in various ways and cause toxic effects. The present review outlines the current state of knowledge on the occurrence of BDE-209 in the environment, influencing factors, toxicity, and degradation. BDE-209 has been detected in various environmental matrices including air, soil, water, and sediment. Additionally, environmental factors such as organic matter, total suspended particulate, hydrodynamic, wind, and temperature affecting BDE-209 are specifically discussed. Toxicity studies suggest BDE-209 may cause systemic toxic effects on living organisms, reproductive toxicity, embryo-fetal toxicity, genetic toxicity, endocrine toxicity, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and developmental toxicity, or even be carcinogenic. BDE-209 has toxic effects on organisms mainly through epigenetic regulation and induction of oxidative stress. Evidence regarding the degradation of BDE-209, including biodegradation, photodegradation, Fenton degradation, zero-valent iron degradation, chemical oxidative degradation, and microwave radiation degradation is summarized. This review may contribute to assessing the environmental risks of BDE-209 to help develop rational management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yanli Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Haodi Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jing Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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Li J, Jiang H, Qin J, Qin Y, Zhou X, Shi S, Shu Z, Gao Y, Tan J. Unexpectedly high levels and health risks of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls in modern mechanical dismantling of obsolete electrical equipment: Investigations in a large integrated e-waste dismantling industrial estate. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 182:108333. [PMID: 37995389 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Large industrial estates for electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) mechanical dismantling and recycling are gradually replacing outmoded small factories and intensive domestic workshops for e-waste manual and chemical dismantling. However, the air pollution and health risks of persistent organic pollutants during the modern mechanical processing of e-waste, especially obsolete electrical equipment, still remain unclear. Here, unexpectedly high levels (409.3 ng/m3) and health risks of airborne polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were found during the mechanical processing of obsolete electric equipment or parts in a large integrated dismantling industrial estate, which is comparable to or a dozen times higher than those reported during chemical processing. In contrast, the levels (936.0 pg/m3) and health risks of particulate polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were all lower than those of previous studies. PCB emissions (44.9-3300.5 ng/m3) varied significantly across six mechanical dismantling places specifically treating waste motors, electrical appliances, hardware, transformers, and metals, respectively. The high PCB content and mass processing number of obsolete electrical equipment probably result in the highest PCB emissions from the mechanical dismantling of obsolete motors, followed by waste electrical appliances and metals. The PCB non-cancer and cancer risks associated with inhalation and dermal exposure in different mechanical dismantling places were all above the given potential risk limits. In particular, the health risks of dismantling obsolete motor exceeded the definite risk levels. Little difference in PCB emissions and health risks between working and non-working time suggested the importance of PCB volatilization from most e-waste. Such high PCB emissions and health risks of PCBs undoubtedly posed a severe threat to frontline workers, but fortunately, they decreased significantly with the increasing distance from the industrial estate. We highlight that PCB emissions and associated health risks from obsolete electrical equipment with high PCB content during mechanical dismantling activities should be of great concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Li
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haoyu Jiang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Juanjuan Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueming Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoxuan Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhao Shu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jihua Tan
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Li J, Zhao H, Liu H, Sun J, Wu J, Liu Q, Zheng Y, Zheng P. Recent advances in metal-family flame retardants: a review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:22639-22662. [PMID: 37502822 PMCID: PMC10369043 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03536k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of polymer materials is inextricably linked to our manufacturing life. However, most of them are easily combusted in the air and the combustion process generates a large amount of toxic fumes and dangerous smoke. This can result in injuries and property damage, as well as limiting their use. It is essential to enhance the flame-retardant properties and smoke suppression performance by using multiple flame retardants. Metal-based flame retardants have a unique chemical composition. They are environmentally friendly flame retardants, which can impart good smoke suppression, flame retardancy to polymers and further reduce the production of toxic gases. The differences in the compounds formed between the transition metals and the main group metals make them act differently as flame retardants for polymers. As a result, this study presents the research progress and flame-retardant mechanism of flame-retardant polymers for flame retardants from different groups of metals in the periodic table of elements in a systematic manner. In view of the differences between the main group metals and transition metals, the mechanism of their application in flame retardant polymer materials is carefully detailed, as are their distinct advantages and disadvantages. And ultimately, prospects for the development of transition metals and main group metals are outlined. It is hoped that this paper will provide valuable references and insights for scholars in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Li
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Haihan Zhao
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Huaiyin Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Jichang Sun
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Quanyi Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Yun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 P. R. China
| | - Penglun Zheng
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
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Zhang Y, Wu M, Xu M, Hu P, Xu X, Liu X, Cai W, Xia J, Wu D, Xu X, Yu G, Cao Z. Distribution of flame retardants among indoor dust, airborne particles and vapour phase from Beijing: spatial-temporal variation and human exposure characteristics. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107557. [PMID: 36209599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of 10 brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and 10 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were investigated in indoor dust, total suspended particles (TSP), and vapour phase from offices (n = 10), homes (n = 9), and day-care centres (n = 10) in Beijing, China. Three types of samples were collected biweekly from one office and one home over a year to examine temporal trends. BFRs in dust significantly correlated with those in TSP, while OPFRs significantly correlated among all three matrices. In addition, BFRs in dust (ng/g) and TSP (pg/m3) exhibited similar temporal trends with higher levels in the cold season, whereas OPFRs in TSP and vapour phase (pg/m3) showed similar temporal trends with higher levels in the warm season. The geometric mean concentrations of BFRs and OPFRs in the three matrices from the above mentioned three types of indoor microenvironments were used for exposure and health risk estimation, and ∑7OPFRs showed much higher hazard index (HI) values than ∑10BFRs for all subpopulations, and inhalation of OPFRs was a major risk source. With the volatility of flame retardants (FRs) decreasing, the contribution of dust ingestion and dermal absorption showed an increasing trend, and the contribution of inhalation exhibited a gradual decreasing trend, which implied the dominant exposure pathway to FRs is strongly related to the vapour pressure (25 °C, Pa) of these substances. Using a single type of microenvironment or the collection of samples at a single point in time can lead to overestimation or underestimation of overall exposure and risk for people to some extent. The correlations of FRs in dust, TSP, and vapour phase from indoor microenvironments, as well as their temporal trends were first reported in this study, which will provide a basis for more accurate FR exposure assessments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacai Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Min Wu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining, Beijing, 100011, China
| | - Menghan Xu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Pengtuan Hu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenwen Cai
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jing Xia
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongkui Wu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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10
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Bar M, Szychowski KA. Comprehensive review of the impact of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC or TDBP-TAZTO) on living organisms and the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:4203-4218. [PMID: 35103871 PMCID: PMC9675702 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC or TDBP-TAZTO) belongs to the group of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The production of this compound is increasing due to the growing demand and wide application in electrical, electronic, musical instrument, and automotive component industries. The properties of TBC, e.g., the high octanol-air partition coefficient (Koa), high octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow), and high bioconcentration factor (BCF), indicate a possibility of its spread in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and bioaccumulation in living organisms. The presence of TBC has been confirmed in soil, sediments, river water, and such materials as microplastic, curtains, and e-waste devices. The compound has potential to bioaccumulate in the food chain of living organisms. TBC has been demonstrated to exert a harmful effect mainly on the nervous and endocrine systems, lungs, and liver. The possible mechanism of toxicity of the compound in the nervous system is based on the generation of oxidative stress by TBC leading to apoptosis of neuronal cells, while mitochondrial damage is considered to be responsible for changes in the respiratory organ. Moreover, the potential of mussels and earthworms to be bioindicators of TBC has been proven. Therefore, the literature review is focused on TBC properties and analysis of the identification and impact of the compound on the environment, living organisms, and human cell lines. Given the many toxic effects of TBC highlighted in the literature, there is a need for more profound research on the safety of TBC and methods for identification and degradation of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bar
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225, Rzeszow, Poland
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11
