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Singh S, Sarroza D, English A, Whittington D, Dong A, Malamas M, Makriyannis A, van der Stelt M, Li Y, Zweifel L, Bruchas MR, Land BB, Stella N. P2X 7 receptor-dependent increase in endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol production by neuronal cells in culture: Dynamics and mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2459-2477. [PMID: 38581262 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neurotransmission and neuroinflammation are controlled by local increases in both extracellular ATP and the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). While it is known that extracellular ATP stimulates 2-AG production in cells in culture, the dynamics and molecular mechanisms that underlie this response remain poorly understood. Detection of real-time changes in eCB levels with the genetically encoded sensor, GRABeCB2.0, can address this shortfall. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 2-AG and arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) levels in Neuro2a (N2a) cells were measured by LC-MS, and GRABeCB2.0 fluorescence changes were detected using live-cell confocal microscopy and a 96-well fluorescence plate reader. KEY RESULTS 2-AG and AEA increased GRABeCB2.0 fluorescence in N2a cells with EC50 values of 81 and 58 nM, respectively; both responses were reduced by the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) antagonist SR141617 and absent in cells expressing the mutant-GRABeCB2.0. ATP increased only 2-AG levels in N2a cells, as measured by LC-MS, and induced a transient increase in the GRABeCB2.0 signal within minutes primarily via activation of P2X7 receptors (P2X7R). This response was dependent on diacylglycerol lipase β activity, partially dependent on extracellular calcium and phospholipase C activity, but not controlled by the 2-AG hydrolysing enzyme, α/β-hydrolase domain containing 6 (ABHD6). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Considering that P2X7R activation increases 2-AG levels within minutes, our results show how these molecular components are mechanistically linked. The specific molecular components in these signalling systems represent potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurological diseases, such as chronic pain, that involve dysregulated neurotransmission and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dennis Sarroza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anthony English
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dale Whittington
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ao Dong
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Malamas
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Yulong Li
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Larry Zweifel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Benjamin B Land
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Singh S, Sarroza D, English A, McGrory M, Dong A, Zweifel L, Land BB, Li Y, Bruchas MR, Stella N. Pharmacological Characterization of the Endocannabinoid Sensor GRAB eCB2.0. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023. [PMID: 38064488 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The endocannabinoids (eCBs), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA), are produced by separate enzymatic pathways, activate cannabinoid (CB) receptors with distinct pharmacological profiles, and differentially regulate pathophysiological processes. The genetically encoded sensor, GRABeCB2.0, detects real-time changes in eCB levels in cells in culture and preclinical model systems; however, its activation by eCB analogues produced by cells and by phyto-CBs remains uncharacterized, a current limitation when interpreting changes in its response. This information could provide additional utility for the tool in in vivo pharmacology studies of phyto-CB action. Materials and Methods: GRABeCB2.0 was expressed in cultured HEK293 cells. Live cell confocal microscopy and high-throughput fluorescent signal measurements. Results: 2-AG increased GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal (EC50=85 nM), and the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) antagonist, SR141716 (SR1), decreased GRABeCB2.0 signal (IC50=3.3 nM), responses that mirror their known potencies at the CB1R. GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal also increased in response to AEA (EC50=815 nM), the eCB analogues 2-linoleoylglycerol and 2-oleoylglycerol (EC50=632 and 868 nM, respectively), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), and Δ8-THC (EC50=1.6 and 2.0 μM, respectively), and the artificial CB1R agonist, CP55,940 (CP; EC50=82 nM); however their potencies were less than what has been described at CB1R. Cannabidiol (CBD) did not affect basal GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal and yet reduced the 2-AG stimulated GRABeCB2.0 responses (IC50=9.7 nM). Conclusions: 2-AG and SR1 modulate the GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal with EC50 values that mirror their potencies at CB1R, whereas AEA, eCB analogues, THC, and CP increase GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal with EC50 values significantly lower than their potencies at CB1R. CBD reduces the 2-AG response without affecting basal signal, suggesting that GRABeCB2.0 retains the negative allosteric modulator (NAM) property of CBD at CB1R. This study describes the pharmacological profile of GRABeCB2.0 to improve interpretation of changes in fluorescent signal in response to a series of known eCBs and CB1R ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dennis Sarroza
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anthony English
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Maya McGrory
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ao Dong
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Larry Zweifel
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Benjamin B Land
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yulong Li
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Maccarrone M, Di Marzo V, Gertsch J, Grether U, Howlett AC, Hua T, Makriyannis A, Piomelli D, Ueda N, van der Stelt M. Goods and Bads of the Endocannabinoid System as a Therapeutic Target: Lessons Learned after 30 Years. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:885-958. [PMID: 37164640 PMCID: PMC10441647 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cannabis derivative marijuana is the most widely used recreational drug in the Western world and is consumed by an estimated 83 million individuals (∼3% of the world population). In recent years, there has been a marked transformation in society regarding the risk perception of cannabis, driven by its legalization and medical use in many states in the United States and worldwide. Compelling research evidence and the Food and Drug Administration cannabis-derived cannabidiol approval for severe childhood epilepsy have confirmed the large therapeutic potential of cannabidiol itself, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other plant-derived cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids). Of note, our body has a complex endocannabinoid system (ECS)-made of receptors, metabolic enzymes, and transporters-that is also regulated by phytocannabinoids. The first endocannabinoid to be discovered 30 years ago was anandamide (N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine); since then, distinct elements of the ECS have been the target of drug design programs aimed at curing (or at least slowing down) a number of human diseases, both in the central nervous system and at the periphery. Here a critical review of our knowledge of the goods and bads of the ECS as a therapeutic target is presented to define the benefits of ECS-active phytocannabinoids and ECS-oriented synthetic drugs for human health. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The endocannabinoid system plays important roles virtually everywhere in our body and is either involved in mediating key processes of central and peripheral diseases or represents a therapeutic target for treatment. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and pharmacology of the components of this complex system, and in particular of key receptors (like cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2) and metabolic enzymes (like fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase), will advance our understanding of endocannabinoid signaling and activity at molecular, cellular, and system levels, providing new opportunities to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Uwe Grether
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Allyn C Howlett
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Tian Hua
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
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Mons E, Kim RQ, Mulder MPC. Technologies for Direct Detection of Covalent Protein—Drug Adducts. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040547. [PMID: 37111304 PMCID: PMC10146396 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, drug candidates with a covalent binding mode have gained the interest of medicinal chemists, as several covalent anticancer drugs have successfully reached the clinic. As a covalent binding mode changes the relevant parameters to rank inhibitor potency and investigate structure-activity relationship (SAR), it is important to gather experimental evidence on the existence of a covalent protein–drug adduct. In this work, we review established methods and technologies for the direct detection of a covalent protein–drug adduct, illustrated with examples from (recent) drug development endeavors. These technologies include subjecting covalent drug candidates to mass spectrometric (MS) analysis, protein crystallography, or monitoring intrinsic spectroscopic properties of the ligand upon covalent adduct formation. Alternatively, chemical modification of the covalent ligand is required to detect covalent adducts by NMR analysis or activity-based protein profiling (ABPP). Some techniques are more informative than others and can also elucidate the modified amino acid residue or bond layout. We will discuss the compatibility of these techniques with reversible covalent binding modes and the possibilities to evaluate reversibility or obtain kinetic parameters. Finally, we expand upon current challenges and future applications. Overall, these analytical techniques present an integral part of covalent drug development in this exciting new era of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Mons
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert Q. Kim
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique P. C. Mulder
