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Guici El Kouacheur K, Cherif HS, Saidi F, Bensouici C, Fauconnier ML. Prunus amygdalus var. amara (bitter almond) seed oil: fatty acid composition, physicochemical parameters, enzyme inhibitory activity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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The Investigation of Phenylalanine, Glucosinolate, Benzylisothiocyanate (BITC) and Cyanogenic Glucoside of Papaya Fruits (Carica papaya L. cv. ‘Tainung No. 2’) under Different Development Stages between Seasons and Their Correlation with Bitter Taste. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Papaya fruit is one of economic crops in Taiwan, mostly eaten as table fruits. In some Asian countries, unripe papaya fruit is eaten as salad and this led to trends in Taiwan as well. However, unripe papaya fruit may taste bitter during cool seasons. Glucosinolate and cyanogenic glucoside are among the substances that cause bitter taste in many plants, which can also be found in papaya. However, there is still no report about the relationship between seasons and bitter taste in papaya fruits. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the glucosinolate biosynthesis and its correlation between bitterness intensity during cool and warm seasons. The bitterness intensity was highest at the young fruit stage and decreased as it developed. In addition, the bitterness intensity in cool season fruits is higher than in warm season fruits. Cyanogenic glucoside and BITC content showed negative correlation with bitterness intensity (r = −0.54 ***; −0.46 ***). Phenylalanine showed positive correlation with bitterness intensity (r = 0.35 ***), but its content did not reach the bitterness threshold concentration, which suggested that phenylalanine only acts as cyanogenic glucoside and glucosinolate precusors. Glucosinolate content showed positive correlation with bitterness intensity at different developmental stages (r = 0.805 ***). However, the correlation value in different lines/cultivars decreased (0.44 ***), suggesting that glucosinolate was not the only substance that caused bitter taste in immature papaya fruits.
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Tomishima H, Luo K, Mitchell AE. The Almond ( Prunus dulcis): Chemical Properties, Utilization, and Valorization of Coproducts. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2021; 13:145-166. [PMID: 34936815 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-052720-111942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Almonds (Prunus dulcis) are one of the most consumed tree-nuts worldwide, with commercial production in arid environments such as California, Spain, and Australia. The high consumption of almonds is partly due to their versatile usage in products such as gluten-free flour and dairy alternatives as well as them being a source of protein in vegetarian diets. They contain high concentrations of health-promoting compounds such as Vitamin E and have demonstrated benefits for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and improving vascular health. In addition, almonds are the least allergenic tree nut and contain minute quantities of cyanogenic glycosides. Production has increased significantly in the past two decades with 3.12 billion pounds of kernel meat produced in California alone in 2020 (USDA 2021), leading to a new emphasis on the valorization of the coproducts (e.g., hulls, shells, skins, and blanch water). This article presents a review of the chemical composition of almond kernels (e.g., macro and micronutrients, phenolic compounds, cyanogenic glycosides, and allergens) and the current research exploring the valorization of almond coproducts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Tomishima
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA;
| | - Kathleen Luo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA;
| | - Alyson E Mitchell
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA;
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Ouzir M, Bernoussi SE, Tabyaoui M, Taghzouti K. Almond oil: A comprehensive review of chemical composition, extraction methods, preservation conditions, potential health benefits, and safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:3344-3387. [PMID: 34056853 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Almond oil, a rich source of macronutrients and micronutrients, is extracted for food flavorings and the cosmetics industry. In recent years, the need for high-quality and high-quantity production of almond oil for human consumption has been increased. The present review examines the chemical composition of almond oil, storage conditions, and clinical evidence supporting the health benefits of almond oil. From the reviewed studies, it appears that almond oil contains a significant proportion of poly and monounsaturated fatty acids, with oleic acid as the main compound, and an important amount of tocopherol and phytosterol content. Some variations in almond oil composition can be found depending on the kernel's origin and the extraction system used. Some new technologies such as ultrasonic-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, subcritical fluid extraction, and salt-assisted aqueous extraction have emerged as the most promising extraction techniques that allow eco-friendly and effective recovery of almond oil. This safe oil was reported by several clinical studies to have potential roles in cardiovascular risk management, glucose homeostasis, oxidative stress reduction, neuroprotection, and many dermatologic and cosmetic applications. However, the anticarcinogenic and fertility benefits of almond oil have yet to be experimentally verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Ouzir
- Group of Research in Physiology and Physiopathology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.,Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, ISPITS Beni Mellal, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Sara El Bernoussi
- Laboratory of Materials, Nanotechnology and Environment (LMNE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Tabyaoui
- Laboratory of Materials, Nanotechnology and Environment (LMNE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Khalid Taghzouti
- Group of Research in Physiology and Physiopathology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
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Deng P, Cui B, Zhu H, Phommakoun B, Zhang D, Li Y, Zhao F, Zhao Z. Accumulation Pattern of Amygdalin and Prunasin and Its Correlation with Fruit and Kernel Agronomic Characteristics during Apricot ( Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel Development. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020397. [PMID: 33670310 PMCID: PMC7918717 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To reveal the accumulation pattern of cyanogenic glycosides (amygdalin and prunasin) in bitter apricot kernels to further understand the metabolic mechanisms underlying differential accumulation during kernel development and ripening and explore the association between cyanogenic glycoside accumulation and the physical, chemical and biochemical indexes of fruits and kernels during fruit and kernel development, dynamic changes in physical characteristics (weight, moisture content, linear dimensions, derived parameters) and chemical and biochemical parameters (oil, amygdalin and prunasin contents, β-glucosidase activity) of fruits and kernels from ten apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars were systematically studied at 10 day intervals, from 20 days after flowering (DAF) until maturity. High variability in most of physical, chemical and biochemical parameters was found among the evaluated apricot cultivars and at different ripening stages. Kernel oil accumulation showed similar sigmoid patterns. Amygdalin and prunasin levels were undetectable in the sweet kernel cultivars throughout kernel development. During the early stages of apricot fruit development (before 50 DAF), the prunasin level in bitter kernels first increased, then decreased markedly; while the amygdalin level was present in quite small amounts and significantly lower than the prunasin level. From 50 to 70 DAF, prunasin further declined to zero; while amygdalin increased linearly and was significantly higher than the prunasin level, then decreased or increased slowly until full maturity. The cyanogenic glycoside accumulation pattern indicated a shift from a prunasin-dominated to an amygdalin-dominated state during bitter apricot kernel development and ripening. β-glucosidase catabolic enzyme activity was high during kernel development and ripening in all tested apricot cultivars, indicating that β-glucosidase was not important for amygdalin accumulation. Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation of kernel amygdalin content with fruit dimension parameters, kernel oil content and β-glucosidase activity, but no or a weak positive correlation with kernel dimension parameters. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the variance accumulation contribution rate of the first three principal components totaled 84.56%, and not only revealed differences in amygdalin and prunasin contents and β-glucosidase activity among cultivars, but also distinguished different developmental stages. The results can help us understand the metabolic mechanisms underlying differential cyanogenic glycoside accumulation in apricot kernels and provide a useful reference for breeding high- or low-amygdalin-content apricot cultivars and the agronomic management, intensive processing and exploitation of bitter apricot kernels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Deng