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Liu R, Ma S, Chen D, Li G, Yu Y, Fan R, An T. Human exposure to BTEX emitted from a typical e-waste recycling industrial park: External and internal exposure levels, sources, and probabilistic risk implications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129343. [PMID: 35716574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) can be released during extensive activities associated with the disposal of electronic waste (e-waste), which might pose deleterious health effects on workers. In this study, pollution profiles of BTEX in air and their urinary excretive profiles in occupational workers were investigated in a typical e-waste recycling industrial park. The results showed that the workers in the park were generally exposed to high levels of BTEX. The median levels of urinary metabolites were approximately 6-orders of magnitude higher than those of unmetabolized BTEX, indicating that pollutants efficiently metabolize at those occupational levels. The analytes presented differential profiles in external and internal exposure. Among the metabolites, significant correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between N-acetyl-S-benzyl-L-cysteine (S-BMA) concentration and atmospheric individual BTEX derived from the e-waste recycling area, suggesting that S-BMA is a potential marker for BTEX exposure to e-waste occupational workers. Notably, 95.2 % of all the workers showed a cumulative carcinogenic risk induced by BTEX exposure via inhalation, with 99.9 % of the carcinogenic risk distribution based on concentration of benzene metabolite (N-acetyl-S-(phenyl)-L-cysteine) exceeding 1.0E-6. This study holds potential in providing valuable inferences for the development of remediation strategies focusing on BTEX exposure reduction to protect workers' health at e-waste recycling industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daijin Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruifang Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, 510631, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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12
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Lin H, Lao JY, Wang Q, Ruan Y, He Y, Lee PKH, Leung KMY, Lam PKS. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the atmosphere of waste management infrastructures: Uncovering secondary fluorotelomer alcohols, particle size distribution, and human inhalation exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 167:107434. [PMID: 35914336 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been applied in numerous industrial and consumer products, the majority of which flow into waste management infrastructures (WMIs) at the end of their life cycles, but little is known about atmospheric releases of PFAS from these facilities. In this study, we addressed this key issue by investigating 49 PFAS, including 23 ionic and 26 neutral and precursor PFAS, in the potential sources (n = 4; within or adjacent to WMIs) and reference sites (n = 2; coastal and natural reserve sites) in urban and rural areas of Hong Kong, China. Duplicate samples of air and size-segregated particulate matter were collected for 48 h continuously using a 11-stage Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI). In general, fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonamides were the predominant PFAS classes found across sampling sites. We also demonstrated the release of several less frequently observed semivolatile intermediate products (e.g., secondary FTOHs) during waste treatment. Except for perfluorooctane sulfonate, the size-segregated distributions of particulate PFAS exhibited heterogeneity across sampling sites, particularly in the WMIs, implying combined effects of sorption affinity and emission sources. A preliminary daily air emission estimation revealed that landfill was a relatively important source of PFAS relative to the wastewater treatment plant. A simplified International Commission on Radiological Protection model was used to estimate lung depositional fluxes, and the results showed that inhaled particulate PFAS were mainly deposited in the head airway while fine and ultrafine particles carried PFAS deeper into the lung alveoli. The cumulative daily inhalation dose of gaseous and particulate PFAS ranged from 81.9 to 265 pg/kg/d. In-depth research is required to understand the health effect of airborne PFAS on workers at WMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiju Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jia-Yong Lao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Yuhe He
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick K H Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Office of the President, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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13
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Qiao L, Gao L, Liu Y, Huang D, Li D, Zheng M. Recognition and Health Impacts of Organic Pollutants with Significantly Different Proportions in the Gas Phase and Size-Fractionated Particulate Phase in Ambient Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7153-7162. [PMID: 35574833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The distributions of organic pollutants in the gas phase and size-fractionated particle phases can largely affect human health risks posed by them. Gas-particle partitioning and particle-size distributions of some known pollutants have been investigated. However, the pollutants which are more likely to enter the human body and cause strong adverse effects may be neglected. In this study, a nontargeted screening approach combining comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry and chemometrics was developed. Eighty-eight compounds with markedly different proportions in the gas phase and PM1, as well as 50 contaminants with significant differences in PM1 and particles with diameters of 1-2.5 μm, were identified. Of these compounds, 18 were found in the air for the first time. There were obvious discrepancies between the measured and predicted gas-particle partitioning coefficients for some pollutants, suggesting unexpected environmental fates and health risks. The human daily intakes through inhalation and dermal exposure to these pollutants were estimated with the International Commission on Radiological Protection deposition model and transdermal permeability model. A risk-based prioritization was performed. The results indicated that adverse effects posed by 9H-fluoren-9-one, 2-ethylhexyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, p-cumenol, 2,4-diisocyanato-1-methyl-benzene, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, perylene, (E)-cinnamaldehyde, 4-methyl-2-nitro-phenol, benzoic acid, and bis(2-methylpropyl) ester hexanedioic acid in ambient air may be more severe than those posed by conventionally monitored pollutants. The findings would facilitate raising concerns about these pollutants before they cause further severe and widespread impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 330106, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 330106, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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14
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Qin Y, Liu Y, Wang J, Lu Y, Xu Z. Emission of PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs and heavy metals in air, water and soil around a waste plastic recycling factory in an industrial park, Eastern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133734. [PMID: 35085613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental information in recovery of waste plastic in a certificated factory in industrial park in Eastern China is provided in this paper. The process involves raw material storage, washing, closed crushing, closed regeneration, product storage, and waste storage. Particulate matters, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyis (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) emitted from the production process are analyzed. A total of 25 atmospheric samples, 6 soil samples, and 2 water samples are sampled in and around the factory. The following conclusions could be concluded: (1) the concentrations of Cu and Pb are significantly higher than that of Ni, Cr and Cd in total suspended particulate matters; (2) PHE, DghiP, NAP and FLA are the main PAHs components in the air; PHE, FLA, DghiP, NAP, and PYR are the main congeners of PAHs in both washing wastewater and surface water; PHE, NAP, FLA, and CHR are the major congeners in the soil samples; (3) PCB-18, PCB-17 and PCB-31,28 are the main congeners in the air samples; PCB-70 and PCB-110 are the main congeners in soil samples; PCB-49 and PCB-52 are the main congeners in both surface water and washing wastewater; (4) DBDPE and BDE-209 are the main congeners for the all air, water and soil samples. Washing process and crushing process are identified as the main sources of all the above pollutants releases, and management strategies are provided to reduce the pollutants emission and the environmental hazardous caused by the waste plastic recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Qin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Jiangxi Green Recycling Co., Ltd., Fengcheng, Jiangxi, 331100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, And Sichuan Provincial Engineering Lab of Non-metallic Mineral Powder Modification and High-value Utilization, And School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621010, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, And Sichuan Provincial Engineering Lab of Non-metallic Mineral Powder Modification and High-value Utilization, And School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621010, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Okwu O, Hursthouse A, Viza E, Idoko L. New Models to Reduce the Health Risks of Informal WEEE Recyclers in MTN Phone Village, Rumukurushi, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10020084. [PMID: 35202270 PMCID: PMC8874416 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management in Port Harcourt, an oil-producing city in Nigeria, has become an environmental challenge for the location. WEEE recycling is predominantly managed by informal recyclers, who lack the skills to perform risk-free recycling, hence raising health risks to individuals in associated communities and degrading the environment. Formal recycling, which embraces the best practices for effective WEEE management, is faced with several limitations, such as a lack of detailed guidelines on waste recycling, reuse, and final disposal techniques, with no opportunities for landfilling. A qualitative approach was adopted for this study. Data were gathered via questionnaires and analysed graphically. A background literature review of the assessment of informal recycling methods and associated challenges was performed. Hence, a new concept for the local management of WEEE processing was introduced. This concept limits the role of informal recyclers to WEEE collection. In this case, informal recyclers are paid for WEEE collection; they no longer engage in further WEEE processing. The results show that 48% and 40% agree to partner and collaborate with government agencies, respectively. Conversely, 52% and 40% agree and strongly agree, respectively, to limit their activities to WEEE collection only if the government is willing to pay for the services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogechukwu Okwu
- School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (A.H.); (E.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrew Hursthouse
- School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (A.H.); (E.V.)
| | - Evi Viza
- School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (A.H.); (E.V.)