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Singh S, Sarroza D, English A, McGrory M, Dong A, Zweifel L, Land BB, Li Y, Bruchas MR, Stella N. Pharmacological characterization of the endocannabinoid sensor GRAB eCB2.0. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.03.531053. [PMID: 36945533 PMCID: PMC10028790 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.03.531053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The endocannabinoids (eCBs), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA), are produced by separate enzymatic pathways, activate cannabinoid receptors with distinct pharmacology, and differentially regulate pathophysiological processes. The genetically encoded sensor, GRABeCB2.0, detects real-time changes in eCB levels in cells in culture and preclinical model systems; however, its activation by eCB analogues produced by cells and by phyto-cannabinoids remains uncharacterized, a current limitation when interpreting changes in its response. This information could provide additional utility for the tool in in vivo pharmacology studies of phyto-cannabinoid action. Methods GRABeCB2.0 was expressed in cultured HEK293 cells. Live cell confocal microscopy and high-throughput fluorescent signal measurements. Results 2-AG increased GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal (EC50 = 85 nM), and the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) antagonist, SR141617, decreased GRABeCB2.0 signal (SR1, IC50 = 3.3 nM), responses that mirror their known potencies at cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1R). GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal also increased in response to AEA (EC50 = 815 nM), the eCB analogues 2-linoleoylglycerol and 2-oleoylglycerol (2-LG and 2-OG, EC50s = 1.5 and 1.0 μM, respectively), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and Δ8-THC (EC50s = 1.6 and 2.0 μM, respectively), and the artificial CB1R agonist, CP55,940 (CP, EC50 = 82 nM); however their potencies were less than what has been described at CB1R. Cannabidiol (CBD) did not affect basal GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal and yet reduced the 2-AG stimulated GRABeCB2.0 responses (IC50 = 8.8 nM). Conclusions 2-AG and SR1 modulate the GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal with EC50s that mirror their potencies at CB1R whereas AEA, eCB analogues, THC and CP increase GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal with EC50s significantly lower than their potencies at CB1R. CBD reduces the 2-AG response without affecting basal signal, suggesting that GRABeCB2.0 retains the negative allosteric modulator (NAM) property of CBD at CB1R. This study describes the pharmacological profile of GRABeCB2.0 to improve interpretation of changes in fluorescent signal in response to a series of known eCBs and CB1R ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Dennis Sarroza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Anthony English
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Maya McGrory
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Ao Dong
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Larry Zweifel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Benjamin B. Land
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Yulong Li
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael R. Bruchas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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6
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Honeder SE, Tomin T, Schinagl M, Pfleger R, Hoehlschen J, Darnhofer B, Schittmayer M, Birner‐Gruenberger R. Research Advances Through Activity‐Based Lipid Hydrolase Profiling. Isr J Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Elisabeth Honeder
- Research and Diagnostic Institute of Pathology Medical University of Graz Stiftingtalstraße 6 8036 Graz Austria
| | - Tamara Tomin
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics University of Technology Vienna Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Maximilian Schinagl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics University of Technology Vienna Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Raphael Pfleger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics University of Technology Vienna Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Julia Hoehlschen
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics University of Technology Vienna Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Barbara Darnhofer
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry Center for Medical Research Medical University of Graz Neue Stiftingtalstraße 24 8036 Graz Austria
| | - Matthias Schittmayer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics University of Technology Vienna Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Ruth Birner‐Gruenberger
- Research and Diagnostic Institute of Pathology Medical University of Graz Stiftingtalstraße 6 8036 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics University of Technology Vienna Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Wien Austria
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7
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Understanding and Targeting the Endocannabinoid System with Activity‐Based Protein Profiling. Isr J Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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8
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Berger N, van der Wel T, Hirschmugl B, Baernthaler T, Gindlhuber J, Fawzy N, Eichmann T, Birner-Gruenberger R, Zimmermann R, van der Stelt M, Wadsack C. Inhibition of diacylglycerol lipase β modulates lipid and endocannabinoid levels in the ex vivo human placenta. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1092024. [PMID: 36864832 PMCID: PMC9971001 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1092024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lipids and fatty acids are key components in metabolic processes of the human placenta, thereby contributing to the development of the fetus. Placental dyslipidemia and aberrant activity of lipases have been linked to diverse pregnancy associated complications, such as preeclampsia and preterm birth. The serine hydrolases, diacylglycerol lipase α and β (DAGLα, DAGLβ) catalyze the degradation of diacylglycerols, leading to the formation of monoacylglycerols (MAG), including one main endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). The major role of DAGL in the biosynthesis of 2-AG is evident from various studies in mice but has not been investigated in the human placenta. Here, we report the use of the small molecule inhibitor DH376, in combination with the ex vivo placental perfusion system, activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) and lipidomics, to determine the impact of acute DAGL inhibition on placental lipid networks. METHODS DAGLα and DAGLβ mRNA expression was detected by RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization in term placentas. Immunohistochemistry staining for CK7, CD163 and VWF was applied to localize DAGLβ transcripts to different cell types of the placenta. DAGLβ activity was determined by in- gel and MS-based activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) and validated by addition of the enzyme inhibitors LEI-105 and DH376. Enzyme kinetics were measured by EnzChek™ lipase substrate assay. Ex vivo placental perfusion experiments were performed +/- DH376 [1 µM] and changes in tissue lipid and fatty acid profiles were measured by LC-MS. Additionally, free fatty acid levels of the maternal and fetal circulations were determined. RESULTS We demonstrate that mRNA expression of DAGLβ prevails in placental tissue, compared to DAGLα (p ≤ 0.0001) and that DAGLβ is mainly located to CK7 positive trophoblasts (p ≤ 0.0001). Although few DAGLα transcripts were identified, no active enzyme was detected applying in-gel or MS-based ABPP, which underlined that DAGLβ is the principal DAGL in the placenta. DAGLβ dependent substrate hydrolysis in placental membrane lysates was determined by the application of LEI-105 and DH376. Ex vivo pharmacological inhibition of DAGLβ by DH376 led to reduced MAG tissue levels (p ≤ 0.01), including 2-AG (p≤0.0001). We further provide an activity landscape of serine hydrolases, showing a broad spectrum of metabolically active enzymes in the human placenta. DISCUSSION Our results emphasize the role of DAGLβ activity in the human placenta by determining the biosynthesis of 2-AG. Thus, this study highlights the special importance of intra-cellular lipases in lipid network regulation. Together, the activity of these specific enzymes may contribute to the lipid signaling at the maternal-fetal interface, with implications for function of the placenta in normal and compromised pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Berger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tom van der Wel
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Birgit Hirschmugl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Baernthaler
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Juergen Gindlhuber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
- Diagnostic and Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nermeen Fawzy
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Eichmann
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, Center for Medical Research (ZMF), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Diagnostic and Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Christian Wadsack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
- *Correspondence: Christian Wadsack,
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9
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Punt J, van der Vliet D, van der Stelt M. Chemical Probes to Control and Visualize Lipid Metabolism in the Brain. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3205-3217. [PMID: 36283077 PMCID: PMC9670861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Signaling lipids, such as the endocannabinoids, play an important role in the brain. They regulate synaptic transmission and control various neurophysiological processes, including pain sensation, appetite, memory formation, stress, and anxiety. Unlike classical neurotransmitters, lipid messengers are produced on demand and degraded by metabolic enzymes to control their lifespan and signaling actions. Chemical biology approaches have become one of the main driving forces to study and unravel the physiological role of lipid messengers in the brain. Here, we review how the development and use of chemical probes has allowed one to study endocannabinoid signaling by (i) inhibiting the biosynthetic and metabolic enzymes; (ii) visualizing the activity of these enzymes; and (iii) controlling the release and transport of the endocannabinoids. Activity-based probes were instrumental to guide the discovery of highly selective and in vivo active inhibitors of the biosynthetic (DAGL, NAPE-PLD) and metabolic (MAGL, FAAH) enzymes of endocannabinoids. These inhibitors allowed one to study the role of these enzymes in animal models of disease. For instance, the DAGL-MAGL axis was shown to control neuroinflammation and the NAPE-PLD-FAAH axis to regulate emotional behavior. Activity-based protein profiling and chemical proteomics were essential to guide the drug discovery and development of compounds targeting MAGL and FAAH, such as ABX-1431 (Lu AG06466) and PF-04457845, respectively. These experimental drugs are now in clinical trials for multiple indications, including multiple sclerosis and post-traumatic stress disorders. Activity-based probes have also been used to visualize the activity of these lipid metabolizing enzymes with high spatial resolution in brain slices, thereby showing the cell type-specific activity of these lipid metabolizing enzymes. The transport, release, and uptake of signaling lipids themselves cannot, however, be captured by activity-based probes in a spatiotemporal controlled manner. Therefore, bio-orthogonal lipids equipped with photoreactive, photoswitchable groups or photocages have been developed. These chemical probes were employed to investigate the protein interaction partners of the endocannabinoids, such as putative membrane transporters, as well as to study the functional cellular responses within milliseconds upon irradiation. Finally, genetically encoded sensors have recently been developed to monitor the real-time release of endocannabinoids with high spatiotemporal resolution in cultured neurons, acute brain slices, and in vivo mouse models. It is anticipated that the combination of chemical probes, highly selective inhibitors, and sensors with advanced (super resolution) imaging modalities, such as PharmacoSTORM and correlative light-electron microscopy, will uncover the fundamental basis of lipid signaling at nanoscale resolution in the brain. Furthermore, chemical biology approaches enable the translation of these fundamental discoveries into clinical solutions for brain diseases with aberrant lipid signaling.