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (P.D.); (B.C.); (H.Z.); (B.P.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Bei Cui
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (P.D.); (B.C.); (H.Z.); (B.P.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hailan Zhu
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (P.D.); (B.C.); (H.Z.); (B.P.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Buangurn Phommakoun
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (P.D.); (B.C.); (H.Z.); (B.P.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dan Zhang
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (P.D.); (B.C.); (H.Z.); (B.P.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yiming Li
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (P.D.); (B.C.); (H.Z.); (B.P.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Fei Zhao
- Beijing Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (P.D.); (B.C.); (H.Z.); (B.P.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Karimi Z, Firouzi M, Dadmehr M, Javad‐Mousavi SA, Bagheriani N, Sadeghpour O. Almond as a nutraceutical and therapeutic agent in Persian medicine and modern phytotherapy: A narrative review. Phytother Res 2020; 35:2997-3012. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Karimi
- Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- School of Persian Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mojdeh Firouzi
- Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- School of Persian Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Majid Dadmehr
- Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- School of Persian Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Javad‐Mousavi
- Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Najmeh Bagheriani
- Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- School of Persian Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Omid Sadeghpour
- Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- School of Persian Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Lara MV, Bonghi C, Famiani F, Vizzotto G, Walker RP, Drincovich MF. Stone Fruit as Biofactories of Phytochemicals With Potential Roles in Human Nutrition and Health. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:562252. [PMID: 32983215 PMCID: PMC7492728 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.562252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemicals or secondary metabolites present in fruit are key components contributing to sensory attributes like aroma, taste, and color. In addition, these compounds improve human nutrition and health. Stone fruits are an important source of an array of secondary metabolites that may reduce the risk of different diseases. The first part of this review is dedicated to the description of the main secondary organic compounds found in plants which include (a) phenolic compounds, (b) terpenoids/isoprenoids, and (c) nitrogen or sulfur containing compounds, and their principal biosynthetic pathways and their regulation in stone fruit. Then, the type and levels of bioactive compounds in different stone fruits of the Rosaceae family such as peach (Prunus persica), plum (P. domestica, P. salicina and P. cerasifera), sweet cherries (P. avium), almond kernels (P. dulcis, syn. P. amygdalus), and apricot (P. armeniaca) are presented. The last part of this review encompasses pre- and postharvest treatments affecting the phytochemical composition in stone fruit. Appropriate management of these factors during pre- and postharvest handling, along with further characterization of phytochemicals and the regulation of their synthesis in different cultivars, could help to increase the levels of these compounds, leading to the future improvement of stone fruit not only to enhance organoleptic characteristics but also to benefit human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Valeria Lara
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova Agripolis, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giannina Vizzotto
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Robert P. Walker
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - María Fabiana Drincovich
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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Chemical Markers to Distinguish the Homo- and Heterozygous Bitter Genotype in Sweet Almond Kernels. Foods 2020; 9:foods9060747. [PMID: 32516989 PMCID: PMC7353606 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitterness in almonds is controlled by a single gene (Sk dominant for sweet kernel, sk recessive for bitter kernel) and the proportions of the offspring genotypes (SkSk, Sksk, sksk) depend on the progenitors' genotype. Currently, the latter is deduced after crossing by recording the phenotype of their descendants through kernel tasting. Chemical markers to early identify parental genotypes related to bitter traits can significantly enhance the efficiency of almond breeding programs. On this basis, volatile metabolites related to almond bitterness were investigated by Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry coupled to univariate and multivariate statistics on 244 homo- and heterozygous samples from 42 different cultivars. This study evidenced the association between sweet almonds' genotype and some volatile metabolites, in particular benzaldehyde, and provided for the first time chemical markers to discriminate between homo- and heterozygous sweet almond genotypes. Furthermore, a multivariate approach based on independent variables was developed to increase the reliability of almond classification. The Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis classification model built with selected volatile metabolites that showed discrimination capacity allowed a 98.0% correct classification. The metabolites identified, in particular benzaldehyde, become suitable markers for the early genotype identification in almonds, while a DNA molecular marker is not yet available.
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Kaiser N, Douches D, Dhingra A, Glenn KC, Herzig PR, Stowe EC, Swarup S. The role of conventional plant breeding in ensuring safe levels of naturally occurring toxins in food crops. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Ritmejeryt E, Boughton BA, Bayly MJ, Miller RE. Divergent responses of above- and below-ground chemical defence to nitrogen and phosphorus supply in waratahs (Telopea speciosissima). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:1134-1145. [PMID: 31615620 DOI: 10.1071/fp19122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant nutrition can affect the allocation of resources to plant chemical defences, yet little is known about how phosphorus (P) supply, and relative nitrogen (N) and P supply, affect chemical defences, especially in species with intrinsically conservative nutrient use adapted to P-impoverished soils. Waratah (Telopea speciosissima (Sm.) R.Br.), like other Proteaceae, is adapted nutrient-poor soils. It was identified as having cyanogenic glycosides (CNglycs) throughout the plant. T. speciosissima seedlings were grown for 15 weeks under two N and P concentrations. CNglycs (N-based defence) and nutrients were quantified in above- and below-ground organs; foliar carbon (C)-based phenolics and tannins were also quantified. CNglyc concentrations in roots were on average 51-fold higher than in above-ground tissues and were affected by both N and P supply, whereas foliar CNglyc concentrations only responded to N supply. Leaves had high concentrations of C-based defences, which increased under low N, and were not correlated with N-based defences. Greater root chemical defence against herbivores and pathogens may be important in a non-mycorrhizal species that relies on basal resprouting following disturbance. The differing responses of secondary chemistry in above- and below-ground organs to P and N demonstrate the importance of broadening the predominantly foliar focus of plant defence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edita Ritmejeryt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, Vic. 3121, Australia; and School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia; and Corresponding author.