| | - Linus Idoko
- Department of Electronic & Computer Engineering, Veritas University, Bwari, Abuja 900001, Nigeria;
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16
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Zhang Q, Li X, Wang Y, Zhang C, Cheng Z, Zhao L, Li X, Sun Z, Zhang J, Yao Y, Wang L, Li W, Sun H. Occurrence of novel organophosphate esters derived from organophosphite antioxidants in an e-waste dismantling area: Associations between hand wipes and dust. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106860. [PMID: 34500363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) is a well-known source of plastic additives in the environment. However, the e-waste-related occupational exposure to organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) and the relevant oxidation products-novel organophosphate esters (NOPEs)-via different pathways is still unknown. In this study, six OPAs and three NOPEs were measured in 116 dust and 43 hand-wipe samples from an e-waste dismantling area in Central China. The median concentrations of ΣOPAs and ΣNOPEs were 188 and 13,900 ng·g-1 in workshop dust and 5,250 ng·m-2 and 53,600 ng·m-2 on workers' hands, respectively. The increasing concentrations of dust in the form of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) (p < 0.01) and tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168 = O) (p < 0.05) were strongly associated with the corresponding concentration on workers' hands. Furthermore, men had significantly lower levels of NOPEs on their hands than did women (p < 0.01). Moreover, the hand wipe levels of AO168 = O (41,600 ng·m-2) was significantly higher than that of the typical OPE (TPHP, 7370 ng·m-2), and the hand-to-mouth contact (ΣOPAs, 9.48 ng·kg bw-1·day-1; ΣNOPEs, 109 ng·kg bw-1·day-1) was a more significant and integrated pathway than dust ingestion (ΣOPAs, 0.10 ng·kg bw-1·day-1; ΣNOPEs, 5.01 ng·kg bw-1·day-1) of e-waste related occupational exposure to these "new" chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Chong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhaoyang Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingran Zhang
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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17
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Li Q, Guo M, Song H, Cui J, Zhan M, Zou Y, Li J, Zhang G. Size distribution and inhalation exposure of airborne particle-bound polybrominated diphenyl ethers, new brominated flame retardants, organophosphate esters, and chlorinated paraffins at urban open consumption place. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148695. [PMID: 34214811 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
At present, the global urban population has exceeded half of the total population and is still on the rise. Urban air pollution has attracted much attention, but most of the research focuses on typical pollution sources and indoor environment. This study reports the occurrence characteristics of particle-bound polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), new brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) at urban open consumption place. Among those pollutants detected in this study, the level of CPs was generally higher than other urban outdoor environments, and even higher than few indoor environments, such as house in Guangzhou (China) and Stockholm (Sweden). The size distributions of PBDEs and NBFRs exhibited bimodal peaks and that of SCCPs presented a unimodal peak, whereas no obvious trend was observed for OPEs or MCCPs. Additionally, the results of calculating the deposition fluxes of target pollutants in various regions based on the size distribution confirmed that total deposition was dominated by deposition in the head airways and alveolar region, and inhalation exposure in the current environment poses no significant health risk. Both discrepancy of the spatial distribution and principal component analysis indicated that sources of these organic pollutants may be related to the type of stores. Various construction and decoration materials might have been responsible for the high concentrations of OPEs and CPs, and thus, these materials require further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilu Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Mengran Guo
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Han Song
- High & New Technology Research Center of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Jinle Cui
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Mengdi Zhan
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yun Zou
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Jun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Laskaris Z, Batterman SA, Arko-Mensah J, Mukherjee B, Fobil JN, O’Neill MS, Robins TG. Opportunities and challenges in reducing personal inhalation exposure to air pollution among electronic waste recovery workers in Ghana. Am J Ind Med 2021; 64:381-397. [PMID: 33522624 PMCID: PMC8046737 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Informal sector electronic waste (e-waste) recovery produces toxic emissions resulting from burning e-waste to recover valuable metals. OBJECTIVES To identify high-risk worker groups by measuring relative levels of personal inhalation exposure to particulate matter (PM) of fine (≤2.5 µm) and coarse (2.5-10 µm) fractions (PM2.5 and PM2.5-10, respectively) across work activities among e-waste workers, and to assess how wind conditions modify levels of PM by activity and site location. METHODS At the Agbogbloshie e-waste site, 170 partial-shift PM samples and time-activity data were collected from participants (N = 105) enrolled in the GeoHealth cohort study. Personal sampling included continuous measures of size-specific PM from the worker's breathing zone and time-activity derived from wearable cameras. Linear mixed models were used to estimate changes in personal PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 associated with activities and evaluate effect modification by wind conditions. RESULTS Mean (±standard deviation) personal PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 concentrations were 80 (± 81) and 123 (± 139) µg m-3 , respectively. The adjusted mean PM2.5 concentration for burning e-waste was 88 µg m-3 , a 28% increase above concentrations during non-recovery activities (such as eating). Transportation-related and burning activities were associated with the highest PM2.5-10 concentrations. Frequent changes in wind direction were associated with higher PM2.5 concentrations when burning, and high wind speeds with higher PM2.5-10 concentrations when dismantling e-waste downwind of the burning zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoey Laskaris
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School
of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Stuart A. Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of
Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - John Arko-Mensah
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational
Health Sciences, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School
of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Julius N. Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational
Health Sciences, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Accra, Ghana
| | - Marie S. O’Neill
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School
of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of
Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Robins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of
Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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Xie J, Sun Y, Cheng Y, Chen Y, Chen L, Xie C, Dai S, Luo X, Zhang L, Mai B. Halogenated flame retardants in surface sediments from fourteen estuaries, South China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 164:112099. [PMID: 33540273 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A total of seventy surface sediments were collected from fourteen estuaries of South China to investigate the distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and dechlorane plus (DP). The concentrations of Σ16PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE and DP in estuarine sediments ranged from 0.39 to 81.2, 0.18 to 49.9, not detected to 0.62, and 0.025 to 1.66 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Significant differences for levels of Σ16PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE and DP were found among the sediments from fourteen estuaries. Sediments from the Pearl River Estuary had the highest concentrations of Σ16PBDEs, DBDPE and DP. PBDEs and DBDPE were the main halogenated flame retardants in estuarine sediments. BDE 209 was predominant congener of PBDEs with an average contribution of 88.1% to the total PBDEs. 32.9% sediment samples from South China had fanti values lower than 0.65, suggesting that stereoselective enrichment of syn-DP occurred in estuarine sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Yuanyue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yongshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Laiguo Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Environment Simulation and Protection, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Chenmin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shouhui Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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20
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Chen Z, Luo X, Zeng Y, Tan S, Guo J, Xu Z. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air from two typical E-waste recycling workshops in Southern China: Emission, size-distribution, gas-particle partitioning, and exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123667. [PMID: 33254748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The emission characteristics of respirable particulate matter (PM10), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) size distribution, gas-particle partitioning and occupational exposure in two e-waste recycling workshops (manual and thermal dismantling workshop: ManuDW and TherDW) were investigated. The PM10 mass concentration was higher but the number concentration was lower in the ManuDW than in the TherDW. The gaseous phase PBDE concentration (40.5 ng/m3) was higher in the ManuDW than in the TherDW (10.6 ng/m3) while the particulate phase PBDE concentration was just reverse (57.7 vs 156 ng/m3). The size distribution of particle was similar for two workshops but the size distribution of particle-bound PBDE exhibited remarkable differences. BDE-209 was the dominant congener in particle-bound PBDE in the TherDW, while Tri-, Tetra-, and Deca-BDE were the three most abundant homologues in the ManuDW. The size distribution of particle-bound PBDE homologue profile in the ManuDW was also distinct from that in the TherDW. The PBDE exposure doses were 13.9 and 15.3 ng/kg/day in the ManuDW and the TherDW, far lower than reference doses. Gaseous and particle phase have same contribution to the total doses in the ManuDW but the exposure doses in the TherDW mainly come from the particle phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shufei Tan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jie Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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21
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Cai K, Song Q, Yuan W, Ruan J, Duan H, Li Y, Li J. Human exposure to PBDEs in e-waste areas: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115634. [PMID: 33254638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly added to electronic products for flame-retardation effects, and are attracting more and more attentions due to their potential toxicity, durability and bioaccumulation. This study conducts a sysmtematic review to understand the human exposure to PBDEs from e-waste recycling, especially exploring the exposure pathways and human burden of PBDEs as well as investigating the temporal trend of PBDEs exposure worldwide. The results show that the particular foods (contaminated fish, poultry, meat and breast milk) ingestion, indoor dust ingestion and indoor air inhalation may be key factors leading to human health risks of PBDEs exposure in e-waste recycling regions. Residents and some vulnerable groups (occupational workers and children) in e-waste recycling areas may face higher exposure levels and health risks. PBDE exposure is closely related to exposure level, exposure duration, e-waste recycling methods, and dietary customs. High levels of PBDEs are found in human tissues (breast milk, hair, blood (serum), placenta and other tissues) in e-waste areas, at far higher levels than in other areas. Existing data indicate that PBDE exposure levels do not present any apparent downward trend, and will possibly cause serious human diseases. More epidemiological studies are still needed to provide a solid basis for health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihan Cai
- Macau Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China; Macau Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Qingbin Song
- Macau Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China.