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10
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Prokop S, Ábrányi-Balogh P, Barti B, Vámosi M, Zöldi M, Barna L, Urbán GM, Tóth AD, Dudok B, Egyed A, Deng H, Leggio GM, Hunyady L, van der Stelt M, Keserű GM, Katona I. PharmacoSTORM nanoscale pharmacology reveals cariprazine binding on Islands of Calleja granule cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6505. [PMID: 34764251 PMCID: PMC8586358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunolabeling and autoradiography have traditionally been applied as the methods-of-choice to visualize and collect molecular information about physiological and pathological processes. Here, we introduce PharmacoSTORM super-resolution imaging that combines the complementary advantages of these approaches and enables cell-type- and compartment-specific nanoscale molecular measurements. We exploited rational chemical design for fluorophore-tagged high-affinity receptor ligands and an enzyme inhibitor; and demonstrated broad PharmacoSTORM applicability for three protein classes and for cariprazine, a clinically approved antipsychotic and antidepressant drug. Because the neurobiological substrate of cariprazine has remained elusive, we took advantage of PharmacoSTORM to provide in vivo evidence that cariprazine predominantly binds to D3 dopamine receptors on Islands of Calleja granule cell axons but avoids dopaminergic terminals. These findings show that PharmacoSTORM helps to quantify drug-target interaction sites at the nanoscale level in a cell-type- and subcellular context-dependent manner and within complex tissue preparations. Moreover, the results highlight the underappreciated neuropsychiatric significance of the Islands of Calleja in the ventral forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Prokop
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- School of Ph.D. Studies, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Ábrányi-Balogh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Benjámin Barti
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- School of Ph.D. Studies, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Márton Vámosi
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Zöldi
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- School of Ph.D. Studies, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - László Barna
- Nikon Center of Excellence for Neuronal Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella M Urbán
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Dávid Tóth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barna Dudok
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Attila Egyed
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hui Deng
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University & Oncode Institute, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gian Marco Leggio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - László Hunyady
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University & Oncode Institute, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Katona
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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11
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Abstract
The endocannabinoids are lipid-derived messengers that play a diversity of regulatory roles in mammalian physiology. Dysfunctions in their activity have been implicated in various disease conditions, attracting attention to the endocannabinoid system as a possible source of therapeutic drugs. This signaling complex has three components: the endogenous ligands, anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG); a set of enzymes and transporters that generate, eliminate, or modify such ligands; and selective cell surface receptors that mediate their biological actions. We provide an overview of endocannabinoid formation, deactivation, and biotransformation and outline the properties and therapeutic potential of pharmacological agents that interfere with those processes. We describe small-molecule inhibitors that target endocannabinoid-producing enzymes, carrier proteins that transport the endocannabinoids into cells, and intracellular endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzymes. We briefly discuss selected agents that simultaneously interfere with components of the endocannabinoid system and with other functionally related signaling pathways. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA; .,Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Alex Mabou Tagne
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA;
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12
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Druggable Targets in Endocannabinoid Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:177-201. [PMID: 32894511 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis and cannabinoid-based extracts have long been utilized for their perceived therapeutic value, and support for the legalization of cannabis for medicinal purposes continues to increase worldwide. Since the discovery of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as the primary psychoactive component of cannabis over 50 years ago, substantial effort has been directed toward detection of endogenous mediators of cannabinoid activity. The discovery of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol as two endogenous lipid mediators of cannabinoid-like effects (endocannabinoids) has inspired exponential growth in our understanding of this essential pathway, as well as the pathological conditions that result from dysregulated endocannabinoid signaling. This review examines current knowledge of the endocannabinoid system including metabolic enzymes involved in biosynthesis and degradation and their receptors, and evaluates potential druggable targets for therapeutic intervention.