| | - Berin A Boughton
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia; and Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Michael J Bayly
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Rebecca E Miller
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, Vic. 3121, Australia
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Cuny MAC, La Forgia D, Desurmont GA, Glauser G, Benrey B. Role of cyanogenic glycosides in the seeds of wild lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus: defense, plant nutrition or both? PLANTA 2019; 250:1281-1292. [PMID: 31240396 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanogenic glycosides present in the seeds of wild lima bean plants are associated with seedling defense but do not affect seed germination and seedling growth. Wild lima bean plants contain cyanogenic glycosides (CNGs) that are known to defend the plant against leaf herbivores. However, seed feeders appear to be unaffected despite the high levels of CNGs in the seeds. We investigated a possible role of CNGs in seeds as nitrogen storage compounds that influence plant growth, as well as seedling resistance to herbivores. Using seeds from four different wild lima bean natural populations that are known to vary in CNG levels, we tested two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses: (1) seeds with higher levels of CNGs produce seedlings that are more resistant against generalist herbivores and, (2) seeds with higher levels of CNGs germinate faster and produce plants that exhibit better growth. Levels of CNGs in the seeds were negatively correlated with germination rates and not correlated with seedling growth. However, levels of CNGs increased significantly soon after germination and seeds with the highest CNG levels produced seedlings with higher CNG levels in cotyledons. Moreover, the growth rate of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis was lower in cotyledons with high-CNG levels. We conclude that CNGs in lima bean seeds do not play a role in seed germination and seedling growth, but are associated with seedling defense. Our results provide insight into the potential dual function of plant secondary metabolites as defense compounds and storage molecules for growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien A C Cuny
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Diana La Forgia
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030, Liege, Belgium
| | - Gaylord A Desurmont
- European Biological Control Laboratory (EBCL), USDA-ARS, 810 Avenue de Baillarguet, 34980, Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - Gaetan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Betty Benrey
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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King ES, Chapman DM, Luo K, Ferris S, Huang G, Mitchell AE. Defining the Sensory Profiles of Raw Almond ( Prunus dulcis) Varieties and the Contribution of Key Chemical Compounds and Physical Properties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3229-3241. [PMID: 30798590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the sensory composition of commercial sweet almond varieties across two California growing seasons. It also discusses the relationship between sensory attributes and chemical and physical measures. Raw, whole almonds (43 samples each of 13 varieties in 2015 and 40 samples each of 10 varieties in 2016) were evaluated for their sensory profiles using descriptive sensory analysis. The 2016 samples were also analyzed for macro- and micronutrients, amygdalin, volatile composition (using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry), and physical properties, and the results were modeled with the sensory data. Independence, Sonora, and Wood Colony were harder, more fracturable, and crunchy, whereas Fritz and Monterey were more moist and chewy, reflecting their moisture contents. Aldrich and Fritz were higher in marzipan/benzaldehyde flavor, which is related to amygdalin, benzaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol. New insights are provided into sweet-almond composition and the sensorial contribution of headspace volatiles. This assists almond growers and processors in describing and marketing almond varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellena S King
- MMR Research Worldwide Inc. , 345 Tompkins Avenue , Pleasantville , New York 10570 , United States
| | - Dawn M Chapman
- Eurofins Scientific Food Integrity & Innovation , 365 North Canyons Parkway, Suite 201 , Livermore , California 94551 , United States
| | - Kathleen Luo
- Food Science & Technology Department, Robert Mondavi Institute , University of California, Davis , 595 Hilgard Lane , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Steve Ferris
- MMR Research Worldwide Inc. , 345 Tompkins Avenue , Pleasantville , New York 10570 , United States
| | - Guangwei Huang
- Almond Board of California , 1150 Ninth Street, Suite 1500 , Modesto , California 95354 , United States
| | - Alyson E Mitchell
- Food Science & Technology Department, Robert Mondavi Institute , University of California, Davis , 595 Hilgard Lane , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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Shlichta JG, Cuny MA, Hernandez-Cumplido J, Traine J, Benrey B. Contrasting consequences of plant domestication for the chemical defenses of leaves and seeds in lima bean plants. Basic Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Cortés V, Talens P, Barat JM, Lerma-García MJ. Potential of NIR spectroscopy to predict amygdalin content established by HPLC in intact almonds and classification based on almond bitterness. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Moreira X, Abdala-Roberts L, Gols R, Francisco M. Plant domestication decreases both constitutive and induced chemical defences by direct selection against defensive traits. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12678. [PMID: 30140028 PMCID: PMC6107632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies reporting domestication effects on plant defences have focused on constitutive, but not on induced defences. However, theory predicts a trade-off between constitutive (CD) and induced defences (ID), which intrinsically links both defensive strategies and argues for their joint consideration in plant domestications studies. We measured constitutive and induced glucosinolates in wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea ssp. oleracea) and two domesticated varieties (B. oleracea var. acephala and B. oleracea var. capitata) in which the leaves have been selected to grow larger. We also estimated leaf area (proxy of leaf size) to assess size-defence trade-offs and whether domestication effects on defences are indirect via selection for larger leaves. Both CD and ID were lower in domesticated than in wild cabbage and they were negatively correlated (i.e. traded off) in all of the cabbage lines studied. Reductions in CD were similar in magnitude for leaves and stems, and CD and leaf size were uncorrelated. We conclude that domestication of cabbage has reduced levels not only constitutive defences but also their inducibility, and that reductions in CD may span organs not targeted by breeding. This reduction in defences in domesticated cabbage is presumably the result of direct selection rather than indirect effects via trade-offs between size and defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apartado de correos 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Francisco
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apartado de correos 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain.