| | - Wenyi Yuan
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Jujun Ruan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Huabo Duan
- College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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22
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Syed JH, Iqbal M, Breivik K, Chaudhry MJI, Shahnawaz M, Abbas Z, Nasir J, Rizvi SHH, Taqi MM, Li J, Zhang G. Legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) in the urban atmosphere of Pakistan: Diurnal variations, gas-particle partitioning and human health exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140874. [PMID: 32758856 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric concentration of legacy (LFRs) and emerging flame retardants (EFRs) including 8 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 6 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), 2 dechlorane plus isomers (DP), and 8 chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were consecutively measured in eight major cities across Pakistan. A total of 96 samples (48 PM2.5 & 48 PUFs) were analyzed and the concentrations of ∑8PBDEs (gaseous+particulate) ranged between 40.8 and 288 pg/m3 with an average value of 172 pg/m3. ∑6NBFRs ranged between 12.0 and 35.0 pg/m3 with an average value of 22.5 pg/m3 while ∑8OPFRs ranged between 12,900-40,800 pg/m3 with an average of 24,700 pg/m3. Among the studied sites, Faisalabad city exhibited the higher concentrations of FRs among all cities which might be a consequence of textile mills and garment manufacturing industries. While analyzing the diurnal patterns, OPFRs depicted higher concentrations during night-time. The estimated risks of all groups of FRs from inhalation of ambient air were negligible for all the cities, according to USEPA guidelines. Nonetheless, our study is the first to report gaseous and particulate concentrations of FRs in air on a diurnal basis across major cities in Pakistan, offering insights into the atmospheric fate of these substances in urban areas in a sub-tropical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabir Hussain Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Mehreen Iqbal
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Ecological Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry, Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Muhammad Shahnawaz
- Department of Agriculture & Food Technology, Karakoram International University, Main Campus University Road, Gilgit 15100, Pakistan
| | - Zaigham Abbas
- Chemical Division, Ministry of Climate Change, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jawad Nasir
- Earth Sciences Directorate, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), P.O. Box 8402, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Hussain Haider Rizvi
- Earth Sciences Directorate, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), P.O. Box 8402, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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23
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Guo LC, Liu T, Yang Y, Yu S, Gao Y, Huang W, Xiao J, Ma W, Rutherford S, Zhang Y. Changes in thyroid hormone related proteins and gene expression induced by polychlorinated biphenyls and halogen flame retardants exposure of children in a Chinese e-waste recycling area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140597. [PMID: 32629271 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and halogen flame retardants (HFRs) are major pollutants in e-waste recycling area. High internal exposure levels of PCBs and HFRs are harmful to human thyroid hormone (TH) equilibrium. To examine their disrupting effects on TH, we conducted a study on children (n = 114) of an e-waste recycling and a control area in South China. Concentrations of PCBs, HFRs, and TH levels were determined in serum samples. TH related proteins and their corresponding gene were also monitored as markers of such disruption. Levels of these chemicals in the exposed group were much greater than those in the control group. Results of the linear regression and generalized additive model indicated the presence of close relationships between the internal exposure levels and the responses of TH related proteins, gene expression. More extensive exposure concentrations of these chemicals led to higher expression of iodothyronine deiodinase I and decreased the concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone, expression of TH receptor α, indicating the exertion of discrepant and even contrary influences on equilibrium of TH, and a compensation of these mechanisms may kept the homeostasis of TH. These results for children warrant further investigation on the health risks of PCBs and HFRs exposure in e-waste area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chuan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Shengbing Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Yanhong Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Weixiong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | | | - Yonghui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
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24
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Qi Z, Zhang Y, Chen ZF, Yang C, Song Y, Liao X, Li W, Tsang SY, Liu G, Cai Z. Chemical identity and cardiovascular toxicity of hydrophobic organic components in PM 2.5. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 201:110827. [PMID: 32535366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous experimental and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that exposure to PM2.5 may result in pathogenesis of several major cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which can be attributed to the combined adverse effects induced by the complicated components of PM2.5. Organic materials, which are major components of PM2.5, contain thousands of chemicals, and most of them are environmental hazards. However, the contamination profile and contribution to overall toxicity of PM2.5-bound organic components (OCs) have not been thoroughly evaluated yet. Herein, we aim to provide an overview of the literature on PM2.5-bound hydrophobic OCs, with an emphasis on the chemical identity and reported impairments on the cardiovascular system, including the potential exposure routes and mechanisms. We first provide an update on the worldwide mass concentration and composition data of PM2.5, and then, review the contamination profile of PM2.5-bound hydrophobic OCs, including constitution, concentration, distribution, formation, source, and identification. In particular, the link between exposure to PM2.5-bound hydrophobic OCs and CVDs and its possible underlying mechanisms are discussed to evaluate the possible risks of PM2.5-bound hydrophobic OCs on the cardiovascular system and to provide suggestions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghua Qi
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoliang Liao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weiquan Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Suk Ying Tsang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guoguang Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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25
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Liu X, Kong S, Yan Q, Liu H, Wang W, Chen K, Yin Y, Zheng H, Wu J, Qin S, Liu J, Feng Y, Yan Y, Liu D, Zhao D, Qi S. Size-segregated carbonaceous aerosols emission from typical vehicles and potential depositions in the human respiratory system. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114705. [PMID: 32408080 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Particles emitted from five typical types of vehicles (including light-duty gasoline vehicles, LDG; heavy-duty gasoline vehicles, HDG; diesel buses, BUS; light-duty diesel vehicles, LDD and heavy-duty diesel vehicles, HDD) were collected with a dilution sampling system and an electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI+, with particle sizes covering fourteen stages from 6 nm to 10 μm) on dynamometer benches. The mass concentrations and emission factors (EF) for organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were obtained with a DRI Model 2001 thermal/optical carbon analyzer. A respiratory deposition model was used to calculate the deposition fluxes of size-segregated carbonaceous aerosols in human respiratory system. Results indicated that the OC produced from LDG mainly existed in the size range of 2.5-10 μm, while EC from HDG enriched in 0.94-2.5 μm. For diesel vehicles, both OC and EC concentrations peaked at 0.094-0.25 μm. The OC/EC ratios for PM2.5 varied from different types of vehicles, from 0.61 to 8.35. The primary emissions from LDD and HDD exhibited high OC/EC ratios (>3), suggesting that using OC/EC higher than 2 to indicate the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was not universal. The emission factors for OC and EC of LDG (HDG) in PM10 were 1.78 (3.14) mg km-1 and 0.88 (4.32) mg km-1, respectively. The OC2 and OC3 were the main section (over 60%) of OC emitted from all the five types of vehicles. EC1 was the most abundant EC fraction of LDG (76.9%), while EC2 dominated for other types of vehicles (more than 62%). About 60% of the OC in ultrafine particles could be deposited in the alveoli. Diesel EC mainly could be deposited in the alveolar region. It is necessary to control the emission of ultrafine particles and diesel EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Haibiao Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Kui Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yan Yin
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Huang Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Si Qin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jinhong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yunkai Feng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yingying Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Delong Zhao
- Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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26
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Chen M, Liao X, Yan SC, Gao Y, Yang C, Song Y, Liu Y, Li W, Tsang SY, Chen ZF, Qi Z, Cai Z. Uptake, Accumulation, and Biomarkers of PM 2.5-Associated Organophosphate Flame Retardants in C57BL/6 Mice after Chronic Exposure at Real Environmental Concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9519-9528. [PMID: 32609501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the bioaccumulation of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in aquatic organisms has been investigated, little information is available about their bioaccumulation in mammals following chronic inhalation exposure. To address this knowledge gap, C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 7 PM2.5-associated OPFRs via the trachea to study their bioaccumulation, tissue distribution, and urinary metabolites. Low (corresponding to the real PM2.5 concentrations occurring during winter in Guangzhou), medium, and high dosages were examined. After 72 days' exposure, ∑OPFR concentrations in tissues from mice in the medium dosage group decreased in the order of intestine > heart > stomach > testis > kidney > spleen > brain > liver > lung > muscle. Of the OPFRs detected in all three exposure groups, chlorinated alkyl OPFRs were most heavily accumulated in mice. We found a significant positive correlation between the bioaccumulation ratio and octanol-air partition coefficient (KOA) in mice tissues for low log KOW OPFR congeners (log KOW ≤ 4, p < 0.05). Three urinary metabolites (di-p-cresyl phosphate: DCrP, diphenyl phosphate: DPhP, dibutyl phosphate: DnBP) were detected from the high dosage group. These results provide important insights into the bioaccumulation potential of OPFRs in mammals and emphasize the health risk of chlorinated alkyl OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoliang Liao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shi-Chao Yan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanpeng Gao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weiquan Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Suk-Ying Tsang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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Yu YJ, Chen XC, Wang ZD, Liu LT, Ge QZ, Wang Q, Zhang YP, Yu ZL, Ma RX. Excretion characteristics and tissue accumulation of tetrabromobisphenol-A in male rats after sub-chronic inhalation exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114440. [PMID: 32244121 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) is an emerging organic pollutant and a commonly used brominated flame retardant that has received much attention owing to its toxicity. Although TBBPA is ubiquitously detected in atmospheric particulate matter and dust, few studies have investigated the sub-chronic inhalation exposure to TBBPA. To further understand the excretion characteristics and tissue accumulation of TBBPA after inhalation exposure, we used the rat model to conduct a sub-chronic inhalation exposure study. Male rats were administered with different doses of aerosol TBBPA (12.9, 54.6, 121.6, and 455.0 mg/m3). TBBPA was found in the excretion (feces and urine) and all the target tissues (lung, liver, heart, thymus gland, spleen, testicles, muscles, kidneys, brain and serum). Feces were the main route of excretion, which contributed 19.18% to 72.54% (urine <0.10%). TBBPA excretion through feces following inhalation administration was much higher than that following oral and dermal exposure, thereby indicating lower bioavailability of TBBPA under inhalation exposure. Liver and serum showed higher levels of TBBPA compared with those of other tissues, thereby suggesting tissue-specific accumulation of TBBPA in rats. Owing to the relative non-invasiveness of serum sampling and greatest TBBPA concentration among the tissues, serum is a suitable matrix for estimation of TBBPA bioaccumulation after inhalation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China.