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13
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Voorneveld J, Florea BI, Bakkum T, Mendowicz RJ, van der Veer MS, Gagestein B, van Kasteren SI, van der Stelt M, Overkleeft HS, Filippov DV. Olaparib-Based Photoaffinity Probes for PARP-1 Detection in Living Cells. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2431-2434. [PMID: 32282108 PMCID: PMC7496120 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) is a protein from the family of ADP-ribosyltransferases that catalyzes polyadenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR) formation in order to attract the DNA repair machinery to sites of DNA damage. The inhibition of PARP activity by olaparib can cause cell death, which is of clinical relevance in some tumor types. This demonstrates that quantification of PARP activity in the context of living cells is of great importance. In this work, we present the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of photo-activatable affinity probes inspired by the olaparib molecule that are equipped with a diazirine for covalent attachment upon activation by UV light and a ligation handle for the addition of a reporter group of choice. SDS-PAGE, western blotting and label-free LC-MS/MS quantification analysis show that the probes target the PARP-1 protein and are selectively outcompeted by olaparib; this suggests that they bind in the same enzymatic pocket. Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD018661.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Voorneveld
- Bio-organic Synthesis Group Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bogdan I Florea
- Bio-organic Synthesis Group Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Bakkum
- Bio-organic Synthesis Group Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rafal J Mendowicz
- Bio-organic Synthesis Group Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam S van der Veer
- Bio-organic Synthesis Group Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Gagestein
- Bio-organic Synthesis Group Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander I van Kasteren
- Bio-organic Synthesis Group Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Bio-organic Synthesis Group Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Bio-organic Synthesis Group Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V Filippov
- Bio-organic Synthesis Group Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Kunos G. Interactions Between Alcohol and the Endocannabinoid System. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:790-805. [PMID: 32056226 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are lipid mediators that interact with the same cannabinoid receptors that recognize Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive constituent of marijuana, to induce similar effects in the brain and periphery. Alcohol and THC are both addictive substances whose acute use elicits rewarding effects that can lead to chronic and compulsive use via engaging similar signaling pathways in the brain. In the liver, both alcohol and endocannabinoids activate lipogenic gene expression leading to fatty liver disease. This review focuses on evidence accumulated over the last 2 decades to indicate that both the addictive neural effects of ethanol and its organ toxic effects in the liver and elsewhere are mediated, to a large extent, by endocannabinoids signaling via cannabinoid-1 receptors (CB1 R). The therapeutic potential of CB1 R blockade globally or in peripheral tissues only is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kunos
- From the, Division of Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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15
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Deng H, Lei Q, Wu Y, He Y, Li W. Activity-based protein profiling: Recent advances in medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 191:112151. [PMID: 32109778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) has become an emerging chemical proteomic approach to illustrate the interaction mechanisms between compounds and proteins. This approach has combined organic synthesis, biochemistry, cell biology, biophysics and bioinformatics to accelerate the process of drug discovery in target identification and validation, as well as in the stage of lead discovery and optimization. This review will summarize new developments and applications of ABPP in medicinal chemistry. Here, we mainly described the design principles of activity-base probes (ABPs) and general workflows of ABPP approach. Moreover, we discussed various basic and advanced ABPP strategies and their applications in medicinal chemistry, including competitive and comparative ABPP, two-step ABPP, fluorescence polarization ABPP (FluoPol-ABPP) and ABPs for visualization. In conclusion, this review will give a general overview of the applications of ABPP as a powerful and efficient technique in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Qian Lei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yangping Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
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16
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DAGL-Beta Functions as a PUFA-Specific Triacylglycerol Lipase in Macrophages. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:314-321.e5. [PMID: 31991095 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here, we apply quantitative chemical proteomics and untargeted lipidomics to assign a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-specific triacylglycerol (TAG) lipase activity for diacylglycerol lipase-beta (DAGLβ) in macrophages. We demonstrate that DAGLβ but not DAGLα is expressed and active in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) as determined by activity-based protein profiling analysis of SILAC BMDMs. Genetic disruption of DAGLβ resulted in accumulation of cellular TAGs composed of PUFA but not saturated/low unsaturated fatty acid counterparts, which is recapitulated in wild-type macrophages treated with a DAGLβ-selective inhibitor. Biochemical assays with synthetic substrates confirm PUFA-TAGs as authentic DAGLβ substrates. In summary, our findings identify DAGLβ as a PUFA-specific TAG lipase in primary macrophages.
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17
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Baggelaar MP, den Dulk H, Florea BI, Fazio D, Bernabò N, Raspa M, Janssen APA, Scavizzi F, Barboni B, Overkleeft HS, Maccarrone M, van der Stelt M. ABHD2 Inhibitor Identified by Activity-Based Protein Profiling Reduces Acrosome Reaction. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2295-2304. [PMID: 31525885 PMCID: PMC6878212 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ABHD2 is a serine hydrolase that belongs to the subgroup of the α,β-hydrolase fold-containing proteins, which is involved in virus propagation, immune response, and fertilization. Chemical tools to selectively modulate the activity of ABHD2 in an acute setting are highly desired to investigate its biological role, but are currently lacking. Here, we report a library-versus-library screening using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) to evaluate in parallel the selectivity and activity of a focused lipase inhibitor library against ABHD2 and a panel of closely related ABHD proteins. This screen resulted in the rapid identification of novel inhibitors for ABHD2. The selectivity of the inhibitor was further investigated in native mouse testis proteome by competitive ABPP, revealing a highly restricted off-target profile. The progesterone-induced acrosome reaction was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by the newly identified inhibitor, which provides further support for the key-role of ABHD2 in the P4-stimulated acrosome reaction. On this basis, the ABHD2 inhibitor is an excellent starting point for further optimization of ABHD2 inhibitors that can modulate sperm fertility and may lead to novel contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Domenico Fazio
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicola Bernabò
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Marcello Raspa
- National Research Council (IBCN), CNR-Campus International Development (EMMA INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Via E. Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | | | - Ferdinando Scavizzi
- National Research Council (IBCN), CNR-Campus International Development (EMMA INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Via E. Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Barbara Barboni
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- European Centre for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso del Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy
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18
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Janssen APA, van Hengst JMA, Béquignon OJM, Deng H, van Westen GJP, van der Stelt M. Structure Kinetics Relationships and Molecular Dynamics Show Crucial Role for Heterocycle Leaving Group in Irreversible Diacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7910-7922. [PMID: 31437392 PMCID: PMC6745892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
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Drug discovery programs of covalent
irreversible, mechanism-based
enzyme inhibitors often focus on optimization of potency as determined
by IC50-values in biochemical assays. These assays do not
allow the characterization of the binding activity (Ki) and reactivity (kinact)
as individual kinetic parameters of the covalent inhibitors. Here,
we report the development of a kinetic substrate assay to study the
influence of the acidity (pKa) of heterocyclic
leaving group of triazole urea derivatives as diacylglycerol lipase
(DAGL)-α inhibitors. Surprisingly, we found that the reactivity
of the inhibitors did not correlate with the pKa of the leaving group, whereas the position of the nitrogen
atoms in the heterocyclic core determined to a large extent the binding
activity of the inhibitor. This finding was confirmed and clarified
by molecular dynamics simulations on the covalently bound Michaelis–Menten
complex. A deeper understanding of the binding properties of covalent
serine hydrolase inhibitors is expected to aid in the discovery and
development of more selective covalent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonius P A Janssen
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , 2300RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Jacob M A van Hengst
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , 2300RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Olivier J M Béquignon
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Hui Deng
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , 2300RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J P van Westen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , 2300RA Leiden , The Netherlands
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19