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16
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Del Cueto J, Møller BL, Dicenta F, Sánchez-Pérez R. β-Glucosidase activity in almond seeds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 126:163-172. [PMID: 29524803 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Almond bitterness is the most important trait for breeding programs since bitter-kernelled seedlings are usually discarded. Amygdalin and its precursor prunasin are hydrolyzed by specific enzymes called β-glucosidases. In order to better understand the genetic control of almond bitterness, some studies have shown differences in the location of prunasin hydrolases (PH, the β-glucosidase that degrades prunasin) in sweet and bitter genotypes. The aim of this work was to isolate and characterize different PHs in sweet- and bitter-kernelled almonds to determine whether differences in their genomic or protein sequences are responsible for the sweet or bitter taste of their seeds. RNA was extracted from the tegument, nucellus and cotyledon of one sweet (Lauranne) and two bitter (D05-187 and S3067) almond genotypes throughout fruit ripening. Sequences of nine positive Phs were then obtained from all of the genotypes by RT-PCR and cloning. These clones, from mid ripening stage, were expressed in a heterologous system in tobacco plants by agroinfiltration. The PH activity was detected using the Feigl-Anger method and quantifying the hydrogen cyanide released with prunasin as substrate. Furthermore, β-glucosidase activity was detected by Fast Blue BB salt and Umbelliferyl method. Differences at the sequence level (SNPs) and in the activity assays were detected, although no correlation with bitterness was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Del Cueto
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, DK-1871 Copenhagen C, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, DK-1871 Copenhagen C, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Federico Dicenta
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Pérez
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, DK-1871 Copenhagen C, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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17
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Del Cueto J, Ionescu IA, Pičmanová M, Gericke O, Motawia MS, Olsen CE, Campoy JA, Dicenta F, Møller BL, Sánchez-Pérez R. Cyanogenic Glucosides and Derivatives in Almond and Sweet Cherry Flower Buds from Dormancy to Flowering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:800. [PMID: 28579996 PMCID: PMC5437698 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Almond and sweet cherry are two economically important species of the Prunus genus. They both produce the cyanogenic glucosides prunasin and amygdalin. As part of a two-component defense system, prunasin and amygdalin release toxic hydrogen cyanide upon cell disruption. In this study, we investigated the potential role within prunasin and amygdalin and some of its derivatives in endodormancy release of these two Prunus species. The content of prunasin and of endogenous prunasin turnover products in the course of flower development was examined in five almond cultivars - differing from very early to extra-late in flowering time - and in one sweet early cherry cultivar. In all cultivars, prunasin began to accumulate in the flower buds shortly after dormancy release and the levels dropped again just before flowering time. In almond and sweet cherry, the turnover of prunasin coincided with increased levels of prunasin amide whereas prunasin anitrile pentoside and β-D-glucose-1-benzoate were abundant in almond and cherry flower buds at certain developmental stages. These findings indicate a role for the turnover of cyanogenic glucosides in controlling flower development in Prunus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Del Cueto
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSICMurcia, Spain
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Irina A. Ionescu
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Martina Pičmanová
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Oliver Gericke
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mohammed S. Motawia
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Carl E. Olsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - José A. Campoy
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, University of BordeauxVillenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | - Birger L. Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Pérez
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
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18
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Jørgensen ME, Xu D, Crocoll C, Ernst HA, Ramírez D, Motawia MS, Olsen CE, Mirza O, Nour-Eldin HH, Halkier BA. Origin and evolution of transporter substrate specificity within the NPF family. eLife 2017; 6:e19466. [PMID: 28257001 PMCID: PMC5336358 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite vast diversity in metabolites and the matching substrate specificity of their transporters, little is known about how evolution of transporter substrate specificities is linked to emergence of substrates via evolution of biosynthetic pathways. Transporter specificity towards the recently evolved glucosinolates characteristic of Brassicales is shown to evolve prior to emergence of glucosinolate biosynthesis. Furthermore, we show that glucosinolate transporters belonging to the ubiquitous NRT1/PTR FAMILY (NPF) likely evolved from transporters of the ancestral cyanogenic glucosides found across more than 2500 species outside of the Brassicales. Biochemical characterization of orthologs along the phylogenetic lineage from cassava to A. thaliana, suggests that alterations in the electrogenicity of the transporters accompanied changes in substrate specificity. Linking the evolutionary path of transporter substrate specificities to that of the biosynthetic pathways, exemplify how transporter substrate specificities originate and evolve as new biosynthesis pathways emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Egevang Jørgensen
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Deyang Xu
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Heidi Asschenfeldt Ernst
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - David Ramírez
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular (CBSM), Universidad de TalcaTalcaChile
- Instituto de Innovación Basada en Ciencia, Universidad de TalcaTalcaChile
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawia
- Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Osman Mirza
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Hussam Hassan Nour-Eldin
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Barbara Ann Halkier
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
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19
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Whitehead SR, Turcotte MM, Poveda K. Domestication impacts on plant-herbivore interactions: a meta-analysis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160034. [PMID: 27920379 PMCID: PMC5182430 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For millennia, humans have imposed strong selection on domesticated crops, resulting in drastically altered crop phenotypes compared with wild ancestors. Crop yields have increased, but a long-held hypothesis is that domestication has also unintentionally decreased plant defences against herbivores. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis comparing insect herbivore resistance and putative plant defence traits between crops and their wild relatives. Our database included 2098 comparisons made across 73 crops in 89 studies. We found that domestication consistently reduced plant resistance to herbivores, although the magnitude of the effects varied across plant organs and depended on how resistance was measured. However, domestication had no consistent effects on the specific plant defence traits underlying resistance, including secondary metabolites and physical feeding barriers. The values of these traits sometimes increased and sometimes decreased during domestication. Consistent negative effects of domestication were observed only when defence traits were measured in reproductive organs or in the plant organ that was harvested. These results highlight the complexity of evolution under domestication and the need for an improved theoretical understanding of the mechanisms through which agronomic selection can influence the species interactions that impact both the yield and sustainability of our food systems.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Whitehead
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall 4117, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Martin M Turcotte
- Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment, CHN G35.1, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Katja Poveda
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall 4117, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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20