| | - Xi Chao Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Zheng Dong Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Li Ting Liu
- School of Public Health, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Qing Zhi Ge
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, China CDC, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yan Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zi Ling Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Rui Xue Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
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28
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Ismail H, Hanafiah MM. A review of sustainable e-waste generation and management: Present and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 264:110495. [PMID: 32250915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies on sustainable management of waste from electrical and electronic equipment (or e-waste) have gained increasing attention from researchers around the world in recent years, with investigations into various aspects of e-waste management were investigated. Studies on e-waste generation by previous papers have been reviewed to provide an overview of the current research progress and recommendations for future research. The relevant existing studies were collected from various databases. Using content analysis, three main aspects of the existing studies were evaluated: the distribution and trends of the publications, the scope and boundaries of the studies, and the current research practices and research applications. Although there was a significant increasing trend of the amount of research on the evaluation of e-waste generation, however, the number of publications based on the countries of origin was still small. Another limitation was found related to the differences in the selection of research subjects and the level of analysis resulted in variations in the scopes and boundaries of the existing studies. Various other research areas were investigated further based on their research findings, but the analysis of various methodological aspects was complicated due to the increasing number of newly developed methodologies and the lack of comprehensive and up-to-date reviews on this research area. Additionally, there was also a need to evaluate emerging and/or older technology, which led electrical appliances to be overlooked. We found that comprehensive and up-to-date reviews of the methodological aspects of e-waste generation are still lacking. Based on the research gaps and limitations discussed, recommendations for future research were made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haikal Ismail
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; School of Technology Management and Logistics, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Marlia M Hanafiah
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Mao S, Gu W, Bai J, Dong B, Huang Q, Zhao J, Zhuang X, Zhang C, Yuan W, Wang J. Migration of heavy metal in electronic waste plastics during simulated recycling on a laboratory scale. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125645. [PMID: 31864064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recycling is the primary method to handle electronic waste plastics, however, little attention has been paid to the risk posed by heavy metal migration in waste plastic products. The effect of multistage recycling processes on heavy metal migration and the environmental risk posed by heavy metals during recycling processes were investigated by: (1) Recycling waste plastics and determining the heavy metal contents in secondary products; (2) Using toxic leaching experiments to assess environmental risks of heavy metal migration in secondary products; and (3) Evaluating the effect of recycling processes on the mechanical properties and microstructure of plastics. Results showed that the contents of some harmful heavy metals in processed products exceeded the Safety of Toys Standard. Toxic leaching tests showed that Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Sb migrated outward during secondary products use. With increased recycling times, concentrations of migrated Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Sb increased, and the leached concentrations exceeded the limits stipulated in the Groundwater Quality Standard. Increased recycling times also accelerated waste plastics aging and caused the deterioration of mechanical properties. Furthermore, adhesion between layers decreased, stratification and cracking in polymers appeared, and adhesion of waste plastics to additives decreased. Therefore, the environmental risks of waste plastic recycling should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Mao
- WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Weihua Gu
- WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China; Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Jianfeng Bai
- WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China; Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China.
| | - Bin Dong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qing Huang
- WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China; Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China; Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Xuning Zhuang
- WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China; Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China; Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Wenyi Yuan
- WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China; Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Jingwei Wang
- WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China; Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
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30
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Cai C, Chen L, Huang H, Liu Y, Yu S, Liu Y, Tao S, Liu W. Effects of temperature on the emission of particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers from the thermal treatment of printed wiring boards. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120849. [PMID: 31315071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of temperature on the emission of pollutants during the thermal treatment of electronic waste have rarely been investigated. The emission of particulate matter (PM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from the thermal treatment of printed wiring boards was investigated over a temperature range of 320-600 °C. The emission factors (EFs) were determined to be within 1.6-7.6 g/kg, 2.23-11.9 μg/g, and 0.9-5.5 μg/g, respectively. High temperatures increased the formation of PAHs and CO, but decreased the emission of PBDEs, PM, and organic carbon. A temperature of 480 °C was determined to be optimal. Low-molecular-weight components were the dominant PAH species. The compositional profiles of PBDEs were clearly observed to vary with the temperature. Small particles (< 2.1 μm) that were more affected by temperature were dominant in PM, particle-bound PAHs, and PBDEs at all temperatures. High temperature increased the EFs of gaseous PAHs but had no remarkable effect on those of particulate PAHs. The freshly emitted PAHs primarily existed in the particulate phase at low temperatures, while the gaseous phase PAHs became prevailing at ≥ 520 °C. The particulate PBDEs were more susceptible to temperature and overwhelmingly dominant over the entire temperature range considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChuanYang Cai
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - LiYuan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - HuiJing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - ShuangYu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - WenXin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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31
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Lu X, Cheng Y, Xiang M, Liu T, Guo Y, Wang F. Size-fractionated particle-bound heavy metals and perfluoroalkyl substances in dust from different indoor air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:36720-36731. [PMID: 31741274 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The indoor air quality issue and its potential health problems are attracting increasingly attentions. In this study, micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) was used to sample suspended particles from four typical indoor environments, including residence, office, cyber classroom, and chemical analysis room. Size-dependent concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and heavy metals in suspended particles were analyzed. Then, the International Commission on Radiological Protection deposition model was employed to estimate deposition efficiencies and fluxes of size-fractioned PFASs and heavy metals in the human respiratory tract. Most of the contaminants deposited in head airways, where coarse particles (aerodynamic diameter or Dp > 1.8 μm) contributed the most. By contrast, in the alveolar region fine particles (Dp < 1.8 μm) were dominant. The chronic daily intake through inhalation of PFASs and heavy metals via airborne particles were 10.3-37.5 pg kg-1days-1 and 3.1-25.9 mg kg-1days-1, respectively. The estimated total hazardous quotient of PFASs and heavy metals were 4.4 × 10-5-1.7 × 10-3 and 9.9 × 10-3-1.05 × 10-1, which is far lower than the acceptable threshold of 1. However, the incremental lifetime cancer risk induced by As, Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni were estimated to be 1.11 × 10-5-1.41 × 10-4 in total, which exceeded the acceptable threshold of 10-6. These findings implicate that there were health risks, especially cancer risks caused by heavy metals associated with airborne particles in urban indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwen Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Mingdeng Xiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Tianshi Liu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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32
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Li TY, Ge JL, Pei J, Bao LJ, Wu CC, Zeng EY. Emissions and Occupational Exposure Risk of Halogenated Flame Retardants from Primitive Recycling of E-Waste. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12495-12505. [PMID: 31603658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The production and usage of non-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) have substantially increased after the ban of several PBDEs. This has resulted in widespread environmental occurrence of non-PBDE HFRs, further amplified by emissions from primitive recycling of obsolete electronics (e-waste). The present study conducted chamber experiments to characterize 15 HFRs (∑15HFR) from thermal treatment and open burning of typical e-waste. Emission factors of ∑15HFR from thermal treatment were 2.6 × 104-3.9 × 105 ng g-1, slightly higher than those from open burning (8.8 × 103-1.0 × 105 ng g-1). Greater output over input mass ratios of ∑15HFR were obtained in thermal treatment than in open burning. Particulate and gaseous HFRs dominated the emissions in thermal treatment and open burning, respectively, largely because of the different temperatures used in the two processes. Particulate HFRs were primarily affiliated with fine particles (Dp < 1.8 μm) peaking at 0.56-1.0 or 0.32-0.56 μm in both thermal treatment and open burning. Occupational exposure to most FRs was relatively low, but several PBDEs may pose potential health risk to workers in e-waste home-workshops. Potentially accruing emissions and health risks of non-PBDE HFRs from primitive recycling of e-waste remain a great concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Jia-Li Ge
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Jie Pei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