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Zhou J, Mock ED, Martella A, Kantae V, Di X, Burggraaff L, Baggelaar MP, Al-Ayed K, Bakker A, Florea BI, Grimm SH, den Dulk H, Li CT, Mulder L, Overkleeft HS, Hankemeier T, van Westen GJP, van der Stelt M. Activity-Based Protein Profiling Identifies α-Ketoamides as Inhibitors for Phospholipase A2 Group XVI. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:164-169. [PMID: 30620559 PMCID: PMC6379856 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2, group XVI (PLA2G16) is a thiol hydrolase from the HRASLS family that regulates lipolysis in adipose tissue and has been identified as a host factor enabling the cellular entry of picornaviruses. Chemical tools are essential to visualize and control PLA2G16 activity, but they have not been reported to date. Here, we show that MB064, which is a fluorescent lipase probe, also labels recombinant and endogenously expressed PLA2G16. Competitive activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) using MB064 enabled the discovery of α-ketoamides as the first selective PLA2G16 inhibitors. LEI110 was identified as a potent PLA2G16 inhibitor ( Ki = 20 nM) that reduces cellular arachidonic acid levels and oleic acid-induced lipolysis in human HepG2 cells. Gel-based ABPP and chemical proteomics showed that LEI110 is a selective pan-inhibitor of the HRASLS family of thiol hydrolases (i.e., PLA2G16, HRASLS2, RARRES3 and iNAT). Molecular dynamic simulations of LEI110 in the reported crystal structure of PLA2G16 provided insight in the potential ligand-protein interactions to explain its binding mode. In conclusion, we have developed the first selective inhibitor that can be used to study the cellular role of PLA2G16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhou
- Department
of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elliot D. Mock
- Department
of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Martella
- Department
of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vasudev Kantae
- Department
of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department
of Analytical BioSciences and Metabolomics, Leiden Academic Centre
for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xinyu Di
- Department
of Analytical BioSciences and Metabolomics, Leiden Academic Centre
for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lindsey Burggraaff
- Department
of Computational Drug Discovery, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc P. Baggelaar
- Department
of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karol Al-Ayed
- Department
of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Bakker
- Department
of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bogdan I. Florea
- Department
of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian H. Grimm
- Department
of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans den Dulk
- Department
of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chun T. Li
- Department
of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Mulder
- Department
of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Department
of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Department
of Analytical BioSciences and Metabolomics, Leiden Academic Centre
for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. P. van Westen
- Department
of Computational Drug Discovery, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department
of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Saliba SW, Jauch H, Gargouri B, Keil A, Hurrle T, Volz N, Mohr F, van der Stelt M, Bräse S, Fiebich BL. Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of GPR55 antagonists in LPS-activated primary microglial cells. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:322. [PMID: 30453998 PMCID: PMC6240959 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays a vital role in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. Microglia are the resident mononuclear immune cells of the central nervous system, and they play essential roles in the maintenance of homeostasis and responses to neuroinflammation. The orphan G-protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) has been reported to modulate inflammation and is expressed in immune cells such as monocytes and microglia. However, its effects on neuroinflammation, mainly on the production of members of the arachidonic acid pathway in activated microglia, have not been elucidated in detail. METHODS In this present study, a series of coumarin derivatives, that exhibit GPR55 antagonism properties, were designed. The effects of these compounds on members of the arachidonic acid cascade were studied in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated primary rat microglia using Western blot, qPCR, and ELISA. RESULTS We demonstrate here that the various compounds with GPR55 antagonistic activities significantly inhibited the release of PGE2 in primary microglia. The inhibition of LPS-induced PGE2 release by the most potent candidate KIT 17 was partially dependent on reduced protein synthesis of mPGES-1 and COX-2. KIT 17 did not affect any key enzyme involved on the endocannabinoid system. We furthermore show that microglia expressed GPR55 and that a synthetic antagonist of the GPR receptor (ML193) demonstrated the same effect of the KIT 17 on the inhibition of PGE2. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that KIT 17 is acting as an inverse agonist on GPR55 independent of the endocannabinoid system. Targeting GPR55 might be a new therapeutic option to treat neurodegenerative diseases with a neuroinflammatory background such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson, and multiple sclerosis (MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Wilke Saliba
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Jauch
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brahim Gargouri
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Keil
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hurrle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nicole Volz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Mohr
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Bernd L Fiebich
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, University Hospital Freiburg, Hauptstr. 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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21
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Selvam R, Yeh ML, Levine ES. Endogenous cannabinoids mediate the effect of BDNF at CA1 inhibitory synapses in the hippocampus. Synapse 2018; 73:e22075. [PMID: 30334291 PMCID: PMC6470051 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), traditionally known for promoting neuronal growth and development, is also a modulator of synaptic transmission. In addition to the well-characterized effects at excitatory synapses, BDNF has been shown to acutely suppress inhibitory neurotransmission; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We have previously shown that at inhibitory synapses in layer 2/3 of the somatosensory cortex, BDNF induces the mobilization of endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs) that act retrogradely to suppress GABA release. Here, we hypothesized that in the hippocampus, BDNF acts similarly via eCB signaling to suppress GABAergic transmission. We found that the acute application of BDNF reduced the spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) via postsynaptic TrkB receptor activation. The suppressive effects of BDNF required eCB signaling, as this effect on sIPSCs was prevented by a CB1 receptor antagonist. Further, blocking the postsynaptic eCB release prevented the effect of BDNF, whereas eCB reuptake inhibition enhanced the effect of BDNF. These results suggest that BDNF triggers the postsynaptic release of eCBs. To identify the specific eCB release by BDNF, we tested the effects of disrupting the synthesis or degradation of 2-arachidonoylcglycerol (2-AG). Blocking 2-AG synthesis prevented the effect of BDNF and blocking 2-AG degradation enhanced the effect of BDNF. However, there was no change in the effect of BDNF when anandamide degradation was blocked. Collectively, these results suggest that in the hippocampus, BDNF-TrkB signaling induces the postsynaptic release of the endogenous cannabinoid 2-AG, which acts retrogradely on the presynaptic CB1 receptors to suppress GABA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajamani Selvam
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Mason L Yeh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Eric S Levine
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
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22
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Janssen APA, van der Vliet D, Bakker AT, Jiang M, Grimm SH, Campiani G, Butini S, van der Stelt M. Development of a Multiplexed Activity-Based Protein Profiling Assay to Evaluate Activity of Endocannabinoid Hydrolase Inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2406-2413. [PMID: 30199617 PMCID: PMC6154214 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Endocannabinoids,
an important class of signaling lipids involved
in health and disease, are predominantly synthesized and metabolized
by enzymes of the serine hydrolase superfamily. Activity-based protein
profiling (ABPP) using fluorescent probes, such as fluorophosphonate
(FP)-TAMRA and β-lactone-based MB064, enables drug discovery
activities for serine hydrolases. FP-TAMRA and MB064 have distinct,
albeit partially overlapping, target profiles but cannot be used in
conjunction due to overlapping excitation/emission spectra. We therefore
synthesized a novel FP-probe with a green BODIPY as a fluorescent
tag and studied its labeling profile in mouse proteomes. Surprisingly,
we found that the reporter tag plays an important role in the binding
potency and selectivity of the probe. A multiplexed ABPP assay was
developed in which a probe cocktail of FP-BODIPY and MB064 visualized
most endocannabinoid serine hydrolases in mouse brain proteomes in
a single experiment. The multiplexed ABPP assay was employed to profile
endocannabinoid hydrolase inhibitor activity and selectivity in the
mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daan van der Vliet
- Department of Molecular Physiology, LIC, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander T. Bakker
- Department of Molecular Physiology, LIC, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Molecular Physiology, LIC, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian H. Grimm
- Department of Molecular Physiology, LIC, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), NatSynDrugs, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), NatSynDrugs, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, LIC, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Di Marzo V. New approaches and challenges to targeting the endocannabinoid system. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:623-639. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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van Rooden EJ, van Esbroeck ACM, Baggelaar MP, Deng H, Florea BI, Marques ARA, Ottenhoff R, Boot RG, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG, van der Stelt M. Chemical Proteomic Analysis of Serine Hydrolase Activity in Niemann-Pick Type C Mouse Brain. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:440. [PMID: 30018533 PMCID: PMC6037894 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is considered to be an endogenous protective system in various neurodegenerative diseases. Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) is a neurodegenerative disease in which the role of the ECS has not been studied yet. Most of the endocannabinoid enzymes are serine hydrolases, which can be studied using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP). Here, we report the serine hydrolase activity in brain proteomes of a NPC mouse model as measured by ABPP. Two ABPP methods are used: a gel-based method and a chemical proteomics method. The activities of the following endocannabinoid enzymes were quantified: diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) α, α/β-hydrolase domain-containing protein 4, α/β-hydrolase domain-containing protein 6, α/β-hydrolase domain-containing protein 12, fatty acid amide hydrolase, and monoacylglycerol lipase. Using the gel-based method, two bands were observed for DAGL α. Only the upper band corresponding to this enzyme was significantly decreased in the NPC mouse model. Chemical proteomics showed that three lysosomal serine hydrolase activities (retinoid-inducible serine carboxypeptidase, cathepsin A, and palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1) were increased in Niemann-Pick C1 protein knockout mouse brain compared to wild-type brain, whereas no difference in endocannabinoid hydrolase activity was observed. We conclude that these targets might be interesting therapeutic targets for future validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva J van Rooden