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Robakowski P, Bielinis E, Stachowiak J, Mejza I, Bułaj B. Seasonal Changes Affect Root Prunasin Concentration in Prunus serotina and Override Species Interactions between P. serotina and Quercus petraea. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:202-14. [PMID: 26961681 PMCID: PMC4839042 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The allocation of resources to chemical defense can decrease plant growth and photosynthesis. Prunasin is a cyanogenic glycoside known for its role in defense against herbivores and other plants. In the present study, fluctuations of prunasin concentrations in roots of Prunus serotina seedlings were hypothesized to be: (1) dependent on light, air temperature, and humidity; (2) affected by competition between Prunus serotina and Quercus petraea seedlings, with mulching with Prunus serotina leaves; (3) connected with optimal allocation of resources. For the first time, we determined prunasin concentration in roots on several occasions during the vegetative season. The results indicate that seasonal changes have more pronounced effects on prunasin concentration than light regime and interspecific competition. Prunus serotina invested more nitrogen in the synthesis of prunasin under highly restricted light conditions than in higher light environments. In full sun, prunasin in roots of Prunus serotina growing in a monoculture was correlated with growth and photosynthesis, whereas these relationships were not found when interspecific competition with mulching was a factor. The study demonstrates that prunasin concentration in Prunus serotina roots is the result of species-specific adaptation, light and temperature conditions, ontogenetic shift, and, to a lesser extent, interspecific plant-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Robakowski
- Department of Forestry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71E St., 60-625, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Ernest Bielinis
- Department of Forestry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71E St., 60-625, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jerzy Stachowiak
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75 St., 60-625, Poznan, Poland
| | - Iwona Mejza
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28 St., 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Bartosz Bułaj
- Department of Forestry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71E St., 60-625, Poznan, Poland
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21
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Bolarinwa IF. Synthesis and Characterization of Hapten-Protein Conjugates for Antibody Production against Cyanogenic Glycosides. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1408-13. [PMID: 26197297 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of cyanogenic plants can cause serious health problems for humans. The ability to detect and quantify cyanogenic glycosides, capable of generating cyanide, could contribute to prevention of cyanide poisoning from the consumption of improperly processed cyanogenic plants. Hapten-protein conjugates were synthesized with amygdalin and linamarin by using a novel approach. Polyclonal antibodies were generated by immunizing four New Zealand White rabbits with synthesized amygdalin-bovine serum albumin and linamarin-bovine serum albumin immunogen. This is the first time an antibody was produced against linamarin. Antibody titer curves were obtained from all the four rabbits by using a noncompetitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. High antibody titer was obtained at dilutions greater than 1:50,000 from both immunogens. This new method is an important step forward in preventing ingestion of toxic cyanogenic glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islamiyat Folashade Bolarinwa
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, PMB 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
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22
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Kwak J, Faranda A, Henkin JM, Gallagher M, Preti G, McGovern PE. Volatile organic compounds released by enzymatic reactions in raw nonpareil almond kernel. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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Borràs E, Amigo JM, van den Berg F, Boqué R, Busto O. Fast and robust discrimination of almonds (Prunus amygdalus) with respect to their bitterness by using near infrared and partial least squares-discriminant analysis. Food Chem 2014; 153:15-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Bolarinwa IF, Orfila C, Morgan MRA. Amygdalin content of seeds, kernels and food products commercially-available in the UK. Food Chem 2013; 152:133-9. [PMID: 24444917 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyanogenic glycosides are a large group of secondary metabolites that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, including many plants that are commonly consumed by humans. The diverse chemical nature of cyanogenic glycosides means that extraction and analysis of individual compounds can be difficult. In addition, degradation can be rapid under appropriate conditions. Amygdalin is one of the cyanogenic glycosides found, for example, in apples, apricots and almonds. We have developed and applied a high performance liquid chromatographic procedure for amygdalin quantification to investigate extraction efficiency and to determine levels in a range of commercially-available foods for the first time. Our results show that seed from Rosaceae species contained relatively high amounts (range 0.1-17.5 mg g(-1)) of amygdalin compared to seed from non-Rosaceae species (range 0.01-0.2 mg g(-1)). The amygdalin content of processed food products was very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islamiyat F Bolarinwa
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Department of Food Science & Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, PMB 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Caroline Orfila
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R A Morgan
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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25
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Chaouali N, Gana I, Dorra A, Khelifi F, Nouioui A, Masri W, Belwaer I, Ghorbel H, Hedhili A. Potential Toxic Levels of Cyanide in Almonds (Prunus amygdalus), Apricot Kernels (Prunus armeniaca), and Almond Syrup. ISRN TOXICOLOGY 2013; 2013:610648. [PMID: 24171123 PMCID: PMC3793392 DOI: 10.1155/2013/610648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Under normal environmental conditions, many plants synthesize cyanogenic glycosides, which are able to release hydrogen cyanide upon hydrolysis. Each year, there are frequent livestock and occasional human victims of cyanogenic plants consumption. The present work aims to determine the hydrocyanic acid content in different samples of cyanogenic plants, selected from the Tunisian flora, and in the almond syrup. In order to evaluate their toxicity and their impact on the consumer health in the short term as well as in the long term, using the ISO 2164-1975 NT standard, relating to the determination of cyanogenic heterosides in leguminous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Chaouali
- Laboratoire De Toxicologie, Centre D'assistance Medicale et Urgente, Tunis, Tunisia
- Unité de Recherche du Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Aboul Kacem Chabbi, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ines Gana
- Laboratoire De Toxicologie, Centre D'assistance Medicale et Urgente, Tunis, Tunisia
- Unité de Recherche du Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Aboul Kacem Chabbi, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amira Dorra
- Laboratoire De Toxicologie, Centre D'assistance Medicale et Urgente, Tunis, Tunisia
- Unité de Recherche du Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Aboul Kacem Chabbi, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fathia Khelifi
- Laboratoire De Toxicologie, Centre D'assistance Medicale et Urgente, Tunis, Tunisia
- Unité de Recherche du Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Aboul Kacem Chabbi, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Anouer Nouioui
- Laboratoire De Toxicologie, Centre D'assistance Medicale et Urgente, Tunis, Tunisia
- Unité de Recherche du Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Aboul Kacem Chabbi, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Masri
- Laboratoire De Toxicologie, Centre D'assistance Medicale et Urgente, Tunis, Tunisia
- Unité de Recherche du Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Aboul Kacem Chabbi, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ines Belwaer
- Laboratoire De Toxicologie, Centre D'assistance Medicale et Urgente, Tunis, Tunisia
- Unité de Recherche du Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Aboul Kacem Chabbi, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hayet Ghorbel
- Laboratoire De Toxicologie, Centre D'assistance Medicale et Urgente, Tunis, Tunisia