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Shen M, Ge J, Lam JCW, Zhu M, Li J, Zeng L. Occurrence of two novel triazine-based flame retardants in an E-waste recycling area in South China: Implication for human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:249-257. [PMID: 31132704 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent increase in the use of alternative flame retardants (FRs) in consumer products has led to emerging contaminants in the environment. Identification of novel FRs is urgently needed because the potential threat posed by these chemicals has provoked considerable attention, but the details of the threat are not yet widely understood. In this study, two novel triazine-based FRs, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TDBP-TAZTO) and 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TTBP-TAZ), were identified in dust samples from an e-waste recycling area in China. Two legacy FRs, namely, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), were also analyzed for comparison. The mean level of TDBP-TAZTO in the e-waste dust samples was found to be much higher (2060 ng g-1) than that of HBCDD (526 ng g-1), while the mean level of TTBP-TAZ in residential dust samples was moderately higher (119 ng g-1) than that of HBCDD (35.7 ng g-1). A comparison of the TDBP-TAZTO and TTBP-TAZ concentrations with those of other alternative and legacy FRs indicated that TDBP-TAZTO is a major FR that is currently used in China. The estimated daily intake of TDBP-TAZTO via dust ingestion for occupational workers was much higher than that of HBCDD and was also much higher than for local adults and children. Exposure to TDBP-TAZTO poses a potentially high risk to the health of the local population, especially for the occupational workers, when the multicomponent chemical 'cocktail' effects are taken into account. More investigations on the environmental behaviors and risk factors of TDBP-TAZTO and TTBP-TAZ in various environmental matrices, as well as their toxicological effects, should be performed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Shen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiali Ge
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingshan Zhu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Hu YJ, Bao LJ, Huang CL, Li SM, Zeng EY. A comprehensive risk assessment of human inhalation exposure to atmospheric halogenated flame retardants and organophosphate esters in an urban zone. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1902-1909. [PMID: 31227346 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to flame retardants used as additives to minimize fire risk and plasticizers is ubiquitous in human daily activities, but has not been adequately assessed. To address this research gap, the present study conducted an assessment of human health risk for four age groups through inhalation exposure to size fractionated particle-bound and gaseous halogenated flame retardants (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative halogenated flame retardants (AHFRs)) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) at indoor and outdoor environments (school, office, and residence) in three districts of a megacity (Guangzhou, China). Results demonstrated that OPEs were the dominant components among all targets. Indoor daily intakes of PBDEs and OPEs were 13-16 times greater than outdoor levels for all age groups. Gaseous OPEs contributed significantly greater than particle-bound compounds to daily intakes of all target compounds. Based on the different life scenarios, hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) from adults exposure to PBDEs and OPEs in indoor and outdoor settings were the greatest, followed by adolescents, children, and seniors. The estimated HQ and ILCR for all age groups both indoors and outdoors were lower than the safe level (HQ = 1 and ILCR = 10-6), indicating that the potential health risk for local residents in Guangzhou via inhalation exposure to atmospheric halogenated flame retardants and OPEs was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jie Hu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Chun-Li Huang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Shao-Meng Li
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3H5T4, Canada
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
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35
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Liu R, Ma S, Li G, Yu Y, An T. Comparing pollution patterns and human exposure to atmospheric PBDEs and PCBs emitted from different e-waste dismantling processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 369:142-149. [PMID: 30776597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (E-waste) recycling provides post-consumption economic opportunities, can also exert stress on environment and human health. This study investigated emissions, compositional profiles, and health risks associated with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at five workshops (electric blowers to treat mobile phones (EBMP), electric heating furnaces to treat televisions (EHFTV) and routers (EHFR), and rotatory incinerators to treat televisions (RITV) and hard disks (RIHD)) within an e-waste dismantling industrial park. Total suspended particulate (TSP), PBDE, and PCB concentrations were 490-1530 μg m-3, 26.6-11,800 ng m-3 and 6.4-19.8 ng m-3 in different workshops, respectively. Tetra-BDEs were dominant in TV recycling workshops, whereas deca-BDEs were in other workshops. BDE-47, -99, and -209 were the most abundant PBDEs during e-waste recycling activities (expect in RIHD workshop). Penta-CBs were present at high levels in TV workshops, as were tetra-CBs in RIHD workshop. Low brominated BDEs contributed a large portion during working and non-working time. The percentages of octa-BDEs and nona-BDEs were higher during non-working than working time. PBDEs posed a higher non-cancer risk; PCBs posed cancer risk to workers through inhalation in TV workshops. This study provides insights into environmental characterization of PBDEs and PCBs during e-waste recycling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
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36
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Fu L, Pei J, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Long S, Zeng L. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative halogenated flame retardants in mollusks from the Chinese Bohai Sea: Levels and interspecific differences. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 142:551-558. [PMID: 31232338 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative halogenated flame retardants (AHFRs) were measured in eleven mollusk species collected from the Chinese Bohai Sea. PBDEs and AHFRs were detected in all species, and their average total concentrations were in the range of 22.5-355 and 10.0-84.3 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were the dominant halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), contributing 22.5% to 73.6% and 3.1% to 38.3% of the total HFRs, respectively. The levels of PBDEs and AHFRs were moderate to high from a global perspective. Interspecific differences in the accumulation of PBDEs and AHFRs were characterized by heat map and cluster analysis. Composition profile differences were also observed, with higher proportions of AHFRs in gastropods than in bivalves. These species-specific differences in concentrations and profiles in mollusks were attributed to different species traits, including feeding habit, trophic level, and metabolic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfang Fu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jie Pei
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaogu Cheng
- Guangzhou Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510620, China
| | - Shenxing Long
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Huang H, Cai C, Yu S, Li X, Liu Y, Tao S, Liu W. Emission behaviors of nitro- and oxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during pyrolytic disposal of electronic wastes. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 222:267-274. [PMID: 30708161 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Emission factors (EFs) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivatives (12 nitro-PAHs and 4 oxy-PAHs) during the pyrolysis of two types of electronic waste (E-waste) were measured. Compositional profile, particle size distribution, gas-particle partitioning, correlations with precursor species and influences of pyrolytic temperature were investigated. The derivative products were dominated by oxy-PAHs. The averaged EFs of oxy-PAHs were 3.37 ± 4.10 μg/g and 32.6 ± 18.1 μg/g for PWBs and plastic casings, respectively, and those of nitro-PAHs were 85.7 ± 92.4 ng/g and 83.3 ± 69.7 ng/g, respectively. Most EFs of derivative species significantly correlated with their corresponding parent PAHs (p < 0.05), except a few cases, indicating formation of derivatives via related reactions of parent species. Most nitro-PAHs occurred in fine particles with the size < 2.1 μm, and oxy-PAHs were prevailing in fine particles with the size between 0.4 μm and 2.1 μm. Proportions of oxy-PAHs in particulate phase, especially those with higher molecular weight, were noticeably greater than those of the corresponding parent species. Below 480 °C, there was no evident difference in the EFs of PAH derivatives, while the EFs noticeably increased from 520 °C. With the increasing temperature, the majority of oxy-PAHs still occurred on finer particles, while the contribution of coarser particles tended to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- HuiJing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - ChuanYang Cai
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - ShuangYu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - XinYue Li
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - WenXin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Zhang W, Wang P, Zhu Y, Yang R, Li Y, Wang D, Matsiko J, Han X, Zhao J, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Jiang G. Brominated flame retardants in atmospheric fine particles in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China: Spatial and temporal distribution and human exposure assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:181-189. [PMID: 30605847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric fine particle (PM2.5) samples were collected over a whole year (April 2016 - March 2017) across five sampling locations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, to investigate the occurrence of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The concentrations of ∑9NBFRs were in the range of 0.63-104 pg/m3 (15.6 ± 16.8 pg/m3) in atmospheric PM2.5, while the levels of ∑9PBDEs (excluding BDE-209) ranged from 0.05 to 19.1 pg/m3 (2.9 ± 3.8 pg/m3) and BDE-209 concentrations ranged from 0.88 to 138 pg/m3 (22 ± 28 pg/m3). Relatively higher levels of NBFRs and PBDEs were found at urban sampling sites in Beijing City and Shijiazhuang City. Decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) and BDE-209 were the dominant compounds with the relative abundances of 72% in ∑9NBFRs and 90% in ∑10PBDEs, respectively. Generally, the levels of most target BFRs in summer were lower than those in other seasons. However, there were no notable seasonal differences in levels of DBDPE and BDE-209 in atmospheric PM2.5 samples across the BTH region. Significant and positive correlations were found between the concentrations of BFRs and PM2.5. Daily human exposure via inhalation revealed that children have a higher probability of suffering from the adverse effects of BFRs than that of adults. In addition, residents living near sampling locations across the BTH region may suffer high exposure risks to BDE-209 and NBFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Julius Matsiko
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Guo J, Ji A, Wang J, Ogunseitan OA, Xu Z. Emission characteristics and exposure assessment of particulate matter and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from waste printed circuit boards de-soldering. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:530-536. [PMID: 30699373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Heating processes for the removal of electronic components from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) is an important step in the chain of electronic waste recycling, and toxic fumes are generated during the de-soldering process, causing environmental pollution and posing health risks for the workers. This study is aimed to characterize emission and deposition fluxes of respirable particulate matter (PM), and assess exposure of workers to particle-bound polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). An electrical low-pressure impactor was used to measure the real-time PM concentrations inside and outside the hood during the WPCBs de-soldering process. The results show that PM mass concentration inside the hood (204 mg/m3) was significantly higher than outside the hood (9.4 mg/m3), representing 95.4% PM removal by the hood. According to the International Commission on Radiological Protection model, the total deposition fluxes of PM in head airways region, tracheobronchial region, and alveolar region were determined as 1930, 74.0, and 123 μg/h, respectively. The deposition flux for coarse particles (2.5-10 μm) in the head airways was the largest (1830 μg/h), accounting for 86.1% of total PM deposited in respiratory system. The ∑8PBDEs concentration in PM10 inside the WPCBs de-soldering workshop was 20,300 pg/m3, and the ∑8PBDEs inhalation exposure for the worker was 1.46 ng/kg/day. This study improves understanding of PM emission mechanisms and provides fundamental data for health assessments during WPCBs de-soldering process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention & School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3957, USA