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Marc P Baggelaar
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hui Deng
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bogdan I Florea
- Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - André R A Marques
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rolf G Boot
- Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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25
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Paloczi J, Varga ZV, Hasko G, Pacher P. Neuroprotection in Oxidative Stress-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of Endocannabinoid System Modulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:75-108. [PMID: 28497982 PMCID: PMC5984569 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Redox imbalance may lead to overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and subsequent oxidative tissue damage, which is a critical event in the course of neurodegenerative diseases. It is still not fully elucidated, however, whether oxidative stress is the primary trigger or a consequence in the process of neurodegeneration. Recent Advances: Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in the propagation of neuronal injury and consequent inflammatory response, which in concert promote development of pathological alterations characteristic of most common neurodegenerative diseases. CRITICAL ISSUES Accumulating recent evidence also suggests that there is an important interplay between the lipid endocannabinoid system [ECS; comprising the main cannabinoid 1 and 2 receptors (CB1 and CB2), endocannabinoids, and their synthetic and metabolizing enzymes] and various key inflammatory and redox-dependent processes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Targeting the ECS to modulate redox state-dependent cell death and to decrease consequent or preceding inflammatory response holds therapeutic potential in a multitude of oxidative stress-related acute or chronic neurodegenerative disorders from stroke and traumatic brain injury to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and multiple sclerosis, just to name a few, which will be discussed in this overview. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 75-108.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Paloczi
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zoltan V Varga
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - George Hasko
- 2 Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Pal Pacher
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
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26
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van Rooden EJ, Kohsiek M, Kreekel R, van Esbroeck ACM, van den Nieuwendijk AMCH, Janssen APA, van den Berg RJBHN, Overkleeft HS, van der Stelt M. Design and Synthesis of Quenched Activity-based Probes for Diacylglycerol Lipase and α,β-Hydrolase Domain Containing Protein 6. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3491-3500. [PMID: 29901868 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol lipases (DAGL) are responsible for the biosynthesis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. The fluorescent activity-based probes DH379 and HT-01 have been previously shown to label DAGLs and to cross-react with the serine hydrolase ABHD6. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of two new quenched activity-based probes 1 and 2, the design of which was based on the structures of DH379 and HT-01, respectively. Probe 1 contains a BODIPY-FL and a 2,4-dinitroaniline moiety as a fluorophore-quencher pair, whereas probe 2 employs a Cy5-fluorophore and a cAB40-quencher. The fluorescence of both probes was quenched with relative quantum yields of 0.34 and 0.0081, respectively. The probes showed target inhibition as characterized in activity-based protein profiling assays using human cell- and mouse brain lysates, but were unfortunately not active in living cells, presumably due to limited cell permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J van Rooden
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Kohsiek
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R Kreekel
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A C M van Esbroeck
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - A P A Janssen
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R J B H N van den Berg
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H S Overkleeft
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M van der Stelt
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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27
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Das S, Balasubramanian S. pH-Induced Rotation of Lidless Lipase LipA from Bacillus subtilis at Lipase-Detergent Interface. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:4802-4812. [PMID: 29623706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Lipases exhibit a unique process during the catalysis of the hydrolysis of triglyceride substrates called interfacial activation. Surfactants are used as cosolvents with water not only to offer a less polar environment to the lipases needed for their interfacial activation but also to solvate the substrate which are poorly soluble in water. However, the presence of detergent in the medium can affect both the lipase and the substrate, making the construction of a microkinetic model for lipase activity in the presence of the detergent difficult. Herein, we study the interfacial activation of a lidless lipase LipA from Bacillus subtilis using extensive atomistic molecular dynamics simulations at different concentrations of the surfactant, Thesit (C12E8), at two pH values. Residues which bind to the monomeric detergent are found to be the same as the ones which have been reported earlier to bind to the substrate. Very importantly, a pH-induced rotation of the enzyme with respect to surfactant aggregate has been observed which not only explains the experimentally observed pH-dependent enzymatic activity of this lidless lipase, but also suggests its reorientation at an aqueous-lipodophilic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Das
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bangalore 560 064 , India
| | - Sundaram Balasubramanian
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bangalore 560 064 , India
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28
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Baggelaar MP, Maccarrone M, van der Stelt M. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol: A signaling lipid with manifold actions in the brain. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 71:1-17. [PMID: 29751000 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is a signaling lipid in the central nervous system that is a key regulator of neurotransmitter release. 2-AG is an endocannabinoid that activates the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. It is involved in a wide array of (patho)physiological functions, such as emotion, cognition, energy balance, pain sensation and neuroinflammation. In this review, we describe the biosynthetic and metabolic pathways of 2-AG and how chemical and genetic perturbation of these pathways has led to insight in the biological role of this signaling lipid. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic benefits of modulating 2-AG levels in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Baggelaar
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; European Centre for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso del Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands..
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29
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Mapping in vivo target interaction profiles of covalent inhibitors using chemical proteomics with label-free quantification. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:752-767. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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30
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van Esbroeck ACM, Janssen APA, Cognetta AB, Ogasawara D, Shpak G, van der Kroeg M, Kantae V, Baggelaar MP, de Vrij FMS, Deng H, Allarà M, Fezza F, Lin Z, van der Wel T, Soethoudt M, Mock ED, den Dulk H, Baak IL, Florea BI, Hendriks G, De Petrocellis L, Overkleeft HS, Hankemeier T, De Zeeuw CI, Di Marzo V, Maccarrone M, Cravatt BF, Kushner SA, van der Stelt M. Activity-based protein profiling reveals off-target proteins of the FAAH inhibitor BIA 10-2474. Science 2018; 356:1084-1087. [PMID: 28596366 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf7497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A recent phase 1 trial of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor BIA 10-2474 led to the death of one volunteer and produced mild-to-severe neurological symptoms in four others. Although the cause of the clinical neurotoxicity is unknown, it has been postulated, given the clinical safety profile of other tested FAAH inhibitors, that off-target activities of BIA 10-2474 may have played a role. Here we use activity-based proteomic methods to determine the protein interaction landscape of BIA 10-2474 in human cells and tissues. This analysis revealed that the drug inhibits several lipases that are not targeted by PF04457845, a highly selective and clinically tested FAAH inhibitor. BIA 10-2474, but not PF04457845, produced substantial alterations in lipid networks in human cortical neurons, suggesting that promiscuous lipase inhibitors have the potential to cause metabolic dysregulation in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelot C M van Esbroeck
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Antonius P A Janssen
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Armand B Cognetta
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daisuke Ogasawara
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Guy Shpak
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark van der Kroeg
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vasudev Kantae
- Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marc P Baggelaar
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Femke M S de Vrij
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hui Deng
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marco Allarà
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Filomena Fezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Zhanmin Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Wel
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Soethoudt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Elliot D Mock
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hans den Dulk
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ilse L Baak
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bogdan I Florea
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Giel Hendriks
- Toxys B.V., Robert Boyleweg 4, 2333 CG, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Luciano De Petrocellis
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Centre for Brain Research-Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso del Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Steven A Kushner
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, Netherlands.