- Unité de Recherche du Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Aboul Kacem Chabbi, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abderazzek Hedhili
- Laboratoire De Toxicologie, Centre D'assistance Medicale et Urgente, Tunis, Tunisia
- Unité de Recherche du Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement LR12SP07, 10 rue Aboul Kacem Chabbi, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
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26
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Miller RE, Tuck KL. The rare cyanogen proteacin, and dhurrin, from foliage of Polyscias australiana, a tropical Araliaceae. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 93:210-215. [PMID: 23566716 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The tyrosine-derived cyanogenic di-glucoside proteacin and related mono-glucoside dhurrin were identified as the cyanogens in foliage of the tropical tree species Polyscias australiana, present in the approximate ratio 9:1. To date cyanogenic glycosides have not been characterised from the Araliaceae or the Apiales. Concentrations of cyanogenic glycosides varied significantly between plant parts and with leaf age, with the highest concentrations in young emerging leaves (mean 2217.1 μg CN g(-1) dry wt), petioles (rachis; 1487.1 μg CN g(-1) dry wt) and floral buds (265.8 μg CN g(-1) dry wt). Between 2% and 10% of nitrogen in emerging leaves and petioles was present as cyanogenic glycosides. With the exception of floral buds, all tissues apparently lack a specific cyanogenic β-glucosidase to catalyse the first step in the breakdown of these cyanogenic glycosides. Only with the addition of emulsin, an exogenous non-specific β-glucosidase from almonds, were high concentrations of cyanogenic glycosides detected, as much as 20-fold greater than the low to negligible cyanogenic glycoside concentrations determined in the absence of exogenous enzyme. High concentrations of cyanogens in young tissues may confer protection, but may also be a nitrogen source during leaf expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Miller
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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27
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Cressey P, Saunders D, Goodman J. Cyanogenic glycosides in plant-based foods available in New Zealand. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1946-53. [PMID: 23984870 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.825819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyanogenic glycosides occur in a wide range of plant species. The potential toxicity of cyanogenic glycosides arises from enzymatic degradation to produce hydrogen cyanide, which may result in acute cyanide poisoning and has also been implicated in the aetiology of several chronic diseases. One hundred retail foods were sampled and analysed for the presence of total hydrocyanic acid using an acid hydrolysis-isonicotinic/barbituric acid colourimetric method. Food samples included cassava, bamboo shoots, almonds and almond products, pome fruit products, flaxseed/linseed, stone fruit products, lima beans, and various seeds and miscellaneous products, including taro leaves, passion fruit, spinach and canned stuffed vine leaves. The concentrations of total hydrocyanic acid (the hydrocyanic acid equivalents of all cyanogenic compounds) found were consistent with or lower than concentrations reported in the scientific literature. Linseed/flaxseed contained the highest concentrations of total hydrocyanic acid of any of the analysed foods (91-178 mg kg(-1)). Linseed-containing breads were found to contain total hydrocyanic acid at concentrations expected from their linseed content, indicating little impact of processing on the total hydrocyanic acid content. Simulation modelling was used to assess the risk due to the total hydrocyanic acid in fruit juice and linseed-containing bread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Cressey
- a Food Programme, Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) , Christchurch Science Centre , Christchurch , New Zealand
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28
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Lee J, Zhang G, Wood E, Rogel Castillo C, Mitchell AE. Quantification of amygdalin in nonbitter, semibitter, and bitter almonds (Prunus dulcis) by UHPLC-(ESI)QqQ MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7754-7759. [PMID: 23862656 DOI: 10.1021/jf402295u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Amygdalin is a cynaogenic diglucoside responsible for the bitterness of almonds. Almonds display three flavor phenotypes, nonbitter, semibitter, and bitter. Herein, the amygdalin content of 20 varieties of nonbitter, semibitter, and bitter almonds from four primary growing regions of California was determined using solid-phase extraction and ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography electrospray triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-(ESI)QqQ MS/MS). The detection limit for this method is ≤ 0.1 ng/mL (3 times the signal-to-noise ratio) and the LOQ is 0.33 ng/mL (10 times the signal-to-noise ratio), allowing for the reliable quantitation of trace levels of amygdalin in nonbitter almonds (0.13 mg/kg almond). Results indicate that amygdalin concentrations for the three flavor phenotypes were significantly different (p < 0.001). The mean concentrations of amygdalin in nonbitter, semibitter, and bitter almonds are 63.13 ± 57.54, 992.24 ± 513.04, and 40060.34 ± 7855.26 mg/kg, respectively. Levels of amygdalin ranged from 2.16 to 157.44 mg/kg in nonbitter, from 523.50 to 1772.75 mg/kg in semibitter, and from 33006.60 to 53998.30 mg/kg in bitter almonds. These results suggest that phenotype classification may be achieved on the basis of amygdalin levels. Growing region had a statistically significant effect on the amygdalin concentration in commercial varieties (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Yang HY, Chang HK, Lee JW, Kim YS, Kim H, Lee MH, Shin MS, Ham DH, Park HK, Lee H, Kim CJ. Amygdalin suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in mouse BV2 microglial cells. Neurol Res 2013; 29 Suppl 1:S59-64. [PMID: 17359643 DOI: 10.1179/016164107x172248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amygdalin (D-mandelonitrile-beta-D-gentiobioside) is a cynogenic compound found in sweet and bitter almonds, Persicae semen and Armeniacae semen. Amygdalin has been used for the treatment of cancers and for the relief of the pain. We made an aqueous extraction of amygdalin from Armeniacae semen. In this study, the effect of amygdalin on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation was investigated. METHODS The effects of amygdalin extracted from Armeniacae semen on the LPS-stimulated mRNA expressions of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the mouse BV2 microglial cells were investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The effects of amygdalin on the prostaglandins E(2) synthesis and the nitric oxide production were also studied by performing prostaglandins E(2) immunoassay and by detecting nitric oxide. RESULTS The present results showed that amygdalin suppressed the prostaglandin E(2) synthesis and the nitric oxide production by inhibiting the LPS-stimulated mRNA expressions of COX-2 and iNOS in the mouse BV2 cells. CONCLUSION These results show that amygdalin exerts anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects and it dose so probably by suppressing the mRNA expressions of COX-2 and iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Xu F, Yuan S, Zhang DW, Lv X, Lin HH. The role of alternative oxidase in tomato fruit ripening and its regulatory interaction with ethylene. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5705-16. [PMID: 22915749 PMCID: PMC3444281 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the alternative oxidase (AOX) has been proposed to play a role in fruit development, the function of AOX in fruit ripening is unclear. To gain further insight into the role of AOX in tomato fruit ripening, transgenic tomato plants 35S-AOX1a and 35S-AOX-RNAi were generated. Tomato plants with reduced LeAOX levels exhibited retarded ripening; reduced carotenoids, respiration, and ethylene production; and the down-regulation of ripening-associated genes. Moreover, no apparent respiratory climacteric occurred in the AOX-reduced tomato fruit, indicating that AOX might play an important role in climacteric respiration. In contrast, the fruit that overexpressed LeAOX1a accumulated more lycopene, though they displayed a similar pattern of ripening to wild-type fruit. Ethylene application promoted fruit ripening and anticipated ethylene production and respiration, including the alternative pathway respiration. Interestingly, the transgenic plants with reduced LeAOX levels failed to ripen after 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment, while such inhibition was notably less effective in 35S-AOX1a fruit. These findings indicate that AOX is involved in respiratory climacteric and ethylene-mediated fruit ripening of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610064China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Shu Yuan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610064China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610064China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xin Lv