| | - Ang Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Oladele A Ogunseitan
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention & School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3957, USA
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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40
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Liu X, Wang Y, Shen Z, Wu X, Shi Y, Wang F. A method for assessing carcinogenic risk of air fine particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by considering bioaccessibility in lung fluids. MethodsX 2019; 6:558-566. [PMID: 30976529 PMCID: PMC6439207 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the inhalation carcinogenic risk of PAHs in biochar fine particles using total concentration-based assessment approach and bioaccessibility-based assessment approach. Only limit PAHs in particles can be released in simulated lung fluids, leading to a low bioaccessibility (only ranging from 0.34% to 1.48% for biochar fine particles and from 3.21% to 44.2% for PM2.5), which would significantly affect health risk assessment. Therefore, bioaccessibility should always be favored over more traditional evaluations based on total concentration, while evaluating inhalation health risks of biochar-bound PAHs. To prove the broad applicability of bioaccessibility-based assessment approaches, we also compared health risk of actual atmospheric particles (PM2.5 collected from Nanjing, China) using total concentration-based approaches and bioaccessibility-based approaches. •Proposed bioaccessibility-based approaches for assessing biochar risk are more accurate than traditional total concentration-based approaches;•Proposed bioaccessibility-based approaches can be applied to health risk assessment of actual air particles;•A more practical method was proposed to evaluate the bioaccessibility of PAHs in biochar fine particles or other specific component of atmospheric particle matters: using wet sieving method to prepare fine particles, using volatile organic solvent-drying method to load 14C-PAHs on fine particles, and using desorption experiments to determine bioaccessibility of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yuejiao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zelin Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yu Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
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41
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Zhou W, Shen M, Lam JCW, Zhu M, Liu L, Chen H, Du B, Zeng L, Zeng EY. Size-dependent distribution and inhalation exposure characteristics of particle-bound chlorinated paraffins in indoor air in Guangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:675-682. [PMID: 30316183 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are now attracting special concerns worldwide as one type of new persistent toxic substances as classified by the Stockholm Convention. CPs are extensively applied in household goods and indoor decoration materials, but information on their occurrence and exposure risk in such environments is still very scarce. In this study, the current concentrations, particle size distributions, and inhalation exposure characteristics and risk of CPs were investigated in regard to indoor air particulate matter. Both short chain (SCCPs) and medium chain CPs (MCCPs) were determined in all size-fractioned particle samples with a range of 6.20-17.8 and 5.98-40.5 ng m-3, respectively. MCCPs were more abundant than SCCPs. Size distributions revealed that individual homologs, SCCPs, and MCCPs exhibited a similar unimodal distribution peaking in the fine particles with a diameter of 0.56-1.0 μm. The relative abundance of longer-chain or more heavily chlorinated homologs tend to gradually increase with particle size shift from coarse to fine mode. Vapor pressure may be a critical factor governing the size-dependent distribution of CPs. Deposition of particulate CPs in the human respiratory tract is also size-dependent. The contributions of fine particles to the regional depositions of CPs in the human respiratory tract increase with increasing carbon chain length or chlorine content. Based on the size-dependent distributions of CPs, inhalation exposure assessment from the ICRP model indicated no significant health risk due to CPs in current indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mingjie Shen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mingshan Zhu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liangying Liu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bibai Du
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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42
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Xie SY, Lao JY, Wu CC, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. In vitro inhalation bioaccessibility for particle-bound hydrophobic organic chemicals: Method development, effects of particle size and hydrophobicity, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:295-303. [PMID: 30103127 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility of particle-bound hydrophobic organic contaminants and related particle size effects are significant for assessing the potential human health risk via inhalation exposure, but have not been clearly evaluated. To fill this knowledge gap, the present study developed an in vitro method to estimate the inhalation bioaccessibility of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using simulated human lung fluids, i.e., a modified Gamble's solution (MGS) and artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) with Tenax as the absorption media. Assay parameters, namely incubation time (10 d) and influence of filter use, were optimized for establishing the in vitro method. The results showed that the bioaccessibility of PAHs increased with increasing particle size, but other factors, such as total organic carbon and chemical hydrophobicity, also played a large role in the fate of these compounds. The results from this portion of the present study were then used to evaluate human health risk, which showed that the risk of these particle-bound PAHs by incorporating size-dependent PAHs bioaccessibility and deposition efficiency in the human respiratory tract into inhalation exposure risk calculations was reduced by >90% when compared to using total concentration. This suggested that the inhalation bioaccessibility and deposition efficiency of hydrophobic organic chemicals should be included in human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Yi Xie
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jia-Yong Lao
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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Cao Z, Zhao L, Meng X, Liu X, Wu P, Fan X, Wang S, Jie J, Miao Z, Xu X, Shen M, Bu Q. Amplification effect of haze on human exposure to halogenated flame retardants in atmospheric particulate matter and the corresponding mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 359:491-499. [PMID: 30086519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The health impact of haze is of great concern; however, few air quality studies have investigated trace pollutant contamination in the air. Size-segregated atmospheric particles (nine size fractions derived from PM10) were collected in dwelling (indoor) and traffic (outdoor) environments in Xinxiang, China, during light pollution conditions (air quality index (AQI), 60-90) and heavy pollution conditions (AQI, 350-550), and they were analysed for halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and Dechlorane Plus (DP) isomers. HFR occurrence levels generally decreased in the order of PBDEs > NBFRs > DPs. The total mean abundance ratios of heavy pollution/light pollution were 4.0, 2.9, 4.4 and 3.6 for PBDEs, NBFRs, DPs and HFRs, respectively. Meteorological conditions played distinctive roles in the HFR distribution in the air. Apparent differences were found for the particle size distribution of HFRs under light and heavy pollution conditions. In general, for adults, the estimated hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCRBDE-209) values were approximately 1.7 × 10-2 and 9.3 × 10-9 in heavy pollution conditions, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in light pollution conditions (1.8 × 10-3 and 2.1 × 10-9, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xuejie Meng
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xinyi Fan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jianye Jie
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zheng Miao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mohai Shen
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Qingwei Bu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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44
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Weiss JM, Gustafsson Å, Gerde P, Bergman Å, Lindh CH, Krais AM. Daily intake of phthalates, MEHP, and DINCH by ingestion and inhalation. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 208:40-49. [PMID: 29860143 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters, suspected endocrine disrupting chemicals, are used in a wide range of applications. Because phthalate esters are not covalently bound, they can easily leach into the indoor environment and associate to dust particles. Thus, exposure may occur through inhalation, ingestion, or contact with the skin. However, it is unclear to what degree indoor dust contributes to the daily intake of phthalate esters. This study investigates household dust as an exposure pathway for seven phthalate esters, the monoester MEHP, and the plasticizer DINCH. Household dust collected from children's sleeping rooms and from living rooms were analysed using gas and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. To compare two exposure pathways, different dust particle sizes were generated: a respirable fraction (<5 μm) and an ingested particle fraction in the anticipated size range of skin adherence (<75 μm). Modelling of dust inhalation and ingestion showed that the daily intake of dust-bound phthalate esters was likely to be 2 times (inhalation) to 12 times (ingestion) higher for 21-month-old children than for adults. These children's daily uptake of phthalate esters was 40-140 times higher through ingestion than inhalation. Furthermore, dust may be an exposure pathway for phthalate esters as well as for MEHP. Therefore, phthalate monoesters could be environmental contaminants of their own and need to be considered in health risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Weiss
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 12, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Gustafsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden; Swetox, Karolinska Institute, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, 151 36, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Per Gerde
- Swetox, Karolinska Institute, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, 151 36, Södertälje, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institute, Box 287, SE-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åke Bergman
- Swetox, Karolinska Institute, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, 151 36, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institution of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annette M Krais
- Swetox, Karolinska Institute, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, 151 36, Södertälje, Sweden; Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institution of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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45