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31
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McCune CD, Beio ML, Sturdivant JM, de la Salud-Bea R, Darnell BM, Berkowitz DB. Synthesis and Deployment of an Elusive Fluorovinyl Cation Equivalent: Access to Quaternary α-(1'-Fluoro)vinyl Amino Acids as Potential PLP Enzyme Inactivators. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14077-14089. [PMID: 28906111 PMCID: PMC6052324 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Developing specific chemical functionalities to deploy in biological environments for targeted enzyme inactivation lies at the heart of mechanism-based inhibitor development but also is central to other protein-tagging methods in modern chemical biology including activity-based protein profiling and proteolysis-targeting chimeras. We describe here a previously unknown class of potential PLP enzyme inactivators; namely, a family of quaternary, α-(1'-fluoro)vinyl amino acids, bearing the side chains of the cognate amino acids. These are obtained by the capture of suitably protected amino acid enolates with β,β-difluorovinyl phenyl sulfone, a new (1'-fluoro)vinyl cation equivalent, and an electrophile that previously eluded synthesis, capture and characterization. A significant variety of biologically relevant AA side chains are tolerated including those for alanine, valine, leucine, methionine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Following addition/elimination, the resulting transoid α-(1'-fluoro)-β-(phenylsulfonyl)vinyl AA-esters undergo smooth sulfone-stannane interchange to stereoselectively give the corresponding transoid α-(1'-fluoro)-β-(tributylstannyl)vinyl AA-esters. Protodestannylation and global deprotection then yield these sterically encumbered and densely functionalized quaternary amino acids. The α-(1'-fluoro)vinyl trigger, a potential allene-generating functionality originally proposed by Abeles, is now available in a quaternary AA context for the first time. In an initial test of this new inhibitor class, α-(1'-fluoro)vinyllysine is seen to act as a time-dependent, irreversible inactivator of lysine decarboxylase from Hafnia alvei. The enantiomers of the inhibitor could be resolved, and each is seen to give time-dependent inactivation with this enzyme. Kitz-Wilson analysis reveals similar inactivation parameters for the two antipodes, L-α-(1'-fluoro)vinyllysine (Ki = 630 ± 20 μM; t1/2 = 2.8 min) and D-α-(1'-fluoro)vinyllysine (Ki = 470 ± 30 μM; t1/2 = 3.6 min). The stage is now set for exploration of the efficacy of this trigger in other PLP-enzyme active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brendan M. Darnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304
| | - David B. Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304
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32
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Shin M, Snyder HW, Donvito G, Schurman LD, Fox TE, Lichtman AH, Kester M, Hsu KL. Liposomal Delivery of Diacylglycerol Lipase-Beta Inhibitors to Macrophages Dramatically Enhances Selectivity and Efficacy in Vivo. Mol Pharm 2017; 15:721-728. [PMID: 28901776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol lipase-beta (DAGLβ) hydrolyzes arachidonic acid (AA)-containing diacylglycerols to produce bioactive lipids including endocannabinoids and AA-derived eicosanoids involved in regulation of inflammatory signaling. Previously, we demonstrated that DAGLβ inactivation using the triazole urea inhibitor KT109 blocked macrophage inflammatory signaling and reversed allodynic responses of mice in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. Here, we tested whether we could exploit the phagocytic capacity of macrophages to localize delivery of DAGLβ inhibitors to these cells in vivo using liposome encapsulated KT109. We used DAGLβ-tailored activity-based probes and chemical proteomic methods to measure potency and selectivity of liposomal KT109 in macrophages and tissues from treated mice. Surprisingly, delivery of ∼5 μg of liposomal KT109 was sufficient to achieve ∼80% inactivation of DAGLβ in macrophages with no apparent activity in other tissues in vivo. Our macrophage-targeted delivery resulted in a >100-fold enhancement in antinociceptive potency compared with free compound in a mouse inflammatory pain model. Our studies describe a novel anti-inflammatory strategy that is achieved by targeted in vivo delivery of DAGLβ inhibitors to macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungsun Shin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Helena W Snyder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Giulia Donvito
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23298 United States
| | - Lesley D Schurman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23298 United States
| | - Todd E Fox
- Department of Pharmacology , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22908 , United States.,University of Virginia Cancer Center , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22903 , United States
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23298 United States
| | - Mark Kester
- Department of Pharmacology , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22908 , United States.,University of Virginia Cancer Center , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22903 , United States
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22908 , United States
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33
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Fowler CJ, Doherty P, Alexander SPH. Endocannabinoid Turnover. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 80:31-66. [PMID: 28826539 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we consider the biosynthetic, hydrolytic, and oxidative metabolism of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol. We describe the enzymes associated with these events and their characterization. We identify the inhibitor profile for these enzymes and the status of therapeutic exploitation, which to date has been limited to clinical trials for fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. To bring the review to a close, we consider whether point block of a single enzyme is likely to be the most successful approach for therapeutic exploitation of the endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Doherty
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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34
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Baggelaar MP, van Esbroeck ACM, van Rooden EJ, Florea BI, Overkleeft HS, Marsicano G, Chaouloff F, van der Stelt M. Chemical Proteomics Maps Brain Region Specific Activity of Endocannabinoid Hydrolases. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:852-861. [PMID: 28106377 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes of the endocannabinoids tightly regulate endocannabinoid-mediated activation of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. Monitoring the activities of these endocannabinoid hydrolases in different brain regions is, therefore, key to gaining insight into spatiotemporal control of CB1 receptor-mediated physiology. We have employed a comparative chemical proteomics approach to quantitatively map the activity profile of endocannabinoid hydrolases in various mouse brain regions at the same time. To this end, we used two different activity-based probes: fluorophosphonate-biotin (FP-biotin), which quantifies FAAH, ABHD6, and MAG-lipase activity, and MB108, which detects DAGL-α, ABHD4, ABHD6, and ABHD12. In total, 32 serine hydrolases were evaluated in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum. Comparison of endocannabinoid hydrolase activity in the four brain regions revealed that FAAH activity was highest in the hippocampus, and MAGL activity was most pronounced in the frontal cortex, whereas DAGL-α was most active in the cerebellum. Comparison of the activity profiles with a global proteomics data set revealed pronounced differences. This could indicate that post-translational modification of the endocannabinoid hydrolases is important to regulate their activity. Next, the effect of genetic deletion of the CB1 receptor was studied. No difference in the enzymatic activity was found in the cerebellum, striatum, frontal cortex, and hippocampus of CB1 receptor knockout animals compared to wild type mice. Our results are in line with previous reports and indicate that the CB1 receptor exerts no regulatory control over the basal production and degradation of endocannabinoids and that genetic deletion of the CB1 receptor does not induce compensatory mechanisms in endocannabinoid hydrolase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P. Baggelaar
- Department
of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annelot C. M. van Esbroeck
- Department
of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eva J. van Rooden
- Department
of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bogdan I. Florea
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Plateforme
de Chimie Analytique, NeuroCentre INSERM U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Francis Chaouloff
- Plateforme
de Chimie Analytique, NeuroCentre INSERM U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department
of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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35
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Deng H, van der Wel T, van den Berg RJBHN, van den Nieuwendijk AMCH, Janssen FJ, Baggelaar MP, Overkleeft HS, van der Stelt M. Chiral disubstituted piperidinyl ureas: a class of dual diacylglycerol lipase-α and ABHD6 inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:982-988. [PMID: 30108813 PMCID: PMC6071720 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00029d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of diacylglycerol lipases and α,β-hydrolase domain containing protein 6 (ABHD6) are potential leads for the development of therapeutic agents for metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we report the enantioselective synthesis and structure activity relationships of triazole ureas featuring chiral, hydroxylated 2-benzylpiperidines as dual inhibitors of DAGLα and ABHD6. The chirality of the carbon bearing the C2 substituent, as well as the position of the hydroxyl (tolerated at C5, but not at C3) has profound influence on the inhibitory activity of both DAGLα and ABHD6, as established using biochemical assays and competitive activity-based protein profiling on mouse brain extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Deng
- Department of Molecular Physiology , Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands .
| | - Tom van der Wel
- Department of Molecular Physiology , Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands .
| | - Richard J B H N van den Berg
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis , Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | | | - Freek J Janssen
- Department of Molecular Physiology , Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands .
| | - Marc P Baggelaar
- Department of Molecular Physiology , Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands .
| | - Hermen S Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis , Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology , Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands .