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610064China
| | - Hong-Hui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610064China
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610065China
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Kamil A, Chen CYO. Health benefits of almonds beyond cholesterol reduction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:6694-702. [PMID: 22296169 DOI: 10.1021/jf2044795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Almonds are rich in monounsaturated fat, fiber, α-tocopherol, minerals such as magnesium and copper, and phytonutrients, albeit being energy-dense. The favorable fat composition and fiber contribute to the hypocholesterolemic benefit of almond consumption. By virtue of their unique nutrient composition, almonds are likely to benefit other modifiable cardiovascular and diabetes risks, such as body weight, glucose homeostasis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. This paper briefly reviews the nutrient composition and hypocholesterolemic benefits; the effects of almond consumption on body weight, glucose regulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation, based on the data of clinical trials, will then be discussed. Although more studies are definitely warranted, the emerging evidence supports that almond consumption beneficially influences chronic degenerative disease risk beyond cholesterol reduction, particularly in populations with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Kamil
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging , Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
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32
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Sánchez-Pérez R, Belmonte FS, Borch J, Dicenta F, Møller BL, Jørgensen K. Prunasin hydrolases during fruit development in sweet and bitter almonds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:1916-32. [PMID: 22353576 PMCID: PMC3320195 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.192021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Amygdalin is a cyanogenic diglucoside and constitutes the bitter component in bitter almond (Prunus dulcis). Amygdalin concentration increases in the course of fruit formation. The monoglucoside prunasin is the precursor of amygdalin. Prunasin may be degraded to hydrogen cyanide, glucose, and benzaldehyde by the action of the β-glucosidase prunasin hydrolase (PH) and mandelonitirile lyase or be glucosylated to form amygdalin. The tissue and cellular localization of PHs was determined during fruit development in two sweet and two bitter almond cultivars using a specific antibody toward PHs. Confocal studies on sections of tegument, nucellus, endosperm, and embryo showed that the localization of the PH proteins is dependent on the stage of fruit development, shifting between apoplast and symplast in opposite patterns in sweet and bitter cultivars. Two different PH genes, Ph691 and Ph692, have been identified in a sweet and a bitter almond cultivar. Both cDNAs are 86% identical on the nucleotide level, and their encoded proteins are 79% identical to each other. In addition, Ph691 and Ph692 display 92% and 86% nucleotide identity to Ph1 from black cherry (Prunus serotina). Both proteins were predicted to contain an amino-terminal signal peptide, with the size of 26 amino acid residues for PH691 and 22 residues for PH692. The PH activity and the localization of the respective proteins in vivo differ between cultivars. This implies that there might be different concentrations of prunasin available in the seed for amygdalin synthesis and that these differences may determine whether the mature almond develops into bitter or sweet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sánchez-Pérez
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E–30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (R.S.-P., F.D.); Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (R.S.-P., B.L.M., K.J.); Department of Bioimaging, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain (F.S.B.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK–5230 Odense M, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Fara Sáez Belmonte
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E–30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (R.S.-P., F.D.); Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (R.S.-P., B.L.M., K.J.); Department of Bioimaging, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain (F.S.B.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK–5230 Odense M, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Jonas Borch
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E–30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (R.S.-P., F.D.); Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (R.S.-P., B.L.M., K.J.); Department of Bioimaging, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain (F.S.B.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK–5230 Odense M, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Federico Dicenta
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E–30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (R.S.-P., F.D.); Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (R.S.-P., B.L.M., K.J.); Department of Bioimaging, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain (F.S.B.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK–5230 Odense M, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E–30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (R.S.-P., F.D.); Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (R.S.-P., B.L.M., K.J.); Department of Bioimaging, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain (F.S.B.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK–5230 Odense M, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Kirsten Jørgensen
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E–30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (R.S.-P., F.D.); Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (R.S.-P., B.L.M., K.J.); Department of Bioimaging, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain (F.S.B.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK–5230 Odense M, Denmark (J.B.)
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Neilson EH, Goodger JQD, Motawia MS, Bjarnholt N, Frisch T, Olsen CE, Møller BL, Woodrow IE. Phenylalanine derived cyanogenic diglucosides from Eucalyptus camphora and their abundances in relation to ontogeny and tissue type. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:2325-34. [PMID: 21945721 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The cyanogenic glucoside profile of Eucalyptus camphora was investigated in the course of plant ontogeny. In addition to amygdalin, three phenylalanine-derived cyanogenic diglucosides characterized by unique linkage positions between the two glucose moieties were identified in E. camphora tissues. This is the first time that multiple cyanogenic diglucosides have been shown to co-occur in any plant species. Two of these cyanogenic glucosides have not previously been reported and are named eucalyptosin B and eucalyptosin C. Quantitative and qualitative differences in total cyanogenic glucoside content were observed across different stages of whole plant and tissue ontogeny, as well as within different tissue types. Seedlings of E. camphora produce only the cyanogenic monoglucoside prunasin, and genetically based variation was observed in the age at which seedlings initiate prunasin biosynthesis. Once initiated, total cyanogenic glucoside concentration increased throughout plant ontogeny with cyanogenic diglucoside production initiated in saplings and reaching a maximum in flower buds of adult trees. The role of multiple cyanogenic glucosides in E. camphora is unknown, but may include enhanced plant defense and/or a primary role in nitrogen storage and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Neilson
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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34