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McGrath TJ, Morrison PD, Ball AS, Clarke BO. Spatial Distribution of Novel and Legacy Brominated Flame Retardants in Soils Surrounding Two Australian Electronic Waste Recycling Facilities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8194-8204. [PMID: 30004224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Informal recycling of electronic waste (e-waste) has been shown to cause significant brominated flame retardant (BFR) contamination of surrounding soils in a number of Asian and West African countries. However, to the authors' knowledge, there have been no published studies demonstrating polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and novel brominated flame retardant (NBFR) soil contamination from regulated "formal" e-waste processing facilities in developed countries. This study reports on PBDEs (-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, and -209) and NBFRs (PBT, PBEB, HBB, EH-TBB, BTBPE and DBDPE) in 36 soil samples surrounding two Australian e-waste recycling plants and a further eight reference soils. Overall ∑PBDE concentrations ranged 0.10-98 000 ng/g dw (median; 92 ng/g dw) and ∑NBFRs ranged ND-37 000 ng/g dw (median 2.0 ng/g dw). Concentrations in soils were found to be significantly negatively associated with distance from one of the e-waste facilities for ∑penta-BDEs, BDE-183, BDE-209, and ∑NBFR compound groups. ANOVA tests further illustrated the potential for e-waste recycling to significantly elevate concentrations of some BFRs in soils over distances up to 900 m compared to references sites. This study provides the first evidence of soil contamination with PBDEs and NBFRs originating from formal e-waste recycling facilities in Australia, which may have implications for e-waste recycling practices throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science , RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne , Victoria 3001 , Australia
| | - Paul D Morrison
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science , RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne , Victoria 3001 , Australia
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science , RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne , Victoria 3001 , Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science , RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne , Victoria 3001 , Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science , RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne , Victoria 3001 , Australia
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46
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Lao JY, Xie SY, Wu CC, Bao LJ, Tao S, Zeng EY. Importance of Dermal Absorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Derived from Barbecue Fumes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8330-8338. [PMID: 29790336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ubiquity and carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their dermal absorption for the general population has not been adequately addressed. Aiming to verify the importance of dermal absorption of PAHs, barbecue (BBQ) in Guangzhou, China was chosen as a case study. Urine samples were collected and analyzed for nine hydroxyl (OH)-PAHs. Air, food, and cotton clothing samples were analyzed for 16 PAHs. Dietary exposure was the dominant exposure route with the greatest amounts of OH-PAH excretion and PAH intake. Dermal intake of low molecular-weight PAHs was greater than inhalation intake from the occurrence of atmospheric PAHs. In addition, the net excreted amounts of OH-naphthalene, OH-fluorene, OH-phenanthrene, and OH-pyrene via dermal absorption were 367, 63, 98, and 28 ng, respectively, upon 2.5-h exposure, comparable to those via combined dermal and inhalation exposure, which were 453, 98, 126, and 38 ng. The ratios of excretion to intake via dermal absorption were 0.11, 0.036, and 0.043 for fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, respectively, lower than the ratios from dietary exposure (0.38, 0.14, and 0.060) but higher than the ratios from inhalation (0.097, 0.016, and 0.025). In the case of BBQ fumes, dermal absorption was a more important pathway for intake of low molecular-weight PAHs than inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yong Lao
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Shan-Yi Xie
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
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47
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Cai C, Yu S, Li X, Liu Y, Tao S, Liu W. Emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from pyrolytic processing during dismantling of electronic wastes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 351:270-276. [PMID: 29550561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two typical types of electronic waste (E-waste) were selected to investigate the emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during pyrolytic processing, including emission factor, compositional profile, size distribution and gas-particle partitioning. The mean emission factors (EFs) of total PAHs were measured to be 2.77 ± 1.41 μg/g and 23.65 ± 14.52 μg/g for printed wiring boards and plastic casings, respectively, lower than those for coal combustion and biomass burning. Low molecular weight species were predominant in exhaust fumes, with overwhelming amounts of naphthalene (NAP) and phenanthrene (PHE) in the gaseous phase and particulate phase, respectively. The particle-size distribution exhibited the largest enrichment of total PAHs in finer particles less than 2.1 μm. Similarly, the distributions of individual species were dominated by finer particles. Most freshly emitted PAHs were liable to exist in particulate phase relative to gaseous phase. Based on the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent carcinogenic power, PAHs in particulate phase may have much stronger toxicity compared with those present in gaseous phase. The gas-particle partitioning behaviors of freshly emitted PAHs from pyrolytic processing of E-wastes were mainly regulated by absorption rather than adsorption, and the gas-particle partitioning did not reach equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChuanYang Cai
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - ShuangYu Yu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - XinYue Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - WenXin Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
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48
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Li TY, Zhou JF, Wu CC, Bao LJ, Shi L, Zeng EY. Characteristics of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Released from Thermal Treatment and Open Burning of E-Waste. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4650-4657. [PMID: 29600707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Primitive processing of e-waste potentially releases abundant organic contaminants to the environment, but the magnitudes and mechanisms remain to be adequately addressed. We conducted thermal treatment and open burning of typical e-wastes, that is, plastics and printed circuit boards. Emission factors of the sum of 39 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (∑39PBDE) were 817-1.60 × 105 ng g-1 in thermal treatment and nondetected-9.14 × 104 ng g-1, in open burning. Airborne particles (87%) were the main carriers of PBDEs, followed by residual ashes (13%) and gaseous constituents (0.3%), in thermal treatment, while they were 30%, 43% and 27% in open burning. The output-input mass ratios of ∑39PBDE were 0.12-3.76 in thermal treatment and 0-0.16 in open burning. All PBDEs were largely affiliated with fine particles, with geometric mean diameters at 0.61-0.83 μm in thermal degradation and 0.57-1.16 μm in open burning from plastic casings, and 0.44-0.56 and nondetected- 0.55 μm, from printed circuit boards. Evaporation and reabsorption may be the main emission mechanisms for lightly brominated BDEs, but heavily brominated BDEs tend to affiliate with particles from heating or combustion. The different size distributions of particulate PBDEs in emission sources and adjacent air implicated a noteworthy redisposition process during atmospheric dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Jun-Feng Zhou
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
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49
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Cai C, Yu S, Liu Y, Tao S, Liu W. PBDE emission from E-wastes during the pyrolytic process: Emission factor, compositional profile, size distribution, and gas-particle partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:419-428. [PMID: 29310085 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) pollution in E-waste recycling areas has garnered great concern by scientists, the government and the public. In the current study, two typical kinds of E-wastes (printed wiring boards and plastic casings of household or office appliances) were selected to investigate the emission behaviors of individual PBDEs during the pyrolysis process. Emission factors (EFs), compositional profile, particle size distribution and gas-particle partitioning of PBDEs were explored. The mean EF values of the total PBDEs were determined at 8.1 ± 4.6 μg/g and 10.4 ± 11.3 μg/g for printed wiring boards and plastic casings, respectively. Significantly positive correlations were observed between EFs and original addition contents of PBDEs. BDE209 was the most abundant in the E-waste materials, while lowly brominated and highly brominated components (excluding BDE209) were predominant in the exhaust fumes. The distribution of total PBDEs on different particle sizes was characterized by a concentration of finer particles with an aerodynamic diameter between 0.4 μm and 2.1 μm and followed by less than 0.4 μm. Similarly, the distribution of individual species was dominated by finer particles. Most of the freshly emitted PBDEs (via pyrolysis) were liable to exist in the particulate phase with respect to the gaseous phase, particularly for finer particles. In addition, a linear relationship between the partitioning coefficient (KP) and the subcooled liquid vapor pressure (PL0) of the different components indicated non-equilibrium gas-particle partitioning during the pyrolysis process and suggested that absorption by particulate organic carbon, rather than surface adsorption, governed gas-particle partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChuanYang Cai
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - ShuangYu Yu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - WenXin Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
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50
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Zhu YS, Yang WD, Li XW, Ni HG, Zeng H. Airborne particle-bound brominated flame retardants: Levels, size distribution and indoor-outdoor exchange. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:1104-1112. [PMID: 29033174 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The quality of indoor environments has a significant impact on public health. Usually, an indoor environment is treated as a static box, in which physicochemical reactions of indoor air contaminants are negligible. This results in conservative estimates for primary indoor air pollutant concentrations, while also ignoring secondary pollutants. Thus, understanding the relationship between indoor and outdoor particles and particle-bound pollutants is of great significance. For this reason, we collected simultaneous indoor and outdoor measurements of the size distribution of airborne brominated flame retardant (BFR) congeners. The time-dependent concentrations of indoor particles and particle-bound BFRs were then estimated with the mass balance model, accounting for the outdoor concentration, indoor source strength, infiltration, penetration, deposition and indoor resuspension. Based on qualitative observation, the size distributions of ΣPBDE and ΣHBCD were characterized by bimodal peaks. According to our results, particle-bound BDE209 and γ-HBCD underwent degradation. Regardless of the surface adsorption capability of particles and the physicochemical properties of the target compounds, the concentration of BFRs in particles of different size fractions seemed to be governed by the particle distribution. Based on our estimations, for airborne particles and particle-bound BFRs, a window-open ventilated room only takes a quarter of the time to reach an equilibrium between the concentration of pollutants inside and outside compared to a closed room. Unfortunately, indoor pollutants and outdoor pollutants always exist simultaneously, which poses a window-open-or-closed dilemma to achieve proper ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Shan Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wan-Dong Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiu-Wen Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hong-Gang Ni
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Hui Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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