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36
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A Synopsis of the Properties and Applications of Heteroaromatic Rings in Medicinal Chemistry. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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37
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Strmiskova M, Desrochers GF, Shaw TA, Powdrill MH, Lafreniere MA, Pezacki JP. Chemical Methods for Probing Virus-Host Proteomic Interactions. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:773-786. [PMID: 27933785 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between host and pathogen proteins constitute an important aspect of both infectivity and the host immune response. Different viruses have evolved complex mechanisms to hijack host-cell machinery and metabolic pathways to redirect resources and energy flow toward viral propagation. These interactions are often critical to the virus, and thus understanding these interactions at a molecular level gives rise to opportunities to develop novel antiviral strategies for therapeutic intervention. This review summarizes current advances in chemoproteomic methods for studying these molecular altercations between different viruses and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Strmiskova
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre
for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Geneviève F. Desrochers
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre
for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Tyler A. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre
for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Megan H. Powdrill
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre
for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Matthew A. Lafreniere
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre
for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre
for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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38
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Lipases and their inhibitors in health and disease. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:211-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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39
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Janssen FJ, van der Stelt M. Inhibitors of diacylglycerol lipases in neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3831-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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40
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Endocannabinoids and Stress Resilience: Is Deficiency Sufficient to Promote Vulnerability? Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:792-793. [PMID: 27130852 PMCID: PMC5086031 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.03.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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41
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Singh PK, Markwick R, Lu L, Howell FV, Williams G, Doherty P. Assay and Inhibition of the Purified Catalytic Domain of Diacylglycerol Lipase Beta. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2713-21. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K. Singh
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related
Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Markwick
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related
Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Lu
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related
Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona V. Howell
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related
Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Williams
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related
Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Doherty
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related
Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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42
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Relationships of human α/β hydrolase fold proteins and other organophosphate-interacting proteins. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:343-351. [PMID: 27109753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are either found in nature or synthetized for use as pesticides, flame retardants, neurotoxic warfare agents or drugs (cholinergic enhancers in Alzheimer's disease and myasthenia gravis, or inhibitors of lipases in metabolic diseases). Because of the central role of acetylcholinesterase cholinergic neurotransmission in humans, one of the main purposes for using OPs is inactivation of the enzyme by phosphorylation of the nucleophilic serine residue in the active center. However, hundreds of serine hydrolases are expressed in the human proteome, and many of them are potential targets for OP adduction. In this review, we first situate the α/β hydrolase fold proteins among the distinctively folded proteins known to interact with OPs, in particular the different lipases, peptidases, and enzymes hydrolyzing OPs. Second, we compile the human α/β hydrolases and review those that have been experimentally shown to interact with OPs. Among the 120 human α/β hydrolase fold proteins, 102 have a serine in the consensus GXSXG pentapeptide compatible with an active site, 6 have an aspartate or a cysteine as the active site nucleophile residue, and 12 evidently lack an active site. 76 of the 120 have been experimentally shown to bind an OP.
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43
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A novel live cell assay to measure diacylglycerol lipase α activity. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160073. [PMID: 27013337 PMCID: PMC4859088 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα) hydrolyses DAG to generate the principal endocannabinoid (eCB) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the central nervous system. DAGLα dependent cannabinoid (CB) signalling has been implicated in numerous processes including axonal growth and guidance, adult neurogenesis and retrograde signalling at the synapse. Recent studies have implicated DAGLα as an emerging drug target for several conditions including pain and obesity. Activity assays are critical to the drug discovery process; however, measurement of diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) activity using its native substrate generally involves low-throughput MS techniques. Some relatively high-throughput membrane based assays utilizing surrogate substrates have been reported, but these do not take into account the rate-limiting effects often associated with the ability of a drug to cross the cell membrane. In the present study, we report the development of a live cell assay to measure DAGLα activity. Two previously reported DAGLα surrogate substrates, p-nitrophenyl butyrate (PNPB) and 6,8-difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl octanoate (DiFMUO), were evaluated for their ability to detect DAGLα activity in live cell assays using a human cell line stably expressing the human DAGLα transgene. Following optimization, the small molecule chromogenic substrate PNPB proved to be superior by providing lower background activity along with a larger signal window between transfected and parental cells when compared with the fluorogenic substrate DiFMUO. The assay was further validated using established DAGL inhibitors. In summary, the live cell DAGLα assay reported here offers an economical and convenient format to screen for novel inhibitors as part of drug discovery programmes and compliments previously reported high-throughput membrane based DAGL assays.
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44
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Chen B, Ge SS, Zhao YC, Chen C, Yang S. Activity-based protein profiling: an efficient approach to study serine hydrolases and their inhibitors in mammals and microbes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20006k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the identification of serine hydrolases and their inhibitors in mammals and microbes with activity-based protein profiling (ABPP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Sha-Sha Ge
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Yuan-Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
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45
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Janssen FJ, Baggelaar MP, Hummel JJA, Overkleeft HS, Cravatt BF, Boger DL, van der Stelt M. Comprehensive Analysis of Structure-Activity Relationships of α-Ketoheterocycles as sn-1-Diacylglycerol Lipase α Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9742-53. [PMID: 26584396 PMCID: PMC4690813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα) is responsible for the formation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the central nervous system. DAGLα inhibitors are required to study the physiological role of 2-AG. Previously, we identified the α-ketoheterocycles as potent and highly selective DAGLα inhibitors. Here, we present the first comprehensive structure-activity relationship study of α-ketoheterocycles as DAGLα inhibitors. Our findings indicate that the active site of DAGLα is remarkably sensitive to the type of heterocyclic scaffold with oxazolo-4N-pyridines as the most active framework. We uncovered a fundamental substituent effect in which electron-withdrawing meta-oxazole substituents increased inhibitor potency. (C6-C9)-acyl chains with a distal phenyl group proved to be the most potent inhibitors. The integrated SAR data was consistent with the proposed binding pose in a DAGLα homology model. Altogether, our results may guide the design of future DAGLα inhibitors as leads for molecular therapies to treat neuroinflammation, obesity, and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freek J. Janssen
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marc P. Baggelaar
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jessica J. A. Hummel
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
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46
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Rapid and profound rewiring of brain lipid signaling networks by acute diacylglycerol lipase inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:26-33. [PMID: 26668358 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522364112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol lipases (DAGLα and DAGLβ) convert diacylglycerol to the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Our understanding of DAGL function has been hindered by a lack of chemical probes that can perturb these enzymes in vivo. Here, we report a set of centrally active DAGL inhibitors and a structurally related control probe and their use, in combination with chemical proteomics and lipidomics, to determine the impact of acute DAGL blockade on brain lipid networks in mice. Within 2 h, DAGL inhibition produced a striking reorganization of bioactive lipids, including elevations in DAGs and reductions in endocannabinoids and eicosanoids. We also found that DAGLα is a short half-life protein, and the inactivation of DAGLs disrupts cannabinoid receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity and impairs neuroinflammatory responses, including lipopolysaccharide-induced anapyrexia. These findings illuminate the highly interconnected and dynamic nature of lipid signaling pathways in the brain and the central role that DAGL enzymes play in regulating this network.
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47
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Hillard CJ. The Endocannabinoid Signaling System in the CNS: A Primer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 125:1-47. [PMID: 26638763 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to provide an introduction to the mechanisms for the regulation of endocannabinoid signaling through CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system. The processes involved in the synthesis and degradation of the two most well-studied endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol and N-arachidonylethanolamine are outlined along with information regarding the regulation of the proteins involved. Signaling mechanisms and pharmacology of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor are outlined, as is the paradigm of endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor regulation of neurotransmitter release. The reader is encouraged to appreciate the importance of the endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor signaling system in the regulation of synaptic activity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia J Hillard
- Neuroscience Research Center, and Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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