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Gynocardin from Baileyoxylon lanceolatum and a revision of cyanogenic glycosides in Achariaceae. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Franks TK, Yadollahi A, Wirthensohn MG, Guerin JR, Kaiser BN, Sedgley M, Ford CM. A seed coat cyanohydrin glucosyltransferase is associated with bitterness in almond (Prunus dulcis) kernels. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:236-246. [PMID: 32688778 DOI: 10.1071/fp07275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The secondary metabolite amygdalin is a cyanogenic diglucoside that at high concentrations is associated with intense bitterness in seeds of the Rosaceae, including kernels of almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.), syn. Prunus amygdalus D. A. Webb Batsch). Amygdalin is a glucoside of prunasin, itself a glucoside of R-mandelonitrile (a cyanohydrin). Here we report the isolation of an almond enzyme (UGT85A19) that stereo-selectively glucosylates R-mandelonitrile to produce prunasin. In a survey of developing kernels from seven bitter and 11 non-bitter genotypes with polyclonal antibody raised to UGT85A19, the enzyme was found to accumulate to higher levels in the bitter types in later development. This differential accumulation of UGT85A19 is associated with more than three-fold greater mandelonitrile glucosyltransferase activity in bitter kernels compared with non-bitter types, and transcriptional regulation was demonstrated using quantitative-PCR analysis. UGT85A19 and its encoding transcript were most concentrated in the testa (seed coat) of the kernel compared with the embryo, and prunasin and amygdalin were differentially compartmentalised in these tissues. Prunasin was confined to the testa and amygdalin was confined to the embryo. These results are consistent with the seed coat being an important site of synthesis of prunasin as a precursor of amygdalin accumulation in the kernel. The presence of UGT85A19 in the kernel and other tissues of both bitter and non-bitter types indicates that its expression is unlikely to be a control point for amygdalin accumulation and suggests additional roles for the enzyme in almond metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia K Franks
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Abbas Yadollahi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michelle G Wirthensohn
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Guerin
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Brent N Kaiser
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Margaret Sedgley
- Faculty of The Sciences,The University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Christopher M Ford
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Josse AR, Salvatore S, Brighenti F, Augustin LSA, Ellis PR, Vidgen E, Rao AV. Almonds decrease postprandial glycemia, insulinemia, and oxidative damage in healthy individuals. J Nutr 2006; 136:2987-92. [PMID: 17116708 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.12.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Strategies that decrease postprandial glucose excursions, including digestive enzyme inhibition, and low glycemic index diets result in lower diabetes incidence and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, possibly through lower postprandial oxidative damage to lipids and proteins. We therefore assessed the effect of decreasing postprandial glucose excursions on measures of oxidative damage. Fifteen healthy subjects ate 2 bread control meals and 3 test meals: almonds and bread; parboiled rice; and instant mashed potatoes, balanced in carbohydrate, fat, and protein, using butter and cheese. We obtained blood samples at baseline and for 4 h postprandially. Glycemic indices for the rice (38 +/- 6) and almond meals (55 +/- 7) were less than for the potato meal (94 +/- 11) (P < 0.003), as were the postprandial areas under the insulin concentration time curve (P < 0.001). No postmeal treatment differences were seen in total antioxidant capacity. However, the serum protein thiol concentration increased following the almond meal (15 +/- 14 mmol/L), indicating less oxidative protein damage, and decreased after the control bread, rice, and potato meals (-10 +/- 8 mmol/L), when data from these 3 meals were pooled (P = 0.021). The change in protein thiols was also negatively related to the postprandial incremental peak glucose (r = -0.29, n = 60 observations, P = 0.026) and peak insulin responses (r = -0.26, n = 60 observations, P = 0.046). Therefore, lowering postprandial glucose excursions may decrease the risk of oxidative damage to proteins. Almonds are likely to lower this risk by decreasing the glycemic excursion and by providing antioxidants. These actions may relate to mechanisms by which nuts are associated with a decreased risk of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J A Jenkins
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center and 3Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5C 2T2, Canada.
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Miller RE, Simon J, Woodrow IE. Cyanogenesis in the Australian tropical rainforest endemic Brombya platynema (Rutaceae): chemical characterisation and polymorphism. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 33:477-486. [PMID: 32689254 DOI: 10.1071/fp05305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study examined two aspects of cyanogenesis in Brombya platynema F. Muell. (Rutaceae), a subcanopy tree endemic to tropical rainforest in far north Queensland, Australia. First, cyanogenic glycosides in foliage were fractionated and identified. The rare meta-hydroxylated cyanogenic glycoside, holocalin, was identified as the principal cyanogen, and traces of prunasin and amygdalin were detected. This is the first characterisation of cyanogenic constituents within the genus, and to the authors' knowledge, only the third within the Rutaceae, and the order Rutales. Second, variation in cyanogenic glycoside content within a population of B. platynema in lowland tropical rainforest was quantified. Both qualitative and quantitative polymorphism for cyanogenesis was identified. Interestingly, ~57% of individuals were considered acyanogenic, with concentrations of cyanogenic glycosides less than 8 μg CN g-1 DW. Among cyanogenic individuals there was substantial quantitative variation in cyanogenic glycoside concentration, which varied from 10.5 to 1285.9 μg CN g-1 DW. This high frequency of acyanogenic individuals is contrasted with the apparent absence of the acyanogenesis among populations of other tropical rainforest tree species. In the high herbivory environment of the tropical rainforest, this frequency of acyanogenesis among cyanogenic tropical tree taxa is unique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Miller
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Judy Simon
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Ian E Woodrow
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
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SOMEYA K, MIKOSHIBA S, OKUMURA T, TAKENAKA H, OHDERA M, SHIROTA O, KUROYANAGI M. Suppressive Effect of Constituents Isolated from Kernel of Prunus armeniaca on 5 .ALPHA.-Androst-16-en-3-one Generated by Microbial Metabolism. J Oleo Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.55.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Miller RE, McConville MJ, Woodrow IE. Cyanogenic glycosides from the rare Australian endemic rainforest tree Clerodendrum grayi (Lamiaceae). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2006; 67:43-51. [PMID: 16307763 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The cyanogenic diglycoside lucumin ((R)-mandelonitrile-beta-D-primeveroside) and monoglucoside prunasin ((R)-mandelonitrile-beta-D-glucoside) were isolated from the foliage of the rare Australian rainforest tree species Clerodendrum grayi (Lamiaceae). This is the first reported isolation of the diglycoside lucumin from vegetative tissue (foliage), and the first reported co-occurrence of lucumin and prunasin. Furthermore, unusually, the diglycoside lucumin was the most abundant cyanogen accounting for approximately 60% of total cyanide in a leaf tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Miller
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Vic., 3010, Australia.
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Campbell BC, Molyneux RJ, Schatzki TF. Current Research on Reducing Pre‐ and Post‐harvest Aflatoxin Contamination of U.S. Almond, Pistachio, and Walnut. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/txr-120024093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kwon HY, Hong SP, Hahn DH, Kim JH. Apoptosis induction of Persicae Semen extract in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. Arch Pharm Res 2003; 26:157-61. [PMID: 12643594 DOI: 10.1007/bf02976663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The major ingredient of Persicae Semen is a cynogenic compound, amygdalin (D-mandelonitrile-beta-gentiobioside). Controversial results on the anticancer activity of amygdalin were reported due to its conversion to its inactive isomer, neoamygdalin. In order to inhibit the epimerization of amygdalin, we used newly developed simple acid boiling method in preparation of Persicae Semen extract. HPLC analysis revealed most of amygdalin in Persicae Semen extract was active D-form. Persicae Semen extract was used to analyze its effect on cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. Persicae Semen extract was cytotoxic to HL-60 cells with IC50 of 6.4 mg/mL in the presence of 250 nM of beta-glucosidase. The antiproliferative effects of Persicae Semen extract appear to be attributable to its induction of apoptotic cell death, as Persicae Semen extract induced nuclear morphology changes and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Young Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Current Awareness in Flavour and Fragrance. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Current Awareness in Flavour and Fragrance. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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